Introduction of History,
Definition, Issues, Sources
and Methodology
Learning Objectives
• To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and
to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the
discipline
• To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences
and sources
• To appreciate the importance of the history in the social and
national life of the Philippines.
DEFINITION AND SUBJECT MATTER
History has always been known as the study of the past. Student often dread
the subject for its notoriety in requiring them to memories dates, places,
names, and events from distant eras.
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History was derived from the Greek word Historia means
knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation
As a discipline existed for around 2,400 years and its old
mathematics and philosophy
Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or a
group of people through written documents and historical evidence
History became important academic discipline it became
the historian's duty to write about the lives of important
individuals like monarchs, heroes, nobilities and saints.
• Focused on writing about wars, revolution and other important
breakthrough
• Traditional historian lived with the mantra of "no document no history" it
means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event
then it cannot be considered as historical fact
ARCHAEOLOGIST
 With the aid of archaeologist historian can use artifacts
from a bygone era to study ancient civilizations were
formerly ignored in history because of lack of
documents
LINGUIST
Can also be helpful in tracing historical evolutions, past
connection among different groups and flow of cultural
influence by studying language and the changes that it
has undergone
Scientist like biologist and
biochemist
Can help with this study of the past through
analyzing genetic and DNA patterns of
human societies
Questions and Issues in History
History as a discipline has already turned into a complex and
dynamic inquiry. Regarding different question like: What is
history?, Why study history?, and history from whom? This
question can be answer by HISTORIOGRAPHY what is
historiography?
HISTORIOGRAPHY
In simple terms historiography is the History of history
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History and Historiography should not confused with each other. The former
object of study is the past the events that happened in the past and the cause
of such events. The latter object of study on the other hand is history itself
Historiography lets the student have a better understanding of history
Learning of past mistake can help people to not repeat them. Being reminded
of a great past can inspire people to keep their practices to move forward
POSITIVISM
• Emerged between 18th and 19th century
• It requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a
particular knowledge is true
• “No document, no history.”
• Entails an objective of means arriving at a conclusion
• Positivist historian are expected to be objective and impartial not just in their
arguments but also on their conduct of historical research
POSTCOLONIALISM
• Emerged in early 20th century when formerly colonized nations on grapples with idea of
creating their identities and understanding their societies against the shadows of their
colonial past
 Look at two things in writing history
 To tell history of their nation that will highlight their identity free from that colonial
discourse and knowledge
 To criticize the methods, effect and idea of colonialism
 Postcolonial history therefore a reaction and alternative to the colonial history that
colonial powers created and taught to their subjects
1 whole sheet of pad paper
Answer the following questions: (Minimum of 10 sentences each)
• What are the similarities and differences between History and
Historiography?
• What are the similarities and differences between Positivism and
Postcolonialism?
HISTORIAN
• “Facts cannot speak for themselves”
• It is the historian’s job not just to seek historical evidences and
facts but also to interpret these facts.
• To give meaning to these facts and organized them into timeline
seek historical evidence
• Historian is a person of his own who is influenced by his own context,
environment, ideology, education, and influences
• His interpretation of the historical is affected by his context and
circumstances
• The methodology he will use the facts he shall select deem relevant is
interpretation and the form of his writing
• Despite the fact that historians cannot ascertain absolute objectivity, the
study of history remains scientific because of the rigor of research and
methodology that historians employ.
HISTORICAL
METHODOLOGY
• Compromises certain techniques and rules that historian
follows in order to properly utilize sources and historical
evidence in writing history
• Certain rules apply in cases of conflicting accounts in different
sources and on how properly treat eyewitnesses accounts and
oral sources as valid historical evidence
• Historical claims done by historians and the arguments that
they forward in their historical writings, while may be influenced
by the historian’s inclinations, can still be validated by using
reliable evidences and employing correct and meticulous
historical methodology.
Annales School Of History
A school of history born in France that challenged the cannons history
 This school of thought did away with common historical subjects that were almost always
related to the conduct of states and monarchs.
 Annales scholars: Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch, Fernand Braduel, Jacques Le Goff
• They were concerned with social history and studied longer historical periods
• They advocated that the people and classes who were not reflected in the history of the
society in the grand manner be provided with space in the records of mankind
• In doing this, Annales thinkers married history with other disciplines like geography,
anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics
HISTORICAL SOURCES
• Primary sources are those sources produced at the same time as the event,
period or subject being studied
• Eyewitness accounts of conventions delegates and their memoirs can also be used as
primary sources
• Archival documents, artifacts, memorabilia, letters, census and government records
among others are the most common examples of primary sources
• Secondary sources are those sources produced by an author who used
primary sources to produced material
• Secondary sources are historical sources, which studied a certain historical subject
• The classification of sources between primary and secondary depends not on
the period when the source was produced or the type of the source but on the
subject of the historical research
• Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history
• However, historians and students of history need to thoroughly scrutinize these
historical sources to avoid deception and to come up with the historical truth
• The historian should be able to conduct an external and internal criticism of the
source, especially primary sources which can age in centuries
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
• The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its
physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of
the time it was produced; and the materials used for evidence.
• Example of the things to be examined: type of ink, language and words
used, quality of paper.
INTERNAL CRITICISM
• Looks at content of the sources and examines the circumstances of its
production
• Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author
of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which
informed it and its intended purposes
• Entails that the historian acknowledge and analyze on how such reports can be
manipulated to be used as a war propaganda
• Validating historical sources is important because the use of unverified, falsified
and untruthful historical sources can lead equally false conclusion
• Without thorough criticism of historical evidence, historical deceptions and lies
will all be probable
PHILIPPINE
HISTORIORGRAPHY
• Underwent several changes since the precolonial period until present
• Ancient Filipinos narrated their history through communal song and epics
that they passed orally from generations to another
• Spaniards came their chroniclers started recording their observation
through written accounts
• Filipino historian Zeus Salazar introduced the new guiding philosophy for
writing and teaching history