AP US History
PERIOD #1
PERIOD #1
REVIEW
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Reading Guide
Use the following as a starting point for reviewing the periods.
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What are connections between items (look for arrows)
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Why is the item significant (important)? (look for this symbol)
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What are the significant events from this time period?
Who is significant from this time period?
What is the overarching theme of this unit?
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What are connections to previous time period/events?
What are connections to future time periods/events?
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What items are unclear or unfamiliar to you?
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Big Idea #1: As Native American populations moved and settled across North America, they
developed unique and complex societies by adapting to and transforming their
environments.
Influence of Physical Geography
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Most Western native people fished,
hunted and gathered in the bountiful land.
Along the Colorado River, Native
Americans gathered a variety of wild food
and planted some tobacco. Acorns were
a pivotal part of the Californian diet.
Women would gather and process the
acorns.
In the Pacific Northwest, people foraged
for pine nuts, wild plants, and more.
Salmon was plentiful along the Columbia
and Colorado rivers. Native fishermen
would use large harpoons to stab the fish
swimming through the rushing water,
along with complex trapping systems.
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In the dry climate of the Southwest, the
Ancestral Pueblos developed complex
irrigation systems which maintained
crops even in the hot sun. This new
irrigation system allowed the Pueblos to
begin planting beans and squash, in
addition to corn.
With surplus food and stability, they
became more sedentary, living in stone
and adobe houses.
Lived in larger towns with thousands of
people and intricate dwellings.
The extended family lived and worked
together, both male and female
participating in the traditionally-women
dominated agricultural process.
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As the Plains Indians became
more focused on hunting,
they became more nomadic their societies were well
organized and missionaligned, just mobile.
The teepee—a conical tent
made out of a buffalo skin
and wood—was easy to put
up and take down if a band
was following a buffalo herd
for hunting.
Sometimes, Plains Indians
lived in a combination of
nomadic and sedentary
settings: they would plant
crops and establish villages in
the spring, hunt in the
summer, harvest their crops
in the fall, and hunt in the
winter.
Geography created DIFFERENT and
COMPLEX societies
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As the Northeast became more agricultural, the
region became more urbanized. The farming
industry required people to begin to live
together and create more fortified villages to
protect their harvests.
They lived in longhouses that would extend up
to one hundred feet. Since Algonquians farmed
while also maintaining hunting and fishing, they
“commuted” from less permanent villages of
wigwams.
As certain tribes, like the Iroquois, began having
immense farming and thereby trading
success, intertribal violence intensified - They
devised a system by which each tribe could
maintain a level of autonomy over local affairs,
but the League would unite over trade policies
and diplomacy issues.
The Iroquois Confederacy put forth republican
principles, and a dual system of federalism, or
balancing local and national powers, for the first
time on American land. Therefore, many
historians argue, the League, which would later
become known as the Iroquois Confederacy,
was the first American democracy,
established at minimum four hundred years
before the US Constitution of 1787.
Big Idea #2: Contact between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in changes in both
Europe and the Americans
Why did Europe explore the Americas? - “God, Gold, and Glory”
GOD
Religious Passion
The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the
Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious
conquests. Particularly in the strongly Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal,
religious zeal motivated the rulers to convert Native Americans and sanctify
Christian global dominance
GOLD
Expanded Trade (Silk Road), Desire for a Water route
GLORY
Adventure, Power, National Pride
Example: Competition between Portugal and Spain
Portuguese
Spanish
Prince Henry the Navigator
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New Ship Designs: Caravel (Ability to sail
into the wind)
New Navigation Technology:
o Astrolabe – ability to develop
latitude
o Magnetic Compass – locate
direction
Columbia Exchange
Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that changed
lives and landscapes on both sides of the ocean.
Ferdinand and Isabelle
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Exploration of Africa in 1400s
Open slave trade with Africa
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Sugar plantations
Felt threatened by Portuguese
monopoly on slave trade and expansion
Worked with Christopher Columbus
Changes in Americas
Widespread, Deadly Epidemics from European Disease
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Microbes to which native inhabitants had no immunity
caused sickness and death everywhere Europeans settled.
Examples: Along the New England coast between 1616 and
1618, epidemics claimed the lives of 75 percent of the
native people. In the 1630s, half of the Huron and Iroquois
people living near the Great Lakes died of smallpox.
The very young and the very old were the most vulnerable
and had the highest mortality rates. The loss of the older
generation meant the loss of knowledge and tradition,
while the death of children only compounded the trauma.
Example: Sugar
Of all the commodities in the Atlantic World, sugar proved to
be the most important. Indeed, in the colonial era, sugar
carried the same economic importance as oil does today.
European rivals raced to create sugar plantations in the
Americas and fought wars for control of production. Although
refined sugar was available in the Old World, Europe’s harsher
climate made sugarcane difficult to grow. Columbus brought
sugar to Hispaniola in 1493, and the new crop thrived. Over
the next century of colonization, Caribbean islands and most
other tropical areas became centers of sugar production, which
in turn fueled the demand to enslave Africans for labor.
Need for Labor -Spanish Encomienda System
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Importing of African Slaves
Spain’s experiments in enslaving Indians were failing - the
Spanish began to exploit a new labor force: slaves from
western Africa.
The first African slaves were brought to the New World
as early as 1502, where they would mine precious metals
and raise sugar, coffee, and tobacco--the first goods sold
to a mass consumer market.
By the mid-eighteenth century, slaves could be found
everywhere in the Americas from French Canada to
Chile.
o Between 1492 and 1820, approximately ten to
fifteen million Africans were forcibly brought to
the New World, while only about two million
Europeans had migrated.
Changes in Europe
The joint-stock company was the forerunner of the
modern corporation. In a JOINT-STOCK VENTURE,
stock was sold to high net-worth investors who
provided CAPITAL and had limited RISK. These
companies had proven profitable in the past with trading
ventures. The risk was small, and the returns were fairly
quick
Interaction between Native Americans and Europeans
Cultural Differences
Overtime, adopting of useful aspects of each
other’s culture
Effect of Horse on Plains Indians
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Tribes became less settled and
sedentary: allowed them to hunt
the buffalo
Ability to roam led to increased
conflict between tribes as it
increased contact and conflict
Allowed them to have a greater
ability to trade and got access to
new items (Such as blankets, larger
teepees, and firearms)
Native peoples sought to defend and
maintain their political sovereignty,
economic prosperity, religious beliefs,
and concepts of gender relations
through diplomatic negotiations and
military resistance.
Example: Pueblo Revolt
• Spanish establish political base 1610 in Santa Fe
o Missionaries built churches forced
conversion to Christianity
o Demanded corn and labor from the
Pueblos
• Long period of drought - “When Jesus came, the
Corn Mothers went away”
• 1680 Pueblos attacked Spanish
o Killed 400 Spaniards and drove
2,000 South towards Mexico
▪ Destroyed Mission churches
• 12 Years of Independence
o Reestablish their own religion and
government
• Droughts and Attacks by Rival Indians continued
• Spanish take control in 1692
• Many Pueblo quietly resist Christianity
Debate in Europe: How to interact with Native Americans (and
Africans)?
• Conversion to Christianity
o Priests ordered to convert the local people to
Christianity
o Enslavement
Dissent
• Priest Bartolome de Las Casas
• Convert using love, gentleness, and kindness
o “When they (Spaniards) have slain all those who fought
for their lives or to escape the tortures the would have
to endure, that is to say, when they have slain all the
native rulers and young men (since the Spaniards
usually pare only the women and children, who are
subjected to the hardest and bitterest servitude ever
suffered by man or beast, they enslave any survivors.
With these infernal methods of tyranny they debase
and weaken countless numbers of those pitiful Indian
nations.”
• After Pueblo Revolt: Adoption of “New Laws” – attempted
to grant more rights/protection to native population
o Not always followed