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CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction
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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter deals with the methodological procedures by which the data pertinent to the research
problems were collected. It presents the description of the research design, study area, sample and
sampling techniques. The details are as described down below.
3.1 Selection of the area of study
Arusha Municipality is chosen as study area because the Coastal Aviation and Air Excel has been
based in Arusha for a long time and they have good reputation since they have been around.
3.2 Research Design
Research design intends to provide an appropriate framework for a study. This design always
focuses more on what of the research subject rather than the why of the research subject (Babbie,
1990).
3.3 Research Approach
The study employed both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. According to
Winberg (1997) case studies are primarily conducted using qualitative techniques, but do not
exclude quantitative research methods. Qualitative research methods and non-numerical focus on
discovering and understanding the experiences, perspectives, and thoughts of participants. It is
subjective in nature. It is useful when you want to determine skills, opinions and knowledge
capability of people.
Quantitative approach is a numerical based approach and it is objective in nature. The reason for
employing both approaches is due to the fact that some findings needed personal assessment of
the information obtained from people, while some conclusions needs statistical and mathematical
approaches such as percentages, mean, graph and tabulation.
3.4 Population of the Study
Population of the study covers all individuals or things or elements that fit a certain specification,
that means all the items under consideration in any field of inquiry to contribute. The population
for this study was about of 50 respondents, which includes, scholars and employees of Coastal
aviation and Air excel based in Arusha city.
3.5 Sampling and Sample Size
3.5.1 Sample Size
For the purpose of study, aviation private company in Arusha municipality have been selected.
The sample size included 50 respondents in total. 40 aviation stakeholders and 10 scholars.
3.5.2 Sampling Technique
Sampling technique is a procedure used to select some elements of a population in such a way that
it represents actual characteristics of the total population (Cohen, 2000). The managers and
operations were selected due to the fact that they are the ones who makes decisions. Simple
sampling was also employed to ask employees in the company.
3.6 Data Collection
The aim of this research is not to generalize but to understand the complexity of the phenomenon;
therefore, a qualitative research approach fits most. The strict separation of quantitative and
qualitative research is evolving and research with different methods is more common (Morgan,
2007 in Boeije 2010). A combination of different methods can fully capture phenomena. In this
way it is possible to get a full understanding of the research problem and to answer the main
research question. A quantitative part will add value and give a wider and fuller.
Regarding the number of air operators in Arusha municipality, choices had to be made. A selection
of Air operators was made for conducting interviews. Interviews give the opportunity for
participants to “share their story, pass on their knowledge and provide their own perspective on a
range of topics” (Hess-Biber and Leavy, 2006 in Boeije, 2010; p. 62).
The second part of this research involved surveys. Questionnaire will be sent out to Coastal
aviation and Air Excel. These companies were chosen as both registered private companies and
do the same kind of operation.
3.6.1 Interviews
Interview is a method of collecting data through verbal communication between a respondent and
a researcher. A well-structured interview was employed to obtain information from the air
operators chosen. The aim was to get factual information on what are the factors for the
establishment of CSR program, what are the CSR activities practiced by Coastal Aviation and Air
Excel, what are the role of CSR on the influence of private company performance, what are the
constriction facing CSR program in achieving the company goals.
3.6.2 Questionnaires
A questionnaire is a set of questions in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of
questions in a predetermined order. The questionnaire thus permitted the respondents to use
whatever words and expression they wanted in order to present what they had to say. The
questionnaires were distributed to staffs who are managers and operations to obtain information
about Corporate Social responsibility and its effect on the performance of their companies.
3.7 Validity and Reliability
3.7.1 Reliability
Reliability is usually referred to as “the consistency of the measures used in social research”
(Boeije, 2010: p. 169). This means that measuring the same phenomena should lead to similar
outcomes if the research would be repeated with the same methods. A maximum level of
objectivity, neutrality and impartiality were the aim of the researcher.
3.7.2 Validity
Validity is being specific about what you set out to assess. Measurement validity refers to “whether
the measure that is formulated for a particular concept really does reflect the concept that it is
supposed to measure” (Bryman, 2008 in Boeije, 2010: p. 169). All questions were pre tested in the
relevant study areas. Some modifications were made before data collection to see if the concepts
and not ambiguous.
3.8 Data Analysis
Qualitative part
Data needs to be sorted, categorized, connected and interpreted (Boeije, 2010). The in-depth
interviews were taken down analysed.
Quantitative part
The survey consists of a part that was analysed in a quantitative manner and a part that was
analysed in a qualitative way. The open questions were coded and analysed accordingly.
3.9 Ethical Consideration.
Aviation sector is one of sensitive sectors and usually have a lot of compliances to the authority.
They usually respond to the formal cases only so as to keep their reputation claean. In the context
of the research, ethics refer to the appropriateness of one’s behavior in relation to rights of those
who become the subject of the work or are affected by it (Sunders et al, 2003). Ethical procedures
in this study were observed. This included obtaining research clearance letter that formalized the
carrying out of the study and introduce the researcher to the respondents. Clearance letter were
obtained from the office of Vice Chancellor of The University of Arusha. Respondents were
informed about the purpose of the research and humbly requested to participate freely.
Respondents were given an assurance that all information obtained from them would be
confidential and will be used only for the study purpose.
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