Add to collection(s) Add to saved
  1. No category
Uploaded by Emann Sanidad

2nd Year, 2nd Sem 130 Lec Exams 3rd Exam

advertisement 
It is the most stable type of dosage form due to its lack of moisture and ease in dose adjustmentSolid Dosage Forms
7 Types of solid drug delivery system<ol><li>Powders</li><li>Granuels</li><li>Capsules</li><li>Tablets</li><li>Lozenges</li><li>Jellies</li><li>Suppositories</li></ol>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Intimate mixtures of </span>dry, finely divided drugs<span style=""font-weight: 400;""> and/or chemicals that may be intended for internal or external use. </span></b>"<b>POWDERS</b>
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Compared to capsules and tablets, it is much easier to adjust the dose of granules. </span></b>"F = Powderz
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Due to their large size, thus large surface area, the onset of action is rapidly achieved once the powder is reconstituted or dissolved.</span></b>"Fols<br><br>Small size = large surface area = rapid OOA
"T/F: Powders and granules are n<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">ot suitable for potent substances</span></b>"T
T/F: Powders and granules have extensive reach of therapeutic use across pharmaceutical applications."Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Limited in terms of therapeutic use</span></b>"
"This dosage form <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">represent one of the oldest dosage forms and now used mainly for cosmetic purposes</span></b>"Powders
"This dosage form is p<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">recursor of compounding and manufacture capsules and tablets</span></b>"Powders
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granules are used as ingredients for tablets or capsules.</span></b>"Fols = Powderz
3 Classification of Powders<ol><li>Based on Route of Administration (internally / externally)</li><li>Based on dispensed dose</li><li>Based on therapeutic dose (medicated / non-medicated)</li></ol>
A type of powder commonly mixed with water or suitable liquid Oral Powders
T/F: Oral powders are formulated only as medicated powders"Fols = some are non-medicated (<b><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">juice, tea, spray-dry)</span></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">It can be used as an antidote for poisoning. </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">It can also be used for decolorizing.</span></b>""Adsorbent powder = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">activated charcoal</span></b>"
What makes activated charcoal good adsorptive?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">It is treated with high pressure of oxygen to retain pore size</span></b>"
3 Universal antidotes"<b><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">       1. Magnesium Oxide</span></div><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">       2. Tannic Acid</span></div><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">       3. Activated Charcoal</span></div></b><br>"
"It is a p<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">reparations consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of varying degrees of fineness, that mostly are non medicated and does not usually contain API</span></b>"Topical Powders
"It is added in topical powders <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">to aid in patient compliance</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Aromatic material</span></b>"
T/F: Aromatic material is always present in topical powdersFols = optional
A preparation that has a container that usually has holes on top top to control the release and application of a material used to absorb moistureTopical Powders
"A common example <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">used to adsorb moisture and odor</span></b>"Talc
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Medicated powders administered or introduced into body cavities such as ears, nose, throat, vagina with the aid of insufflators</span></b>"<b>INSUFFLATED POWDERS</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">aids in the application of powder to body cavities</span></b>""<b><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">Insufflators</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> </span></b><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">(</span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">e.g. powder blower </span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">or</span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;""> puffer)</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Finely divided solid state packaged in a container-closure system</span></b>"<b>AEROSOL POWDER</b>
Aerosol powders are also called as what?Inhalational powders
2 Components that make aerosol powders different from insufflated powders<ol><li><div>Propellant – aid release of API</div></li><li><div>Plungers – pressurized; controlled release</div></li></ol>
"It has s<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">mall powder size (near nano range) and utilizes </span></b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">the aid of devices</span></b>"<b>AEROSOL POWDER</b>
Two methods of dispensing a dose of powders<ol><li>Bulk Powder</li><li>Divided Powder</li></ol>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Powder preparations that are available and packed in large quantities that are c</span></b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">ontained in jars, wide amber bottles, and wide-mouth bottles</span></b>"<b>BULK POWDER</b>
"T/F: Divided powders are g<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">ood for </span>non-potent substances</b>"F = bulk powders
T/F: Antibiotics, once reconsitituted, maintains their original half life when they were in powder form."F = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">their half-life lowers once it contains water</span></b>"
T/F: Antibiotics can be refrigerated for 7 to 14 days if not fully consumed"Fols<br><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The moment that the powder is reconstituted, shelf life lowers, that’s why it must be kept refrigerated. </span></div></li><ul><li><div>7 to 14 DAYS</div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Consume immediately</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Antibiotics are disposed of once not fully consumed.</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
Divided powders are dispensed in individual doses using ___Chartula = powder paper
Two preparation of powders"<ol><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Reduce particle size by grinding </span></b><br></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Block and Divide Method (small scale)</span></b><br></span></b></li></ol>"
4 Types of Chartula<ol><li>Bond Paper</li><li>Vegetable Parchment Paper</li><li>Glassine</li><li>Waxed paper</li></ol>
Identify the chartula:<br><ul><li><div>Opaque, no moisture-resistant properties</div></li><li><div>For botanical origin powders, non-hygroscopic, non-deliquescent materials</div></li></ul><b>Bond paper</b>
Identify the chartula<br><ul><li><div>Thin, semi-opaque, moisture-resistant</div></li><li><div>Not recommended for hygroscopic powder</div></li></ul>"<b>Vegetable parchment pape<span style=""font-weight: 400;"">r</span></b>"
Identify the chartula<br><ul><li><div>Glazed, transparent, moisture-resistant</div></li><li><div>Between vegetable parchment and waxed</div></li><li><div>Not recommended for hygroscopic powder</div></li></ul><b>Glassine</b>
Identify the chartula:<br><ul><li><div>Transparent, waterproof</div></li><li><div>Not advisable, but possibly used for hygroscopic powder</div></li></ul><b>Waxed paper</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Properties: When attempting to grind to reduce particle size, contrarily, it becomes larger due to swelling (exposure to moisture). </span></b>"<b>HYGROSCOPIC POWDERS</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">When this powders are in contact with moisture, some powders will liquefy and absorb moisture. </span></b>"<b>HYGROSCOPIC POWDERS</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Powders that liquefy once exposed to moisture</span></b>"<b>DELIQUESCENT POWDERS</b>
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Powders have poor flowability and </span></b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">poor compressibility</span></b>"T
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Powders tend to stick in some parts of the tableting machine; easily stick</span></b>"T
How do you asses the flowability of a powder? "<ol><li><b>Angle of repose</b><br></li><li><div>CI (<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Compressibility Index</span>)</div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Hausner’s ratio</span></div></li></ol>"
"It s<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">imulate flow of substances outside the hopper, and into the packaging material</span></b>"<b>Angle of repose</b>
T/F: Powders are hard to compress because of their large particle sizeFols = small particle size
How do you assess the compressibility of a powder?"<ol><li>CI</li><li>Hausner's Ratio</li></ol>"
"It is a physical attribute of powder where you it n<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">eeds to be determined to know if it passes through the sieve at a certain sieve number or mesh size, so as to classify that it is a powder</span></b>"<b>PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION</b>
It is a the measure of clogging of powders<b>PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION</b>
<b>PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION is assessed throough?</b>Seive Analysis
"It is physical attribute that d<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">ictates the flowability of powders</span></b>"Particle Shape
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The more spherical, the more flowable it is but not all powders are spherical in shape</span></b>"T
how do you assess the particle shape of powders?<b>optical microscopy</b>
Optical microscopy uses ___ & ___ for visual characterization"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">use calibrated stage and ocular micrometers</span></b>"
3 Chemical Attributes of powders and granules"<b><div>CHEMICAL UNIFORMITY</div><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Assessed by </span>uniformity of  dosages</div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Quality control of capsules and tablet</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">WEIGHT VARIATION TEST</span></div></li></ul></ul><br><div>PERCENT PURITY</div><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Assessed by </span>assay</div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Most of the time, API is the focus</span></div></li></ul></ul><br><div>PERCENT DEGRADATION PRODUCTS</div><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Assessed by </span>degradation product</div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Don’t aim for a value that’s higher for the products’s % degradation because it implies more degradation </span></div></li></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Dry aggregates of powders</span></b>"<b>GRANULES</b>
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granules are relatively larger than powders, hence having a faster onset of action</span></b>"Fols = slower OOA
"These are p<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">recursor of compounding and manufacture capsule and tablet</span></b>"Powders and granules
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Manufactured tablets MUST use granules and powders equally</span></b>""Folz = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">use granules more than powders</span></b>"
"<b>Granules for suspension<span style=""font-weight: 400;""> </span>(Choose: > , = , <)<span style=""font-weight: 400;""> powders for suspensions in reconstituted products</span></b>">>>
What is the key difference between powders and granules?Size of particles
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">are composed of </span>single, discrete, small particles of the materials or mixture of materials</b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Powders </span></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">are </span>larger aggregates of powder particles</b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granules </span></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Powders added together </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">without ___ or ___</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> would still be a powder (would not yield a granule)</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">binder solutions or </span></b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">wetting agents</span></b>"
"Method t<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">o form large aggregates of powders</span></b>""<b><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">GRANULATION METHOD</span></b>"
"<div style="""">Granulation method: Identify the finished product sizes :></div><ul style=""font-weight: bold;""><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">As finished products/dosage form:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Around <span class=cloze>[...]</span> mm particle size</span></div></li></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">As intermediate product</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Around <span class=cloze>[...]</span> mm particle size</span></div></li></ul></ul>""<div style="""">Granulation method: Identify the finished product sizes :></div><ul style=""font-weight: bold;""><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">As finished products/dosage form:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Around <span class=cloze>1-4</span> mm particle size</span></div></li></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">As intermediate product</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Around <span class=cloze>0.2-0.5</span> mm particle size</span></div></li></ul></ul><br> "
"In the granulation, w<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">e form granules because we add more components such as ____ or ___ + ___ or ___</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">binder solution or binder + granulating solution or solvent</span></b>"
The general process of granulation<br>"<b><div><b><div>O <span style=""font-weight: 400;"">– sieving</span></div><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">V – mixing</span></div><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">O – coarsing (pass through coarse particles)</span></div><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">A – heating</span></div></b></div></b>"
Describe the steps of wet granulation"<b><img src=""paste-508a366c2b9424effe7f6f195121ece5e0ecfd08.png""></b>"
Term coined for preferred particle size of granules for tabletsGood Granules
Granules are considered good if:"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Substances that pass through:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sieve #20 </span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">mesh size: 850 microns</span></div></li></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">BUT retains at:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sieve #40 </span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">mesh size: 425 microns</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
Fines or substances classified as powders if what criteria?"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Substances that pass through:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sieve #40</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
What percentage weight is enough to cover or fill in interparticulate spaces in a tablet10% weight of granules as fines
Why do we need fines along with grannules in compressing a tablet?<ul><li>To cover/fill interparticle spaces, voiding the tablets of holes</li><li>Not all materials aer directly compressible as granules</li></ul>
Why do we need to seive the substances first in wet granulation step?"<ul><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">to ensure </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">uniformity</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> of mixture so that when they are mixed, it would</span> produce a homogenous mixture<span style=""font-weight: 400;""> due to (almost the same) particle sizes</span></b><br></li></ul>"
T/F: The wet granulation method is not meant for heat-sensitive <b>but </b>can be on moisture-sensitive APIs and excipients"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">not meant for heat-sensitive and/or moisture-sensitive APIs and excipients</span></b>"
"When a<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> heat-sensitive and/or moisture-sensitive APIs and excipients are exposed to moisture, what will be the by-product?</span></b>"Produces sour taste/odor then degrades and undergoes hydrolysis over time
Give an examples of a common moisture sensitive medication"<b><span style=""font-style: italic;"">ASPIRIN</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> – moisture-sensitive; produces a vinegar odor when it starts to degrade; involves hydrolysis as byproduct (salicylic acid and acetic acid)</span></b>"
T/F: Paracetamol have good flowability but poor compressibility, resulting in cloggin in tableting machine"Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Compressible but with poor flowability</span></b>"
How do you know that a raw material or substance is compressible or not?"<b><div>DIRECTLY COMPRESSIBLE (DC) LABEL</div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The only materials that are rendered directly compressible are raw materials that are labeled as </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">DC</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">, which means that you can further proceed to direct compression</span></b><br>"
Describe the steps of Dry Granulation"<b><img src=""paste-f4bcd37235b95f854c3e83da6e7078f010d36174.png""></b>"
Key differences between dry granulation to wet granulation <ol><ul><li><div>Absence of the rate-limiting steps for wet granulation: </div></li><ul><li><div>wet mixing and drying </div></li></ul><li><div>Less expensive because the process ay simpler</div></li></ul><ul><li><div>In dry granulation, you perform slugging</div></li></ul></ol>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">A </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">precompression step</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> where we form large aggregates of powders with the use of equipment to ensure hard granules</span></b>"Slugging
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hard granules cannot be achieved in dry granulation due to the steps wet mixing, wet screening, and drying (V-O-A Steps)</span></b>""Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">due to absence of binders</span></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">There is no introduction of granulating solvents, hence the need for equipment or </span></b><span class=cloze>[...]</span><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> to adjust hardness and assist formulation of hard granules</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">There is no introduction of granulating solvents, hence the need for equipment or </span></b><span class=cloze>machine compression force</span><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> to adjust hardness and assist formulation of hard granules</span></b><br> "
Term for abnormally big tablets in dry granulation processSlugs
T/F: Slugs created in the dry granulation step will be separated to acquire the granules, which is the only needed in this process"Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Can still reduce the particle size of the slugs to get granules</span></b>"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The dry granulation method is suitable for heat sensitive APIs only</span></b>""Fols = <b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">for heat and moisture sensitive APIs</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Compare powder v. granules in terms of:<br><ol><li><div>Flowability</div></li><li><div>Onset of Action</div></li><li><div>Wettability</div></li><li><div>Compression</div></li></ol>"<img src=""paste-b8a9b77cb57f9df5610870cd91fa4b6ed5f3eef5.jpg"">"
"<b><div>FLOWABILITY</div><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders <span class=cloze>[...]</span> granules (<, =, >)</span></div></li></ul><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">In terms of shape, <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are more spherical → <span class=cloze>[...]</span> flowability</span></div></li></ul></b>""<b><div>FLOWABILITY</div><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders <span class=cloze><</span> granules (<, =, >)</span></div></li></ul><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">In terms of shape, <span class=cloze>granules</span> are more spherical → <span class=cloze>higher</span> flowability</span></div></li></ul></b><br> "
"<b><div>COMPRESSIBILITY</div><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders <span class=cloze>[...]</span> granules </span>(<, =, >)</div></li></ul><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Undergoes <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to improve flowability and compressibility </span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hence, <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are naturally more compressible and flowable than </span><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></li></ul></b>""<b><div>COMPRESSIBILITY</div><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders <span class=cloze><</span> granules </span>(<, =, >)</div></li></ul><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Undergoes <span class=cloze>granulation method</span> to improve flowability and compressibility </span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hence, <span class=cloze>granules</span> are naturally more compressible and flowable than </span><span class=cloze>powders</span></div></li></ul></b><br> "
"<b><div>WETTABILITY</div><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders <span class=cloze>[...]</span> granules </span>(<, =, >)</div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">In terms of porosity, <span class=cloze>[...]</span> have many air pockets. Once wetted, wetting agents (water) infiltrate these pores.</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span class=cloze>[...]</span></span>are compact, with no air pockets</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>""<b><div>WETTABILITY</div><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders <span class=cloze><</span> granules </span>(<, =, >)</div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">In terms of porosity, <span class=cloze>granules</span> have many air pockets. Once wetted, wetting agents (water) infiltrate these pores.</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span class=cloze>Powders</span></span>are compact, with no air pockets</span></div></li></ul></ul></b><br> "
Agents used to reduce grittiness in powders"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Wetting agents</span></b>"
These agents aid in faster dissolution of APIWetting Agents
Granules + Wetting agent will result to what?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granules for suspension have a wetting agent to coat the particles (granules) since they are easily wetted → results in a higher dissolution rate</span></b>"
<b>Fine powders (+ wetting agent) VS Granules (+ wetting agent), which will be dissolved first?</b>"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granules are still dissolved first because they are easily wetted.</span></b>"
"<b><div>DISSOLUTION RATE</div><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders <span class=cloze>[...]</span> granules</span><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;""> (in terms of particle size) </span>(<, =, >)</div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Reduced particle size = <span class=cloze>[...]</span> (Increase, decrease, or no change) dissolution rate (<span class=cloze>[...]</span> dissolved)</span></div></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">e.g.</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: Milo – powders float; granules sink</span></b></li></ul></b>""<b><div>DISSOLUTION RATE</div><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders <span class=cloze>></span> granules</span><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;""> (in terms of particle size) </span>(<, =, >)</div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Reduced particle size = <span class=cloze>↑</span> (Increase, decrease, or no change) dissolution rate (<span class=cloze>more easily</span> dissolved)</span></div></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">e.g.</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: Milo – powders float; granules sink</span></b></li></ul></b><br> "
"<b><div>ONSET OF ACTION</div><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders </span></b><span class=cloze>[...]</span><b><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;""> granules </span></b>(<, =, >)<br>""<b><div>ONSET OF ACTION</div><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">powders </span></b><span class=cloze>></span><b><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;""> granules </span></b>(<, =, >)<br><br> "
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Immediate addition of water is done to dissolve the solvent and avoid swelling of granules</span></b>"Fols = Gradual addition
2 Advantages of Granules"<b><ol><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Good stability</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Convenient form to dispense with high doses</span></div></li></ol></b>"
2 Disadvantages of Granules"<b><ol><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Not for potent</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Unpalatability</span></div></li></ol></b>"
"It is t<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">he science and technology of small particles</span></b>"Micromeritics
What are the 5 scopes of micromeretics<ol><li><div>Particle size</div></li><li><div>Particle distribution throughout system</div></li><ul><li><div>Solids, liquids</div></li><li><div>Dispersed systems*</div></li></ul><li><div>Particle shape </div></li><ul><li><div>affects the derived properties</div></li></ul><li><div>Surface area </div></li><ul><li><div>Implication for solubility</div></li></ul><li><div>Derived Properties</div></li></ol>
Any unit of matte having defined physical dimensions = definite size and shapeParticles
"It has <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">definite particle size and shape, and is expressed in diameter</span></b>"Particle Size
"What does it mean <b><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">“Equivalent spherical diameter”</span></b> in particle size ""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Relates the size of the particle to the diameter of a sphere having the same surface area (d</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">s</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">), volume (d</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">v</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">), or diameter (d</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">p</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">)</span></b>"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Spherical shape is true for all materials (powders)</span></b>"Fols = not true
"T/F: A<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">ll particles have the same sizes in the tablet, </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">especially if it undergoes granulation</span></b>"Fols = Not all
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">An estimate of the </span>mean range<span style=""font-weight: 400;""> or size range present and the number or weight fraction of each particle size.</span></b>"Size Distribution
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Pertains to how distributed the particle sizes are in the system</span></b>"Size distribution
<b>What are the primary considerations for us whether to use powder or granule as the main composition ng tablet?</b>"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">It depends. If the materials are poorly compressible, then granules must be greater than powders. You have to increase the percentage of flowable/compressible materials.</span></b>"
<b>How do we normally set the ratio of granules and powders in a tablet?</b>"<b><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The ratio of granules to powder tends to depend on the discretion of the manufacturing company</span></div><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">- In UPCP lab: </span>90% granules, 10% fines</div><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">- Always consider the need to fill in the interparticulate spaces in order to be compressed as tablets</span></div></b>"
4 Methods of Determining Particle Size"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Optical Microscopy</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sieving</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sedimentation</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Particle Surface Area</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Used to assess particle shape</span></b>"Optical Microscopy
"T/F: In optical microscopy, d<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">istribution is based on the shape of particles present throughout the system </span></b>"fols = Number of particles
"Optical miscroscopy uses ___ microscope, capturing __<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">μm, mainly suitable for __.</span></b>""<b><ul><li>Scannig electron microscope</li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">≥ 1 μm</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">More suitable for dispersed systems </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">i.e.</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> suspensions, emulsions, creams and ointments (depending on ingredients used)</span></b><br></span></div></li></ul></b>"
For visual characterization in optical microscopy, we uses ___ and ___ to see ___ arrangement in scanning electron microscope."<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">use calibrated stage and ocular micrometers</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Lattice arrangement can be seen better with SEM</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
The goal of visual characterization in scanning electron miscroscope is to assess what?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">average diameter of particles / shape of particles</span></b>"
T/F: In using scanning electron miscroscope, ANY representative regardless of sample size can be chosen to be observed."Fols<br><b><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">Get the best representative of that sample size to determine the actual average particle size distribution</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Target the best sample size!</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
3 Advantages of Optical miscroscopy"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">Observe </span>distinct particle shapes</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Very </span><span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">accurate </span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">length or mean <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">diameter </span>of the particles.</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Able to <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">estimate the shape</span> of the particles because it can be seen under the microscope</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">View the lattice arrangement of the crystalline solid when using the scanning electron microscope </span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
2 Disadvantages of Optical Microscopy"<b><br><ul><li><div>Very tedious process <span style=""font-weight: 400;"">– you need to count the number of particles</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">You have to measure each particle – </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">i.e. if you get 200 particles, measure them each</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Prone to distraction</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Nowadays, we have the equipment and technology for that</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
What are the 4 measurements we want in particle size characterization"<ul style=""font-weight: bold;""><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Feret’s diameter</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Martin’s diameter</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Projected area diameter</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Maximum horizontal intercept</span></div></li></ul><div style=""""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><img src=""paste-a8120e4787c80c2a62b348c40b248b4569064e88.png""></span></b><br></div>"
T/F: In particle size characterization, an irregular shape particle can be measured through either its longest and/or shortest diameterFOls = longest diameter
What is an ideal particle shape and why?"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">IDEAL</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: equant particle shape</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">More spherical, more flowable</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
A particle shape may be what shape?"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Acicular</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Flaky</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">What are the means to reduce the particle size?</span></div></li></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Flake</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Plate</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Lath</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Columnar</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Mostly use in the manufacture of tablets and method of choice for classification of the coarser grades of single powders or granules</span></b>"Sieving
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">If the particle size must be reduced, they can be reduced before or after sieving</span></b>"Fols = Before only
Seiving is suitable for wet or dry formulation"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Suitable for dry formulations; if used in wet formulation (liquids and semisolids), it will cause clumping. </span></b>"
Which is more abundant [granules or powders] and due to what?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granules have  higher compressibility. Hence, in the distribution of the particles, it is relatively more abundant</span></b>"
2 Methods of Sieving<ol><li>Mechanical Sieving</li><li>Air Jet and Sonic Sifter</li></ol>
Differentiate <b>Mechanical Sieving to </b><b>Air Jet and Sonic Sifter</b>"<b><ol><li><div>Mechanical Sieving</div></li></ol><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">> 75 μm</span></div></li></ul><ol><li><div>Air Jet and Sonic Sifter</div></li></ol><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">for smaller, lightweight particles.</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"A method that is <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">more used in determining whether there are more granules in the tablets than powder</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">Sieving method</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> or </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">sieve analysis</span></b>"
Re-Reviewwww<br><ul><li>What is the preferred particle size of granules and powders for tablets</li></ul>"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">GOOD GRANULES</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> → preferred particle size of granules for tablets</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Substances that pass through:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sieve #20 </span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">mesh size: 850 microns</span></div></li></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">BUT retains at:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sieve #40</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">mesh size: 425 microns</span></div></li></ul></ul></ul><ul><li><div><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">FINES</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> → classified as powders</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Substances that pass through:</span></div></li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sieve #40</span></li></ul></ul></ul></b>"
5 Considerations when Sieving<ol><li>Test sieves</li><li>Cleaning test sieves</li><li>Test specimen</li><li>Agitation methods</li><li>Endpoint determination</li></ol>
It is the recommended particle size distribution in test seives"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">200 mm (</span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">USP</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">) </span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Can opt for 75 mm</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
What is the ideal, last resort, and other methods in cleaning test sieves?"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">DEAL</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: use Air Jet</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">LAST RESORT</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: brushing </span></div></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">OTHERS</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: Use streams of water </span></b></li></ul></b>"
How should you perform cleaning test sieves using streams of water?"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">NEVER CLEAN USING SOAP SOLUTION</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Do not scrub it like plates</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Blot the test sieves, gently tap/shake (</span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">taktak</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">), and brush only the sides</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">You cannot place it in heating devices for air drying</span></div></li></ul></b>"
T/F: The ideal sieve size of testing a specimen is 75 mm"Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">If there are many specimens, </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">75mm is not applicable</span></b>"
T/F: Ideal weight of test specimen is within the range of 15 to 125 g"Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">IDEAL</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: within the range of 25 to 100 g</span></b>"
T/F: An analysts usually get a minimum of 50 g for more economical reasonsF = minimum of 25 g
What is the correct way of agitation?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Vertical first, then horizontal</span></b>"
Endpoint data of %weight of the material in each sieve is best represented in bar graphHIstogram beh
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">By the time you get to the endpoint, get the % weight of the materials, where you get weight undersize (for net weight) and ___ to construct another graph called ___</span></b>""<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Cumulative weight undersize</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">can construct Sigmoidal term </span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
Sedimentation of Granules are governed by what law?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Stoke’s Law</span></b>"
Within a formulation, particle size distribution is ___Polydisperse
This method of determining particle size is more applicable and evident for dispersed systems<b>SEDIMENTATION</b>
"Describe the variables in stokes law :><br><img src=""paste-a2619e7f001776079ef27a5fd6f8726ad8f6b0f7.jpg"">""<img src=""paste-f9797d1b7af1e2ea79f840b21f9bfd0cd2e3c16b.jpg"">"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Compared to optical microscopy, the distribution of particle sizes are more evident in sedimentation</span></b>"Fols = Sieving
"It is the m<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">easure of the total voids (space between particles) present in a particle</span></b>"<b>POROSITY</b>
"Describe the variables involves in calculations of porosity<br><img src=""paste-f3e1efe3f4d3edb0b868b990145fa03a164fea3a.jpg"">""<img src=""paste-5cf4abbf1a2c5e873d27dc62d8500a201afd220c.jpg"">"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Choose: Volume of the particles applied under vacuum<br><ul><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">True/Particle Volume</span></b><br></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granule Volume</span></b><br></span></b></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Bulk Volume</span></b><br></span></b></span></b></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Void Volume</span></b><br></span></b></span></b></span></b></li></ul></span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">True/Particle Volume</span></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Choose: Focused on pores of the granules<br><ul><li>True/Particle Volume<br>Granule Volume<br>Bulk Volume<br>Void Volume<br></li></ul></span></b>"Granule Volume
"Choose: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granule volume + interparticulate spaces<br><ul><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">True/Particle Volume<br>Granule Volume<br>Bulk Volume<br>Void Volume<br></span></b></li></ul></span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Bulk Volume</span></b>"
"Choose: This describes w<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">hen the volume of the sample is not subjected to tapping<br><ul><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">True/Particle Volume<br>Granule Volume<br>Bulk Volume<br>Void Volume<br></span></b></li></ul></span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Bulk Volume</span></b>"
"Choose: It <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">means Intraparticular + interparticular spaces<br><ul><li>True/Particle Volume<br>Granule Volume<br>Bulk Volume<br>Void Volume<br></li></ul></span></b>"Void Volume
"Choose: It is the d<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">istance between granules (all spaces)<br><ul><li>True/Particle Volume<br>Granule Volume<br>Bulk Volume<br>Void Volume<br></li></ul></span></b>"Void Volume
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">the likelihood of pores is large for granules</span></b>"Fols = small 
Identify the theoretical porosity of the following:<br><ol><li><b><table><tbody></tbody></table><div><div>Closest or rhombohedral</div></div></b></li><li><div>Most open, loosest, or cubic packing</div></li><li><div>*Ordinary powders</div></li><li><div>Crystalline materials</div></li><li><div>Flocculated powders</div></li></ol><br>"<img src=""paste-862e99b084babeb3fb43d1f84e7e64764e797212.jpg"">"
Why crystalline materials have < 1% theoretical porosity?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Crystalline solid materials are devoid of pores/spaces due to their proper lattice arrangement</span></b>"
T/F: In terms of dissolution, <b>flocculated powders</b> is faster than <b>crystalline </b>because of lattice arrangement "<b><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">F : amorphous is faster than crystalline</span></b>"
The density of particles are explained by three variables, namely? [yes yung may formula]"<ol><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">True density  (ρ)</span></b><br></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granule density (ρ</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">g</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">)</span></b><br></span></b></li><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;""><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Bulk density (ρ</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">b</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">)</span></b><br></span></b></span></b></li></ol>"
"It is e<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">xclusive of the voids and interparticle pores larger than molecular or atomic dimensions in the crystal lattices</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">True density  (ρ)<br></span></b><img src=""paste-f1fcd8172f6726cfbc8ff1f3b9416b82fc5fdfd3.jpg"">"
"It is <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Determined by the displacement of </span>hg</b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granule density (ρ</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">g</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">)<br></span></b><img src=""paste-262b7be7a4342df8a1817332561f71fc8d1b8b13.jpg"">"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granule density (ρ</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">g</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">) is only applicable to those that does not </span></b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">penetrate at ordinary pressures into pores smaller than 10 um</span></b>"Trooo
It is the measure of interparticulate interactions and determined by measuring the volume of a known mass"<div>Bulk density (ρb)</div><div><img src=""paste-ae736a2f18ea37f373cec07549cf1277e7a4db09.jpg""><br></div>"
"it is the <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Index of the ability of the powder to flow</span></b>""<img src=""paste-38f270b56baf49ff98899c90997c036db659c88c.jpg"">"
Describe the different between the Method 1 and Method II of calculating the bulk density"<img src=""paste-12893c9a26924a448ee03308ab71fc055129d3d3.jpg"">"
It is the commonly used method of determining a bulk density<b>METHOD I: GRADUATED CYLINDER</b>
"T/F: According to the USP specifications Method 1, <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">If you use a 100-mL graduated cylinder, weigh 200g since we weigh 100 g if using a 50 mL graduated cylinder</span></b>""Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">If you use a 100-mL graduated cylinder, weigh 40g.</span></b>"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">↓ </span></b><b><span style=""font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">BULK DENSITY = </span></b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">↓ </span></b><b><span style=""font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;""> COMPRESSIBILITY OF MATERIAL</span></b>"Trooo
T/F: When Density if known, flowability is also knowncompressability not flowability
"A density a<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">chieved by mechanically tapping a measuring cylinder containing a powder sample</span></b>"<b>TAPPED DENSITY</b>
"T/F: In <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Method I – mechanical tapped density tester, we have the following fixed drop and nominal rate:<br></span></b><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fixed drop: 6mm (±10%)</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Nominal rate: 150 drops/min</span></div></li></ul></b>""Folse<br><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fixed drop: 14 ± 2 mm</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Nominal rate: 300 drops/min</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"T/F: In <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Method 2 – mechanical tapped density tester, we have the following fixed drop and nominal rate:<br></span></b><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fixed drop: 3mm (±10%)</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Nominal rate: 250 drops/min</span></div></li></ul></b>"Trooo
"T/F: Tapped density can only determine Hausner's Ratio""Fols = can <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">also determine other flow properties such as </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">CI</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> and </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">Hausner’s ratio</span></b>"
What are the 2 methods of Tapped density<ul><li><b>METHOD I: HIGHER TAPPING</b><br></li><li><b><b>METHOD II: LOWER TAPPING</b><br></b></li></ul>
"This method of tapping is <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Suitable for loosely packed powders</span></b>"<b>METHOD I: HIGHER TAPPING</b>
T/F: Higher tapping requires higher fixed drop and bigger area or larger tapTroo
"A tapping method <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Suitable for compacted powders (granules + powders)</span></b>"<b>METHOD II: LOWER TAPPING</b>
T/F: Lower tapping do not need higher fixed drop and only a smaller tapTroo
Describe the relationships between the formulas of porosity and density"<img src=""paste-5a34b2a52d0228d7ec266d5f524055a048617d7d.jpg"">"
It is the specific bulk volume needed when you want to package your products<b>BULKINESS</b>
"It is the <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">presence of voids which leads to higher risk of tablets breaking</span></b>"Bulkiness
T/F: Bulkiness is the reciprocal of computed granule densityFols = bulk density
2 Important consideration for containers<ol><li>Bulkiness</li><li>Mixture</li></ol>
T/F: As bulkiness increases, particle size also increasesFols = inverse relationship
"T/F: Bulkiness decreases as <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">smaller particles sift between larger ones</span></b>"TYruu
4 assessments in interpretation of the flow properties"<ol><li>angle of repose</li><li>Compressibility index or hausner's ratio</li><li>Flow rate through a orifices</li><li>Shear cell</li></ol>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Powder flow measurement related to interparticulate friction or resistance to movement between particles</span></b>"<b><div>ANGLE OF REPOSE</div></b><br>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">It is the constant, three-dimensional angle (relative to the horizontal base) assumed by a cone-like pile of material formed by any of several different methods</span></b>"<b>ANGLE OF REPOSE</b>
T/F: Angle of repose is a complex setup that simulate the flow of materials out of the hopper in encapsulating APISimple
T/F: The higher the core of angle of repose, the less flowable the material isTru - inverse rel
How do you compute for Angle of Repose"<img src=""paste-5aba8cebd7f2b7e52ad78da07256a2cd9bbcca9c.jpg"">"
Why do we need to simulate how powder flows out of the hopper?To avoid clogging
"<b><table><tbody><tr><td><div>FLOW PROPERTY</div></td><td><div>Determine the </div><div>ANGLE OF REPOSE (degrees)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Excellent</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Good</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fair – aid not needed</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Passable – may hang up</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Poor – must agitate, vibrate</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Very poor</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Very, very poor</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></td></tr></tbody></table></b>""<b><table><tbody><tr><td><div>FLOW PROPERTY</div></td><td><div>Determine the </div><div>ANGLE OF REPOSE (degrees)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Excellent</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>25–30</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Good</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>31–35</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fair – aid not needed</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>36–40</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Passable – may hang up</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>41–45</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Poor – must agitate, vibrate</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>46–55</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Very poor</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>56–65</span><br></td></tr><tr><td><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Very, very poor</span></div></td><td><span class=cloze>> 66</span><br></td></tr></tbody></table></b><br> "
"T/F: Compressability index and hausner's ratio measure both compressability and flowability"Tru
4 Considerations when using COMPRESSIBILITY INDEX AND HAUSNER’S RATIO"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Diameter of the cylinder used</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Number of times the powder is tapped to achieve the tapped density</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Mass of material used in the test</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Rotation of the sample during tapping</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Formula to compute for Bulk volume interms of CI and hausners"<img src=""paste-9bfecfb96cf34a9d0c079c4882fd793af8fa10d1.jpg""><br><img src=""paste-dbddb8cbe200129e378b47c4ab17b4a8fa7ee635.jpg"">"
Formula for final tapped volume interms of CI and hausners"<img src=""paste-a412bf6844ad5dbfb543217b4780129a957eff0d.jpg""><br><img src=""paste-dbddb8cbe200129e378b47c4ab17b4a8fa7ee635.jpg"">"
"Determine the range of scale of flowability <br><img src=""paste-50b83eb2922c7c46215f8023496388fd95114ddc.jpg"">""<img src=""paste-f092c87c2cea1c9d869afcbbef585154b7bbc561.jpg"">"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">CI of </span><10%<span style=""font-weight: 400;""> is still acceptable and is excellent</span></b>"Tru
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">if the CI is already excellent, expect that the Hausner’s ratio is also excellent because they have the same method. </span></b>"Truu
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">we CAN interchange the computed value for Angle of repose and the computed value for Hausner’s Ratio and compressibility index</span></b>"cannot :>
2 Criteria for hausners ratio and CI<ol><li>Flow through an orifice</li><li>Shear cell methods</li></ol>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Generally measured as the mass per time flowing from any number of types of containers (cylinders, funnels, hoppers)</span></b>"<b>FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE</b>
"T/F: In flow through an orifice, n<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">o general scale is available, thus, flow rate is <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">independent </span>on the method used</span></b>"dependent
3 Considerations in <b>FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE criteria</b>"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Type of container used to contain the powder</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Size and shape of the orifice used</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Method of measuring powder flow rate</span></div></li></ul></b>"
The only advantage of shear cell methods"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Controlled experimental parameters</span></b>"
3 disadvantages of Shear cell methods"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Time consuming</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Requires significant amounts of material however only get sample from your preparation</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Needs a well-trained operator</span></div></li></ul></b>"
3 Types of shear cell methods"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Cylindrical shear cell</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Annular shear cell</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Plate-type shear cell</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"A s<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">olid dosage forms with API blended to excipients that are compressed into final dosage form</span></b>"<b>TABLETS</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Solid pharmaceutical products with or without diluents and traditionally prepared by either compression or molding methods</span></b>"<b>TABLETS</b>
4 Other methods other than compressing / molding the tablets"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Punching of laminated sheets</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Electronic deposition method</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">3D printing</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Need right  amounts of ingredients</span></div></li></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Freeze drying</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Some are freeze dried before compressing</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Molded tablets are more prominent in extemporaneous preparations</span></b>"T
"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Compressed tablets may consist of the following 3 components: which are?</span></div></li></ul></b>""<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Controlled, if with polymers</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Diluents (if potent)</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Colorants for identity</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">CAPLETS ARE TABLETS</span></b>"T = same process but different shape
T/F: Compressed tablets has special coating allowing it for immediate releaseF = no special coating
Why do we need to subcoat first the tablet before the final coating?"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">to round off the tablet contour</span></div></li></ul></b>"
WHy do we use sugar coated tablets?"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Mask taste</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Prevent from oxidation</span></div></li></ul></b>"
T/F: Film coated and sugar coated tablets has nearly equal the same weight added to a drug"Fols = <br><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Tablets can be filmed to achieve thinner weight (2-3)% with the same purpose as sugar coated tablets</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">As compared to sugar coat that adds too much weight (50-100%)</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Coating used for drugs that irritate or are easily inactivated in the stomach, or as means for their delayed release</span></b>"<b>ENTERIC COATED</b>
"Coating that <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Resist disintegration by the gastric juices of the stomach</span></b>"<b>ENTERIC COATED</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Enteric Coating has <u>___</u></span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> so it will disintegrate in the intestine</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">buffering agent</span></b>"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Not all enteric coated is meant for delayed release</span></b>"T
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">For APIs that are <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">unstable when mixed in one</span> tablet and </span></b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Also used for preparations that are <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">difficult to guarantee the uniform distribution of two or more active ingredients</span> during the mixing process.</span></b>"<b>MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS</b>
T/F: Multiple compressed tablets can be mixed simultaneously together in before, during, and final stages of tablet preparation"Fols = only in final stage<br><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">They may be incompatible during initial compression or when mixed into one tablet thus, APIs are compressed separately then will be later added together. </span></b>"
Indicator that a tablet is multiple compressed tabletwith different colors
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Compressing additional tablet granulation on a previously compressed granulation</span></b>"<b>LAYERED TABLET</b>
T/F: Layered tab offers immediate and delayed release onset of actionF = only immediate
<b>PRESS-COATED TABLET is also known as?</b><b>dry-coated tablet</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Previously compressed tablet is fed into a special tableting machine or pre-formed tablet and compressed with another granulation layer around the preformed tablets.</span></b>"<b><div>PRESS-COATED TABLET</div></b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Formulated to release drug slowly over a prolonged period of time, usually used for maintenance drugs</span></b>"<b><div>CONTROLLED-RELEASE TABLETS</div></b><br>
In formulation of large molecules in CONTROLLED-RELEASE TABLETS, we use ___ with the uncoated granulation OR to coating itself"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">retardant </span></b>"
Major purpose of CONTROLLED-RELEASE TABLETS"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Used to control side effects</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">High dose, then control the release to control the side effects for drugs that need to monitor the administration</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
T/F: Some tablets for solutions may be swallowed as is and still give same effect "Fols<br><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">They are not to be swallowed</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Will not give same effect if not in solution</span></div></li></ul></b>"
EFFERVESCENT TABLETS contains drug substances +  ___ and ___sodium bicarbonate and organic acid
T/F: Some EFFERVESCENT TABLETS may be taken as a whole"Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Not meant to be taken as a whole</span></b>"
Why is EFFERVESCENT TABLETS used with water?"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Should be in presence of water </span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Liberates carbon dioxide in the presence of water </span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">CO</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">2</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> acts as an disintegrant and produces effervescence (hizzing sound)</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Used to mask the unpleasant taste</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
"It is the <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">bulking agent of choice for effervescent tablets</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">Mannitol</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> </span></b>"
<b>COMPRESSED SUPPOSITORY is also called as?</b>insert
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Some suppositories are prepared by compression</span></b>"T
"These are <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Small, flat, oval tablets</span></b>"<b>BUCCAL TABLETS</b>
T/F: The tablet hardness of BUCCAL TABLETS range from 1 - 10 kg and has short durationF = 10 kg; long duration = slow acting = to not cause discomfort
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">T/F: Sublingual tablets has hardness of 1-4 kg and relatively slow acting</span></b>"F = 2 kg; fast acting = readily absorbed
SUBLINGUAL TABLETS are commonly used for what kind of medications?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">HTN emergency</span></b>"
<b><div>MOLDED TABLETS are also known as</div></b>tablet triturates
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Made from moist material that can be given shape of cut sections using a triturate mold</span></b>"<b><div>MOLDED TABLETS</div></b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Considered as the first manufacturing process for tablets</span></b>"<b>MOLDED TABLETS</b>
T/F: the ideal optimal tablet hardness of molded tablets is 2-4 kgF = 4-10 kg
"T/F: Molded tabelts may use <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">compression machine for large batches</span></b>""<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Do not use compression machine</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">No need for extra equipment to have an immediate preparation</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The consistency of powder for molded tablet preparation is ___, which is filled on the openings of the triturate mold with the use of spatula.</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">clay-like material</span></b>"
T/F: Compressed tablets are equally preferred as molded tabletsF = <b>Compressed tablets are more preferred</b>
"<u><b><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">The types of molded tablets vary based on the site of application, namely</span></b></u>""<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">Dispensing tablets</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">Hypodermic tablets</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">A soft, readily water-soluble tablet that contains a specified amount of medication and is intended for beneath the skin</span></b>"<b>HYPODERMIC TABLETS</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Originally intended for preparation of</span> <span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">solutions for injections</span></b>"<b>HYPODERMIC TABLETS</b>
"T/F: <b>HYPODERMIC TABLETS are sometimes used for </b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">official pharmacopeial preparations</span></b>""F = No <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">due to safety concerns</span></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Formulated to produce pleasant-tasting residue in the mouth and to facilitate swallowing</span></b>"<b>CHEWABLE TABLETS</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">It is intended to be chewed or crushed prior to chewing to ensure release of APIs or facilitate swallowing.</span></b>"<b>CHEWABLE TABLETS</b>
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sucking or letting it melt in the mouth will also release its potential effects.</span></b>"F
T/F: Tablet hardness of chewable tablets only range around 1 kg"F<br><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">Tablet hardness</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">: 2-3 kg</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Must not exceed 3 kg, or it might damage our teeth</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
"It is the IV fluid for the brain and u<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">sed as the excipient in most chewable tablets with a cool feel in the mouth</span></b>""<b><span style=""font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: underline;"">MANNITOL</span></b>"
"T/F: Mannitol is also a <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Bulking agent of choice for chewable tablets</span></b>"T
3 major components of tablets"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Diluents, bulking agents, and fillers</span></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Substances incorporated to the API to increase the bulk volume of the powder blend and the size of the tablet</span></b>"<b>EXCIPIENTS FOR TABLETS</b>
4 <b>CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD EXCIPIENT</b>"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Chemically inert</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Does not cause further side effects</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Does not reduce or antagonize API activity</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Pharmacologically inactive</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Compatible with API and excipients</span></div></li></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Non-hygroscopic</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Compressible</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Water-soluble</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Dilute the drug with a narrow therapeutic index to reduce side effects. </span></b>"<b>DILUENT</b>
T/F: One example of diluent is <b>Dicalcium phosphate (DCP)</b><b>Filler yan te</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Added when you have a potent API </span></b>"<b>BULKING AGENT</b>
"T/F: The main f<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">unction of bulking agent is to add up to the weight of the drug</span></b>"T
"T/F: Bulking agent is <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">around </span><span style=""font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline;"">less than 25 mg</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> of a drug</span></b>"T
"Arrange based on how they e<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">at up most of the component of tablets<br><ul><li>API</li><li>Other components</li><li>Bulking agents</li></ul></span></b>""<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">1 – bulking agents</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">2 – API</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">3 – other components</span></div></li></ul></b>"
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Used when the average tablet weight is 999.99 mg</span></b>"<b>FILLER</b>
"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Aiming for a formulation of a stable drug, and to ease the process for the formulation and a</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">ids the binder when added to the formulation </span></div></li></ul></b>"<b>FILLER</b>
T/F: Lactose is an example of bulking agents and fillerT
It is the substitute for lactose in formulating antidiabetic agents<b>Dicalcium phosphate (DCP)</b>
T/F: <b>Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) may be used for antibiotic formulation</b>" F = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Not suitable for antibiotics</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> (</span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">e.g. fluoroquinolone, tetracyclines</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">) because it <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">reduces therapeutic effects due to chelation of calcium</span></span></b>"
Binder is also known as ?Adhesives
"A relatively inexpensive excipient that b<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">inds / glues the ingredients together with the required mechanical strength and improve compressibility of mixture</span></b>"Binder
T/F: Starch as a normal powder can be used as a binder"F = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">normal powder starch acts as a disintegrant and powder swells in water.   -> need to be as a starch paste</span></b>"
T/F: Main function of starch is as tablet binderF = tablet disintegrants
T/F: Starch, like DCP, is suitable for antidiabetic agent formulationF
T/F: PVP is a good tablet binder and as complexing agent T
"T/F: We need around 10% <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">of PVP to work as a binder to compress the materials into a tablet</span></b>"F = 2-5% only
"T/F: PVP is n<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">ot suitable for extracts that contain phytosterols because they are not compatible</span></b>"F = tannins
"T/F: <b><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">Cross-linked povidone</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> or cross povidone is not a binder anymore but a tablet disintegrant</span></b>"T
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">A polymer that undergoes structure change which also changes its function. It breaks ingredients apart rather than bind them.</span></b>""<b><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">Cross-linked polymer</span></b>"
"it is the <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Preferred choice as tablet binder as it has </span></b><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Almost no incompatibility with plant derivatives and materials</span></b>"<b>CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">usually used cellulose derivative</span></b>"<b>MCC</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The purpose is to coat the powder or granular mixture to prevent friction during tablet compression and improve the flow.</span></b>"<b>ANTIFRICTIONAL AGENT</b>
T/F: Antifrictional agent is usually added at the beggining of compressing stagesF = last stage /step before compressing
"3 <b><span style=""font-style: italic;"">TYPES OF ANTI FRICTIONAL AGENT</span></b>"<ol><li>Glidant </li><li>Lubricant</li><li>Anti-adherent</li></ol>
T/F: You can all have 3 antifrictional agent in one compressed tablet"F = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Can have only 1 of the 3; 2 or more – depending on the nature of preparation</span></b>"
"It has smooth surface and <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Improves the flow of the ingredients </span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">through the reduction of friction in between powders and in between the powders/granules</span></b>"<b>GLIDANT</b>
"T/F: Talc is a glidant that is added in 1-2% only <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">because high concentrations might affect the absorption of tablet</span></b>"T
"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Improve the flow by reducing friction <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">between the granular mixture and the tableting machine</span> and e</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">nsures that there are <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">no left striations or lines produced</span> during compression</span></div></li></ul></b>"<b>LUBRICANT</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Aids the flowability of materials by preventing the powder or granular mixture <span style=""color: rgb(0, 255, 0);"">from picking and sticking on the tableting machine</span></span></b>"<b>ANTI-ADHERENT</b>
T/F: Colloidal silicon dioxide is an example of lubricant taht uses about 3%Anti-adherent ; 0.1-2%
Colloidal silicon dioxide functions as ?"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Functions as a drying adjuvant in large amounts. <br><ul><li><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">To </span>ethanolic extract<span style=""font-weight: 400;""> – Tablets gooey substances (which are hard to dry) as dry powders </span></b><br></li></ul></span></b>"
T/F: Colloidal silicon dioxide is hard to compress and very shaky in the hopper thus we need high contents"F<br><b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hard to compress</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Very shaky in the hopper</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">In high contents, it is slippery → slower breaking apart of tablet.</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Can act as either anti adherent or lubricant at certain concentrations</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Most common due to its inexpensiveness</span></div></li></ul></b>"<b>Magnesium stearate</b>
"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed in either a hard or soft, soluble container or shell of a suitable form of gelatin</span></b>"<b>CAPSULES</b>
2 Types of Capsules"<b><ol><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hard Gelatin Capsules</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Soft Gelatin Capsules</span></div></li></ol></b>"
T/F: <b>You can only encapsulate powders and granules.</b>"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">False. You can encapsulate everything!</span></b>"
"T/F: In formulating hard gelating capsule, we d<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">o not fill up to the brim and allow a head space for the body</span></b>"
It is a more rigid, gelating capsule shell that are pricey and expensive<b>HARD GELATIN CAPSULE</b>
HARD GELATIN CAPSULE are generally obtained from __"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">wild boar (</span><span style=""font-weight: 400; font-style: italic;"">Sus scrofa</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">)</span></b>"
Halal capsule shells are instead made up from ___"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">cellulose derivative</span></b>"
T/F: Though different sources, Sus scrofa and cellulose derivative capsule shells are similar in properties"Fols<br><b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Usually, capsule shells made from cellulose derivatives are colorless and more rigid compared to gelatin capsules</span></b>"
T/F: Like in multiple compressed tablets, colors of capsule shells indicates different API included"Fols = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The </span><span style=""text-decoration-line: underline;"">colors</span><span style=""font-weight: 400;""> of capsule shells are only usually implied for p</span>urposes of identification</b>"
2 methods of <b>SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION OF CAPSULES</b>"<b><ol><li><div>Block and Divide</div></li></ol><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Contain these powders into an empty capsule shell via punch method</span></div></li></ul><ol><li><div>Punch Method</div></li></ol><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Literal punching</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Simply punch and gently scoop to fill in the powder into the capsule shell</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Includes many processes for stability and requires formulation of matrix before addition of API then enclosing the capsule<b>SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE</b>
T/F: SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE are fast actingTRUUU
T/F: SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE are relatively inexpensive unlike Hard gelatin capsules"F = <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Equipments used are more expensive and so is the production </span></b>"
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Granules are more easily wetted than tablets</span></b>"T
"T/F: <b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Powders have faster onset if the granules have no wetting agent and surfactant. </span></b>"T
Download
advertisement