READING 1
Schizophrenia is in reality a cluster of psychological disorders in which a variety of
behaviors are exhibited and which are classified in various ways. Though there are numerous
behaviors that might be considered schizophrenic, common behaviors that manifest themselves in
severe schizophrenic disturbances are thought disorders, delusions, and emotional disorders.
Because schizophrenia is not a single disease but is in reality a cluster of related disorders,
schizophrenics tend to be classified into various subcategories. The various subcategories of
schizophrenia are based on the degree to which the various common behaviors are manifested in
the patient as well as other factors such as the age of the schizophrenic patient at the onset of
symptoms and the duration of the symptoms. Five of the more common subcategories of
schizophrenia are simple, hebephrenic, paranoid, catatonic, and acute.
The main characteristic of simple schizophrenia is that it begins at a relatively early age
and manifests itself in a slow withdrawal from family and social relationship with a gradual
progression toward more severe symptoms over a period of years. Someone suffering from a
simple schizophrenia may early on simply be apathetic toward life, may maintain contact with
reality a great deal of the time, and may be out in the world rather than hospitalized. Over time,
however, the symptoms, particularly thought and emotional disorders, increase in severity.
Hebephrenic schizophrenia is a relatively severe form of the disease that is characterized
by severely disturbed thought processes as well as highly emotional and bizarre behavior. Those
suffering from hebephrenic schizophrenia have hallucinations and delusions and appear quite
incoherent; their behavior is often extreme and quite inappropriate to the situation, perhaps full
of unwarranted laughter, or tears, or obscenities that seem unrelated to the moment. This type of
schizophrenia represents a rather severe and ongoing disintegration of personality that makes this
type of schizophrenic unable to play role in society.
Paranoid schizophrenia is a different type of schizophrenia in which the outward behavior
of the schizophrenic often seems quite appropriate; this type of schizophrenic is often able to get
along in society for long periods of time. However, a paranoid schizophrenic suffers from extreme
delusions of persecution, often accompanied by delusions of grandeur. While this type of
schizophrenic has strange delusions and unusual thought processes, his or her outward behavior is
not as incoherent or unusual as a hebephrenic´s behavior. A paranoid schizophrenic can appear
alert and intelligent much of the time but can also turn suddenly hostile and violent in response to
imagined threats.
Another type of schizophrenia is the catatonic variety, which is characterized by
alternating periods of extreme excitement and stupor. There are abrupt changes in behavior, from
frenzied periods of excitement to stuporous periods of withdrawn behavior. During periods of
excitement, the catatonic schizophrenic may exhibit excessive and sometimes violent behavior;
during the periods of stupor, the catatonic schizophrenic may remain mute and unresponsive to
the environment.
A final type of schizophrenia is acute schizophrenia, which is characterized by a sudden
onset of schizophrenic symptoms such as confusion, excitement, emotionality, depression, and
irrational fear. The acute schizophrenic, unlike the simple schizophrenic, shows a sudden onset of
the disease rather than a slow progression from one stage of it to the other. Additionally, the
acute schizophrenic exhibits various types of schizophrenic behaviors during different episodes,
sometimes exhibiting the characteristics of hebephrenic, catatonic, or even paranoid
schizophrenia. In this type of schizophrenia, the patient´s personality seems to have completely
disintegrated
SUMMARY
The schizophrenia is a psychological disorder in which is demonstrated by behaviors
classified in categories: disorders, delusions and emotional. The schizophrenia´s degree is
classified according to the patient´s behavior as well as the symptoms and age of the patient.
Hebephrenic, paranoid, catatonic and acute are subcategories of schizophrenia.
The schizophrenia starts at early age and it is shown with social relationship, it´s a gradual
process that becomes severe over a period of years. One of the categories of the schizophrenia is
“Hebephrenic”; a really hard disease that is characterized by unacceptable behaviors, the victim
under this condition has disturbed thoughts that are showed off by hallucinations and delusions.
Their behavior is extremely incorrect to the situation. On the contrary, hebephrenic is paranoid
schizophrenia in which the behavior apparent to be appropriated, for the ones suffering this
disease is not a challenge to get along in society, they also experience delusions and unusual
thought processes but their behavior is not irrational and disconnected to the situation,
sometimes they are violent and hostile according with the situation.
The catatonic and acute are another type of schizophrenia, the behavior in catatonic is related
to the period, if it is excitement period or stupor. In the excitement period the behavior is so rude
and violent, in the stupor is calm. On the other hand there is the acute period in this the person is
unresponsive to the environment, and violent.
QUESTIONS
1. The passage states that schizophrenia
A. Is a single psychological disorder
B. Always involves delusions
C. Is a group of various psychological disorders
D. Always develops early in life
2. The phrase “manifested in” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. Internalized within
B. Demonstrated by
C. Crated in
D. Maintained by
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlined
sentence in paragraph 3?
A. Simple Schizophrenia generally starts at an early age and slowly worsens.
B. All types of schizophrenics withdraw from their families as their disease progresses.
C. Those suffering from simple schizophrenia tent to move more and more slowly over
the years.
D. It is common for simple schizophrenia to start at an early age and remain less severe
than other types of schizophrenia.
4. The word “apathetic” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. Sentimental
B. Logical
C. Realistic
D. Emotionless
5. The word “unwarranted” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. Inappropriate
B. Uncontrolled
C. Insensitive
D. Underestimated
6. The phrase “get along” in paragraph 5 could best be replaced by
a) Mobilize
b) Negotiate
c) Manage
d) Travel
7. The author uses the word “while” in paragraph 5 in order to show that paranoid
schizophrenics
A. Think in a way that is materially different from the way that they act
B. Have strange delusions at the same time that they have unusual thought patterns
C. Can think clearly in spite of their strange behavior
D. Exhibit strange behaviors as they think unusual thoughts
8. It is implied in paragraph 5 that a paranoid schizophrenic would be most likely to
A. Break into unexplained laughter
B. Believe that he is a great leader
C. Withdraw into a stuporous state
D. Improve over time
9. The word “mute” in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
A. Asleep
B. Quiet
C. Deaf
D. Frightened
10. The word “it” in paragraph 7 refers to
A. The disease
B. A slow progression
C. One stage
D. The other
11. In paragraph 2 the author mentions “schizophrenia is not a single disease but is in reality
a cluster of related disorders” in order to
A. Show that is manifested in the patient as well as other factors such as the age of the
patient.
B. Give example of other disease
C. Explain the schizophrenia tend to be classified into various subcategories
D. Show the different symptoms of the disease
12. According to the paragraphs 1 and 2 the behaviors classified in various ways are
A. Disorders, delusions and emotional disorders
B. Simple, hebephrenic, paranoid, catatonic and acute
C. Onset of symptoms and the duration of them
D. A cluster of related disorders
13. In line 2 of paragraph 3 the word “itself” refers to
A. Early age
B. Schizophrenia
C. The main characteristic
D. Simple schizophrenia
14. According to the passage someone suffering from simple schizophrenia
A. May be simply apathetic toward life
B. May maintain contact with reality a great deal of the time
C. May be out in the world rather than hospitalized
D. May be apathetic, maintain contact with reality, and may be out in the world.
15. In line 5 of paragraph 3 the word “deal” refers to
A. Amount
B. Distribute
C. Challenge
D. Part
16. According with the paragraph the highly emotional and bizarre behavior are represented
by
A. Tears
B. Hallucinations, delusions and incoherent behaviors
C. Ongoing disintegration of personality
D. Different roles
17. In line 8 of paragraph 5 the word “threats” means
A. Risk
B. Intimidation
C. Endanger
D. Fix
18. In line 2 paragraph 6 the expression “abrupt changes” refers to
A. Rude changes
B. Unexpected changes
C. Polite changes
D. Unfriendly changes
19. In paragraph 6 the author mentions “frenzied periods” to refer to
A. Catatonic periods
B. Violent periods
C. Periods of excitement
D. Intelligent periods
20. Which of the following does the author use to present the information in the passage?
A. Support through exemplification
B. Narration
C. Cause and effect
D. Comparison and contrast
READING 2
Although most grain crops have light dry pollen and are wind-pollinated, the pollen of
other plants including legumes, fruits, and many flowers and vegetables is moist and sticky. It
cannot travel on air currents and must be transferred from anther to stigma by external agents.
This process is known as cross-pollination. Cross-pollination allows plants to evolve and to adapt
to changing environments. Cross-pollination is accomplished mainly by insects and, among
pollinators, the honeybee reigns supreme. Bees collect nectar and pollen from flowers to use as
food and unwittingly transfer pollen from flower to flower as they go about their work.
A bee´s body is ideally adapted to carry pollen. Its body and legs are covered with stiff,
branched hairs, which catch and hold pollen grains. The hind legs are equipped with pollen baskets
that are concave areas of the hind leg edged with long curving hairs. In these baskets, the worker
bee deposits pollen and carries it back to the hive where it serves as a major food source for the
young brood.
As bees are busy gathering pollen, their bodies become almost entirely covered with
sticky pollen grains. Field bees inadvertently transfer pollen from one flower to another as they
make their rounds.
For many plants, cross-pollination is essential. Some fruits, vegetables, and nut trees
would be unable to set fruit or would have extremely poor yields without the aid of bees or other
pollinators.
Experiments have proved that plants exposed to bees produce far greater yields than
those which are not visited by colonies of bees. Apple orchards are a good example. Most apple
growers rent bee colonies in early May to guarantee cross-pollination.
SUMMARY
Grain crops are wind pollinated whereas other plants that cannot be wind pollinated, such as
legumes, fruits and other flowers, they need an intermediary which are the insects and the honey
bees whose job is to collect nectar and pollen from plants and transfer it from flower to flower.
This process is related to cross-pollination which allows plants to adapt and evolve in different
environments.
Bees have an amazing body perfect to carry pollen, they have long stiff hair and their legs
which make it easy for them to transport honey to their hive so they can feed the little bees. Bees
are always busy gathering pollen grain, which make their bodies be covered with pollen grains.
Bees’ job is essential for some plants such as fruits, vegetables and nuts trees that cannot
produce any fruit, so the bees come to the reserve and cross pollinate the plant so they can
produce. Plants exposed to bees are much more productive than plants that are not exposed to
bees. Apple growers for example know that apple trees won’t produce without the interventions
of the bees.
QUESTIONS
1. What is the main topic of this passage?
A. A description of bees
B. Types of pollen
C. Cross-pollination by bees
D. Sources of pollen
2. The word “it” in line 3 refers to
A. Light, dry pollen
B. A kind of flower
C. Moist, sticky pollen
D. An external agent
3. The phrase “this process” in line 4 refers to
A. The transfer of pollen by external agents
B. The transfer of pollen by wind
C. The contrast of two types of pollen
D. The production of moist, sticky pollen
4. According to the passage, cross-pollination may occur in all of the following plants EXCEPT
A. Legumes
B. Grain crops
C. Fruits
D. Flowers
5. The phrase “reigns supreme” in line 6 is closest in meaning to
A. Lives the longest
B. Is the largest
C. Does the best job
D. Is the most numerous pollinating insect
6. According to the passage, why do bees collect pollen?
A. For use as food
B. As a complement to nectar
C. To help plants evolve and change
D. To cover their bodies
7. We can infer from the passage that bees are well suited to collecting pollen because of
A. Their attraction to flowers
B. Their ability to fly
C. The structure of their bodies
D. Their ability to work hard
8. The word “edged” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
A. Hidden
B. Bordered
C. Decorated
D. Protected
9. The passage supports all of the following statements EXPECT
A. Pollen is a source of food for bees
B. Cross-pollination will occur if bees are in an area
C. Cross-pollination is necessary for some plants to produce fruit
D. Bees intentionally cross-pollinate plants
10. The word “yields” in line 17 and line 22 is closest in meaning to
A. Blossoms
B. Production
C. Growth
D. Flavor
11. Why does the author mention apple orchards in paragraph six?
A. To support the value of bees in cross-pollination
B. To contrast bees´ work with fruit trees and flower gardens
C. To describe a commercial use of bees
D. To show that bees work hard
12. What is wind pollination?
A. Bees eating nectar from plants
B. The bees travelling from plant to plant through the wind
C. Pollen travelling though air
D. Productive pollination
13. Which are called external agents?
A. Crops
B. Wind
C. Pollen
D. Bees
14. How are bees and other insects´ job called?
A. Pollinating plants
B. Collecting pollen from plants
C. Cross pollination
D. Flying from flower to flower
15. What does pollination do?
A. Makes plants and trees evolve and adapt to different environments
B. It makes plants grow taller
C. Waters the flowers
D. Deposits pollen and carries it back to the hive where it serves as a major food source for
the young brood
16. How does the author prove in the paragraph the statement “a bee´s body is ideally adapted
to carry pollen”?
A. By giving an example
B. By illustrating the bee´s body
C. By describing bee´s body
D. By showing pictures
17. In the line 10 the word “concave” is closest in meaning to
A. Sink
B. Flower
C. Curve
D. Cover
18. According to the paragraph what is the function of the basket´s bee?
A. Deposit pollen
B. Allow plants to evolve and adapt to the environment
C. Travel on air currents
D. Serve as a major food source
19. What is the type of this paragraph?
A. Descriptive
B. Persuasive
C. Informative
D. Narrative
20. In line 13 what is the meaning of “gathering”
A. Accomplish
B. Furnish
C. Collect
D. Transport
READING 3
Line
(5)
(10)
(20)
(25)
(30)
With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of
modem sculpture in the United States. Direct carving – in which the sculptors
themselves carve stone or wood with mallet and chisel – must be recognized as
something more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well:
that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which
sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example,
sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even
dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter.
The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in
which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was
then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.
Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily
conceding that the assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving
the finished marble.
With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional
sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new
urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. Even
as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist European artists were attempting
direct carving. By the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans – Laurent
and Zorach most notably - had adopted it as their primary means of working.
Born in France, Robert Laurent (1890-1970) was a prodigy who received his
education in the United States. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art
dealer, and in the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered
primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.
Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The
Priestess, which reveals his fascination with African, pre-Columbian, and South
Pacific art. Taking a walnut plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design.
It is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in American sculpture. The plank's
form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must
have appealed to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that required a
sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.
SUMMARY
Robert Laurent and William Zorach were the ones who made a change in the story of modern
sculpture of the USA, introducing the direct carving.
The method of direct carving was a break because of the tradition of nineteenth-century
which was to carve on plaster, bronze, or marble. With the finding of non-traditional sources of
motivation, such as wooden African figures, masks and the turn-of-the-century, it arose a new
execution of art and interaction with the medium. Even artists from Europe attempted direct
carving. Laurent and Zorach had already adopted it in their principal means of working.
Robert Laurent was sent to an art dealer in Paris in 1905; there was where he learned the
technique of wood carving from a frame maker. As soon as he got back to New York, he began
carving pieces such as the Priestess, and it was one of the earliest models of carving in American
sculpture.
QUESTIONS
1. The word "medium" in line 5 could be used to refer to
A. Stone or wood
B. Mallet and chisel
C. Technique
D. Principle
2. What is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving?
A. A sculptor must work with talented assistants.
B. The subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.
C. The material is an important element in a sculpture.
D. Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it.
3. The word "dictates" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
A. Reads aloud
B. Determines
C. Includes
D. Records
4. How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture?
A. Sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.
B. Sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources.
C. Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools.
D. Sculptors receive more formal training.
5. The word "witnessed" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
A. Influenced
B. Studied
C. Validated
D. Observed
6. Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve?
A. New York
B. Africa
C. The South Pacific
D. Paris
7. The phrase "a break with" in line 30 is closest in meaning to
A. A destruction of
B. A departure from
C. A collapse of
D. A solution to
8. The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
A. The design is stylized.
B. It is made of marble.
C. The carving is not deep.
D. It depicts the front of a person.
9. The word “mallet” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
A. Hammer
B. Saw
C. Screwdriver
D. Sanding machine
10. The main purpose of the text is to
A. Persuade
B. Describe
C. Inform
D. Explain
11. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the passage?
A. Carving pieces
B. The story of modern sculpture in the USA
C. Direct carving
D. How to take a good picture to the sculpture
12. In line 4 the word “it” refers to
A. Chisel
B. Direct carving
C. Stone
D. Techniques of direct carving
13. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. Robert Laurent and William Zorach were well known sculptors
B. Sculpture was not known in the USA
C. The American sculpture was awful
14. What is the passage primarily about?
A. The change in the story of sculpture in the USA
B. Pieces of famous sculpture
C. The materials of the ancient sculpture
D. Examples of direct carving
15. The word “prodigy“ in line 21 is closest in meaning to
A. Impressive
B. Wonder
C. Amaze
D. Pleasant
16. Where does the author describe the “Non-traditional sources”?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 4 and 5
17. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the paragraph 5?
A. The change about sculpture in the American history
B. Pre-Columbian art
C. The earliest direct carving sculpture
D. When Laurent began carving pieces
18. In line 16 the phrase “such as wooden African figures and masks” refers to
A. The materials in which you can apply direct carving
B. Reused materials
C. Useless material
D. Non-traditional sources
READING 4
Line
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting
communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter
especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food
reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in
dense vegetation or enter a cavity – horned larks dig holes in the ground and
ptarmigan burrow into snow banks – but the effect of sheltering is magnified by
several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers,
bluebirds, and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air,
so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together were found to
reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third of their heat.
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as "information
centers." During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very
large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed well, but others may
have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that when the birds set out
again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to
follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate
different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits. The common
kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very
similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area. The common kestrel roosts and
hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can
learn from others where to find insect swarms.
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a
few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is
partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially
vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of
prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch
small birds perching at the margins of the roost.
SUMMARY
Flock birds typically keep apart together into roosts because it is important for them to keep warm
and conserve precious food in winter. Being together decreases the cold air, so the birds keep
each other warm.
“Information centers” is another advantage that communal roosts have. Throughout the
day, birds forage for food over a very large area, but not all of them feed well. It has been seen
that the next day, the birds that did not feed well the previous day go with those who did it. This
happens because one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms since not all of them
have the same feeding behavior.
At last, communal roosts provide more safety, but it is counteracted because predators are
attracted by mass roosts; they become vulnerable if they are on the ground or even in trees.
QUESTIONS
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. How birds find and store food
B. How birds maintain body heat in the winter
C. Why birds need to establish territory
D. Why some species of birds nest together
2. The word "conserve" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
A. Retain
B. Watch
C. Locate
D. Share
3. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by
A. Huddling together on the ground with other birds
B. Building nests in trees
C. Burrowing into dense patches of vegetation
D. Digging tunnels into the snow
4. The word "magnified" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
A. Caused
B. Modified
C. Intensified
D. Combined
5. The author mentions kinglets in line 9 as an example of birds that
A. protect themselves by nesting in holes
B. nest with other species of birds
C. nest together for warmth
D. usually feed and nest in pairs
6. The word "forage" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
A. Fly
B. Assemble
C. Feed
D. Rest
7. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is true?
A. The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.
B. The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.
C. The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.
D. The common kestrel nests in trees; the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.
8. The word "counteracted" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
A. Suggested
B. Negated
C. Measured
D. Shielded
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds
that huddle together while sleeping?
A. Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.
B. Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock.
C. Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are looking for
food.
D. Several members of the flock care for the young.
10. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in the
passage?
A. Diseases easily spread among the birds.
B. Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds are.
C. Food supplies are quickly depleted.
D. Some birds in the group will attack the others.
11. The word "they" in line 25 refers to
A. A few birds
B. Mass roosts
C. Predators
D. Trees
12. The Word “flocks in line 1 is closest in meaning to
A. Herds
B. Group
C. Pair
D. Individual
13. The main purpose of the text is to
A. Describe
B. Inform
C. Persuade
D. Explain
14. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the passage?
A. Birds that feed in flocks
B. Information centers
C. The way to retain food
D. How birds fly
15. In line 4 the Word “this” refers to
A. The way to keep warm and preserve food
B. Feed in flocks
C. Retire together
D. The benefits of being in flocks
16. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. Birds always fight
B. Birds help each other to survive
C. Birds get angry if they do not feed well
D. Predators do not attack to nests in trees
17. What is the passage mainly about?
A. How birds survive in the winter
B. The behavior of birds
C. Birds that feed in flocks
D. How birds fight with predators
18. The word “swifts” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
A. Martins
B. Blue birds
C. Parrots
D. Birdies
19. Where does the author mention the “information centers”
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 1 and 2
20. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the paragraph 3
A. Safety at communal roosts
B. Increase of protection
C. Predators attack roosts
D. Birds spread out to forage
21. In line 24 the word “are” refers to
A. Birds
B. Predators
C. Mass roosts
D. Trees
READING 5
The sauce that is today called ketchup (or catsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based
sauce that is quite distinct from the Eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in
use in china at least as early as the seventeenth century, but the Chinese version of the sauce was
made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore
and Malaysia, where it was called ketchap. The Indonesian sauce ketjab derives its name from the
same source as the Malaysia sauce but is made from very different ingredients. The Indonesian
ketjab is made by cooking black soy beans , fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at
least a week , cooking the resulting solution further , and sweetening it heavily; this process
results in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.
Early in the eighteenth century, sailors from the British navy came across this exotic sauce on
voyages to Malaysia and Singapore and brought samples of it back to England on return voyages.
English chefs tried to recreate the sauce but were unable to do so exactly because key ingredients
were unknown or unavailable in England; chefs ended up substituting ingredients such as
mushroom and walnuts in an attempt to recreate the special taste of the original Asian sauce.
Variations of this sauce become quite the rage in eighteenth –century England, appearing in a
number of recipe books and featured as an exotic addition to menus from the period.
The English version did not contain tomatoes, and it was not until the end of the eighteenth
century that tomatoes became a main ingredient, in the ketchup of the newly created United
States. It is quite notable that tomatoes were added to the sauce in that tomatoes had previously
been considered quite dangerous to health. The tomato had been cultivated by the Aztecs, who
had called it tomatl; however, early botanists had recognized that the tomato was a member of
the solanacaea family, which does include a number of poisonous plants. The leaves of the tomato
plant
are
poisonous,
though
of
course
the
fruit
is
not.
Thomas Jefferson, who cultivated the tomatoes in his gardens at Monticello and served dishes
containing tomatoes at lavish feasts, often receives credit for changing the reputation of the
tomato. Soon after Jefferson had introduced the tomato to American society, recipes combining
the newly fashionable tomato with the equally fashionable and exotic sauce known as ketchap
began to appear. By the middle of the nineteenth century, both the tomato and tomato ketchup
were staples of the American kitchen.
Tomato ketchup, popular thought it was, was quite time-consuming to prepare. In 1876, the
first mass –produced tomato ketchup, a product of German –American henry Heinz, went on sale
and achieved immediate success. From tomato ketchup, Heinz branched out into a number of
other products including various sauces, pickles, and relishes. By 1890, his company had expanded
to include sixty-five different products but was in need of a marketing slogan. Heinz settled on the
slogan “57varieties” because he liked the way that digits 5 and 7 looked in print in spite of the fact
that this slogan understated the number of products that he had at the time.
SUMMARY
Tomatoes, based in sauce known as ketchup, have been diversed from ancestors. Countries like
china, Indonesian and England have had a complete different version to produce a sauce, each of
them has taken different ingredients to prepare a sauce and has called in different ways English
chefs tried to prepare the original Asian sauce but they could not because the ingredients were
hard to find. Then, they noticed that tomatoes were the main ingredient to produce sauces, but
later considered that this ingredient was extremely dangerous for their health because it came
from dangerous plants. Thomas Jefferson was the person who introduced his production to
American society, and tomato ketchup became popular.
QUESTIONS
1. The word “ancestors” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. Predecessors
B. Descendent
C. Creators
D. Ingredients
2. It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that
A. The Chinese sauce was in existence in the seventeenth century
B. The Malaysian sauce was similar to the Chinese sauce
C. The Chinese sauce was made from seafood and spices
D. The Indonesian sauce was similar to the Chinese sauce
3. The word “it” in paragraph 1 refers to
A. A salt brine
B. A week
C. The resulting solution
D. This process
4. the expression “came across” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. Traversed
B. Discovered
C. Transported
D. Described
5. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that mushrooms and walnuts were
A. Difficult to find in England
B. Not part of the original Asian recipe
C. Not native to England
D. Transported to England from Asia
6. the word “rage” in the paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. Anger
B. Distinction
C. Misunderstanding
D. Fashion
7. The author mentions “the English version” at the beginning of paragraph 3 in order to
A. Indicate what will be discussed in the coming paragraph
B. Explain why tomatoes were considered dangerous
C. Make a reference to the topic of the previous paragraph
D. Provide an example of a sauce using tomatoes
8. According to paragraph 3, the tomato plant
A. Was considered poisonous by Aztec
B. Is related to some poisonous plants
C. Has edible leaves
D. Has fruit that is sometimes quite poisonous
9. The word “staples” in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by
A. Standard element
B. Strong attachments
C. Necessary utensils
D. Rare alternatives
10. The expression “branched out” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A. Contracted
B. Stemmed
C. Converted
D. Expanded
11. The word “sweetening” in line “9” is closest in meaning to
A. Sugar it
B. Sour
C. Mull
D. Salt
12. The main idea of the text is:
A. To discover how to prepare the best ketchup
B. To know how some countries has different recipes to prepare a sauce
C. Get recipes to prepare a sauce
D. Buy the best tomato
13. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the passage?
A. Tomatoes have been considered dangerous plants
B. England attempted to recreate Asian sauce
C. Each country had a recipe to prepare a sauce
D. Ingredients were found it easily
14. In line “23” the word “salanacaea” refers to
A. Tomatoes that belong to a family
B. Dangerous plants
C. Fashionable tomato
D. Aztecs
15. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. Tomato is the main ingredient for the sauce
B. Chefs got healthy tomatoes
C. Ingredients were adequate for the sauce
D. Population of ingredients
16. What is the passage primarily about?
A. Varieties of products
B. Different recipes to create tomato ketchup
C. Centuries
D. Recipe books
17. Thomas Jefferson has these characteristics EXCEPT:
A. Who transported sauce ketchup
B. Who cultivated the tomato
C. Who didn’t know tomatoes
D. Who introduced the tomato to American society
18. Which of the following statement about ketchup is true?
A. Mushrooms and walnuts were substituted to create original Asian sauce.
B. Aztecs, designed recipe books
C. Thomas Jefferson cultivated tomatoes
D. Indonesian made sauce in a month
19. It
A.
B.
C.
D.
can be inferred that the English version did not contain tomatoes because:
It was hard to find it
Tomatoes become main ingredients
Nobody wanted to cultivate tomatoes
The production fell down
20. In which country appeared the recipe books?
A. Singapore and Malaysia
B. Asia
C. England
D. China
READING 6
The period following World War 2 was filled with a succession of crises as the United States dealt
with the difficulty of post war reconversion to a peacetime economy. A threatened railroad strike
in1946 was one of many crises that led to a reconsideration of the interrelationships among
government, management, and labor.
Organized labor, which had fared well during the war years of 1939-1945 faced severe
problems because of the swift demobilization of thirteen million service personal following the
war and the destabilizing results of industrial reconversions from wartime to peacetime uses.
During late 1945 and early 1946, a record wave of labor disputes and strikes hit the United States,
and even more strikes and dispute that were expected. At the height of the problems more than
500 strikes were under way, some of them in industries that were highly critical to the overall U.S
economy, including coal, steel, cars and oil. When a national strike was threatened by the railroads
in the spring of 1946, the government moved into action, believing that the United States
economy was threatened were it to take place.
President Harry S. Truman had dealt rather patiently with the labor problems until the
spring of 1946. Throughout his political career, Truman had been a friend of organized labor and
had been strongly supported by labor in his elections. When the railroad strike was first
threatened, he called for a sixty-day mediation period while the issues particularly the main issue
of a wage hike for railroad workers were negotiated between management and labor. By April,
eighteen of twenty unions related to the railroads had arrived at an agreement; however, the
remaining unions, which together controlled 280,000 workers and were essential to the operation
of the railroads, were dissatisfied and set a date for a strike.
The day before the strike deadline, Truman’s patience wore thin and he designed an
executive order authorizing government seizure of the railroads. Under threat or having the
government take over the operation of the railroads, the two unions in questions agreed to a fiveday delay in the strike. Truman even suggested an 18.5 cent per hour pay raise for railroad
workers. However, as the strike deadline approached negotiations remained at a stalemate, the
strike began as scheduled and had an immediate impact; of the country’s 200,000 trains, only a
few hundred remained in operation. Infuriated, Truman took to the radio waves and delivered a
burning speech to the public; two days later; he delivered a speech to congress blasting the
striking workers and urging congress to take unprecedented steps to break the strike, including
urging approval to draft striking workers into military service. As Truman was delivering the
speech, he was handed a note stating that the strike had been settled.
Even though the strike was resolved, deep issues had been raised over what role the government
should play in disputes between management and labor. Truman’s proposal to use the federal
government to break a strike by drafting strikes into the armed forces brought this issue to the
fore. Although management was pleased with the toughness that Truman had shown and many
citizens were pleased that disruption of the economy had been avoided. Concern was expressed
about the constitutionality or having congress takes such step. The labor management relations
act (also known as the Taft – Hartley); which was enacted in the year following the strike, was an
attempt to clarify some of the interrelationship among government management, and labor.
SUMMARY
During the II world war there were many issues which were hard for government, management
and labor, but one of the main issues was a threatened railroad strike. Despite of many problems,
organized labor faced destabilizing results of industries from wartime and was 500 strikes in order
to highly critical to the overall U.S economy something that was threatened according to the
government. Truman as an organized labor negotiated with the management to try fixing the issue
of wage hike for railroad workers, but later on unions controlled 280,000 workers to the
operations of railroads, and Truman recommended pay raise for railroads workers. Many citizens
were pleased that disruptions were avoided.
QUESTIONS
1. The phrase “fared well” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. Recovered from illness
B. Won battles
C. Made good wages
D. Experienced good fortune
2. According to paragraph 2, in late 1945 and early 1946
A. There were labor problems because too many workers were in the military
B. There were labor problems because too many people were leaving the military
C. There were 500 strikes in the railroad industry
D. There were 500 strikes in critical industries
3. The word it in paragraph 2 refers to
A. A national strike
B. The government
C. Action
D. The U.S economy
4. The phrase “called for” in paragraph “ 3” is closest in meaning to
A. Criticized
B. Cheered
C. Proposed
D. Postponed
5. According to the paragraph 3, it is NOT true that the railroad workers
A. Were all in favor of the strikes
B. Were interested in higher pay
C. From two unions set strike date
D. Turned down Truman’s offer of a pay raise
6. Why does the author mention 280,000 workers in paragraph “3”?
A. To indicate how Many workers were opposed to the strike
B. To demonstrate that the railroads were not really a critical industry
C. To support management claim that wage increase was not possible
D. To illustrate how serious the strike threat was
7. The phrase “wore thin” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. Was extended
B. Decreased
C. Lightened
D. Lost weight
8. The phrase “remained at a stalemate” in paragraph “4” is closest in meaning to
A. Stayed on target
B. Proceeded on a friendly basis
C. Suddenly started up again
D. Were at a standstill
9. The word “steps” in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by
A. Paces
B. Measures
C. Stairs
D. Suggestions
10. It can be inferred from paragraph “ 4” that
A. Truman actually drafted striking workers into the military
B. Congress passed a law allowing the drafting of striking workers
C. It was the threat of drafting strikers that ended the strike
D. Truman was actually opposed to drafting workers into the military
11. The word “strike” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
A. Crises
B. Walkout
C. Asset
D. Difficulties
12. The main idea of the text is
A. Interrelationships among government, management and labor
B. The U.S economy
C. Railroads and their issues
D. Railroads strikes, and wages for railroads workers
13. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the passage?
A. In 1946 railroad workers got rise wages
B. Two unions agreed to a five- day delay in the strike
C. Truman had been a friend of organized labor
D. The government thought that the U.S economy was threatened
14. In line 13 the word “threatened” refers to
A. Hazard
B. Attempt
C. Acts
D. Strikes
15. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. Unions controlled 280,000workers to operation of railroads
B. Strikes were hard because of the economy
C. The economy was terrible due to the negative impact that the war had caused
D. Government supported strikes
16. What is the passage primarily about?
A. Railroads strikes
B. Wage rises
C. Affiliations among government, management and labor
D. The difficulty of economy
17. The wage hikes for railroads workers were negotiated EXCEPT
A. Economy
B. Operation of railroads
C. Disruptions of the economy
D. Strikes
18. Which of the following statement about railroad is false?
A. Strike was threatened by the railroads
B. Strikes hit the united states
C. The strikes were settled
D. Railroads took position in the war
19. The word” issues” in line 17 could best be replaced by
A. Wartime
B. Suggestions
C. Problems
D. Peace
20. The word “delivered” in line 29 refers to
A. Gave
B. Explained
C. Wrote
D. Recorded
ANSWER KEY
READING 1
READING 2
READING 3
READING 4
READING 5
READING 6
1-C
1-C
1-A
1-D
1-A
1-C
2-B
2-C
2-C
2-A
2-C
2-D
3-A
3-A
3-B
3-D
3-C
3-D
4-D
4-B
4-A
4-C
4-B
4-C
5-A
5-C
5-D
5-C
5-A
5-C
6-C
6-A
6-D
6-C
6-A
6-A
7-A
7-C
7-B
7-B
7-D
7-D
8-D
8-B
8-B
8-B
8-B
8-B
9-B
9-D
9-A
9-D
9-B
9-A
10-A
10-B
10-C
10-B
10-D
10-A
11-C
11-A
11-D
11-B
11-A
11-B
12-A
12-B
12-B
12-A
12-B
12-D
13-D
13-D
13-A
13-A
13-D
13-A
14-D
14-C
14-A
14-D
14-A
14-A
15D
15-A
15-B
15-A
15-A
15-A
16-B
16-B
16-C
16-B
16-B
16-A
17-B
17-C
17-A
17-C
17-A
17-A
18-C
18-A
18-A
18-A
18-A
18-D
19-B
19-C
19-B
19-B
19-C
20-A
20-C
20-D
20-C
20-B
21-C