IGCSE Cambridge ICT 0417 OL Theory Notes From Chapter 1 to 10 Syllabus 2023-2025 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas +965 97956633 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Page 2 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Section 1 ICT Theory Chapter 1 Types and components of a computer system 1.1 Hardware and software 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Chapter 2 Output devices and their uses Optical media and optical storage devices Solid-state media and solid-state storage devices The future of storage devices Network issues and communication Potential health problems related to the prolonged use of ICT equipment ICT applications 6.1 Communication 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 Page 3 of 170 Direct data entry (DDE) devices The effects of using ICT 5.1 Microprocessor-controlled devices in the home 5.2 Chapter 6 Emerging technologies Networks and the effects of using them 4.1 Networks 4.2 Chapter 5 Types of computer Storage devices and media 3.1 Magnetic media and magnetic storage devices 3.2 3.3 3.4 Chapter 4 Operating systems Input and output devices 2.1 Input devices and their uses 2.2 2.3 Chapter 3 Main components of computer system Modeling applications Computer controlled systems School management systems Booking systems Banking applications Computers in medicine Expert systems Computers in die retail industry Recognition systems Satellite systems Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Chapter 7 Systems life cycle 7.1 Analysis 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Chapter 8 Implementation Documentation Evaluation E-safety Security of data Additional security of data online Audiences 9.1 Audience appreciation 9.2 Chapter 10 Development and testing Safety and security 8.1 Physical security 8.2 8.3 8.4 Chapter 9 Design Legal, moral, ethical and cultural appreciation Communication 10.1 Communication with other ICT users using email 10.2 Effective use of the internet Page 4 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 1. Types and components of computer system Hardware and Software: Hardware : is a Physical Components that makes a computer system Software : is a general term of Programs that control the computer system and processing data, there are two types Internal Hardware: Motherboard Random access memory (Ram) Read only memory (Rom) Video Cards Sound Cards Internal Hard storage devices (HDD & SSD) RAM ROM Video Card External Hardware: Monitor Keyboard Mouse Printer Storage Sound Card Hard Disk Drive Page 5 of 170 Solid State Drive Motherboard Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Internal hardware: Motherboard: Printed circuit board in all computers. It allow the processor and other hardware to function and communicate with each other It is central to any computer system All components plug into the motherboard (CPU) Central Processing Unit or (Microprocessor): CPU is brain / heart of the computer and consists of : o Control unit – Coordinates input and output devices and carries out program instructions o Arithmetic and logical Unit ( ALU) – performs calculations and logical comparison o Immediate access store ( IAS) – Holds data and program instructions in current use CPU Interprets , execute the commands and handle calculations, data processing and movement data to and from system memory Random Access Memory (RAM): Data stored temporarily This memory can be Written and Read Content lost when computer is turned off Volatile memory Read only memory (ROM): To store permanent information Only read Data cannot be changed or lost when the power off Non-volatile memory Used to store BIOS instructions Page 6 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Video card: Allow the computer to send graphical information to video display like monitor or television, made of memory unit, cooling mechanism and connection to display unit. Sound card: Integrated circuit to board to provide a computer with ability to produce sounds Network interface card (NIC) NIC is a component that allows a computer or other devices to be connected to a network. Internal Hard Disk Drive (HDD) / Solid State Drive (SSD): Main internal storage The main advantage is fast data transfer Magnetic in nature and one from the methods to store the information Software: there are two types of software (application & system) Application software: Program that allow the user to do specific task: • Word processing: software to manipulate text documents, the user can create, save, edit the documents, copy and paste, importing photos, translate etc… • Spreadsheet: software to manipulate numerical data in columns and rows, use formula to carry out calculations, create graph and modeling the calculations. • Database: software to organize, manipulate, analyze data, each database consists of one or more tables, and can carry out query, add modify data and create report. Page 7 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • Control and measuring software: designed to allow a computer or microprocessor to interface with sensors to measuring temperature , control application like chemical process (pH) • Apps and Applet: : Apps it is applications which run on mobile phones or tablet , An applet is a small application ( software program ) designed to run within another application and runs in a web browser • Audio Editing software : allow to edit and manipulate and generate audio data • Video editing software: software allow to manipulate videos and can do editing, rearrange, adding, removing section, do color correction and transition • Graphics manipulate software : software allows bitmap and vector images to be changed • System software : Program that allow the hardware to run properly and allow the user to communicate with the computer • Compiler : computer program that translate program written in high level language as a whole into machine code, the original program called the Source Code and the program after compilation called the Object code, Examples of high level language is Java, Python, C++ , Fortran . • Interpreter: computer program that translate program written in high level language , translation as one statement at a time ( step by step ) • Linkers: computer program that takes one or more object files produced by compiler and combine them into a single program. Different pieces of code called module and the linker put all together. Page 8 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • Device driver: the name of software that enable one or more hardware device to communicate with the operating system and without driver the device unable to work. • Operating systems (OS): software running in the background of a computer system , without operating system the computer will not user friendly, OS allow: • Input / Output operation • User communicate with the computer • Error handling • Managing of security ( log in – password – user account ) • Utilities : software to carry out specific tasks on a computer, and to help to maintain and control computer resources include : • Antivirus, Anti-spyware, Backup files, Disk repair, File management, Security , Screensavers, Disk defragmentation Analogue and digital data: Computers can understand only data which formatted as a binary as base is 2 and value only 0 and 1 which referred as digital data and real data is called Analogue If the analogue data sent to the computer it should be converted to digital by using hardware known as ADC ( analogue digital converter ) and if the computer is controlling a device like a motor , data should be converted from digital to analogue by using DAC ( digital analogue converter ). Page 9 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Main components of computer system Computer system consists of: 1. Input devices 2. Output devices 3. Secondary storage devices Internal hardware devices: 1. The central processing unit (CPU) 2. Internal hard disk drive 3. Random access memory ( RAM) 4. Read only memory ( ROM) : Boot files: Code tells the computer what to do when the first start up referred as BIOS (Basic input/output system. CMOS : Chip that BIOS stored the data ( date & time and system configuration) in non-volatile chip called CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) this is battery powered Operating systems: Operating systems: to enable computer system to function and allow users to communicate with computer systems General tasks for Operating systems: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Controls operation of input & output & backing storage devices Supervising running , loading, running and storage applications programs Deals with errors may occur in applications programs Maintain security of computer system Maintain computer log Allow to communicate between the user and computer system Page 10 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com User Interfaces: • Operating systems offer various types of user interface , will consider 4 types 1. Command line interface (CLI) – used by programmers, analyst, somebody need direct communication with the computer for development. as MSDOS 2. Graphical User Interface ( GUI) – used by end-user who doesn’t need to know the computer works or who need to play games, handle the pointing device .. as Windows GUI CLI Page 11 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 3- Dialogue- based user interface Use human voice to give commands to computer system as example new luxury modern cars , and can say some certain commands like (Hey BMW, drive me to the nearest airport ) , also by giving some voice commands (ON/off light) , Apple SIRI. 4- Gesture- based interface Moving hand, head or feet , gesture recognition allow human to interface with the computer in a more natural fashion , this type of interface is using computer vision and image processing Page 12 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Types of computers PC ( personal computer /desktop computers) • • • • • Advantages Lower cost because spare parts and connections tend to be standard Better specification (fast processor..) No much heating Less damaged can be happened because fixed in one location Internet access is also stable because not moved around Disadvantages • Not portable. • You need to copy files if you do some work outside. • More complicated than laptop Mobile computers: 1- Laptop / Notebook computer • • • • • Advantages Laptop in single unit then no trilling wires Can take full advantage of Wi-Fi. Lightweight. Low power consumption. Portable, can be taken anywhere and can connect with multimedia system Page 13 of 170 Disadvantages • Easier to steal. • Battery is limited life. • Keyboard and pointing devices can sometimes be not suitable to use. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 2- Tablets Advantages compared to laptops • Very fast to switch on • Fully portable, small, light can be carried any where • Built in camera & video • Touchscreen , no need input device • Long battery life • Can use several Apps as standard (example : MP4 player) • Don’t generate any heat • When power button is pressed it will be standby but remain connected to the internet Disadvantages compared to laptops: • Less storage space and memory • Typing in touch screen can be slow and can have some errors • Transferring files has to be done through App store • Laptops support type file format more than tablets 3- Smartphone Allow normal phone calls and also have OS ( iOS, Android, Windows) functions of smartphone : Send/receive email Surf internet Global positioning system GPS Calendar functions Telephone banking using banking Apps VIOP – voice over internet protocol using internet Streaming of video Streaming of music Social networking Instant message Page 14 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Advantages Easy to carry (very small in size and lightweight ) Used to make phone calls and also connect to internet while on move Used anywhere sine have Wi-Fi Have hundreds of Apps Have reasonable battery life compared to laptop Disadvantages The small screen make pages difficult to read Small keyboard make difficult to type things and slow also, but this solved in large screen Web browsing can consume battery quickly Memory is not large when you compare with laptop Not all websites compatible with smartphone operating system Easier to lose or stolen since small size The data transfer rate using mobile phone networks is slower with WiFi 4- Phablets Hybrid between tablet and smartphone , they have much larger screen than smartphone and smaller than tablet but have all features as smartphone and tablet Page 15 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Emerging Technologies: Impacts of Emerging Technologies: Artificial intelligence AI biometrics: AI it is a machine or application which carries out a task which required some degree of intelligence for example: Recognizing person's face The use of language Ability to operate machinery such as a car , airplane, train Analyzing data to predict the outcome of a future event ( weather forecasting) AI duplicate the task made by human which require decision making and problem solving ( many tasks replaced human with robots) The impact of AI on everyday life: Driverless vehicle ( train , autopilots , also cars on the future) Robots help disabilities people Robots can carry heavy things and welding cars body and entering disaster area like ( fire , nuclear area , volcanos , bomb ) Negative impacts of AI Lead to job losses in a number of area (taxi drivers , train drivers .. ) Dependency on technology can be issue on the future Loss of skills because human replaced by machines. Extended reality (XR) : XR refers to real and virtual environment and common examples as Augmented reality (AR) Virtual reality (VR) Mixed reality (MR) Page 16 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Augmented reality (AR) The features of AR includes: Allow the user to experience the relationship between digital (virtual) and physical (real) worlds The real world enhanced with the digital details. The user can experience the AR world through special goggles or smartphone The user is not isolated from the real world Examples include Pokémon Go game Impacts in the future of AR in the following area: Safety and risk operations Entertainment AR takes the user to virtual environment that the user can interact with the characters Shopping and retail Healthcare : the doctor can use AR to have better understanding of a patient's body ( CT scan) Virtual reality (VR) The features of VR Ability to take the user out of the world environment to the digital world The user are immersed in the simulated digital world The user wear VR headset to view 360 degree This technology can be used for medicine, construction, and military. VR hardware : headphone, head mounted display, speakers, the tactile glove, VR goggle, joystick, driving wheel Impacts in the future of AR in the following area: Military applications – training pilots Education – training surgeons Healthcare ( as diagnostic tool ) Page 17 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Entertainment ( games when wear gloves with helmet , with sound to make very real Fashion show to see the clothes on people Heritage ( to see the mountains) Business ( Training course ) Real state ( people can look around the house ) Engineering ( to show how design of the building will look ) Media ( special effects of movies( The matrix ) ) Scientific visualization ( to see molecular structure in chemistry Page 18 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 2- Input and output devices Input devices and their used: 1- Keyboards : Uses : Input of data (text, number,..) into applications software Typing commands to the computer ( Ctrl P + Ctrl S … ) Mostly QWERTY keyboard is used Ergonomic keyboard is used to reduce the health-related problems like ( carpal tunnel syndrome – RSI ) Advantages Disadvantages • Fast text entry into the document • Can be difficult to use if the user • Easy to use has limited arm/wrist use. • Easier to do verification checks as • Slow method when compared the data is entered. with direct data entry • Large device. 2- Numeric keypads Used to enter number only USES: Automatic teller machines (ATMs). Mobile phones. Point-of-sale (POS) Chip and PIN devices when paying by credit/debit cards Fast entry of numeric data into a spreadsheet Advantages • Faster than standard keyboard • Very easy to carry around Page 19 of 170 Disadvantages • Sometimes have small keys, input more difficult. • Sometimes the order of the numbers on the keypad isn’t intuitive. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Pointing devices: 1- Mouse By moving mouse around, you can control the position of the pointer on the screen The optical mouse and wireless mouse are in use in modern computer and the advantage mouse has no moving parts USES: Opening, closing and minimizing software. Grouping, moving and deleting files. Controlling the position of a pointer on the screen Advantages • Faster way than using a keyboard. • Very quick way to navigate applications and internet • No need large desk area. Disadvantages • More difficult for people with restricted hand • Easy to damage • Difficult to use if no flat surface 2- Touchpad Used in many laptop as a pointing device Advantages • Faster than a keyboard • No need for a separate mouse. Page 20 of 170 Disadvantages • People with limited hand/wrist movement find the device difficult to use. • Difficult to control when compared to a mouse. • Difficult in certain operations such as drag and drop. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 3-Tracker ball Uses Used in applications where the user has disability (RSI) Used in a control room /faster than a mouse Used in some luxury cars to select functions such as radio, telephone, music • • • • Advantages Disadvantages Easier than a mouse. • Not supplied with computers as More accurate positioning. standard. More robust than a mouse. • User may need training Needs less desk space than a mouse 4-Remote Control Uses : Televisions, satellite systems, most of systems use remote controls. Control multimedia systems. Used in industrial applications to remotely control processes. Advantages • Operated from any reasonable distance. • Some chemical processes are hazardous, can select operation from distance Page 21 of 170 Disadvantages • Difficult to use if the operator has limited hand/wrist movement. • It is easier to block the signal. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 5-Joystick Uses : Used in video/computer games. Used in simulators Advantages • Easier than a keyboard to navigate the screen • Control is more realistic than using a mouse Disadvantages • More difficult to control the onscreen pointer 6- Driving wheel Uses : Used in video/computer games. Used in simulators (car-driving simulators) Advantages Disadvantages • Easier than a keyboard or • Expensive input device. joystick. • Movements too sensitive. • Actual steering wheel and other controls operate in real life. Page 22 of 170 “Success doesn’t come to you, you go to it.” Marva Collins Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 6-Touchscreens ( input and output device) Uses : • • • • Self-service ATMs Point-of-sale terminals Airports, railway stations, tourist offices Personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones and satellite navigation systems Interactive white boards in education. Computer-based training (CBT) - on-screen testing. Used as an output device Advantages Disadvantages Faster entry. • Limited number of options Very easy method. available. User-friendly. • Can lead to problems. Option to expand the size if • The screen can get very dirty, necessary reduce its responsiveness 7- Scanners: There are two types of scanners, The most common is flatbed scanner, also barcode scanner is another type Uses • Scan documents. • Scan in old/valuable documents/books. • Scan in photographs. • Scan in barcodes at POS terminals. Advantages Disadvantages • Images can be stored for editing • Quality can be limited depend on at a later date. resolution of the scanner. • Much faster and more accurate. • Slow at scanning if color scanning • Recovery damaged documents selected and photographs. Page 23 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 8- Digital Cameras Digital cameras replaced with traditional based film , now the images stored digitally on solid state memory , and can be transferred to computer by: Directly reading the memory card. Connecting to the computer using a USB port. Using wireless data transfer (Wi-Fi or Bluetooth). • • • • Advantages Easier to produce better-quality photographs. Easier and faster to upload photographs to a computer reader. No need to print out photographs. Can store several hundred photographs. Disadvantages • The quality of photographs depends on the number of pixels. • Images compressed to reduce the memory used. 10- Microphone Microphone connected directly with the computer, Sounds converted to an analogue signal then converted into a digital signal Uses : Presentations. Input in voice-recognition software As a sensor to pick up sound. Used in video conferencing or Voice over Internet Protocol Advantages Disadvantages • Faster to read text instead using • Sound files is big. keyboard • Voice-recognition software not • Manipulate sound. accurate • Voice-activation system, Advantage of improving safety. – driving cars Page 24 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 11-Sensors Sensor is a device to input data into a computer, the data is physical quantity like temperature, light, moister, this data is analogue in nature Computer can read only digital data , then the data from sensor should be converted to digital using an analogue digital converter ADC Type of sensors: • • • • Advantages Disadvantages More accurate than human • Faulty sensors can give spurious operators. results Readings are continuous - no break • Most sensors are analogue , they Any necessary action or warning will require conversion by using ADC be initiated immediately Systems can be automatic, removing the need for human intervention. Page 25 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 12- Light pens Light pens contain sensors that send signals to a computer whenever light changes are detected, and only work with CRT monitor Uses : • Selecting objects on CRT screens • Drawing on screen ( as example CAD Package) Advantages Disadvantages Greater accuracy than touch screen Problems with delay when drawing on screen. Small Only works with CRT monitors. Easy-to-use Not accurate when drawing. Page 26 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Direct data entry ( DDE ) devices: Devices for reading information from cards Card readers: Magnetic stripe readers Used to read information on the magnetic stripe founded in back of credit/debit card Uses: On credit/debit cards for use at ATMs or EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale) terminals Security devices to allow entry to buildings, (as in hotel rooms) • • • • • • Advantages Disadvantages Fast data entry • If the magnetic stripe gets Error free damaged the data is lost. Secure • Doesn’t work at a distance. Prevents access to restricted areas • Not human readable. Not affected by oil, water, moisture Very robust. Contactless card readers Contactless debit or credit cards allow customers to pay for items worth up to $25 without entering their PIN The steps are taken to pay : Costumers look out for the contactless symbol on the payment terminal The shop assistant enter the amount The reader inform the customer to present contactless card The customer hold the card in front of the reader The terminal display the card has been read Page 27 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • • • • • Advantages Faster transaction. Encryption. No typing errors. Retailers will not access to the customer’s card. The chip in the contactless credit card responds with a unique number used for that transaction only. • • • • Disadvantages More expensive than normal cards. A thief with a suitable reader could monitor contactless card transaction Can take money twice. Transactions are a small Chip and PIN readers Similar to smart card reader but used in EFTPOS terminal Uses: Payments using card in (restaurants, supermarkets, travel, etc.). Read information on the Chip founded in front of credit/debit card Advantages Disadvantages • More secure • Need to be careful to ensure PIN isn’t • More robust read by somebody else while typing it in. Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers Use radio waves to read and capture information stored on tag RFID tag is made up of two components: A microchip stores and processes information An antenna receive and transmit data Uses: Livestock tracking ( each animal in farm will be known) Retail ( like barcode but without scanning ) Admission passes (parks RFID cards ) Libraries ( book can tracked ) Electronic passport ( read information from the chip ) Page 28 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • • • • Advantages No direct line Very robust Very fast read rate and reuse. Bulk detection is possible (hundred tags/s . • • • • Disadvantages Tag collision. Easy to jam or interrupt. Easy to hack. More expensive than barcode system Optical Mark recognition / Reader (OMR) Read Read marks written in pen or pencil Uses: Read questionnaires, multiple-choice examination papers and other forms Advantages Disadvantages • Very fast way of inputting the • The forms need to be carefully results of a survey. designed and correctly positioned • More accurate. which can make problem for result. Optical character recognition/reader (OCR) The new system in processing of passport and ID cards Uses: Processing of passports and identity cards Converting printed documents to an editable electronic format Read car number plate Advantages Disadvantages • Much faster data-entry system • Difficulty reading handwriting • The number of errors is reduced • Not very accurate • Can read handwriting Page 29 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Comparison between OCR and OMR OCR Because this method reads handwriting, it is possible for customers to extend their answers to questions poor handwriting may cause reading errors OCR is used for converting printed documents to an editable electronic format OCR requires a complex recognition system Fewer 'how to fill in' instructions are needed for forms designed to be completed and then read by OCR While OCR is more accurate than data entered into a computer by keyboard, there are still problems recognizing all types of handwriting, leading to inaccuracies OMR Since use shading to answer, the information obtained is limited to the choices offered in each question OMR relies on simply detecting where marks have been made on a page; the position of the marks is compared to a template stored in memory OMR simply reads the position of marks, so it is ideal for multiple-choice exam papers This method requires complex (and expensive) forms to be completed; but the recognition system is simpler than OCR While this method requires more 'how to fill in' instructions, it is easier and faster for customers to complete OMR forms than to complete OCR forms OMR is essentially a more accurate method for reading data than OCR Barcodes readers ( portable scanner ) Uses: Supermarkets and shops Libraries to keep track of books Safety function - electrical equipment checking regular basis. • • • • Advantages Much faster Way of recording data Allow automatic stock control. Trusted technology. Page 30 of 170 Disadvantages • Expensive system to administer. • Not foolproof. • Easily damaged than RFID tags or magnetic strips. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Quick Response (QR) code • Is made of matrix of filled in dark square on light background, normal barcode can have 30 digits but QR can hold over 7000 digits. • Smartphone with camera can read QR code which can be website link or advertising • • • • • • • • Advantages No need to write down a key or website QR can store the website address on business card or on the magazine, train, bus Can be used for multiple elements Fast access to additional information Can be linked into a website and email The QR code is unique More robust than bar codes Secure as the code cannot be swapped Page 31 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Output devices and their uses Monitors (screens) CRT monitors Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors Uses: Output device Used with light pens Advantages • The angle of viewing is still better than with most TFT monitors • They work with light pens in CAD/CAM applications • • • • Disadvantages Present a safety hazard if not supported properly Run very hot and can cause fires They consume more power than modern TFT They can flicker, can lead to headaches and eyesight problems LED and LCD screens Made up of thousands of tiny pixels. Uses : Output device Laptop computers. • • • • Advantages Disadvantages Lightweight • The angle of viewing a TFT is Produce less glare than CRT monitors fairly critical. Less radiation • Definition is sometimes not as Consume less power / don’t generate good as a CRT monitor. much heat Page 32 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com LCD and LED monitors • CRT monitor almost gone • Most monitors become LCD ( Crystal Liquid display / diode technology • Modern monitors are backlight using light emitting diode LED which give the monitor better contrast and brightness • LED no need warm up to reach to full efficiency • LED produce brighter light • LED consume very little power / produce less heat • OLED is new technology , which is very thin, flexible, lighter Multimedia projectors Uses : Training presentations Advertising presentations Home cinema systems Advantages • Many people can see a presentation without crowding • No networked computers Page 33 of 170 Disadvantages • Images can sometimes be fuzzy • Expensive • Setting little difficult to setup Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Printers Laser Printers Produce high-quality, high-volume printing Uses : When low noisy required High-quality, high-volume printing Advantages • • • • • Low noisy Fast if several copies Handle very large print jobs High quality Long time toner Disadvantages • Color laser is expensive • Produce ozone and volatile organic compounds. Inkjet printers Uses: Low volumes are required For single pages are ideal 3-D inkjet printers to produce prototypes Working by using two technologies : • Thermal bubbles • Piezoelectric Advantages Disadvantages • High-quality • Slow output if several copies • Cheaper than laser printers. • Can't do large print jobs • Very lightweight and a small • Printing can (smudge) if user is • Don’t produce ozone and volatile not careful organic compounds • Can be expensive Page 34 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Dot matrix printers type of impact printer head : this type of printer is slow, noisy and the output is not good, Uses: Used in noisy environments • • • • Advantages Used in environments that would be a problem to laser or inkjet printers Carbon copies or multi-part outputs can be produced Very cheap Easy to use Disadvantages • Very noisy • Actually cost more than an inkjet • Very slow, poor-quality printing 3 D printers Primarily used in computer aided design CAD applications, can produce solid objects and use inkjet print heat Use additive manufacturing • • • • • Advantages Disadvantages The manufacturing of items much easier • None original items than ever before • Dangerous or illegal activities. Take a short length of time for designs to • Due to job losses be converted into working prototypes less costs Medical benefits , producing artificial organs, prosthetics and medical products ,tissue engineering, artificial blood vessels, designs of medical tools. Parts for machinery manufactured using 3D printers Page 35 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • To create a solid object using 3D printers : • A design is made by computer aided design software ( CAD) • The finalized drawing is imported into some special software that prepared it in a format that is understand by 3D printer • The 3D printer is setup to allow the solid to be made • The solid object is built up layer • The object is removed from the printer and then prepared 4- ( Graph) plotters Used to produce large drawings e.g. blueprints of buildings; are often used with CAD applications Used to produce large pictures for use on billboards or giant posters They can also print on plastic coated paper The most common types are pen plotters Advantages Can produce huge printouts Print quality is extremely high Able to print on many variety of materials Disadvantages Slow in operation Expensive to buy and maintain Have very large physical footprint Speakers Uses : • Output sound • Play downloaded sound files • Audio output helps disabilities user. Page 36 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Actuators Advantages They allow remote operation They inexpensive devices Page 37 of 170 • Used to take signals from a computer and convert them into a form of motion as example operating motor, pumps and valves, switches , buzzers • Usually convert from digital to analogue (DAC) Disadvantages They are additional device in the system that could be wrong The signal should be converted to DAC to enable computer control Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 3- Storage devices and Media Backing of data concept: Backing of data is refers to copy files or data to different medium ( disk, tape, flash drive .. ) in case of problem with the main secondary storage device, copying should be in regular bases. Why back up data? • To safeguard against loss of data due to the failure of the original secondary storage • To safeguard damage caused by hackers • Backup can be made to use the files elsewhere • Backup also taken to protect data files from virus Three different types of storage media: Magnetic Optical Solid state Page 38 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Magnetic media and Magnetic storage media - direct access Magnetic storage media depend on magnetic properties of certain materials. 1- Hard disk drives - Fixed (HDD) Uses : To store the operating systems, software /data/files To store applications software Real-time systems ( robots, control of a chemical plants) and online systems Used in File Servers for computer networks How HDD works: Actuators are used to move the reads / write heads A read/write arm swings the read/write head back Each read/write head contains a tiny magnet which allows the data on the platter to be read Platters are made of glass , ceramic or aluminum which are coated in iron oxide There are two read/write heads Data is stored in track , each track broken into sectors A map of the sectors is stored on HDD and known as file location table Advantages Disadvantages • Very fast data transfer and fast access • Easily damaged times • Have many moving parts • Very large capacities • Their read/write operation can be quite noisy Page 39 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 2- Portable hard disk drives Connected to a computer using USB ( Universal Serial Bus) port Uses: Backup systems Transfer data between computers Advantages Access time of data is very fast Large memory capacity Transferring data between computers Disadvantages • Easily damaged if dropped or subjected to a strong magnetic field; an incorrect shut-down procedure could also lead to loss of data Magnetic Tapes derives Data is read from the tape using serial access, this way is useless in real-time or online applications because is very slow method Uses: In applications where batch processing is used, for example, clearing bank cheques, utility billing (gas, electricity, water) Backup media Used in long-term archiving of data. Advantages • • • • Less expensive. Very robust technology. Huge data storage capacity. The data transfer rate is fast. Page 40 of 170 Disadvantages • Very slow data access times. • When updating, another tape is needed. • They are affected by magnetic fields. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Optical media and optical storage devices CD/DVD optical disks Laser light is used to read data and write ( R - Write once only) – (ROM - only read ) – ( RW - written or read many times) DVD have different technology from CD to increase storage capacity CD-ROM and DVD-ROM Uses: CD-ROMs are used to store music files, software, computer games and reference software , they can't be written over DVD-ROMs have much larger storage and used to store films and games Advantages Disadvantages • Store more data than floppy disks • Less expensive than hard disk • The data transfer access time is slower than hard disks Page 41 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 2- CD-R and DVD-R R letter means the disk is recordable once only Uses: Home recordings of music (CD-R) and films (DVD-R) Store data to use later or to be transferred to another computer Advantages Disadvantages • Cheaper than RW disks • CD-R/DVD-R can only be • Once burned they are like a ROM recorded on once. • Not all CD/DVD players can read CD-R/DVD-R 2- CD-RW and DVD-RW RW means the disk is rewritable media and can be written several times Uses: To record television programs Data can be added to at a later. Used in CCTV systems Advantages • Can be written over many times. • Can use different file formats each time it is used. Disadvantages • Relatively expensive. • It is possible to accidentally overwrite data. 3- DVD – RAM Uses: In recording devices such as satellite receivers to allow simultaneous recording and playback Used in camcorders to store movies Page 42 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Advantages • Long life • A rewrite operation over 100000 times • Writing on DVD-RAMs is very reliable • Very fast access • No need to finalize the disk • Very large capacity • Ability to read data at the same time written Disadvantages • Not as compatible as R or RW format • Expensive. 4- Blu-ray discs The main differences are: A blue laser, carry out read and write operations Blu-ray can store up to five times more than DVD Uses: Home video Storing and playing back movies. Data storage or backing up Camcorder to store movie footage Advantages • Very large storage capacity • Very fast data transfer rate • Data access speed greater than other optical Page 43 of 170 Disadvantages • Expensive • Encryption problems • Fewer movie titles on Blu-ray format Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Solid state media and solid – state storage device Solid State drives (SSD) There are some advantages of using SSD rather than HDD More reliable Lighter Lower power consumption. Run much cooler than HDDs Very thin. Data access faster than HDD 1- Memory sticks/pen drives Store several gigabytes of data and use the solid state technology Uses : Transporting files between computers / backup Security device to prevent software piracy ( dongle) Page 44 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Advantages Disadvantages • Very compact and portable media • Very robust • Doesn’t need additional software to work on most computers • Not affected by magnetic fields • Small • Can’t write-protect the data/files • Easy to lose • The user needs to be very careful when removing a memory stick from a computer incorrect removal may damage the port and memory stick 2- Flash memory cards Uses: Storing photos on digital cameras Used as mobile phone memory cards Used in MP3 players to store music files Used as a backup store in hand-held computer devices Advantages • Very compact and can be easily removed and used in another device • Very robust. Disadvantages • Expensive per gigabyte. • Have a limited life. • Lower storage capacity than hard disks. The future of the storage devices: Recently many computers come only with USB without CD/DVD player, flash memory now is using to transfer files between computers Many people now store data or music on fixed hard disk or tablet , mobile , IPod or cloud which data can be accessed anywhere, they can streaming the music from internet. Many TV now setup as smart TV which can steaming movies without CD/DVD Page 45 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 4- Networks and the effects of using them Computer Network: A network is two or more computers or other device connected together so that can exchange data, share resources and files. Network created using cables or wireless signal Advantages of using Network: Easily share files and data Share resources (printers, internet..) Communicate with other network users Store data centrally by using file server Keep all setting centrally Disadvantages of using Network: Greater risk of hacker Greater risk of viruses Cost of extra equipment Printer queues developing, which can be depressed When the main server breaks down, network will not function or using as standalone computers Network Devices and terms: Network interface card (NIC) Allow to connect device to the network Page 46 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Internet protocol (IP) and media access control ( MAC ) addresses Each device on the internet given unique address called internet protocol (IP) address and the form is ( 109.108.158.1 ) Home computer when connect to internet given IP assigned by ISP (internet service provider ) This IP can use instead of using full URL ( http://109.108.158.1) Media access control (MAC) MAC Address is used to ensure the physical address of computer. It uniquely identifies the devices on a network. Made of 48 bits shown in 6 groups of hexadecimal digits Internet protocol IP • IP address is logical address and used to uniquely identify the connection of network with that device take part in a network. • IP changed if you change your area while MAC remain constant. Data Packets: Data is moving around the network as data packets, data have header includes: Sender IP address Receiver IP address Identify number of the packet The packet size How many data packets make up the whole message Page 47 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Hubs: Hubs are hardware devices that can have a number of devices or computers connected to them to make LAN and not very high secure of data distribution / suitable for home network, the main task is to take data packet received at one of its port and broadcast it to every computer in the network Switches Similar to hub, distributing data packet but more efficient, connect a number of devices or computers together to form a LAN, Switch checks the data packet and sends to an appropriate device this makes using switch more secure Modem • A device that converts analogue signal from telephone line to digital signals which can be ready for the computer • Also converts a computer’s digital signal into an analogue signal for transmission by telephone line. • Dial-up modems, transmission speed 60 kb/s • ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line) modems operate at up to 100 Megabits /s Page 48 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Bridge: Bridges are devices that connect one LAN to another LAN that uses the same protocol Router: • • • • Connect network/computer to the internet Connect LAN/network together Transfer data between networks Router can connect two devices using cables or wireless signal How the data from a router is routed • • • • • • Data is sent in data packets Each data packet contains an IP address of the next router The router reads/checks/inspects the IP address It checks the IP address against its routing table Data packet is sent to the router with the IP address The router uses the IP address to work out the best route/destination computer • The router stores the IP addresses in routing table Page 49 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Both provide wireless communication and uses radio signals Wi-Fi: is wireless networking technology make it possible to connect devices with a wireless connection to a network or to a single computer • Easier to connect many devices to the network • Better range up to 100 m • Reduced cost of cabling / better security/ needs password • Limited area of network • Strength of signal is weaker • Possible slow data transfer speeds • Easier to hack into/Less secure • Sometimes physical devices can interfere with signal which due to disconnection Page 50 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Bluetooth: is wireless networking technology designed for very short range connections • Connecting wireless devices such as mouse, phone, which are very close to a computer • Transferring files between devices • Printing wirelessly from a Tablet or Mobile phone • Very slow data transfer speed • Short distance of coverage, less than 30 meters distance • Less secure since no password required • Support limited number of devices • Low-bandwidth Page 51 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Differences between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Cloud computing storage • This method to store data remotely to access from anywhere at any time • This data stored in different servers in case of maintenance or repair this is called data redundancy. There are three common systems: 1. Public cloud: Storage environment where the client and cloud storage provider are different companies 2. Private cloud: Storage provided by a company protected by firewall 3. Hybrid cloud: Combination of the two previous, sensitive data will be stored in private cloud and less sensitive data will be stored in public could Page 52 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Advantages from using cloud computing (storage): No need to carry memory sticks You don’t have to pay for large storage capacity on your computer/tablet or mobile phone Cloud will ensure that your files are backed Ability to synchronize files ( automatically updated ) Cloud storage is ideal for collaboration purposes ( several users can edit a single file or document) All devices tend to work with the cloud Access files anywhere Files is centrally stored Disadvantages from using cloud storage: Security aspects If the user have slow internet connection it will be a problem How to configure small network: Suppose you asked to setup and configure small network, you have to do the following: • Setup an account with ISP (Internet service provider ) to receive internet connection • Setting an IP account if internet access is required • Buy appropriate hardware and make setup for all hardware • Configure all hardware with software correctly to allow wireless connectivity Page 53 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • Put all software into the server with its license • Setup privilege (each user can access only on their own area) • Setup network manager level of privilege to monitor the network uses and can change the password Purchase hardware and software: 1-Hardware Router to connect your LAN to the internet Switch / Hub to connect Network devices together using cables Network cables to connect physical connections Firewall it can be hardware of software , to protect the network against hacking Server To manage network functions such as network security, network file storage, share resource courses, etc. Page 54 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 2- Software Web browser to browse the internet E-mail to send and receive e-mail including attachments Security Anti-virus /Spyware software to protect your computer from external threats (Viruses / Hackers ) Page 55 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Common Network Environments Internet, intranet and Extranet, Network types Local area networks (LANs) Covers small area (one building) or within close area. LAN consists of number of computers and devices that usually connect to a Switch/Hub which is connected to the router Advantages Disadvantages • Sharing of resources (printer, internet...) • Ease of communication between users. • A network administrator to control and monitor all aspects of the network • Easier spread viruses to whole network. • Printer queues developing, which can be depressed • Slower access to external networks • Increased security risk compared to stand-alone computers • If the main server breaks down mostly network will not function Wide area networks (WANs) Used where computers or networks are situated a long distance from each other WAN is often created by joining several LANs together Router is used to connect LAN networks to form a WAN network The most common example of WAN is Internet Page 56 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Wireless LANs (WLANs) (WLANs) are similar to LANs but there are no wires or cables Devices known as Access Points (AP) are connected to wire network at fixed locations. These devices provide wireless access to devices on the network. It is much more convenient to use wireless connections instead of running long wires all over the building Advantages • All computers can access the same services and resources (such as printers, scanners, internet) • Increased flexibility. • Adding new computers and devices is very easy Page 57 of 170 Disadvantages • Security a big issue • Affect the signal by any problem. • The data transfer rate is slower than in a wired LAN. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Page 58 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Network issues and communication: Security issues: • How hackers can affect your data and network • Threats of data: Data could be deleted, edited, corrupted or replicated Data could be passed to other people Accessing your email account Carrying out online banking • Threats of network: Network could be shut down or infected by virus Could stop production , cost a lot of money Methods of Authentication (username and password) • Authentication: it is a technique to ensure only authorized users are able to gain access to the network via Username/Password or Biometrics, Magnetic Card, Digital certificates...etc. ID and Password as authentication method: Page 59 of 170 Password can be guessed especially if week password. Password can be seen by others Password can be stolen and used by others Spyware may be used to get the password Password can be hacked by using password generating software Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Some ways to protect your password: Run anti-spyware software Change passwords on a regular basis Passwords should not be easy to guess or break, Strong passwords should contain: • At least 8 characters, one capital letter. • At least one numerical value. • At least one other keyboard character. Strong password Exp. (Syl2@#TT90kj=0 ) Week password Exp.( white, ahmed ,,,, ) Other authentication methods Zero login and biometric Zero login can do by using a device being smart and secure based on Biometric (finger print , face recognition) Behavioral patterns( how you walk , typing speed , your normal location, there are some disadvantages that need consideration How do users know when they are being monitored How do you know if/when he logged out How well protected it in reality Magnetic strip cards: • Swiping card through card reader, data as name, ID, number, already stored in the card. • Some cards use holographic which is more secure Advantages of magnetic strip cards Easy to use Not expensive technology Can be remotely deactivated if lost Page 60 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Card can be multi-purpose ( door key , network access and can be used in vending machine to buy food or drink) Disadvantages of magnetic strip cards Less secure than biometric method The card wear out with a lot of use The reader often fail in the first attempt Smart cards • By adding chip and antenna into a security card it will work as smart contactless card which have name, ID, date, security number Physical token (hardware) • As in banking, when the user get access to web page some authentication required to prove who they are, they need physical token supplied by the bank Electronic token • A software or App. installed in user's device as smartphone • When the user need access to internet and an website require electronic token • This software generate OTP for short time to use it with login name and password to get access Viruses: • Computer virus is a piece of programming code/ software which can install and replicate itself on the computer system without the user’s permission which can cause: Crash the computer ( become slower) Can delete the files Page 61 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Data files can be copied by hacker Can stop the production Anti-malware software: Antivirus: • Antivirus software will check for virus attacks. They check software or files before they are run or loaded Checking of software and indicate a possible virus. Any possible files or programs that are infected are put into quarantine that allows automatically deleted or ask the user to make the decision about deletion. Antivirus software should up to date Full system should checks once a week. To avoid virus look at security indicator https or padlock symbol To avoid virus and spyware when using internet: Don’t download any files from untrusted source Don’t install illegal software Don’t click any link from unknown websites Ensure antivirus is up-to-date Always look at security indicator https or padlock symbol It is possible to pick up virus from any device plugged into your computer. Page 62 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Electronic conferencing Type of communication Video Conferencing Overview Hardware • Video conferencing uses both video and audio using an internet connection • It can be used for business meeting when people are in different locations Web Camera| Screen |Speakers| Microphone Software : • software is very important in successful conference • webcam and microphone drivers • Coder-DECoder to coding and decoding digital data • Echo cancellation software Advantages Disadvantages • Much easier to access important documents or bring experts. • It is possible to hold conferences at short notice. • Not travelling to meetings reduces costs: Reduced travelling costs. No need to pay for hotel accommodation. Reduces transportation. • Technical problems with the internet can affect the quality • Setup cost and purchase hardware • Lack of personnel contact • Different time zone could difficult to find suitable time • Not possible to sign document Page 63 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com When have delegates need travel to unsafe places around the world. Type of communication Audio Conferencing Overview Hardware Audio conference can be done over the telephone network or using a computer making use of VOIP • The organizer of the phone conference is given unique Pin which can be shared participants to join Telephone (VOIP) – they have to dial the conference phone number then they would have Microphone – speakers enter a PIN Web Conferencing Web conferencing can be done using internet connection (webinar or webcasts) • Very similar to video conferencing as the participants can see Video and hear Audio • Participants can join to the conference by clicking on the link provided by the organizer. • Instant message available to communicate with another Web Camera|Screen participants |Speakers| Microphone • Business meetings • Participants can be given • Presentations. permission to speak and can share • Online education / contents training Page 64 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 5- The effects of using ICT Microprocessor – controlled devices: Effects of using microprocessor-controlled devices in the home The effects can be positive and negative effects in our: Lifestyle Leisure time Physical fitness Data security Social interaction The devices that uses computer to control its functions, this devices fall in main two categories: 1- Labor – saving devices: Automatic washing machines Microwave ovens Cookers Automatic dishwashers Robotic vacuum cleaners Bread making machines Smart fridge and freezer This allow people to get on with other things while the device carries out their tasks 2- Other type of devices Alarm clocks Television sets Page 65 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Central heating and air conditioning systems Home entertainment systems Mobile phones and tablets Lifestyle, leisure, time and physical fitness Benefits from microprocessor-controlled devices in modern home: Microprocessor controlled devices do much of the housework Do not need to do many things manually Do not need to be in the house when food is cooking Do not need to be in the house when clothes are being washed Can leave their home to go shopping/work at any time of the day Greater social interaction/more family time More time to go out/more leisure time/more time to do other things/work Are able to do other leisure activities when convenient to them Can encourage a healthy lifestyle because of smart fridges analyzing food constituents Do not have to leave home to get fit Advantages and disadvantages of microprocessor-controlled laborsaving devices Advantages Disadvantages Reduces number of manual task at home Give people time to do some activities (shopping – hobbies ) while devices cooking foods or washing clothes Smartphone can make control to switch on/off oven / central heating Page 66 of 170 Can lead to unhealthy life styles because readymade meal Tend to make people lazy since they are depend on devices People become less fit if the people just lie around at home while the devices carry out the tasks Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Automatic burglar alarms give people Losing household skills sense of security Smart fridges and freezer can lead to healthy lifestyle Advantages and disadvantages of other of microprocessor-controlled devices (not related to lifestyle) Advantages Disadvantages Save energy since the device can switch off themselves Some people not familiar with this technology , it will be difficult to use It is easy to program the device by using QR codes instead of press buttons manually Leaving devises on stand-by like TV + receiver ) is very wasting of electricity Some electronic devices can’t repair specially circuit board ( just thrown away ) Social interaction Positive aspects: Easier to make new friends using chat rooms Easier to find a friends who share similar interests Less expensive to keep in touch by using VOIP Negative aspects: Social isolation A lack of social interaction People behave differently when interacting online Monitoring and controlling transport Social monitoring of traffic on motorway Automatic number plate recognition ( ANPR) Automatic control of traffic lights Page 67 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Air traffic control systems Railway signaling systems Control of smart road systems and smart signs Smart motorway : monitoring and control of the traffic and the information displayed on the sign If an accident smart motorway signs can control traffic to redirect or keep moving If the system hacked imagine what will happen Rail and airline network control system Advantages and disadvantages of transport monitoring and control systems Advantages Disadvantages Smart motorway reducing traffic jam Hacker can gain access to the system Transport systems are more efficient If the computer system fails then all system will stop Traffic offences can automatically Poorly designed will compromise penalized using ANPR safety Computerized system reduce human ANPR system keep all people error tracked Stolen car can be tracked Autonomous vehicles in transport Driverless are increasing through very complex robot Autonomous cars use sensors , cameras, actuators and microprocessors to carry out actions safety: Page 68 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Change gear Apply the brakes Turn the steering wheels Advantages and disadvantages of autonomous vehicles Advantages Disadvantages Safer , human error is removed ( few Very expensive system accidents) Vehicle will operate more efficient Can be hacked Reduce traffic congestion Security and safety issues Increase lane capacity The need to make secure system Reduce travel times Driver and passenger may be dislike this technology Vehicle will find car-park and self-park Reduction in the need of taxis Angoumois train This system use system called LiDar (Light detecting and ranging) Advantages and disadvantages of autonomous train Advantages Improve punctuality of the trains Reduced running cost Improved safety Minimize safety consumption Possible to increase frequency of the train Easier to change train schedule Page 69 of 170 Disadvantages System possible to hack System will not work well with busy system High cost ( train – control equipment – train staff ) Ensuring passenger behavior is acceptable Passenger dislike new system Needs CCTV to monitor railway Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Autonomous (pilotless) airplanes: Advantages and disadvantages of pilotless airplanes Advantages Improving of passenger comfort Reduced running cost Improved safety Improved aerodynamics Disadvantages Security aspects Emergency situation during the flight be difficult to deal with Hacking into the system Passenger reluctance Software mistakes Potential health problems related to the prolonged use of IT equipment Health risk Causes of health Elimination or reduction of risk health risk Back and neck Cause by sitting in • Use fully adjustable chairs to problem/strain front of a computer give the correct position screen for long • Use foot rests to reduce period in the same position problem position. • Use screens that can be tilted to ensure your neck is at the correct angle Repetitive strain Damage fingers or • Ensure correct position is injury / RSI : wrist by using maintained continuous • Make proper use of a wrist keyboard or mouse rest when using a mouse or a click buttons keyboard • Take regular break and do some exercise • Use ergonomic keyboard Page 70 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Eyestrain : Headaches : Ozon irritation: Page 71 of 170 • Use voice- activated software Caused by looking • Ensure there is no screen at the screen for flicker which can lead to eye long time or having problems incorrect lighting • Change screen to LCD which flicker are less • Take a regular break • Use screen anti-glare if the lighting in the room is not correct or use window blinds to reduce sunlight reflecting from the screen. Caused by • Use anti-glare screen or incorrect lighting, window blinds to cut out screen reflections, reflections flickering screen. • Take a regular break • User should check his eyes on a regular basis Caused by laser • Proper ventilation should printer in the office exist to remove the ozone area gas as quickly. • Laser printers should be housed in a designated printer room • Change to the other type of printer if necessary Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 6- ICT Applications 6.1- Communication: 6.1.1 - Communication media Posters and Newsletters Newsletter and posters can easily created by word processor , and have photos may be taken by camera or download from internet, How to creat posters or newsletter : Run Microsoft word Insert photos from camera, internet, clouds, hard disk or scan hardcopy Photos can uploaded from memory card of camera You can crop the photos , edit or resize Text could be typed using keyboard Spelling should be checked Names will be highlighted as error and may be acceptable Newsletter is a very useful method to getting important information which can be useful for company, which depends on target audience Guidelines to produce attractive newsletter: Don’t squeeze all information on one page Use easy and readable fonts Avoid to use capital letters , means " shouting" Use bold text in headings Use real photos Page 72 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Posters: is a good way for publishing and advertising Can be for movies, and some events Can be printed with high quality Large poster for eye catching Websites: Companies uses websites for advertising and communicate the customers Websites can easily updated and can provide relevant and up-to-date information Websites can use for online shopping, research, social networking, banking..etc Advantages • • • • • • Page 73 of 170 Video/ sound can be added Can add hyperlink to another websites Can have navigation buttons Can have hit counter Seen by global audience Much easier to update Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Disadvantages • • • • • • • Websites can be hacked Risk of pharming You should have a computer and internet It's not portable like paper-based Website maintain is expensive Because its global, difficult to target the correct audience You have to find a way for people to know your website Multimedia presentations: Presentations that use animation, video and sound or music are generally much more interesting than a standard presentation and can be displayed on the projector to keep the audience see. Advantages: • • • • Video/ Sound/Music can be added Can add hyperlink to the presentation Can have transition effects Presentation can be interactive Disadvantages: • It needs special equipment which can be expensive • Equipment failure can be disaster • Wherever presentation you need internet connection Media streaming User can watch movies or listen to the music through internet, streaming is a continuous videos or audio files. Buffering make sure the video plays back smoothly without freezing Page 74 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com E-publications: Material can be also available electronic for examples: • E-books • Digital magazines • Digital newspapers • Digital libraries Publications can be download from internet, can increase the size and include media. Page 75 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 1.2- Mobile communication: Mobile service allow to: SMS : allow quick way to communicate with others at anytime Phone calls : make call on the move Voice over internet protocol (VIOP) : make calls through internet Video calling: use software as facetime and zoom Internet access: access to internet through mobile 6.2 Modeling applications: 6.2.2 Computer modeling: Simulation is the creation of a model of a real system in order to study behavior of the system. Advantages of using models: Less expensive than to build real thing Safer to build model ( chemical process) Allow to try different scenarios Sometimes impossible to try some tasks in advance Faster to use a computer model Disadvantages of using models: Sometimes computer model can be expensive People reactions to the result of simulation mat be not positive Computer modeling fields: Personal finance Bridge and building design Flood water management Traffic management Weather forecasting Page 76 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Personal finance: uses spreadsheet model Bridge and building design: Before buildings are constructed, simulator take place to make sure the building fit the requirements When building a bridge the modeler should consider number of scenarios : The amount of traffic The effect of strong winds The effect of earthquakes The effects of tidal waves and ice floes The effects of vibration Similar scenarios are used when designing new building Page 77 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Computer modelling provide the following features Possible to zoom into images to find details Design can be rotated Build bridge and buildings are expensive , modeling can detect any mistakes before construction starts Various scenarios can be tried Flood water management: To identify source of flooding and predict (water levels – water flows – flood depth) and how protection measures could work Inputs to the system: Cross section of the river Dimensions of the bridges Factors that can affect water flows Starting and finishing date Observation of actual flooding Page 78 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Traffic management To repair and find the best solution for traffic flow Traffic light simulation • Traffic light simulator look at the flow of traffic ( data captured from the sensor • The simulator will adjust the best control for the flow of traffic Page 79 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com The following data may be collected to make the model The number of vehicle passing The time of the day needs to be recorded How many vehicles build up the junction at different times How long it takes a vehicle to clear the junction Weather forecasting: Weather stations setup automatic system by using variety of sensors to measure: Rainfall Temperature Wind speed Wind direction Barometric pressure ( air pressure ) Humidity Page 80 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 6.3 Computer controlled systems: Robotics in manufacturing: • Robots are used in many areas of manufacturing like, paint spraying of car bodies, welding bodywork on cars, manufacturing of microchips, manufacturing electrical goods and automatic warehouses. • Robots include (built-in) microprocessors or linked to a computer system Advantages: Work in a bad environments Work non-stop (24/7) Less expensive Don’t need holidays, etc.) Greater consistency NO boring, repetitive tasks Disadvantages: Difficult to do unusual tasks. Cause higher unemployment. There is a real risk of certain skills being lost Set-up and maintenance is expensive Production line control Production line control is using robots in industry as examples: Filling bottles with liquid and adding labels Filling metal cans and adding labels Page 81 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Using robots leads to: Faster operations Greater productivity Automatic testing Reducing cost How robots could be used: Sensor 1 ( pressure sensor – light sensor – camera ) detects of presence of bottle Sensor send signal back to computer When the signal from sensor 1 indicates bottle present The computer send signal to actuator to open valve to flow the liquid to the bottles Sensor 2 ( level sensor) detect the correct level liquid height This sensor sends continuous signals back to the computer When sensor 2 indicates that the bottle is filled send signal to the actuator to close the valve Then sensor send another signal to move to the next bottle The whole process continuous 6.4 School management systems: Daily tasks: • Registration and attendance records of the students • Student performance • Computer-aided learning Page 82 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Registration and attendance records of the students The traditional way for student's attendance consume 10 minutes from each session the beginning. There are number of possible ways of automating the registration Method 1 : Issue each student with an ID card. ID card contain a magnetic stripe on the rear of the card. The student would have to sign the card and also write his unique student ID on the back of the card. The magnetic stripe would contain the name of the school and other details, date of birth. Each morning the student should swipe his ID card using magnetic card reader. The data now stored on a database. On leaving the school he will swipe card again Method 2 : A second method could make use of biometrics. Each student would have their fingerprint taken and store on a database. When the student enter the school he would asked to put his finger on a scanner to read his fingerprint Advantages of finger print: • Finger print are unique, impossible to sign in with another fingerprint Page 83 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • ID could be easily lost • ID can be affected by magnetic field • It is easier to make copy of ID card but you can’t with fingerprint. Disadvantages of finger print: • It would take long time to collect • The equipment to take and read fingerprint is expensive more than ID reader • If the student cut his finger will prevent him to enter. • May be the parents object to take finger print for their children Student performance: • Teacher are able to enter students data ( grades /reports / applications / behavior) into the school management system • This data stored in central storage which will be available for any one from the staff • The data can be analyzed and make a report. Computer-aided learning • Using computer-based system to assist academic teaching of students Advantages: Students can learn when they want Allow to use virtual reality The students can stop at any time It's possible to re-take test CAL can make learning interactive CAL makes use of various multimedia Disadvantages: CAL cannot give the students laboratory experience Page 84 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Expensive and time consuming Students can be districted while online Can lead to isolation CAL cannot answer unusual questions 6.5 Booking systems: 1-Online booking system Example uses: Transport : Flight, Trains, Buses Entertainment : Theater, Cinema, Stadium Accommodation: Hotels, Apartments, Villas Page 85 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Events (Theatre and cinema booking systems) (How the system works) • • • • • The customer clicks on the performance they wish to see. A date and time is typed in The required number of seats is also entered. The seating display in the theatre is shown on the screen. The user selects their seat(s) by highlighting the actual seats on the screen, display and then clicks CONFIRM to go to the next part of the process. • The database searched to check the availability of the selected seats • If the seats are available, the total price is shown + the seat numbers • If the customer is happy with this, they select CONFIRM on the screen Booking sporting system will be the same Page 86 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Advantages of online booking systems Prevent double-booking. The customer gets immediate feedback on the availability of seats The customer can make bookings at any time of the day. The customer can receive any special offer by e-mail Easier to browse the seating plans to choose the best seats available. No printed tickets which saves costs Online booking allows to use modern smartphone and tablet apps technology. Confirmation message sent once payment approved has been authorized Disadvantages of online booking systems Setup and maintenance is expensive. Service need a computer and internet Difficult to cancel the booking and get your money back If the server is down or systems breaks down, it will impossible to book seats. If the websites are not well designed, it is difficult to make exactly the booking Booking online does not allow to build a personal relationship with the travel 6.6 Banking systems Banking Applications: The application of computers in the banking sector have enhanced productivity regarding account management in this part we will consider: Page 87 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 1. The use of automatic teller machine ATM 2. Internet banking 3. Telephone banking 4. Chip and Pin technology 5. Clearing of cheques 6. Electronic fund transfer 1- Automatic teller machines (ATMs) ATM cash machines can be used for various purposes including (cash withdrawal / deposit / checking / printing statement) Page 88 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com The computer processing involved in depositing a cheque at an ATM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Page 89 of 170 Customer is asked to enter their debit card in the ATM Customer’s bank computer is contacted The card details are searched in the bank database Card is checked to see if valid/in date/stolen Customer is asked to enter their PIN PIN is compared to the PIN stored on the chip Customer is asked to deposit cheque The system checks whether the cheque is valid The cheque is scanned/read by the ATM Amount is scanned Bank account is checked for sufficient funds The image of the scan is saved The customer is asked to select the account to deposit money Money is deducted from the bank of the cheque Money is added to the account of the payee A receipt is sent to the printer at the ATM Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) allow money to be transferred electronically from one account to another, an example of EFT is when an employer pays their employees their salaries • No actual money is transferred, the whole system relies on electronic transfer of money between accounts. When an EFT instruction is received, the computer system automatically transfers the specified amount from one account to another Advantages: • Very secure payment method • Very quick payment method • Less expensive Disadvantages • Once the amount transferred , the bank cannot reverse the transaction • The customer needs to have funds available • Cannot guarantee receipt Page 90 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Credit/debit card transaction Many credit cards equipped with Chip & Magnetic strip which have key information like PIN • What is happening when the customer go to restaurant to pay bill for meal using a chip and PIN card • The PIN is entered using a keyboard • The card is checked if it is valid • The PIN is read from the chip on the card and compared to the one entered in • If the same, the transaction can proceed • If three times PIN attempt to enter, the transaction terminated. • The restaurant’s bank contact to the customer’s bank • The check is made on whether they have enough funds • If everything checks out (OK) then the transaction is authorized • An authorization code sent to the restaurant • The price of the meal deducted from the customer account • The same amount is added to the restaurant bank account • A receipt is produced as proof of purchase Page 91 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Cheques : Processing bank cheques uses batch processing, and the first step called "out clearing" Page 92 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 6.7 Computers in medicine: Information system in medicine: Patient and pharmacy records: • By keeping data of patient records in a database, correct diagnosis can be given according to patient's medical history. • Database allow to easy and quick search for patient records • The data can be , patient ID , name , address, date of birth, gender, medical history, blood group Using 3-D printers: o Surgical and diagnostic aids: the patient is scanned using: • CT (computed tomography ) - which involves producing images of the internal parts of the body • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - this uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a series of images of the internal organs in the body o Prosthetics: • 3D printer can print prosthetics (false arms, hands, and legs) Page 93 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com o Tissue engineering: • Produce multilayered skin tissue, bone tissue, heart/artery grafts and tracheal splints o Artificial blood vessels: • 3D printing of artificial blood vessels using human cells , this bio-printer tissue working much as natural blood vessels o Customized medicine: • 3D printing can allow the scientists to customize medicines known as "patient centric medicine" or "printlets" • Can have effects on different people • Possible to create the most effective medicine release profile for the patient • Save money • Better targeting • Less chance for overdose 6.8 Expert systems: Expert system is a computer software that attempts to act like a human expert on a particular field. Examples of using Expert System: Diagnosing a person’s illness Diagnostics, finding faults in a car engine. Helping to discover locations to drill for water / oil Strategy games (chess) Identification of items such as plants / animals/ rocks Road scheduling for delivery vehicles. Providing financial advice Page 94 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Elements of expert system An expert system is made up of three parts: 1. User interface - allow a non-expert user to query (question) the expert system, and to receive advice. 2. Knowledge base - collection of facts and rules. The knowledge base is created from information provided by human experts 3. Inference engine – this is the problem solving part , this acts rather like a search engine, examining the knowledge base for information that matches the user's query, this use inference rules in Rules base 4. Explanation system – this informs the user of the reasoning behind the expert system conclusions and recommended actions and provide conclusion and suggested action 5. Rules base – this is set of inference rules , they provide logical thinking Page 95 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com How to setup an expert system? • Data is gathered/collected from experts to create knowledge base • The rules base is designed/create a based on the information from the knowledge base. • A user interface screen is designed / created which would provide the user with the ability to interact with the system • An explanation system is also developed • The inference engine is designed / created as link between the user interface and the knowledge base • The system is tested. • Experts are interviewed about how the expert system effective Advantages of Expert systems: • • • • • • • • High level of expertise High accuracy The result are consistent Ability to store big amount of ideas and facts Provide traceable solutions and diagnostics Much quicker than human expert Provide unbiased reporting and analysis Indicate probability of any suggested solution Disadvantages of Expert systems: • User of the system need training • High cost to setup the system • Not flexible response which is not suitable for some medical situations • Good only as information and facts entered to the system • User sometimes make very dangerous assumption Page 96 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Using an expert system: • The non-expert user queries the expert system. By asking a question, or by answering questions asked by the expert system. • The inference engine uses the query to search the knowledge base and then provides an answer or some advice to the user. Examples of expert system: Example 1: medical diagnosis Example 2: Oil prospecting Example 3: rout scheduling for delivery vehicles 6.9 Computers in the retail industry: Point-of-sale POS terminal: • Barcodes allow quick identification of product details and retrieve the price once the barcode has been scanned by a barcode reader Page 97 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • A number of the barcode usually consists of four parts (a country code, manufacturer’s code, product code and a check digit.) • The check digit is a form of validation which is used to make sure no errors occurred during the reading of the barcode. • Point of sale is the place a transaction take place and the customer can pay by cash or can use debit/credit card • Stock control system can automatically update stock records when item is purchased at the POS EPOS Electronic Point Of Sale How barcodes are used to automatically control stock levels in a supermarket. Barcode is scanned at the POS/barcode number entered manually Barcode is searched for in the stock file until the record is found Details of the product are read Stock level of the item reduced by 1 New stock level written back to the file Item is flagged to state order in place If less than the re-order level then the item is automatically reordered Barcode used in the following applications: Library book system Administration systems Passport / ID cards Some burglar alarm systems Equipment checking systems Automatic stock control systems Page 98 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Electronic fund transfer at point-of-sale (EFTPOS): When payment made by card or electronic device at POS terminal, this process check credit and debit card, will consider chip and PIN , contact less card and near field communication (NFC) Chip and PIN: Already discussed in this chapter Advantages: • More secure than magnetic strips cards • Quicker system than magnetic strip cards Disadvantages: • The risk of fraud when typing the PIN • Some countries do not accept the PIN Contact less cards: Already discussed Near field communication (NFC) • The electronic device as a mobile is held close to NFC reader • When payment initiated the NFC and mobile pass encrypted data back • This is very secure • To improve security by using tokenization Use tokenization with mobile phone: Tokenization is used when setup smartphone wallet by taking image for bank who issued the card then the bank replace the Page 99 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com details on the card with a series of randomly generated numbers called (tokens) then send back to smartphone manufacturer then they program this numbers in the smartphone. Internet banking and Internet shopping: • Using internet banking requires good security. It allows the transfer of sums of money between accounts, payment of bills, ordering of statements, and so on. • Online shopping and banking means that more and more people are staying at home to buy goods and services Advantages of online shopping and online banking No need to travel / reducing costs and time-wasting. Users have access to a worldwide market and can look for products that are cheaper. Disabled and elderly people can access any shop without to leave home. Shopping and banking can be done at any time 24/7 Shopping from the supermarket probably took up a lot of time than online. No face-to-face discussion with staff. Internet banking saves time. The shops and banks save money , not having as many staff working for them Disadvantages of online shopping and online banking There is the possibility of isolation and lack of socialization because people stay at home. Health risks associated with online shopping or banking (lack of exercise). Security issues. It is necessary to have a computer and to pay for the internet Unlike high street shopping, it is only possible to see a picture of the goods. Page 100 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com High street shops and banks are closing because of the increase in online shopping or banking and this is leading to "ghost towns’ forming It is easier to make errors with online banking and transfer money incorrectly to different accounts Effects on companies due to the spread of online shopping and banking: Companies can save cost by hiring fewer staff and no need to have many shops or banks in high street. Because the internet is global the customers is increased. Some will increase to retrain the staff and the need to employ more staff in dispatch department More cost will be added to setting up and maintaining of websites to enable online shopping and banking. Because there is no interaction between customer and employee this can lead to drop loyalty of customers and cause loss of customers. Robberies are less because decreases of number of high street banks. Bank also need to employ fewer security staff which is reducing cost. 6.10 Recognition systems: Recognition systems are used directly to enter data into computer system. Recognition systems more accurate and quicker method of entering data into a computer system compared to manual system. • MICR: magnetic ink character recognition the number on the bottom of the check is scanned by MICR reader • OMR: optical mark reader: o Pencil or pen mark scanned (MCQ) read by OMR , also registering student Page 101 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • • • • • Advantages : fast way to enter the result and more accurate Disadvantages: form should carefully designed, the form or MCQ should filled correctly , working only with black pen or pencil Barcode reader: already discussed in chapter 2 QR code readers : already discussed in chapter 2 OCR: scanned text is converted into format which can be edited ( already discussed in chapter 2 ) Sensor plats: Sensors used to detect car and signal will be send to the microprocessor to take the image for the number plate Multiple-choice question (MCQ) papers o Multiple-choice form is using OMR and compare the position filled by pen with the original answer Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) System: • Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) systems are used to read the number plates on cars, car parking is an example of ANPR as the following steps: o STEP (1) Sensor detect vehicle and send signal to microprocessor to instruct the camera to capture image of the vehicle o STEP (2) An algorithm used to isolate number plate The bright and contract of the number plate is adjusted to be clearly read Each character is on the number plate is segmented Page 102 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Each character recognized by OCR software then character converted into a string of editable text by the software This text string stored in the database Number plate is segmented o STEP (3) Once step (1) and (2) happened the car park barrier is raised The ticket is issued to the vehicle driver , shows date and time entering the car park o STEP (4) When the vehicle driver returns to the car park they insert the ticket into a machine which calculate charges The payment registered on the database The driver then drives to exit the barrier and the ANPR again reads the number plate If the number plate is recognized and payment is done the barrier is raised Page 103 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Advantages of ANPR: • Automatically monitor average speed of vehicles • No need to employ car park security guard • Much faster system • Automatically control the entry and exit Disadvantages of ANPR: • Lack of manned security, crime could happened because nobody checking. • Damaged of dirt plates will not recognized by the system • ANPR is detecting only number plate not the car Radio frequency identification devices (RFID) • Use radio waves to capture and store information on a tag Advantages of RFID: • • • • No direct line Very robust Very fast read rate and reuse. Bulk detection is possible (hundred tags/s. Disadvantages of RFID: • • • • Tag collision. Easy to jam or interrupt. Easy to hack. More expensive than barcode system Tracking of the stock: RFID can read up to 50 meters, tracking the stock can also livestock in farm, good in a shop, supermarket or distribution center. Page 104 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Livestock tracking used to: • Keep track of each animal • Allow farmers identify each animal owned by whom • Keep the information of each animal in each tag Retail make use of RFID: • Like barcodes but can have much information and do not require manual scan • Several tags can read at the same time USE RFID in Passports: • • • • • • • Tags can be embedded in passports When passports presented to RFID scan Chip store broadcast information This information sent to the computer The chip can contain security data The data encrypted RFID in passport can read from 6 meters Use RFID in vehicles • The tags allow or deny access to parking • Tags can be used for Lorries and vans to ensure the vehicles is not carrying too much weight • RFID can be used in car production line Page 105 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Contactless credit/debit cards using RFID • • • • The chip in RFID tag is passive and emits low-power radio wave An antenna is built into the card Allow connection with contactless card The RFID pick up the signal from the ship to initiate the payment process Near field communication NFC • NFC operates required sender and receiver very close proximity which make communication more secure Three modes of operations with NFC Peer to peer mode: Two smartphone exchange information with each other Both devices switch between being active and being passive Read write mode: One way transmission of data The deice link to another device and read data from it Card emulation mode: NFC device can function as smart or contactless card Allow the cards to make payments NFC has range up to 5 cm NFC very fast connectivity Biometric recognition systems This systems include: Face recognition Iris and retina recognition Finger recognition Hand recognition Voice recognition Page 106 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 6.11 Satellite systems: Global positioning satellite (GPS) systems and satellite navigation 1- Global positioning systems and satellite (GPS) GPS can determine specific location using satellite navigation systems: Cars, Ships, Plans can use GPS when navigating specific location Walkers to locate position on hills / mountains Used by runners to calculate distance Four satellites must be visible to the driver Calculates the distance from the receiver to the satellite Calculates the position of the receiver Advantages: Drivers doesn’t have to use maps. GPS can re-rout to find quickest routes The system can warn the driver about the location of speed cameras The system can estimate the time of arrival. The system can also give useful information such as location of petrol stations Disadvantages: Loss of satellite signals can cause problems Maps should be kept up to date, they can give incorrect instructions if not up-to-date Page 107 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com If an incorrect start point or end point is keyed in the system will give incorrect information 2- Geographic information system (GIS): Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system that allows us to map, model, and query and analyze large amounts of data according to their location GIS uses: Road network Teachers can use GIS in geography, science lessons Biologist use GIS to protect animals life and plants 3- Media communication systems: Communication media is the methods of delivering and receiving information using telecommunication There are many media to send and receive information (Fiber Optics, Copper Cables, WiFi, Satellite ) Satellitia can send signal from part to another any wherein long distance on the earth Once the data received from the earth by the satellite, send back to earth and collected by dish Satellites systems are used to transmit television, telephone and internet data around the world Page 108 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Page 109 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 7- System life cycle The main stages of system life cycle to develop a new computer system: Analysis Collecting information about the current system and identify the problems Design Designing a new system to correct the problems identified in the analysis stage Development and Testing Developing and testing new system Implementation Replacing old system with the new system Documentation Writing technical and user documentation for the new system Evaluation Evaluate if the new system meets the requirements and client expectation Page 110 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 1- Analysis : The basic step of analysis: Research to collect data from the current system Describe the current system (establishing input and outputs and processing Identify the problems with the current system Agree the objective with the clients Identify and agree customer requirements Interpret customer requirements Produce a cost- benefits analysis Identify suitable hardware and software Produce a data flow diagram Page 111 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com The first step in analysis stage is researching an existing system and there are four common methods for fact finding: 1- Observation Watching personnel using the existing system to find out how it works Advantages Disadvantages • The analyst obtains reliable data • People uncomfortable being • Possible to get an overall view watching, may work in a different of the system way • Inexpensive method • If workers perform tasks that against standard procedures, they may not do this while being watched 2-Questionnaires By distributing questionnaires to the workforce, clients or users to write their view for the existing system Advantages Disadvantages • The questions can be answered • The number of returned quit quickly questionnaires often low • Inexpensive method • The questions not flexible • Individuals can be anonymous if • Not immediate way they want • This method allow quick analysis of data Page 112 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 3- Interviews This method involves one to one question and answer between analyst and employee or /customer and good if the analyst want to go deeply into specific aspects of the existing system Advantages Disadvantages • Its open opportunity to motivate interviewee to give open and honest answer to the analyst • Open for more feed back • Possible to modify question as interview • Time consuming • Expensive method ( by using analyst time ) • Interview can’t remain anonymous 4. Looking at existing documents : This method allow the analyst to see how the paper files are kept and look at operating instructions and training manuals and get some idea about scale of the problems of existing system Advantages • Allow the analyst to collect information which can’t be collected by another method • The analyst can see how the paper system operate Page 113 of 170 Disadvantages • It can be time consuming process • Costly method because the amount of time needed Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Data Flow Diagram (DFD): DFD help the analyst by showing the data flows input and output requirements, processing and type of data storage needed. Example of reserving seat on a flight: DFD used to describe: The need to identify inputs, outputs, processing of the current system. The need to identify problems with the current system The need to identify the user and information requirements for the new system System specification : Identify and justify suitable hardware for the new system Identify and justify new software for the new system. Storage requirements ( size and type of storage) Page 114 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 2- Design: Next stage is to design a new system based on the information from analysis system. The basic step of design: Design the data capture form / input forms Design the screen layout Design outputs in the form of screen displays and the printed report Produce system flowcharts Design validation rules that need to be used Design / agree on file structures Produce any algorithms or program flowchart Design a testing strategy / plan Page 115 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • Data capture forms: This form allow to enter the data into the system either paper-based or electronic based form must include: 1. Clear heading and instruction 2. Use of text boxes to collect information such as name, date of birth, gender.. 3. Use of tick box to make choice easier 4. Clear fonts and text styles 5. Make sure there is sufficient space to input data or answer the question Example of data about can manually completed for input later into the computer system: On screen forms should have: Appropriate spacing for each field Screen filled/not too much white space Clearly defined input area for each field Page 116 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com An easy to read font/font size A sensible font color and background color Drop down list and tick boxes No overlapping items Navigation buttons Form title Drop down list: to choose option Save/ Close / Navigation button Tick box / Radio button Before entry form created, the database should be created and the following details should be considered: • Type of data which will be captured Page 117 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • Different tables and its relationships • Different fields including keys • Data types for each field : 1. Text 2. Integer (numeric) 3. Boolean 4. Data & Time 5. Object Page 118 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Output formats – screen layouts and report layouts: The output form should be designed: 1. Make sure all the output fields is correct 2. Instructions or description are clear 3. Avoid large area without nothing 4. Font color and size are clear 5. Output report should include report type ( header , footer , fitting page correctly) As Example of printed report : Page 119 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com System flow chart: Flow chart used to show data flow through a system and how decision are made by using special symbols to represent input / output/ processing/ decision and data storage. System analysts use this chart to show overall the proposed system. Verification: Verification is a way of preventing errors when data is copied from one medium to another, there are two ways for verification check: • Double entry : data is entered twice, using two people, and is then compared • Visual check : checking for errors by the person who is entering the data; compare the entered data with the original document Validation routines : This is a process where data is checked to see if it satisfies certain criteria when input into a computer Page 120 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Validation technique: Range check : • Check weather data within given acceptable value • Example : check person age >0 and <150 Look-up check : • Check the data entered exists and stored in a table of data • Example : check “ Training manager “ exists in the option” Length check : • Check the input data contains the required number of character • Example : If a field needs six digits inputting five or seven digit number , should cause a problem Character type check : • Check input data doesn’t contain invalid characters Example: Person /employee name shouldn't have any numbers Format / picture check : • Check the data in specific format • Example : date should be in date format dd/mm/yyyy or identification number for a person xnnnnn ( single letter followed by five digits) Presence check : • Check the data already present and not missed • Example : in some forms telephone # required if not entered the system give error message Consistency check : • Check if the fields correspond with each other Page 121 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com • Example : If Mr. typed in a field the gender should be Male (M) Check digit : • This is an extra digits added to the telephone number • Example : if two number transposed during entry like ( 13597 instead of 13579 • Example : if number enter twice 13559 instead of 13579 • Example :if one number missing 1359 instead of 13579 • The last digit of a barcode number is a calculated check digit File Structures: Analyst should take the following into account : • Field length • Field name ( suitable names ) • Data type A data dictionary is used to show suitable field names Page 122 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Design and testing strategy plan: When producing a software for the new system it is very important to test it thoroughly in order to: Make sure that meets the clients requirements Remove any bugs or error from the system Make sure that produces the required output Page 123 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 3- Developing and testing: Developing: Once design stage is completed, the system should be created and fully tested: Create the file structure ( Field names, data type) Validation rules User interface, check if the user interface is friendly File structure User interface Page 124 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Validation rules Test designs: Testing data structures Testing the file structures Testing the input methods Testing the output methods Testing the validation rules Testing strategies: Software is often developed in modular form. This method allows the software to be broken down into smaller parts called module this means each part developed separately. Once the development of each module is completed, the whole system needs to be tested Testing take place to ensure all components of system are working correctly before the system is implemented. Four categories of testing : Page 125 of 170 Normal Abnormal Extreme Live Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Normal: Data that is acceptable /reasonable and has an expected outcome; for example, the Month in the range 1 to 12 Extreme: Data at the limits of acceptability, for example, the extreme values of month can be either 1 or 12 Abnormal: Data outside the limits of acceptability, or the wrong type of data, and should be rejected or cause an error message; values are not allowed as example inputs for the month: -15 or -1 or any value >12 or letters or non-integer 10.34 all abnormal Live : Data is entered into the new system and the results compared with those produced from the existing system. Page 126 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 4- Implementation stage: There are four common methods used for changing over from the old system to the new system: Direct Direct changeovers Old system stopped overnight then replaced with the new Old System system immediately Advantages Disadvantages • The benefits are immediate • Cost are reduced because one system is running • Less possibility of a malfunction of the system once new system tested Parallel Old system and new system running side by side for a time until new system take over Advantages • If the new system fails the old system still running • Possible to train staff gradually Page 127 of 170 New System • May will be disaster if new system failed Parallel changeovers Old System New System Disadvantages • More expensive than direct, because extra staff needed • Time consuming since the data entered into 2 systems Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Pilot Pilot changeovers The new system introduced in one branch or a part of company before to introduce for whole company Old System New System Advantages Disadvantages • If the new system failed only one part is affected • Possible to train staff one area • The cost will be less than parallel • It will take time to implemented across all departments Phased Only one part from the system introduce when its proved to work satisfactory, then introduce next part until to fully replaced whole system Phased changeovers Old System New System Advantages • If a part fails, can go to failure point ( failure is not disaster ) • Possible to ensure the system working properly before expanding Page 128 of 170 Disadvantages • More expensive than direct because each phase will evaluate separately • Time consuming because each part will be evaluated Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 5- Documentation: When the system is fully developed amount of documentation needed. To introduce for (the end user – people who may need to develop the system in the future, there are two types of documentation: User Documentation and Technical Documentation 1- User documentation To help the user to learn how to use the new system How to load/install/run the software How to save files / search/sort data How to do print outs How to add, delete or amend records The purpose of the system/ program/ software package Limitations of the system Screen layouts / Print layouts Hardware requirements Software requirements Sample runs (with results and actual test data used) Error handling/meaning of errors Troubleshooting guide/help lines/FAQs How to log in/log out Tutorials Error messages/meaning of error messages Glossary of terms. 2- Technical documentation: To help the programmers / analysts to repair and maintains the system and can consist of any of : Program listing/coding Programming language used Page 129 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Program flowcharts/algorithms Systems flowcharts Purpose of the system/program/software Limitations of the system Input formats Hardware requirements Software requirements Minimum memory requirements known ‘bugs’ in the system List of variables used (and their meaning/description) File structures Sample runs (with results and actual test data used) Output formats Validation rules Meaning of error messages 6-Evaluation: The final stage of the system life cycle is to evaluate the system which has been implemented, the main purpose is to see if the new system resolved the issues of the previous system and met the requirements in the design stage and the following list is some of the main evaluation points considered when evaluating the new system: Compare the final solution with the original task requirements Identify any limitations of the system Identify any necessary improvements needs Evaluate the user’s responses Compare results from new system with old system Compare performance of new system with old system Interview users to gather responses about new system Give out questionnaires to gather responses about the ease of use of the new system. Page 130 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com The results from the evolution may due to two things happening: Update of hardware because: • Feedback from end user • New hardware comes in the market • Changes within the company require new devices to be added of updated Update of software because: • Feedback from end user • Changes to the company structure that may need modification • Changes in legislation that may require modifications to the software Page 131 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 8- Safety and security Physical Security: Safety issues: Safety concerned with dangers that could lead to series injury or loss of life Safety risks: Safety risk Ways to eliminating or minimizing risk (1) Electrocution • • • • (2) Trilling wires • Use cable ducts to keep the wires save • Cover wires under table • Use wireless connection wherever possible (3) personal injury (Heavy equipment falling and causing injury) • Use strong desks and tables to support hardware • Use large desk and tables so that hardware isn't too close to the edge, where it can fall off (4) Fire hazard • Have Co2/dry fire extinguishers • Don’t cover equipment • Make sure electrics used in hardware is fully maintained • Ensure good ventilation in the room • Don’t overload socket with many items • Change to low voltage hardware if possible Page 132 of 170 Use residual current breaker RCB Check insulation on wires regularly Don’t allow drinks near to computers Check equipment on regular basis Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Strategy to minimize safety risks to check in a regular basis: Check the state of the wires and cables and plugs and make sure the plug is not broken or damaged. Make sure any drinks are well away from the computer Fix wires along wall or behind the desks wherever possible Don’t cover the computer with paper, plastic, tissue paper, towels or any fabric, which can block ventilation holes Don’t plug too many devices into an electric outlet socket overloading can cause a fire Make sure you exercise every hour to prevent health risk E- Safety: Refers to safety while using internet and devices (keep your data in safe while using: Mobile phone Computer or tablet Games console Wireless technology. Data Protection Act ( DPA ) : • Most of countries have some form of Data Protection Act, these are designed to protect individuals and to prevent incorrect or inaccurate data being stored Page 133 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com (8) Principals of the Data Protection Act : 1. Data must be fairly and lawfully processed 2. Data can be only processed for the stated purpose 3. Data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive. 4. Data must be accurate. 5. Data must not be kept longer than necessary. 6. Data must be processed in accordance with the data subject's rights. 7. Data must be kept secure. 8. Data must not be transferred to another country unless they also have adequate protection Personal data: Personal data like (name, birth date, address, medical history, banking details, photographs) • Some personnel data referred to as (Sensitive personnel data ) includes ethnic origin, political views, religion, sexual orientation, criminal activity, medical history . Some idea of E-safety issues: Don’t give out any personal information to people who are unknown to you. Don’t send people photos of yourself either online or via a mobile phone unless the person known to you. Always maintain your privacy settings When accessing the internet make sure the websites being visited can be trusted Only use recommended websites by teachers Only open emails from known sources. Only send email people you know Using social networking sites, instant messaging or chat room Page 134 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com You must be conscious when you are using social media networking sites or chat room: Block or report anybody who acts suspiciously or who uses inappropriate language Be very careful with the language used in chat rooms Always use a nickname and never use your real name Keep private and personal data secret Don’t enter private chat rooms, stay public Never arrange to meet anyone for the first time on your own Always tell an adult first and meet the person in a public place Avoid the misuse of images Always use appropriate language Always respect people’s Some risks from playing online games: Violence in the game, can lead to violent behavior in reality Predators (animal that eats other animals) Cyber-bullying Use of webcams Voice-masking technology to change voice or age or accent. Online games is a source of cyber-attack like (viruses – phishing – spyware ) Security of data: There are a number of security risks associated with any electronic device as the following list: Hacking Phishing Page 135 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Smishing Vishing Pharming Spyware Viruses(malware) Spam Card fraud Page 136 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com (1) Hacking: What is hacking? : Unauthorized access to the computer system without permission Effects of hacking: Hacker can delete, corrupt, edit, files or change data or personnel information Hacker can steel user identity Hacker can stop production Method to avoid or remove: Using firewall Using strong password Using protection software Use user ID and password Use encryption (2) Phishing: What is phishing? : a method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e-mails and websites by sending request from bank or a note from someone in their company. Effects of phishing: The sender can gain personnel data such as credit card number, this can lead to fraud or theft. Method to avoid or remove: Many ISP or web browsers filter phishing e-mail. User always be cautious when opening email or attachment. Don’t click on executable files attachment end with exe, com, php, bat as example. Page 137 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Phishing example: Page 138 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com (3) Smishing ( SMS phishing): What is Smishing? : Uses SMS system of mobile phones to send out Fake text message which often including URL or telephone number The user will be asked to log into the website or make telephone call and supply personnel information like credit card number and password (example : you won a prize or contact with your) Effects of Smishing : The effects are similar to Phishing and Pharming where personnel details will be obtained from users Strategies to avoid smishing : Avoid clicking on any unknown texts with links Double check the SMS message, check for spelling mistakes Contact your bank directly if you are requested to change some details Do not reply to text messages that have asked you about any of your personal finances/details. Never call back a phone number that was associated with the text from an unknown source If the text message was sent at an unusual time, this is sign for smishing 4- Vishing: What is vishing? Short for voice mail phishing , uses voice mail message to trick the user into calling the telephone number contained in the message, The user will be asked to provide personnel data Page 139 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 5- Pharming: What is pharming? Malicious code installed in the user computer to direct the user to fake website Effects of pharming : The creator of malicious code can gain personnel data like bank account information, this can lead to fraud or theft. Strategies to avoid pharming : Some anti-spy software can identify and remove Pharming code Always double check the URL to see if is the same one you typed in 6- Viruses and malware: There are many forms of malware Page 140 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Virus: What is the computer virus? : Program code or software which can replicate or copy itself to do something like deleting or corrupt the files or operating system, virus need active host program on the target computer Effects of virus : Viruses can crash the computer , stop functioning or run slowly Viruses can delete files or data Viruses can corrupt the operating system files Strategies to avoid viruses: Install Ani-virus software and update regularly Don’t use any software from unknown source Don’t open attached file by e-mail from unknown sender Always backing up the files Worm: Worm are type of standalone virus which replicate by itself , it can spread to other computers and no need active host program to do damage , worm arrive as attachments and the user should open this email Trojan horse: This is malicious program contains malicious instructions embedded within it , they need to execute by the user and arrive as attachments message , once installed on the user computer Trojan horse will give cyber criminal access to personal information Page 141 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com key-logging software Key logging is a form of spyware What is Spyware? : software to collect data by monitoring key presses on the user’s keyboard, the data send back to the user who sent the software. Effects of spyware: Spyware gives the originator access to all data entered using a keyboard on the user's computer. The software is able to install other spyware, read cookie data and also change a user's default browser Strategies to avoid spyware: Use anti-spy software The user should always alert and check any activity on the keyboard monitored. Enter password by using drop-down menu to reduce risk Adware : Type of malware, it is least dangerous it will flood at end user with advertising as example to redirect user to face website Ransomware It is programs that encrypt data on the user computer , the malware restricts access to the computer, when ransomware executed encrypt the files straightaway Page 142 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Protection of data: Authentication is used to verify the data comes from secure and trusted source this is working parallel with encryption, some methods to protect and security of data: Biometrics Digital certificates Secure sockets Encryption Firewalls Two-factors authentication Password and used ID Biometrics: Biometric is a method of authentication, it relies on certain unique characteristics of human beings and examples include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Page 143 of 170 Fingerprint scans Signature recognition Retina scans Iris recognition Face recognition Voice recognition Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Fingerprint scans Images of fingerprints are compared against previously scanned fingerprints stored in a database, if they matched then access allowed Advantages: Fingerprint for each person is unique and this technique will improve the security since to be difficult to replicate person’s fingerprint. Other security devices such as (magnetic card) can be lost or stolen It's impossible to sign in by somebody else since the fingerprint match one person only Fingerprint can’t be misplaced; a person always has them. Disadvantages: Expensive to install and set up If a person’s fingers are damaged through an injury, this can have an effect on the scanning accuracy Some people may regard it as an infringement of civil liberties Retina scans Retina scans use infrared light to scan the unique pattern of blood vessels in the retina It is very secure because no way to duplicate blood vessels patterns Page 144 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Comparison between six common biometric techniques Digital certificates: • A digital certificate is a pair of files stored on a user’s computer , each pair of files divided into: A public key (which is known by anyone) A private key (known to the computer user only). • When sending an email, the message is made more secure by attaching a digital certificate. When the message is received, the recipient can verify that it comes from a known or trusted source by viewing the public key information. Page 145 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com The digital certificate is made up of six parts: The sender’s email address The name of the digital certificate owner A serial number Expiry date ( validity of certificate) Public key Digital signature of certificate authority (CA) Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) SSL type of protocol that allows data to be sent and received securely over the internet. Examples of using SSL Online banking and transitions Online shopping Sending and receiving email Page 146 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Using cloud storage Intranet and extranet Voice over internet protocol VOIP Instant messaging While using social media Encryption: Encryption is used to protect data in case it has been hacked or accessed illegally Encryption is the method by which information is converted into secret code that hides the information's. The science of encrypting and decrypting information is called cryptography. In computing, unencrypted data is also known as plaintext, and encrypted data is called cyphertext. The key used to encrypt is called encryption key and the key used to decrypt called decryption key Page 147 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Firewalls: Can be Hardware or Software Its sites between the user’s computer and external network Tasks which can be carried out by firewalls: 1. To examine the traffic between a user’s computer Page 148 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 2. Checks whether incoming or outgoing data meets a given set of criteria 3. If the data fails the criteria, firewall will block the traffic and give the user a warning about security issue. 4. The firewall can be used to log all incoming and outgoing traffic to allow later interrogation by the user. 5. Criteria can be set so that the firewall prevents access to certain undesirable sites 6. it is possible for firewalls to help prevent viruses or hackers entering the network 7. The user is warned if some software on their system is trying to access an external data source Page 149 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Two factors authentication: Way of authentication which require two methods of authentication when makes online purchase or use credit/debit card to pay Three common factors used in authentication 1. Password or PIN code 2. Mobile phone or tablet 3. Biometric User ID and password: Strong passwords should contain upper case and lower case characters, as well as numbers and other keyboard symbols as example: R_tool$29/! Passwords should be changed on a regular basis If the password not matching with the user ID that access will be denied. Many systems asking to enter password three times as a maximum before user lock out. It's important to prevent others people to gain access to your password through spyware or viruses. Page 150 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 7- Online Credit Fraud: Hackers access to the computer through the use of spyware (phishing or pharming), the user can be tricked into giving personal and financial details that enable the hacker to gain full access to a user’s account. By breaking of passwords through a number of techniques if passwords are weak or no encryption is used. Always type in a web address or URL rather than copy and paste it from an email or other website. If you are using wireless network, it is very important to access through password. Public Wi-Fi can be found in popular public places like airports, coffee shops, malls, restaurants, and hotels and it allows you to access the Internet for free, there is always a risk that somebody is monitoring internet usage in the area. Number of simple precautions users can take: Always use varied and complex passwords. Check the accuracy of bank accounts continually Page 151 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Only provide personal information on sites that have ((https)) in the web address Don’t provide personal information to any unsolicited requests for information Don’t open emails or attachments from unknown senders Delete any messages from your spam folder on a regular basis Report any suspicious phishing activity to the company that is used by the perpetrator Only download software from sites that can be trusted. Page 152 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 9- Audiences Audience appreciation When planning or creating ICT solution, you have to consider audience who will use or take part in the system Giving presentation to an audience The list of factors should be considered: The age of the target group (the response is different between children and mature) The experience of the audience (between company manager and school children) The expectation of the audience ( If you advertise your business in a restaurant older people expect coffee or tea but children expect pizza or fast food ) Knowledge of the audience (graduated in media would expect different approach. How to find audience target: Interviewing the target group to find out how to engage the audience Giving out questionnaires to people in the target group to find out their background, interests, and so on Carrying out market research by using interviewing and questionnaires techniques Giving a sample presentation to an audience Consider Mobile Phone Company decided to do two presentations, one for sales and features of the 4 different mobile phones the market and sell: Page 153 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 1. One presentation to sales team who will receive bonus for the phone sold (they will be interested with technical knowledge and profitability of each sale). 2. Other presentation for the potential group of customers or enduser (end user will be interested with features for each phone and the price. The key factors when you are writing the presentation: (1) Language used: No vulgarity or use inappropriate language , it can offend people The use of technical terms should be only for experienced or technical audience (2) Multimedia used: Use photos, video, sound and animation always will catch the attention of the audience A young audience is more likely high music and sound in addition to videos clips. Complicated description better to use graph or animation or both (3) Length of presentation: Long presentation will only work if they are interesting and engage the audience A very young audience quickly will get bored. Page 154 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com (4) Interactive presentation: Asking questions but be careful because not everyone wants to take part (5) Examples used: When using examples to illustrate ideas ( don’t give examples to meet products while your audience is vegetarian Audience characteristics (when developing new ICT solutions) As example developing new website, we need to consider: Audience characteristics The need of the audience Why you need to consider the needs of your audience Audience characteristics: Age range: young age interested with animations while old age interested with actual contents Income levels: suppose website for selling cars , then you have to consider audience income levels Interests : suppose your developing music website you have to consider interests Disabilities or impairments: if the website to be used by people who are visually impaired. Needs of audience: Young children : bright , cheerful colors , animation and sound , more pictures, large fonts , user friendly interface Page 155 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Adults and older children: attractive display, interesting contents, good images and interesting contents appropriate language level, use bullets to make text easy to read. Older people: contrasting colors , large font size , easy to read , don’t use too much technical words , display consistent Software copyright and piracy Software, Music CDs, videos, articles from magazines and books is protected by copyright laws, piracy is illegal copying of software It is illegal to: Make a software copy and then sell it Use software on a network or in multiple computers without a license Rent out a software package without permission Use the name of copyrighted software without agreement Ways to protect software installation: Before installation of software the user will be asked to enter Product Key The user will be asked OK/I Agree to the license agreement before installation The original software always come with the sticker informing the purchaser it is illegal to make copy ( hologram form) Some software required to be original CD/DVD available in the drive Some software run only if dongle is plugged into USB port Page 156 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Page 157 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 10 - Communication Communication with other ICT users using email: Legislation: Email is very popular for communication between people, however many countries have laws to protects people against misuse of email. The following is some laws and guidelines for the countries and companies they required: It is important that emails are not false or misleading subject lines Organizations must include valid postal address Organizations not allowed to capture or store list of email address Organizations required to ask permission before they can send email to individuals They should be clear with recipients to unsubscribe from receiving email Organizations must insure privacy policy are clear and that subscribers are made aware of such policies Page 158 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Acceptable language: When sending an email Example of using inappropriate language: the language and • Absence images content must be • Abusive, profane, inflammatory • Violent message appropriate • Use illegal material in messages If the email is being sent to an employee within a business the language must be formal Email terminology: Attachment: any type of file sent along with an email message, Attachments can include anything from photos and documents to zipped files, folders, mp3, and more. CC : Stands for Carbon copy, that recipients who else is getting a copy BCC: Similar to CC, Blind Carbon Copy sends a copy of a message for the information of a large number of people. It is used if you are sending someone a copy of an email, and you don’t want the other recipients to see that Forward: This sends a message that has been received to another email address Group: This is a group of email addresses that are given a group name so that the sender only needs to type in one name to send an email to several recipients at once Subject : it’s a short description of the message. Keeping this short and informative will give people incentive to open your email. Page 159 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Copyright: Copying or forwarding email is legal unless the sender indicate clearly that the message is confidential Recipient should check the email before copying or forwarding it Some companies set out their rules for sending and receiving email Netiquette: Senders should consider what they write as content in an email could be misunderstood or taken out of context Sender should check for spelling and grammatical error Page 160 of 170 Netiquette is the rules of etiquette that apply when communication over computer networks especially internet Avoid humor as some people may not understand the joke Do not plagiarize and obey the copyright law Do not chaptalize all text Respond quickly to an email message Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Spam: What is spam email? Spam or junk email is sent out to the recipients from mailing list, the email could be part of phishing scam or to promote certain product, usually unwanted email Effects of spam email: If a spam email is part of a phishing scam then there is a chance your details could be obtained. The network could also become slower or unresponsive if there is a lot of unnecessary traffic flooding the network. Email group : Are contacts grouped together to send email to multiple recipients Strategies to prevent spam email: • Use a junk email filter to stop spam email coming into the inbox. • Do not sign up for any commercial mailing lists. • Do not reply to spam email. • Untick the check box if you are asked to give your email to a third party. Effective use of the internet: The internet: Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that allows users to: Send and receive e-mail Chat online Transfer files from computer to computer Browse the web Page 161 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com WWW (World Wide Web): Is a part of the internet Collection of web pages has been based on the hyper text transfer protocol (http) Can access by web browser Page 162 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Intranets and extranets: • Intranet is defined as a computer network based on internet technology but designed to meet the internal needs for sharing information within a single organization • Extranets can be created that allow intranets expand to outside of the organization with the same advantages of the intranets What are the differences between internet and intranet? Intranets are safer, less chance of hacking/viruses. It is possible to prevent external links Companies can ensure that the information available is specific to their needs. It is easier to send out sensitive messages Intranets offer better bandwidth than the internet It is possible to create extranets that allow intranets to be extended outside the organization What are the differences between the internet and an intranet? Internet is " international network" Intranet is "internal restricted access" Internet covers topics of global or general interest, whereas Intranet is used to give local information relevant to the organization Internet possible to block certain websites but more difficult where as in intranet easy to block certain websites Internet can be accessed from anywhere but Intranet requires password and user ID entry Internet access is open for hackers , but intranet is behind a firewall, which gives some protection against hackers Internet is public access, whereas intranets can be private access Page 163 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Blog: web logs Wikis A blog is based on personal experiences and usually updated by one author. Blog entries are in order (most recent entries are shown first). Blogs cannot be changed by other users of the internet. Bloggers can be prosecuted for posting offensive material. A wiki is a collaboration from users (many authors) to create content. Wiki is can be edited by anyone (content can be edited or deleted). Wikipedia is an example use of Wikis Moderated and unmoderated forums: Moderated forums: Refers to online discussion forum in which all the posts are checked by an administrator before posting Moderator can prevent spam, filter out any posts are inappropriate, rude or offensive Unmoderated forums: No one owns the internet Not policed Page 164 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Social Networks Social Networking sites allow users to interact and communicate with each other. The features of social networking sites: You can connect with people with similar interests. Users are able to share content such as photos, video and status updates. Each member can build public and private profiles Members are given free instant messaging and video chatting It is possible to email other members within the community It is possible to invite people to become friends Members have control over who can access to personnel data b-blog Page 165 of 170 Another version short for business blog which is used by businesses to promote themselves n the internet. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Searching the internet for information There are two ways to find the information: When using the internet you can either type in a URL address or use a search engine to find specific data. Normally keywords would be typed in to a search engine to find particular information. Search engines: Search engines are useful if you don’t know the URL Search engines using variety of methods to search The more specific search you will get accurate result You can narrowing your search by typing (+) between words (ICT+past+paper+2019) You will find thousands of hits, then you can save it Using the internet Advantages: Information on the internet is up-to-date The internet limitless of information Searching using a search engine is fast and easy. People can look for information from home Information on the internet is usually free of charge. Pages on the internet can have multimedia elements , which can make learning is interesting Page 166 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Disadvantages: Anything can be posted on a web page and information may be incorrect. There is always the risk of accessing inappropriate websites It is too easy to be distracted when searching on the internet There is always the risk of information overload if the user lacks the necessary experience Some research skills are lost when using the internet as search engines do all the work for you Effective use of internet: Why internet search to find relevant information is not always fast? Unless the user narrowing the criteria it will take long time to find the relevant information It is possible to find millions of relevant web sites matching with given criteria If the user uncertain what he needs it will take long time to find the relevant information Why it is not always easy to find reliable information on the internet? Content on the internet is not regulated. Anybody can make a website and post any content which is not factually correct. Wikis can be edited to contain false information. Information may be biased depending on who was the author. How can you evaluate information found on the internet? There are 6 criteria when evaluating information on the internet: 1. If the author of the website is good credential, then the information is more likely reliable Page 167 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. If you compare the information on the web site with another source or with the information in the book, this will help to show if the information reliable also spelling and grammar correct or NO. Check if the website linked to reliable or unreliable web sites If the last update was long time ago , this mean the information is not reliable Check if the website have a testimonials or recommendation this can indicate reliability It is good idea to see if responsible bodies endorsed (support and permit ) the website Internet protocols: Is a set of rules which are followed when Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) & (HTTPS) transferring information across the internet? Rules are agreed between the sender and recipient when data is being transferred When the protocol changed to seen as padlock symbol or letter “s” after http this is refer to “secure” A web browser allows the user to display a Uniform resource locator (URL) & web browser Page 168 of 170 webpage. A web browser will use URLs to access specified websites. URLs are represented by numbers (http://195.196.101.1) not user friendly. Therefore an alphanumeric format (http://www.etoptutor.com/ict) Web browser translate HTML from websites to show the result, it can be images, videos, or sound Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com The format is protocol://www.website address/path/filename, website address: 1. domain host (WWW) 2. domain name ( name of website) 3. domain type (.com or .gov or .net or .org) 4. Sometimes includes country code like kw, eg or uk .. 5. path which is a webpage 6. filename is the item on the webpage What is the process a web browser to load a web page? When entering URL or clicking the link address request made Retrieve code from the server/resources then downloaded Interprets the code as a webpage or page resources to build the web page The web page is displayed FTP is a network protocol when transferring File transfer Protocol (FTP) Page 169 of 170 files from one computer to another over the internet. FileZilla is popular FTP application which issued to upload webpages so that they can be hosted and viewed on the internet. Last update: 1/7/2023 Mr. Ayman Al-Nahhas - Cambridge IGCSE OL ICT Theory | http://www.mytutor-helpme.com Internet Service Provider (ISP) ISP is a company which provides internet access to users. Normally the users would have to pay a monthly fee. Broadband connections tend to use fireoptic cables for increased bandwidth. Internet risks Should internet be policed? Advantages Disadvantages • To protect vulnerable users • It would be extremely difficult gaining access to undesirable and expensive to police the websites internet • To prevent illegal material be • Infrastructure and staff would opened or shared by web users have required • It will stop incorrect information • It is difficult to push roles in being published on websites different countries • This will be against freedom • Who to deiced which information is illegal or offensive Page 170 of 170 Last update: 1/7/2023
