Chemical Energetics
Enthalpy Change Of Atomisation DHat It is defined as the enthalpy
change when an element is convertedinto one moleof freegaseous
atoms or ions under standard conditions
Lattice Energy AHiatt It is the energy change that occurs when one
mole of a solidionic compound is formed from its separate gaseousions
under standard conditions
First Electron Affinity DHEA It is the energy change that occurs
when one mole of electrons is added to one mole of gaseous atoms
to form one moleof negatively charged gaseousions under standard
conditions
Enthalpy Change Of Hydration Dunya It is the enthalpy change thatoccurs
when one mole of gaseous ions is dissolved in an infinitelylarge volumeofwater
understandard conditions
Of Solution Ditson It is the enthalpy change that
occurs when one mole of a substance dissolves in an infinitely large
Enthalpy Change
volume of solvent so thataddition of more solvent produces no further heat
change under standard conditions
Entropy S
Formulae
It is
a measure of
DSE IS
products
DGP DH TD50
the disorder of a system or
IS
a substance
reactants
Electrochemistry
Standard Hydrogen Electrode Theredox electrode which is usedbyscientists
forreference on all halfcell potentialreactions
StandardElectrode Potential It is the potential difference between a standard
hydrogenelectrode and a testelectrode under standardconditions
Standard Cell Potential It is the potential difference between two electrodes in
a cell under standard conditions
Formulae
F
Faraday Constant
Q
I x t
E
E't
0.059 2
L Avogadroconstant
x e charge on electron
logo oxidizedspecies
reduced species
DGE n ETeuF
Equilibria
Weak Acid Acids that do not
fully ionize in water
WeakBase Bases that do not fully ionize in water
It is a solutionthatresists changes in its pit whensmall
amounts of an acidor a base are added to it
Solubility Product Ksp It is the equilibriumconstant for sparingly soluble
Buffer solution
salts
IonEffect It refers to the decrease in solubility of anionicprecipitate
bytheaddition to thesolution of a solublecompound with an ion in common
withtheprecipitate
Partition coefficient kpc It is theratio of the concentration of a soluteinto
immisciblesolvents aftershaking
Common
Formulae
ka
ItsOt A
Equation HA H2O
At
17301
HA
pka logo Ka
pH logo Ht
430t OH
Kw EH30TCOAT Equation H2O H2O
To calculate pit in buffersolution
pH pka t logo Acid
Salt
pH pKa Maximum buffer capacity
A103 t HzOt BloodBuffer
APOy't Hz
Ot PhosphateBuffer
172103 t 1720
HaPOW
H2O
Kpc
of solute in solvent X
concentration of solute in solvent
concentration
Reaction Kinetics
Rateof Reaction
Itshows us how fast the reactant concentration decreases
how fast the product concentration increases over time
Rate law Rate K CATMLB
OrderofReaction m n
withrespect to a givenreactant it is the power
towhich the concentration is raised in an experimentally determined
over time or
rateequation
Zero Order The rate is not dependant on the concentrationof the reactant
FirstOrder The rate is directly proportional to the concentrationof the
reactant
SecondOrder The rate is directly proportional to the square of the
concentrationof the reactant
Rate Constant k It is the proportionality constant in the rateequation It is the
constantfor a givenreaction at a particular temperatureThe units of k depends on
theorder of the reactants
Reaction mechanism It is a sequence of severalsingle reactionstepsthat
sumup theoverallreaction
Rate Determining step The slow step in a sequence of severalsinglereaction
steps that sumup theoverallreaction
Homogeneous catalyst It is a catalystwhich is in the same state or phase as
thereactants
Heterogeneous
thereactants
catalyst
It is
a catalystwhich is in a different state or phase as
Transition Elements
Transition Element It is a d block element that forms at least one
stable ion with a partially filled d orbital
Ligand It is an ion or a molecule thathas at leastonelonepair ofelectrons
that it can donate to the central metalatom or ion by forming a dative
d
Monodentate One lonepair of electrons
that form a dative bond
Bidentate Two lonepair of electrons that formdative bonds
Polydentate Morethan one lonepair of electrons that formdative
bonds
Co ordination number The number of dative bonds formedby ligands
with
the centralmetalatom or ion in a complex
Complex A specie having one or more ligands forming dativebonds
with a central metal atom or ion
Degenerate d orbitals dorbitals that are on the same energy level
Nondegenerate d orbitals dorbitals that are not on the same energy level
five dorbitals split into twosets
k stability Kitab Equilibriumconstantfor complexions in ligandexchange
reactions
Formulae ExampleEquation
lulltoo6
tab
Ks
t UNH
CluNitsy 1202774420
CluNitsy H2Oat
lulitzo it NH3 4
Organic Chemistry (Optical Isomerism)
Chiralcarbon A carbon that has 4 different groups attached to it
OpticalIsomers
of oneanother
Optical Isomers are non super imposable mirror images
An equimolar mixture of the levorotatory and
dextro
mix mixture A racemix mixture will
rotatory isomers is called a race
notshow anyoptical activity as thetwo isomers cancelouteachother's
Racemix mixture I Racemate
rotation of
light
Dextro
rotatory Isomer when plane polarised
thenthe isomer is dextro
rotatory
LevorotatoryIsomer when plane polarised
the isomer is levorotatory
light is deflected to the right
light is deflected to the left then
Optically Active A specie having at least one chiralcarbon so that optical
isomerism can occur
Chromatography
Stationary Phase Absorbent
substance
the column
Mobile Phase Carrier
that stays fixed inside
Solvent moving through the column
Adsorption This mechanism has a solidstationary phase
Partition This mechanism has a liquidstationary phase
Paper Chromatography
liquidstationary phase water
liquid mobile phase solvent It is a
mechanism having a
the filter paper and a
Uses partition mechanism
way of finding out the components of a mixture
Thin Layer Chromatography mechanism having a solid stationary phase
thinlayer of silicon lil oxide and a liquidmobile phase solvent
It is a way of finding out the components of a mixture Uses adsorption
droplets on
mechanism
Amethodof separating mixtures to identify their
compoundsThe separated components can be used further It has a solid
stationary phase and a liquid mobilephase solventpoured down the
Column chromatography
column
Amethodof separating mixtures
to identify their compoundsThe separated components can be used further
HighPerformance Liquid
Chromatography
It has a solid stationary phase and
a
liquid mobilephase solvent
forced through the column underpressure
Gas Liquid Chromatography Amethodof separating mixtures of gases
or volatileliquids to identify their components It has a liquid stationary
phase organic liquidspread on surfaceof an unreactive column heated in
an oven
and a gas mobilephase unreactivegas forcedthrough thecolumn
under pressure
Proton NMR Spectroscopy
TMS tetra
methylsilane Used as the standard for chemical shift
measurements Tms has a chemical shift value of zero
CDCs deuteratedsolvent A common solvent for dissolving compounds when
carrying out MMRSpectroscopy
Dao Peaks of OHand Nitzprotons disappear when
are exchanged with deuterium atoms Daois
Daois addedas these protons
called
heavywater