Contents
Learner’s Licence
1
The learner’s licence test
4
2
Defensive driving (K53)
• Controls of the vehicle
5
7
3
Rules of the road
9
4
Road signs
44
10 Additional signs
92
5
Regulatory signs
46
11 Learner’s practice test
99
6
Warning signs
60
12 Answers
7
Guidance and information signs
72
8
Road markings
83
9
Traffic signals
88
106
DrivING Licence
13 The driving licence test
17 The yard test
119
14 The K53 defensive driving system 109
18 The motorcycle test
126
15 The pre-trip inspection
111
19 The road test
133
16 Using the vehicle controls
117
20 Practical driving test
141
107
1
THE LEARNER’S
LICENCE TEST
WHAT THE TEST COVERS
To pass your learner’s licence test, you must know:
• the rules of the road;
• road traffic signs, signals and surface markings;
• the controls of the vehicle.
Disqualification
You will not be able to obtain a learner’s licence if:
• you have been previously disqualified by a court of law and this
disqualification is still in force; or
• you already have a licence for the same class of vehicle; or
• your licence has been suspended temporarily and the
suspension has not yet expired.
Pre-test requirements
To do the learner’s licence test, you must:
• be of the minimum age required (see details below);
• pass the health and eyesight requirements;
• not be addicted to narcotic drugs or the excessive use
of intoxicating liquor;
• comply with all instructions given by the testing officer;
• have acceptable identification, or a Traffic Register Certificate
issued by the licencing authority;
• have two recent black-and-white or colour identity photographs
of passport size.
The licencing authority will give you all the details you need in this regard, and will tell you about the different codes of licences for the
different classes of vehicles, as well as the fees you must pay. Be sure to contact them before booking your test.
Minimum age requirements
The minimum age for obtaining a learner’s licence is:
• 16 years: for a motorcycle without a side-car, and with an engine cylinder capacity not exceeding 125 cc;
• 17 years: for light motor vehicles with a mass not exceeding 3 500 kg;
• 18 years: for all other vehicles, including motorcycles with an engine cylinder capacity exceeding 125 cc.
What the licence authorizes
When you have a learner’s licence:
• you may drive on public roads, including freeways, only under the supervision of a person in possession of a valid driving licence for
the same category of vehicle which you intend to drive – this person should be seated right next to you, or directly behind you if they
are not able to sit next to you;
• passengers are allowed in the vehicle provided they do not pay a fare;
• in the case of a motorcycle without a side-car, you may not carry a passenger and therefore your instructor may not sit on the same
motorcycle as you.
Duration of licence validity
Your learner’s licence will be valid for 18 months from the date of issue. Once you have obtained it, turn to the driver’s section (page 107)
of this book so that you can start preparing yourself to take driving lessons with a qualified driving instructor.
4
3
Rules of
the road
•T
o make driving on public roads as safe as possible, there are rules that must be adhered to by all road users.
• Concentrate on understanding the meaning of every rule in this chapter. You will then be able to answer questions no matter how they
are phrased in the test.
• The illustrations above each rule will help you to understand and remember the statements given below them. The things you must
do often have a green tick; those you must not DO have a red cross.
1
•A
lways obey the directions of a
traffic or police officer. They overrule
any road sign or rule of the road.
3
2
•O
bey all the rules of the road. If you
don’t, you are committing an offence
and may be prosecuted.
•T
he rule of the road is to drive on
the left half of the road.
Driving signals
1
•S
ignal your intention early enough to
warn others by using, for example,
indicators, stop lights or hand signals.
2
3
•M
ake sure your signals can be
clearly seen from the front, from
behind and from the side.
• Use the brake lights to indicate
that you are slowing down or
intend to stop.
Note: Drivers of medical and fire-fighting response
vehicles, and persons specifically authorised to do
so, are permitted to exceed the speed limit and to
disregard road signs, but only if this is necessary
during the course of their duties.
The following abbreviations are used in this book:
HMV = Heavy Motor Vehicles
LMV = Light Motor Vehicles
9
Seat belts
2
1
•T
he driver is responsible for ensuring
that seat belts are worn by all
passengers, front and rear.
4
3
•W
here no seat belt is fitted on the
front passenger seat, children up
to the age of 14 must sit on the
back seat.
5
• If seat belts have been removed,
te vehicle may not be used on
a public road.
TEST YOURSELF
QUESTION 3
Defensive driving means…
A. Defending yourself on the road.
B.Maintaining a clear space around
your vehicle at all times.
C.Making sure that the indicator
• If there is a vacant seat that has a
seat belt fitted, no one may occupy
a seat that isn’t fitted with a seat belt.
•Y
ou may unfasten your seat belt
while parking or reversing and during
the yard test part of the driving test.
has cancelled after completing
a manoeuvre.
A
B
C
Driving off/reckless, negligent and inconsiderate driving
1
2
TEST YOURSELF
QUESTION 4
Signal whenever you intend
to...
A. Move to another lane.
B. Accelerate.
C. Neither of these.
•D
rive off from a stationary position
only if it is saf to do so, and without
causing any danger to other traffic.
• It is a criminal offence to disregard
the safety of people or property
when driving, or to drive recklessly,
negligently or without reasonable
consideration for other road users.
A
B
C
Reckless or negligent driving is a criminal offence that will result in a criminal record. If you collide with the
back of another vehicle, or with a State vehicle, you will be prosecuted for reckless or negligent driving.
11
Emergency red triangles
1
2
TEST YOURSELF
QUESTION 5
To slow down or stop, you
use…
A. The brakes only.
B. The brakes and gears.
C.None of these.
45 m
•A
t least one double-sided reflective
triangle, meeting SABS specifications,
must be carried in all motor vehicles.
(Motor cars first registered before
1 July 2006 are exempted.)
• In an emergency, the triangle must
be displayed on the road at least
45 m behind the vehicle, facing
approaching traffic.
A
B
C
Lights
3
2
150 m
1
•A
lways switch on your vehicle
headlights when driving between
sunset and sunrise.
• The beam must light up objects at
least 100 m ahead.
4
•S
witch on your vehicle headlights
whenever visibility is not clear for
at least 150 m. (Having headlights on
dipped beam during the day makes
you more visible and is safer.)
•T
he headlight of a motorcycle must
be on all the time while riding on a
public road (even during the day).
6
5
12 m
•D
on’t use the driving or main (bright)
beam when the brightness will cause
a glare to approaching traffic.
• It should strike the road surface not
more than 45 m ahead of the vehicle.
• No more than two after-market spot
lamps may be fitted.
•U
se the parking lights at night only
when the vehicle is parked outside
a demarcated parking area or if it is
12 m or more from a lit street lamp.
12
•U
se your vehicle’s emergency
warning lights only in an emergency,
or when your vehicle is standing in a
hazardous position.
4
Road Signs
Purpose
A system of road traffic signs, signals and surface markings guides and directs the traffic flow, or warns motorists of traffic conditions ahead.
Understand the system
If you understand the system, you will find it much easier to remember the meaning of each of the many road signs that form part of it.
Forms of road signs
Road signs take three basic forms:
Signs
Markings
Signals
(usually mounted on poles
or overhead structures)
(painted on the
road surface)
(traffic lights, warning flashing
lights, hand and flag signals)
Categories of signs
To make it easier for the motorist to see, interpret and quickly respond to a road sign while driving, they have
been grouped into four broad categories:
1 Regulatory:
2 Warning:
3 Guidance:
4 Information:
to tell you what you must do or
may not do (i.e. to regulate traffic).
Obey all regulatory signs,
signals and markings.
to warn you of potentially
dangerous conditions on the
road ahead.
to guide you in respect of
destination, routes, distances,
places of interest, etc.
to give motorists useful information
about the road situation ahead,
which is not of a warning or
regulatory nature.
44
5
Regulatory
signs
• Regulatory signs control the actions of motorists by giving instructions.
• You MUST obey all regulatory road signs. If you don’t, you are committing an offence and can be fined or prosecuted.
Gro upi ngs
• Regulatory signs are grouped according to the type of message conveyed. Each group has its own shape and colour combination to
help you to quickly read and interpret the sign while driving.
• Learn the meaning of each grouping of shapes and symbols in the tables below.
• Then cover up the right-hand column and test yourself to make sure you understand the type of message conveyed by each group.
Shape and colour group
R2
Hexagon
MEANING
Control signs tell you:
• where you must stop;
• where you must yield (give way);
• in what direction you must travel;
• what special rules apply.
R5
Triangle
R3
Round disc
R4.1
Rectangle
Square on
point
Command signs give commands. They tell you:
• what actions you must take;
• what road or lane you must use.
Permanent
Permanent
68/R218
Temporary
Prohibition signs tell you what is not allowed:
• what must not be done;
• which class of road user is not allowed on that
roadway or lane.
Temporary
68/R218
Permanent
Limit signs tell you what limits are allowed:
• the maximum speed, vehicle mass, height, length, etc. allowed
on the road;
• where access is limited to authorized vehicles only.
Temporary
66/R202012
R201060
Reservation signs tell you about reserved areas:
• that the roadway or lane (R), or the parking area (P) is reserved
for certain classes of vehicle only;
• other classes must not use that lane, roadway or portion of the
roadway, or the parking area.
Permanent
Temporary
46
Shape and colour group
MEANING
Comprehensive signs tell you that there is a comprehensive set of
several regulations and restrictions that must be adhered
to ahead, for example, when:
• the roadway ahead is a freeway;
• the area is designated as a residential area.
Permanent
Temporary
De-restriction signs tell you:
• that the comprehensive sign regulations no longer apply.
Permanent
141/R602
Temporary
141/R602
Permanent
Exclusive secondary signs may appear below a regulatory sign to
indicate that the sign applies:
• only during certain times of the day or night or week;
• only to vehicles moving in a certain direction;
• only to certain classes of vehicle;
• only under certain conditions.
Temporary
155/R107+R511
155/R107+R511
C ont rol signs
These signs control driving actions and tell you:
Stop
R5
R1
Pedestrian
priority
•
•
•
•
where you must stop;
where you must give way;
in what direction you must travel;
what special rules apply.
Stop/Go
(usually hand-held
at roadworks)
Stop/Yield
Yield to
pedestrians
3-way stop
Railway
crossing stop
R1.2
Colour codes:
• Red and white, except the (temporary) Stop/Go sign.
No entry
R4.1
R3
One-way
roadway
R1.3
How to read these signs
+
Background
Red with white
border indicates
a control sign.
R4.1
=
Icon
White insert specifies
which control applies, in
this case the compulsory
direction of travel.
R4.1
eg:
Meaning
One-way roadway.
You must drive only
in the direction of
the arrow.
R4.1
47
Control signs (Cont.)
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
Stop
3-Way or 4-Way Stop
No entry
• Stop completely and wait, with the
front of the vehicle in line with the
sign, or before the painted stop line.
Proceed only when it is safe to do so.
• If the sign is controlled by a person,
proceed only when instructed to do so.
•S
top as for every Stop sign.
• Proceed only after the vehicles
that stopped before you on any of
the roads at the intersection have
cleared the intersection, and only
when it is safe to do so.
• Don’t drive beyond this sign.
4
5
6
Yield
Yield at mini-circle
Stop/yield
•S
low down, or stop before the
broken line to give way to:
– cross traffic (and trains) close
enough to pose a danger;
– pedestrians crossing or about to
cross the roadway.
•S
low down and give way to any
vehicle that will enter the mini-circle
before you and cross your path.
• Proceed in a clock­wise direction
when it is safe to do so.
• Don’t drive over the mini-circle.
• If you want to turn left, slow down and
give way to all traffic from the right.
• Proceed only if it is safe to do so.
• If you want to cross over or turn
right, regard the sign as a Stop sign
and respond accordingly.
7
8
REMEMBER
Yield to oncoming traffic
Pedestrian priority
•Y
ield to any oncoming traffic at the
narrow section of the roadway.
• Proceed only when the road is clear
of oncoming traffic.
• At an area set aside for pedestrians.
• Service and emergency vehicles
may enter only if they give way to
pedestrians, do not go faster than
15 km/h, and deliver/load only in a
marked loading zone.
48
Study all the road signs
illustrated in the pictures
and make sure that you
understand them.
Next, revise each row
of signs as already
explained on page 45.
Additional road signs
that must be studied are
provided on pages 92–98.
6
•
•
•
•
•
warning signs
arning signs indicate that there are hazardous conditions ahead, which require extra caution.
W
They indicate that it may be necessary to slow down or make some other manoeuvre to maintain safety while driving.
A warning sign may be used with other road signs, surface markings or advisory plates such as ‘recommended speed’.
If you disregard a warning sign, this could result in a charge of negligent or reckless driving.
Whenever you see a warning sign you should look out for other road signs as well, such as regulatory signs or other warning
signs, and respond accordingly.
G e n e r a l r e s p o ns e to al l warni ng s i gns
•A
pproach with caution and take note of any other road signs.
• Anticipate any possible hazard according to the nature of the warning, for example children or animals running into the road,
dangerous road surface conditions, movements of other traffic or weather-related hazards.
• Slow down if necessary, and be prepared to take evasive action.
• Change down to a lower gear if necessary.
• Obey any regulatory signs in the vicinity.
Gro upi ngs
•L
earn the meaning of each shape and symbol grouping in the tables below.
• Then cover up the right-hand column and test yourself to make sure you understand the type of message conveyed by each group.
Shape and colour group
MEANING
Advance warning signs warn of hazards
some distance ahead.
• Hazards might include, for example, changes
in the road layout or traffic flow, animals or
pedestrians ahead, regulatory signs ahead.
Permanent
170/W101
Temporary
239/W335
Hazard marker signs are placed at or
near the hazard itself.
• They indicate the position of, for example,
a sharp curve or a T-junction, or an
obstruction on the side of the road.
255/W405
256/W401
257/W407
Permanent
Temporary
261/TW411
252/W409
60
R oa d l ay o ut s i gns
Permanent
Temporary
These signs depict the layout of other roads ahead, in relation to the
road on which you are travelling.
Each road is depicted by a solid black line.
171/W108
170/W101
*
164/W105
501W/461
Colour codes:
• Black symbol on a white background, with a red border.
• Temporary versions have a yellow background.
Permanent
* An asterisk after a sign name
means that the road may angle
to the left or the right.
Permanent
180/W116
176/W118
How to read these signs
+
=
170/W101
170/W101
Background
White triangle with a red
border means advance
warning of potential
hazard ahead.
170/W101
Icon
Black icon specifies the
type of hazard ahead.
1
Crossroad ahead
•A
nother road crosses the road on
which you are travelling.
• Approach with caution and look out
for any ‘Stop’ or ‘Yield’ signs.
eg:
Meaning
There is a crossroad
ahead. Approach with
caution and be prepared
to stop or yield.
2
3
Secondary crossroad
ahead
•A
secondary road ahead crosses
the road on which you are travelling.
Your road has priority.
• There may also be a ‘Right-of-way’
information sign ahead to confirm
that you have right of way.
62
Priority crossroad ahead
•A
priority road ahead crosses the
road on which you are travelling.
Vehicles on that road have priority.
• You will have to yield to cross-traffic.
• Look out for a ‘Stop’ or ‘Yield’ sign
ahead.
(B) Moving hazards ahead (Cont.)
2
‘moving hazards ahead’ warning signs
Horses and riders
ahead
Elephants ahead
Warthogs ahead
Hippos ahead
Wild animals ahead
•T
here may be wild animals on or
about to jump onto the road ahead.
• Slow down and drive with caution.
Farm animals
ahead
210/W310
Farm animals
ahead
208/W311
Farm animals
ahead
214/W312
(C) Road or weather condition hazards ahead
Signs that warn of hazards associated with road or weather conditions ahead. Approach with caution, and
respond as indicated below.
1
‘road or weather condition hazards ahead’ signs
Speed humps ahead
230/W332
Gravel road begins ahead
• The road surface is about to
change to a gravel surface.
• Check in the mirrors and slow
down to avoid throwing up stones
which can damage windscreens.
• Avoid sudden braking, and keep a
safe following distance.
•T
here are speed
humps on the road
ahead to control
vehicle speed.
• Obey any speed
limit sign.
Gate ahead
•T
here is a gate,
railway boom or
barrier ahead.
• Approach with
caution in case the
gate or boom is
closed.
215/W314
Gra
vel road ends
ahead
Loos
e stones
ahead
Motor gate ahead*
ailway crossing
R
ahead
Tunnel ahead
teep descent
S
ahead*
•T
he road surface is
about to change to
a hard surface, for
example tarred.
• Approach with
caution.
•T
here is a railway
crossing ahead.
• Approach with
caution.
• Obey any regulatory
sign.
68
226/TW338
•T
here may be loose
stones or gravel on
the roadway ahead.
• Avoid severe
braking, and
maintain a safe
following distance.
216/W319
•T
here is a tunnel
ahead.
• Obey any regulatory
sign.
• Switch on the
headlights.
• Don’t overtake.
• There is a motor gate
(cattle grid) ahead,
and the thorough­fare
may be narrow.
• Pass on the side to
which the arrow is
pointing.
212/W316
•T
here is a steep
downhill ahead.
• Heavy vehicles may
have to change to a
lower gear.
224/W323
Examples of direction signs
•P
roceed straight ahead to travel
towards Cape Town on National
Route 7.
• At the junction ahead, turning right
will take you along Regional Route 45
towards Hopefield and Vredenburg.
• Turning left will take you along
Regional Route 45 towards
Malmesbury.
•T
he crossroad at the T-junction is
Regional Route 34.
• Turning right will take you towards
Richards Bay along Route 34.
• Turning left will take you towards
Empangeni along Route 34.
•Y
ou are travelling along Regional
Route 568 which, at this point, is
also Route 26.
• The town of Vanderbijlpark is 8 km
further on along Route 568.
• The town of Heilbron is 66 km further
on along Route 26.
•A
t the junction ahead turn right into
Victoria Street to take the Regional
Route 33 to Vryheid or Route 68
towards Melmoth.
• Turning left into Victoria Street will
take you along Route 68 towards
Newcastle.
•C
ontinue straight on if you wish
to travel on Regional Route 103
towards Estcourt.
• Turning left at the junction ahead will
take you to National Route 3, which
is a freeway (blue sign and freeway
symbol) and a toll road.
•T
his is Freeway On-ramp number 146.
•T
urning right will take you into
Queens Terrace into the town
called Riverside.
• Turning left will take you into
Robinson Road, which will become
Regional Route 58 leading into the
town of Burgersdorp.
321/GD4
•Y
ou are travelling along Regional
Route 50.
• The distance to the town of
Bapsfontein is 25 km.
• The distance to Pretoria is 63 km.
•P
rince Edward High School is to
the left.
• Lanseria Airport is 6 km along the
road to the right.
• The harbour is 3.5 km along the road
to the right.
76
•Y
ou have reached the town of
Virginia.
• Venter Avenue is 0.8 km ahead.
• Sand River Road to the city centre
is 1.7 km ahead.
• Harmony Drive is 2.5 km ahead.
8
Road markings
•R
oad markings serve the same purpose as road signs. They are painted on the surface of the road instead of being on a sign-post.
• Regulatory markings must be obeyed in the same way as regulatory road signs.
1
2
3
Stop line
Yield line
• Indicates the position for stopping.
• Stop your vehicle immediately
behind the line.
• Indicates the point at which motorists
must give way.
• If required, give way to other vehicles,
pedestrians or traffic by stopping your
vehicle behind the broken yield line.
4
5
block pedestrian
crossing
• Indicates the place where pedestrians
cross the road.
• Yield to pedestrians on or about to
enter the crossing on your half of the
road from either side.
6
No overtaking
No crossing
Channelizing line
•O
vertaking is prohibited.
• Don’t cross onto the right-hand side
of the solid line, except to get to or
from a property on the other side of
the roadway, or to pass a stationary
obstruction in the roadway, and then
only if it is safe to do so.
•C
rossing the solid lines is prohibited.
• Don’t allow any part of your vehicle
to cross onto the right-hand side of
the marking for any reason at all.
•C
rossing the line is prohibited.
• Don’t allow any part of your vehicle
to cross the marking for any reason
at all.
83
9
Traffic
signals
Traffic signals serve the same purpose as road signs. They vary according to traffic flow, road conditions or time of day.
Note that traffic light signals at intersections and pedestrian crossings are often also referred to as traffic lights or robots.
Ove r h e a d l a n e di re cti on control s i gnal s
These regulate which lanes may be used and which may not be used. (Regulatory Signal)
1
TEST YOURSELF
2
QUESTION 90
When approaching
this road‑marking a
vehicle must‑stop...
A. After it has crossed the line.
B. Behind the line.
C. As it approaches the line.
red cross
green arrow
•T
his lane is not open for your use
because it is open to oncoming traffic.
• Don’t drive in this lane. Choose
another lane.
•T
his lane is open for your use, as it
carries traffic in the same direction
as you are travelling.
• You may drive in any lane over which
this sign is displayed.
A
B
C
t r a f f ic l i ght s i gnal s
These signals apply to motor vehicles and motorcycles, and in some cases to pedestrians as well.
1
2
3
Steady red light
Flashing red light
Steady yellow light
•S
top your vehicle immediately behind
the stop line.
• Wait for a green light before
proceeding.
•S
top before the white line.
• Proceed as for a 4-way stop, but yield
to any pedestrians crossing your path.
• This signal is also used when a traffic
light is out of order.
•S
top before the white line.
• If you are too close to stop safely,
you may proceed with caution if it is
safe to do so.
• Wait for a green light to proceed.
88
11
learner’s
Pract ice
test
Do-It-Yourself Test
Once you have finished studying the information on pages 4–98, complete the following test within a time limit of one hour. Try to get all
the answers correct. The test is designed to help you prepare for the various ways in which the questions may be asked in the official
test. Sometimes the question itself is not straightforward, and sometimes when you read the three options given you might become a
little confused, so it is useful to have a strategy for approaching each question.
tips for answering the questions
• There is enough time to answer all the questions, so there's no need to rush the test.
• It is important that you first read the question very carefully and make sure you clearly understand what is being asked. If necessary,
read the question again … and again.
• Where possible, try to answer the question in your mind without looking at the three options below the question. (Sometimes this isn't
possible because the question does not indicate the topic and you need to read the three options for the question to make sense.)
• When you feel you have a clear idea in your mind of what the correct answer should be, read the first option carefully and make sure
you understand it before reading the next one, and so on.
• Don't mark the correct answer until you have read all three options carefully.
• There is always only one correct answer for each question. So if two answers appear to be correct, read the question and the
options again and only then decide which answer is the most correct one for that question.
• Place your mark in the space provided beneath A, B or C, as applicable (see the example on page 5).
How to mark your test
Once you have completed the test, check your answers by referring to the list on page 106. Score one mark for each correct answer. You
should aim to score 100% by getting every answer correct. If you chose a wrong answer, go back to that question and read it again. Study
the related information and picture again to make sure you understand why you were wrong. Mark that page and study it again.
1. Which sign means
delivery vehicles must
use this portion of the
roadway only?
A.
B.
2. To slow down or stop,
you use...
A. The brakes only.
B. The brakes and gears.
C. Neither of these.
3. The directions of
a traffic officer take
precedence...
4. How should the
driver react to this
sign?
A. Only at robots that are out
A. No reaction.
B. Keep to the left of the sign.
C. Turn left.
of order.
B. Where there has been
an accident.
C. Always.
C. Both of these.
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
99
B
C
A
B
C
13
The DRIVING
licence test
WHAT THE LICENCE AUTHORIZES
The driving licence authorizes you to drive a vehicle on a public road without being accompanied by another licenced driver. The vehicle
must be of the same category as specified on the licence.
WHAT THE TEST COVERS
During the test, you must demonstrate your ability to:
• control and handle the vehicle safely and competently;
• apply the K53 defensive driving system;
• obey the road traffic rules, road signs and signals, and road markings, and respond appropriately in a real-life driving situation;
• cope with traffic, pedestrians and route conditions;
• be courteous to other road users.
STRUCTURE OF THE TEST
The driving licence test consists of two separate parts, each of which must be successfully completed. If you fail either of these parts
the test will be discontinued immediately and you will have to apply for a full re-test at a later date. You may ask the examiner any
questions about the test. Use of cellular phones and smoking are not allowed. On completion of the test, whether you have passed
or failed, you must sign the test report and be given a copy after it has been discussed with you.
Light and heavy motor vehicles
The test for light and heavy motor vehicles includes:
Part One:
• a pre-trip inspection of the vehicle;
• a yard test, which inludes reversing, parking and moving off on an incline.
Part Two:
• a practical driving test in traffic (road test).
The time allotted for the yard activities – the interior and exterior inspections and the yard manoeuvres – is 20 minutes in total
(plus 59 seconds grace period). If you pass these two aspects of the test, you will continue with the practical driving test on a public
road, which should take between 20 and 45 minutes.
Motorcycles
The test for motorcycles includes:
Part One:
•a pre-trip inspection of the motorcycle;
•mounting and dismounting, starting, speed control, moving off and turning, lane change to the right and an incline start.
Part Two:
• moving off, turning speed judgement, an emergency stop, an emergency swerve and a controlled stop.
There is no time limit for part one of the test. Both parts of the test are conducted on a track at the testing centre. There is no practical
riding test in traffic.
107
minimum age and TEST-DAY REQUIREMENTS
You must be 18 years or older to apply for a driver's licence for all classes of vehicle, with the exception of motorcycles with an engine
cylinder capacity not exceeding 125 cc for which you must be 16 years or older.
On the day of the test you must report to the driving licence testing centre with:
• a roadworthy vehicle;
• your identity document;
• your valid learner’s licence;
• three passport-sized photographs;
• the prescribed fee for the licence to be issued when you successfully complete the test.
THE NEED FOR A QUALIFIED DRIVING INSTRUCTOR
• It is strongly recommended that you take a pre-defined course of at least 10 to 20 hours of formal training with a driving instructor and
school that has been accredited by the Southern African Institute of Driving Instructors (SAIDI).
• During your driving lessons you should satisfy yourself that you can perform every procedure for the test. The driving test is a practical
test. To help assess your ability, an example of the official test assessment checklist is included at the back of this book (pages 141­–144).
IMMEDIATE FAILURE
Light and heavy motor vehicles
The test will be stopped immediately in the event of any of the following:
• using a vehicle that is not licenced;
• using an unroadworthy vehicle;
• a violation of any traffic law, road sign, signal or road marking;
• an uncontrolled, dangerous action on your part;
• an avoidable collision;
• bumping any obstacles, mounting the kerb or touching boundary lines during the test;
• not successfully completing a manoeuvre within the maximum number of attempts allowed;
• allowing the vehicle to roll forwards or backwards during the test;
• inability to perform a hand signal when instructed to do so;
• mechanical failure of the vehicle during the test;
• scoring more than 50 penalty points in the yard test (penalty points are indicated in brackets on the test assessment checklist
at the back of the book);
• exceeding the absolute time limit of 20 minutes 59 seconds allowed for the Pre-Trip Inspection and Yard Test.
Motorcycles
The test will be stopped immediately in the event of any of the following:
Part One:
• using an unroadworthy or unlicenced motorcycle;
• falling off or allowing the motorcycle to fall;
• exceeding 50 penalty points (see page 143);
• touching a boundary line;
• rolling backwards or forwards during the manoeuvres;
• disregarding a traffic law, road sign, signal or road marking;
• carrying out an uncontrolled or dangerous action;
• not wearing a suitable safety (crash) helmet.
Part Two:
• falling off or allowing the motorcycle to fall;
• exceeding 90 penalty points;
• touching a boundary line;
• rolling backwards or forwards when moving off;
• disregarding a traffic law, road sign, signal or road marking;
• carrying out an uncontrolled or dangerous action;
• not wearing a suitable safety (crash) helmet.
Only one attempt each is allowed for moving off, turning left and
lane change to the right, and three attempts for speed control,
provided that no immediate disqualification has occurred.
Only three attempts are allowed for each of the manoeuvres in
this part of the test, provided that no immediate disqualification
has occurred.
If you are disqualified for any one of these items the test will be stopped immediately and you will have to re-apply to do the test at a
later date after more training and practice.
108
14
THE K53
DEFENSIVE
DRIVING SYSTEM
An important aspect of the driving test is the application of the defensive driving system already explained in detail in Chapter 2. You
will be expected to know this system thoroughly and to apply it in the correct sequence during each manoeuvre and aspect of the test
while maintaining a clear space around your vehicle at all times.
The defensive driving system consists of the following elements:
SEARCH
Continually look ahead, behind
and sideways for any hazards.
A hazard is anything that could
cause you to reduce speed or
change direction.
Hazards include: intersections,
vehicle and pedestrian entrances,
pedestrians, animals, other
vehicles, cyclists, poles, signs
or any other fixtures.
IDENTIFY
Classify the type of hazard in
terms of how it might affect your
speed or direction of travel.
PREDICT
Evaluate the dangers associated
with the hazard and how you
could react to it.
DECIDE
Choose a reaction that ensures
everyone’s safety.
EXECUTE
Carry out the chosen action.
Each manoeuvre has its own specific sequence of actions that form part of the defensive driving system. These sequences, which are
explained in the pages that follow, must be followed. The following table explains the terminology used to describe the sequence, and
shows the icons that will be used to help you.
Icon
Action
Explanation
Observe
This is a 360° observation. Look to the front, to the sides, in the mirrors and the blind
spots so that you know what’s going on all around your vehicle and to see if it is safe
behind you. Your wheels should always be straight when you check in the blind spots.
Look in the mirrors
Look in the rear-view mirrors to see if it is safe behind and alongside the vehicle.
Check the blind spot(s)
Turn your head and look over your shoulder into the blind spot on the side to which
you intend moving to ensure that it is safe to change direction. Your wheels should
always be straight when you check in the blind spots.
109
LIGHT MOTOR VEHICLES
4
3
1
12
3
8
4
2
9
16
12
6
5
11
4
1
2
11
4
14
15
5
9
10
17
13
7
13
18
10
7
6
1
15
14
8
Exterior inspection
Interior inspection
1. On approach, check under the vehicle for leaks or obstructions.
2. Unlock all the doors.
3. Inspect the vehicle for possible damage from the top to bottom, in
an anti-clockwise direction.
4. Ensure that the mirrors are not broken, and are secure and clean.
5. Check the windows and windscreen for damage and cleanliness.
6. Check the wiper blades for damage and leave them extended
during the inspection.
7. Check the tyres for damage, wear, tread depth, valve cap and
inflation.
8. Check the wheels for damage, grease or oil leaks, and the
wheel nuts (if no hub cap is fitted) – visual inspection only.
9. Check all the lights, lenses and reflectors for damage, and that
they are secure and clean.
10. Check the vehicle for damaged or loose panels or grilles.
11. Make sure that the bonnet, bumpers and exhaust are secure.
12. Make sure that the number plates are secure and clean and that
the light is working.
13. Check that the licence disc is valid and secure.
14. Check the doors for opening, and the operation of the window
winders and seat belts for stability and damage.
15. Check any information plates and chevrons for damage,
cleanliness, stability and validity.
16. Mention that the oil, water, brake fluid and fan belt have been
checked.
17. Mention that the spare wheel, jack and wheel spanner should be
checked.
18. Check that the fuel cap is secure.
After the exterior inspection you will be asked to get into the vehicle
and operate the lights, indicators, wipers and hooter (horn). Operate
the controls as required and then conduct the interior inspection.
1. F
rom the driver's seat, ensure that the parking brake is applied
and that the gear lever is in neutral (or P or N for automatic
vehicles).
2. Check for obstructions inside the vehicle.
3. Check for warning lights and gauges, where applicable.
4. Adjust the seat to the correct driving position and set the
mirrors for maximum rear-view vision.
5. Turn the ignition key to the ‘on’ position without starting the engine.
6. Check the operation of any electric windows.
7. Check all the instruments on the instrument panel and mention
any changes.
8. Check the operation of the front and rear lights, indicators,
horn and wipers.
9. Switch the ignition off and return all switches to the ‘off’ position.
10. Check the steering for excessive free-play.
11. Check the pressure on the brake and clutch pedals.
12. Return the wipers to the normal position.
13. Check that the doors are properly closed and that any
passengers know how to operate them.
14. Fasten your seat belt and request any passengers to fasten theirs.
15. Ensure that the passengers know how to operate the seat belt
release mechanism.
112
HEAVY MOTOR VEHICLES AND VEHICLES TOWING A TRAILER OVER 750 KG (cont.)
1. From the driver’s seat ensure that the handbrake is applied and
that the gear lever is in neutral (or in P or N for automatic vehicles).
2. Check for obstructions inside the vehicle.
3. Check for warning lights and gauges, where applicable.
4. Adjust the driver's seat for the correct driving position and set
the mirrors for maximum rear-view vision.
5. Turn the ignition key to the ‘on’ position without starting the engine.
6. Check the operation of any electric windows.
7. C
heck all the instruments on the instrument panel. Mention any changes.
8. Check the operation of the front and rear lights, indicators, horn
and wipers.
9. Switch the ignition off and return all switches to the ‘off’ position.
10. Check the steering for excessive free-play.
11. Check the pressure on the brake and clutch pedals.
12. Return the wipers to the normal position.
13. Check that all the doors are properly closed and that
passengers know how to operate them.
14. Fasten your seat belt and request any passengers to fasten theirs.
15. Ensure that the passengers know how to operate the seat belt
release mechanism.
4
12
7
8
3
10
2
11
1
5
9
13
6
4
14
14
15
Interior inspection
(The interior inspection is often
conducted before the exterior inspection. Be prepared for either
sequence of inspections.)
Note: In the event of there being a minor defect,
you may be allowed to rectify it.
MOTORCYCLES
4. Check the brake disc(s) for wear, if possible.
5. Check the shock absorbers/forks for damage, security and
oil leaks.
6. Check the mudguards for damage and security.
7. Check the lights and reflectors for damage, cleanliness and security.
8. Check the indicators for damage, cleanliness and security.
9. Check the windscreen/fairing for damage, cleanliness and security,
if applicable.
10. Check the controls, cables, mirror and clutch fluid level, if
applicable, for damage, cleanliness, security and operation.
11. Check the fuel tap/valve for damage, security, leaks and operation.
12. Check the gear lever for damage and security.
13. Check any side-covers for damage and security.
14. Mention that the battery should be checked for damage, security
and fluid level.
15. Check the footrests, chain guard, chain (tension and
lubrication) and the exhaust for damage and security.
16. Check the rear number plate for damage, cleanliness and security,
and that the number plate light is working.
17. Check the seat for damage, cleanliness and security.
18. Check the foot brake for free play, damage and security, and the
brake fluid level, if applicable.
19. Check the fuel tank and filler cap for security and leakage.
20. Mention that the coolant and engine oil levels should be checked,
if applicable.
21. Check any radiator for damage and security.
22. Check the licence token for validity, cleanliness and security.
10
7
6
4
9
8
12 19
20
21
5
15
3
2
11
16
17
13
14
22
18
1
Off the motorcycle
1. O
n approach, check under the motorcycle for obvious leaks
and/or obstructions.
2. Check for damage, preferably from top to bottom, and from left to
right, while moving in an anti-clockwise direction.
3. Check the wheels for tread depth, wear and damage, sidewall
damage, inflation, valve cap, spokes, wheel hub, oil and grease
leaks (visual inspection only).
114
17
THE YARD TEST
For light motor vehicles, heavy motor vehicles and vehicles towing a trailer over 750 kg
PURPOSE
The purpose of the yard test is to check how well you handle your vehicle in the time allowed. Some testing centres allow learner drivers
to practise the manoeuvres after working hours in the yard where the official test is conducted. Ask your driving instructor to arrange for
you to use the yard if this is permitted in your area. This will give you the opportunity to become familiar with the test area.
WHAT THE TEST COVERS
During this part of the test, which is done in an area that is closed to normal traffic, stopping will be permitted at any stage during
certain manoeuvres. Should the test be terminated at any stage, the full test must be repeated. Touching any obstacle or mounting
a kerb is not allowed. The examiner will give you the instructions for each manoeuvre. The test includes the following:
Light motor vehicles
Heavy motor vehicles and vehicles towing
a trailer over 750 kg (licence code EB)
20 minutes for the pre-trip inspection and test.
30 minutes for the pre-trip inspection and test.
Signalling and observing, as if on a public road, is required.
Signalling and observing, as if on a public road, is required.
Wearing seat belts is not necessary.
Wearing seat belts is not necessary.
All traffic signs, signals and markings must be obeyed.
All traffic signs, signals and markings must be obeyed.
No uncontrolled or dangerous actions may be made.
No uncontrolled or dangerous actions may be made.
The principles of defensive driving must be applied.
The principles of defensive driving must be applied.
The push-pull steering method is not required.
The push-pull steering method is not required.
Alley docking to the left and right (2 attempts each).
Alley docking to the right (2 attempts).
A three-point turn in the road (1 attempt).
A left turn (1 attempt).
Parallel parking from the left and the right (2 attempts each).Parallel parking without a trailer from the left and the right (2 attempts
each) – code EB only.
–
Reversing in a straight line (1 attempt).
An incline start (1 attempt).
An incline start (1 attempt).
119
THE ROAD LAYOUT REQUIREMENTS (Cont.)
REMEMBER
4m
Stopping and moving off in the same direction
during a manoeuvre is not counted as an
additional movement.
40 m
If you stop for more than 5 seconds you must do
a complete observation before moving off again.
for Reversing in a straight
line (HMV only)
An area 40 m long and 4 m wide.
THE MANOEUVRES
3 Signal your intention
4 Select the correct gear
5O
btain clutch control
(manual vehicles)
6 Observe 360°
POSITIONING FOR A MANOEUVRE
In the yard test you must position the
vehicle in preparation for each manoeuvre.
1 Stop where instructed
LEAVING AN AREA AFTER
A MANOEUVRE
7 Release the handbrake
When you have completed a manoeuvre,
you must drive out of the demarcated area
without touching any obstacles, and follow
the examiner’s instructions.
8 Steer out of the area
9 Cancel the signal
1 Check the mirrors
2 Cancel the signal if applicable
2 Check the blind spot
3 Apply the handbrake
4 Select neutral (N) or park (P)
121
THE MANOEUVRES (Cont.)
�
1C
heck the mirrors and the
blind spot
�
6m
2.5 m
2 Signal
3 Select the appropriate gear
�
4O
btain clutch control
(manual vehicles)
three-POINT TURN IN THE ROAD
(LMV only)
ALLEY DOCKING (LMV from the left
and right; HMV from the right only)
You will be instructed to drive to a particular
area and execute a turn in the road.
This manoeuvre must be completed in
three move­ments only, without bumping any
kerbs, and the vehicle must end up facing
in the opposite direction, on the left-hand
side of the road. You will be allowed only
one attempt to complete the manoeuvre
successfully.
Repeat this sequence for each of the
three move­ments:
You will have to reverse into a demarcated
parking bay and then drive out again (LMV
– from both the left and the right). You will
be allowed only two attempts to complete
the manoeuvre provided that no obstacle
has been touched. You must not bump the
kerb or any obstacles, or change direction
during the manoeuvre.
Stopping is allowed at any stage. One
forward movement may be permitted for
each attempt by combination vehicles
(i.e. a truck pulling a trailer) only. Should
you touch the line with any wheel, the test
wil be discontinued.
The testing officer will direct you to the
testing area and instruct you to perform
the manoeuvre.
1C
heck the mirrors and the
blind spot
2 Signal
5 Observe 360°
6 Release the handbrake
7 Move off
8 Check the blind spot
9 Steer
10 Stop as instructed
11 Apply the handbrake
3 Select the correct gear
12 Select neutral (N) or park (P)
4O
btain clutch control
(manual vehicles)
13 Cancel the signal
5 Observe 360°
6 Release the handbrake
REMEMBER
7M
ove off towards the other
side of the road
8C
ounter-steer in the other
direction as you stop
9 Stop
Make sure your signals can be clearly seen
from the front, from behind and from
the side.
Always check the blind spot/s just before
changing direction.
10 Apply the handbrake
123
18
THE
MOTORCYCLE
TEST
WHAT THE TEST COVERS
•T
he test is conducted off the road. A specially prepared track is used to test your riding skills. You will be required to perform certain
manoeuvres without stalling or rolling, and respond to different light signals. Each manoeuvre must meet certain standards that are
measured in respect of distance and/or time.
• During the test you must perform observations and give signals as though you were on a public road and you must wear a properly
fastened crash helmet. Immediately after moving off, both feet must be placed on the rider’s footrests. Both wheels must remain in
contact with the road at all times, and all road signs, signals, rules and markings must be obeyed.
The testing officer will be examining:
• How well you control the motorcycle.
• How you comply with the rules of the road, road signs, signals and road markings.
• Your use of the system of vehicle control: observation, signalling and road safety.
PA RT ONE O F T HE T E S T
ON
OFF
ON
3C
heck the gauges and
warning lights
4E
nsure neutral (N) is selected
(green light)
5M
ove the engine ‘kill’ switch to
the ‘run’ position
6 Operate the choke if necessary
STARTING THE ENGINE
You must demonstrate your ability to use the
controls correctly to start the engine and to
check the working of the lights, indicators
and horn while maintaining your balance.
7S
tart the engine and release
the starting mechanism
8C
ancel the choke once the
engine is running smoothly
1 Open the fuel valve
2T
urn the ignition switch to the
‘on’ position without starting
126
REMEMBER
Both wheels must
remain in contact
with the road at all
times, and all road
signs, signals, rules
and markings must
be obeyed.
19
THE ROAD TEST
For light motor vehicles, heavy motor vehicles and vehicles towing a trailer over 750 kg.
PURPOSE
The purpose of the road test is to evaluate how well you handle the vehicle in traffic and your compliance with the rules of the road,
road traffic signs and signals, and road markings. The examiner will also want to see how well you cope with other traffic, hazards
and route problems in a practical driving situation on public roads. In addition, the examiner will want to see your application of the
defensive driving system in the correct sequence, as well as your courtesy towards other road users.
Sixty five percent of the route must be on public roads in an urban area. The test route should consist of the following:
• a tarred multi-lane road containing a minimum of two controlled intersections and clearly demarcated road markings;
• at least one 4-way stop intersection;
• at least four intersections controlled by stop signs or traffic lights;
• two right turns must be made at these intersections where there are no flashing green arrows;
• at least one intersection controlled by a Yield sign where the applicant must give way;
• at least one intersection controlled by a Yield sign where the applicant has right of way;
• a quiet street for the emergency stop.
T HE T E S T
The following pages cover the manouevres and driving situations on which you will be tested. You must follow
the K53 procedure in the correct sequences as shown in the panels.
TRAFFIC control SIGNALS
You must demonstrate the correct response
to traffic control signals given by authorised
individuals. Be sure you know the rules of
the road and the meaning of all the signals.
1 Check the mirrors
7 Stop if necessary
2 Signal
8 Select 1st gear
3 Obey the traffic signal
9 Observe 360°
4 Check the mirrors
10 M
ove off when signalled
to do so
5 Slow down
Note:
6S
elect a lower gear if necessary
and proceed if it is safe
Authorised individuals include: police or
traffic officers in uniform, scholar patrols,
road workmen, persons leading, riding
or driving bovine animals, signalmen at
level crossings and drivers of emergency
vehicles sounding a device or bell.
133
THE TEST (Cont.)
5 Signal
6 Check the mirrors again
7 Apply the brake if necessary
8 Select a lower gear if necessary
CHANGING LANES
OVERTAKING
You must demonstrate the correct and safe
use of traffic lanes. Don’t change lanes
while crossing an intersection.
You must demonstrate your ability to
overtake vehicles and hazards safely.
Maintain a clear space and safe approaching/
following distance for maximum visibility.
1C
heck the mirrors and both
blind spots
9 Check the blind spot
10 S
teer past the hazard while
maintaining a clear space
1O
bey all roads signs, signals,
rules and markings
11 Cancel the signal
2 Check the blind spot
12 Accelerate if necessary
3P
osition the vehicle for
maximum visibility
13 If intending to return to your
lane, check the mirrors and
relevant blind spot before
signalling
2 Signal
3O
bey all traffic signs and
markings
4 Check the appropriate blind spot
4C
heck the mirrors and the
blind spot
5 Steer
6 Cancel the signal
1C
heck in the mirrors and the
relevant blind spot
NoteS:
Where more than one lane is changed in
one movement, the appropriate blind spot
must be checked prior to crossing each
lane line.
Where the lane next to you does not
continue, you will be penalised for not
checking the blind spot to that side.
note
When being overtaken,
check the mirrors
and blind spots and
move to the other side
of your lane without
accelerating.
2 Position the vehicle in the centre
or far side of your lane
3D
o not accelerate while being
overtaken
being overtaken
You must demonstrate the correct response
when being overtaken.
134
Note:
The test will be discontinued if you increase
speed while being overtaken on the righthand side of a road with two-way traffic.
20
practical
driving test
This section gives you the opportunity to do a practical driving test similar to the one that you will do for the official driver's licence test.
•Y
ou should do this test only once you and your instructor are confident that you can handle the vehicle competently in all the required
manoeuvres and that you know all the requirements for defensive driving that have been included in the previous sections of this book.
•T
o gain extra confidence, you should do this test more than once before going for the official test. Allow your instructor to check each
point on this list and tick either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for each question as you do the test.
•T
he actual test is scored in terms of ‘penalty points’ that are allocated in respect of infringements of the test requirements. In some
cases, a single infringement will result in up to five penalty points.
•Y
ou will fail the pre-trip inspection and yard test if you take longer than 20 minutes (30 minutes for heavy motor vehicles) to carry them
out, and you will fail the driving test if you are allocated 50 or more penalty points.
•Y
ou will fail the road test if you are allocated more than an average of 8 penalty points per minute. This means that if the test took
20 minutes (the minimum time allowed), you may not have more than 160 (20 x 8) penalty points.
• In the test below, the number of penalty points per infringement is indicated in brackets. The shaded boxes indicate critical areas
(immediate failure).
T h e p r e - t ri p i ns pe ct i o n
This part of the test is divided into two sections and must be carried out in a place away from traffic.
The exterior inspection
(LMV and HMV only)
Did the candidate:
Check under the vehicle for oil leaks/obstructions? (1)
Check the condition of the wipers? (1)
Check the fuel cap? (1)
Check the condition of the tyres/wheels (HMV only)? (1)
Check the reflectors? (1)
Check all the lenses? (1)
Check the engine compartment for oil leaks? (1)
Check the fifth wheel couplings (HMV only)? (5)
The interior inspection
(LMV and HMV only)
YES / NO
Motorcycles only
Did the candidate:
Check under the motorcycle for leaks and obstructions? (1)
Check the mirrors for damage, cleanliness and security? (1)
Check the chain tension and lubrication? (1)
Check the condition of the tyres (wheels)? (1)
Check the forks and shock absorbers for damage,
security and oil leaks? (1)
YES / NO
Did the candidate:
Check that all the doors were closed? (2)
Check that the handbrake was on? (1)
Select ‘neutral’ or ‘park’? (1)
Check for obstructions in the vehicle? (1)
Adjust the seat? (1)
Adjust the rear-view mirrors? (2)
YES / NO
Did the candidate check the operation of:
The lights? (1)
The indicators? (1)
The wipers? (1)
The hooter? (1)
YES / NO
141
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our sincere thanks to the Southern African Advanced Driving Academy, in particular RW Chandler, for carefully reviewing the technical
and instructional content of the first edition of this manual, and for endorsing and recommending it for use by all aspirant learner’s and
driver’s licence candidates. We also wish to thank Pat Allen, national president of the Southern African Institute of Driving Instructors,
and Howard Dembovsky, director, Justice Project South Africa, for their assistance with the latest content updates.
Clive Gibson, Gavin Hoole, Bata Passchier
Struik Lifestyle
(an imprint of Random House Struik (Pty) Ltd)
Company Reg. No. 1966/003153/07
80 McKenzie Street, Cape Town 8001
PO Box 1144, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.randomstruik.co.za
First published in 2005 by Struik Publishers
Reprinted in 2006
Second edition published in 2007. Reprinted in 2007, 2008, 2009
Third edition published by Struik Lifestyle in 2011
Copyright © in published edition: Random House Struik (Pty) Ltd 2005, 2007, 2011
Copyright © in text: Engage the Brain Training Systems 2005, 2007, 2011
Copyright © in illustrations: Engage the Brain Training Systems 2005, 2007, 2011
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, electronic, digital, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission
of the publishers and the copyright holders.
Publisher: Linda de Villiers
Managing editor: Cecilia Barfield
Editors: Samantha Fick, Joy Clack, Gill Gordon
Designers: Janine Cloete, Beverley Dodd
Illustrator: Darren McLean
DTP: Clinton Griffin
ISBN 978-1-43170-031-8 (Print)
ISBN 978-1-43170-036-3 (Epub)
ISBN 978-1-43170-038-7 (PDF ebook)
Please note:
The National Road Traffic Act and regulations, and the test requirements, are revised by the authorities from time to time. This book is
constantly updated to incorporate such changes, and every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and current validity of the
information provided therein. Nevertheless, the Publishers and the Authors shall not be held responsible or liable in any way whatsoever
for any omissions or errors contained herein, whether due to timing of the release of the updated editions or for any other reason.