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Group 3 BGN334 Assignment 1
Diploma in Building (Universiti Teknologi MARA)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
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DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
DIPLOMA IN BUILDING
SITE MANAGEMENT (BGN334)
AP1166B
ASSIGNMENT 1
SITE SUPERVISION
PREPARED BY:
NAME
MATRIKS NO.
ANISYA SABILLA BINTI MOHD TAUFIQ EDWARD
2019446184
NUR FARZANA AYINA BINTI RAHIMIE
2019412798
NUR NATASYA BINTI MOHD ISA
2019288898
NURUL SYAMIMI HANA BINTI NGAINI
2019250968
PREPARED FOR:
TS. NORMILA AHMAD
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TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLES
i
LIST OF FIGURES
ii
1.0 SITE SUPERVISION
1
2.0 SCOPE OF STUDY
2
3.0 METHOD OF STUDY
2
4.0 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT/CASE STUDY
3
5.0 QUALITY OF MATERIALS
4
5.1 Field test on site to ensure the quality of materials
5
5.2 Purchase & delivery order
8
5.3 Inspection of quality and quantity of materials
6.0 QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP
10
11
6.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC)
11
6.2 Methodology
12
6.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
16
8.0 CONCLUSION
17
REFERENCES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 5.1.1 1 Period of storage and % of 28-days strength
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 6.2. 1 Steps of Methodology
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Figure 6.2. 2 Defect found in <Projek Menaiktaraf Klinik Pergigian Tronoh=
12
Figure 6.2. 3 Uneven size of column
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Figure 6.2. 4 Compacting Defect
13
Figure 6.2. 5 Poor Plastering & Finishing
14
Figure 6.2. 6 Honeycomb Issues
14
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1.0 SITE SUPERVISION
The definition of site supervision is monitoring and supervision of construction
activities on the job site by an independent party. The parties are called site supervisor.
Construction site supervisors keep watch on the progress of projects and verify that all
safety requirements are followed. The site supervisor will usually report to the project
manager and closely work with the site foreman, who is in charge of organising
construction activity on site. They are in charge of supervising construction employees and
subcontractors, as well as educating them on site safety procedures and evaluating
employee performance.
The majority of infrastructure fails as a result of a lack of competent and professional
supervision, resulting in the loss of life and property. When it comes to preventing
accidents, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has recognised supervision as a
"Performance Influencing Factor". It was also a role in a number of high-profile incidents
in the past, including the Piper Alpha oil rig fire in 1998 and the Milford Haven oil refinery
explosion and fires in 1994. That’s way it’s important for site supervisor to ensure the
quality of materials and workmanship because construction of industrial facilities is a tough
operation that demands careful consideration of numerous factors, including material
quality, on-site safety, compliance issues, and deadlines. In sum, the main role of supervisor
to follow up the execution of a project with the design , specification and appropriate legal
and social practice. The benefits of site supervision is, get to maintain the quality of the
work and necessary to maintain a safe working environment in order to avoid injuries at
site. Other than that, employees will complete their jobs on time if they are constantly
monitored. To complete the project on time, employees must adhere to strict deadlines. As
a result, the organisation will profit from greater productivity.
The aim of this study is to determine the practice on site to ensure the quality of
materials on how the quality and quantity materials are checked when it arrived and the
practice on site to ensure the quality of workmanship on supervision of labours, inspection
and non-conformance items to ensure the quality.
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2.0 SCOPE OF STUDY
The case study is conducted to understand how site supervision is operated in the
construction site project, the project title that is chosen is < Project Menaik Taraf Klinik
Pergigian Tronoh Kinta Perak < In addition, this study pursues to describe all related
process required to be applied on the site supervision. This stage includes all the
progress activities associated with
a.
Ensuring the quality of materials, the standard operating procedure for purchase
order and delivery order and how the quality and quantity materials are checked
when it arrived.
b.
Ensuring the quality of workmanship and the standard operating procedure for
supervision of labours, inspection and non-conformance items to ensure the
quality.
3.0 METHOD OF STUDY
The research of case study on site supervision has been carried out by using several
methods in gaining more information for <Projek Menaiktaraf Klinik Pergigian Tronoh.=
i.
Observation
Observation method is the most frequent method use as it has been done throughout the
wholepractical training directly by daily site visit for the whole period. The information
collected are based on all the activities occurred at site construction with guidance by site
supervisors. All the information is collected using mobile device by taking photos and
recording videos of site activities such as work progress, equipment and machineries used
in any process.
ii.
Interview
Interview method also plays a big role as it has been carried out by having interview
sessions with Site Supervisor from Company Architect, Sharifahnur Binti Mohd Wazir
which has been carried out this site project. Many information and new knowledge on
construction were gained from the interview.
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iii.
Book
Book also have been one of the sources of information as books are made as a reference
to understand better about substructure works and other construction works related to
building scope. Books additionally demonstrates the correlation of how theory are not quite
the same as what reallyoccur on construction site.
iv.
Internet
There are many internet websites that have been referred to as a secondary source in
gaining more information about frame structure and method of concrete and installation
works. Internet have been a great helper in achieving more knowledge related to
construction of superstructure incontext of articles and visuals.
v.
Research
Based on all drawings provided, there are much information achieve by doing studies
on structural plans and drawings of related process of construction. Architectural drawings
also helpa lot to foresee on the outcome of all the construction process related to the case
study.
4.0 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT/CASE STUDY
The project selected for this case study is a government dental clinic which is <Projek
Menaiktaraf Klinik Pergigian Tronoh= that is based in Ipoh, Perak. This is one of the
MOH’s programs that was created and implemented to provide the best possible oral health
outcomes for the use of the people and the local population. It is a proposed additional
building of tronoh dental clinic containing 1 block of dental clinic 2 levels on LOT PT
170, Mukim Belanja, Kinta District, Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan for Ministry of Health
or best known as Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. This dental clinic located near the
Tronoh Health Clinic as shown in figure below and cost Ringgit Malaysia three million
three hundred ninety-nine thousand two hundred eight and five cents only.
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Figure 4. 1 Satellite Map of Tronoh Dental Clinic Location
This proposed and additional building project covers 2 levels of 1 block dental clinic
and took about two years or accurately 104 weeks to build as it started on 19th of February
2017 and completed on 20th of February 2019. The contractor that successful bidding in
tender is AFS BINA SDN BHD being given the honour to complete this project. A few
other consultants involved are architectural consultant BADRUL HISHAM ARCHITECT,
civil and structural engineer PRIMA REKA KONSULTAN SDN BHD, mechanical and
electrical engineer PERUNDING HPL SDN BHD and material surveyor MOKHNAR
ASSOCIATES. This whole organization is being advised and supervised by the
engineering services division under Ministry of Health Malaysia. This project also is one
of joint ventures of the government and contractor involved to improve health facilities for
the public.
5.0 QUALITY OF MATERIALS
Materials management involves the practice of planning, carrying out, and regulating
field and office operations in the construction industry. The purpose of materials management
is to keep that building supplies are accessible when required. This system strives to guarantee
that the necessary quality and quantity of materials are identified, purchased, delivered, and
managed on site in an efficient and cost-effective procedure. As a result, materials control is
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an important aspect of construction projects. Materials are a key expenditure in construction,
therefore lowering procurement prices increases the chances of lowering overall project
expenses. Hence, weak materials management can contribute to increased construction costs,
whereas excellent materials management can lead to significant project cost reductions. In this
part, there are a few processes to ensure the quality of materials:
i.
Field test on site to ensure the quality of materials
ii.
Purchase and delivery order
iii.
Inspection of quality and quantity of materials
5.1 Field test on site to ensure the quality of materials
i.
Cement
When the cement arrives, it must be verified, particularly the date of
manufacturing on the cement bag, to ensure that it is brand new. Aside from
the manufacturing date, the name of the producer, the type of cement, and
the cement grade must all be examined to ensure that we have received the
proper product. This is to ensure that we have new cement, which is stronger
and more effective than stored cement. The table below demonstrates the
variations in cement strength between fresh cement and stored cement after
a few months.
Period of storage
% of 28-days strength
Fresh
100%
3 months
80%
6 months
70%
12 months
60%
Table 5.1.1 1 Period of storage and % of 28-days strength
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Figure 5.1 1 Cement on site project
Next, the cement should be examined to ensure that there are no lumps
present by holding a cement in one hand. As a result, the cement should
have a cooling impact. Aside from that, the cement should be inspected by
pinching between fingers to ensure a smooth texture. In addition, if a
quantity of cement is dropped into water, it should float immediately before
sinking.
Following that, the test is performed accurately by using 100mg of cement
to produce a firm paste, preparing a dough with sharp edges, placing it on a
glass plate, and immersing it in water. By doing this test, the shape should
be static and stable, and it should be set and strong.
ii.
Sand
The presence of salt in sand is determined by its texture. Take a handful of
sand and rub it between fingers to test the quality of the sand. When doing
this test, the sand should be both dry and saturated. Furthermore, it is also
mixed with sodium hydroxide or caustic soda solution to identify organic
compounds in sand. As a consequence, a clear liquid indicates that no
organic contaminants are present. If a coloration shows the existence of
organic contaminants, it signifies that they are present.
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iii.
Coarse Aggregates
For coarse aggregate, it should be examined by looking at the colour of it
and make sure it is light blue colour (colour of Granite stone) as shown in
the figure below. Moreover, aggregates should have an angular form and
not be flaky. The angular aggregates outperform the rounded aggregates.
This is due to the fact that angular particles have a stronger interlocking
effect in concrete and a larger surface area.
iv.
Water
The water used in the manufacture and curing of concrete and mortar must
be free of organic debris, oils, acids, salts, and other substances.
Furthermore, the pH of the water should be 6 or above to ensure that it is
neutral.
v.
Bricks
The quality of bricks is determined by dropping it from a height of one metre
onto hard ground; it should not shatter. For this project, we noticed a few
bricks that were slightly fractured.
Figure 5.1 2 Slightly fractured brick
vi.
Steel Reinforcement
The steel used should be of high quality and rust-free.
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5.2 Purchase & delivery order
A purchase order is a document that certifies a building material order submitted
from a buyer to a material supplier or equipment rental company. When a purchase
order is approved, a formal contract is formed between the two parties that
establishes fundamental conditions such as price, payment terms, and time for
execution. A purchase order may be followed by a formal contract that outlines the
connection and the agreement's expectations. There are a few steps in purchase
order procedure according to CIDB guidelines:
i.
i.
Identify material listing & establish purchasing plan
ii.
Approval by Quantity Surveyor
iii.
Price comparison for the purchase
iv.
Issue purchase order
v.
Verification on receive and store
vi.
Retain evidence of purchase
Identify material listing & establish purchasing plan
In this step, SOP for Construction Material Procurement must be
established. This is to ensure that only items that fulfil the standards are
identified and controlled, and that only those products that are received are
sent to the construction site.
ii.
Approval by Quantity Surveyor
For this step, there must be an Approved Material Listing. The Approved
Material Listing is a list of items that the Quantity Surveyor has inspected,
tested, and approved for use in construction. Below is the sample of
Approved Material Listing (for civil and structure work) for this project.
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Figure 5.2. 1 Approved Material List
iii.
Price comparison for the purchase
In this method, at least 2 price comparison must be done for the purchase.
As evidence, the contractor must have method statement planning which is
the requirement for supplier. This method helps them to evaluate the
different quotations and understand which is the most competitive.
iv.
Issue purchase order
Purchasing plan is one of the documents needed in issue purchase order
process. This process is known as creating objectives and techniques to gain
the most value in a certain purchase. Besides, the purchasing plan need to
be as per verified Bill of Quantities such as preliminaries, piling works,
building works, mechanical works, electrical works, infrastructure works,
provisional sum and final summary. A purchase order must be created and
issued by the contractor. In bigger organisations, the purchase order is often
issued by the contract manager or construction department. In smaller
businesses, the purchase order may be issued by the contractor, operations
manager, or quantity surveyor.
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v.
Verification on receive and store
This process includes delivery order and material received note. A delivery
order is a document issued by the owner of merchandise, client, shipper, or
carrier to another party. In the construction industry, the supplier will give
the delivery order to the contractor's on-site supervisor. There are a few
steps the SOP of order fulfilment:
1. Receiving inventory - Receiving inventory is the process of gathering
items and storing it in the supplier's firm storage facility or the logistics
provider's fulfilment centre.
2. Quality check - The quality control step determines if the items are in
exportable condition.
3. Packing - Packing is the step at which order products that have been
selected from the shelves are packed and labelled as 'ready-todispatch'.
4. Shipping/delivery – Shipping/delivery is the process through which
orders marked as ready-to-dispatch are picked up from a storage
facility or fulfilment centre and delivered to the site.
vi.
Retain evidence of purchase
Retain evidence of purchase is document or receipt as evidence showing
that the material was bought.
5.3 Inspection of quality and quantity of materials
After the materials arrive on site, the site supervisor must double-check the quality
specifications and quantity of the items to ensure they are the exact amount and
product. Ready-mix concrete is one of the materials that should have its quality
tested, and slump and cube tests must be performed on-site.
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6.0 QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP
Workmanship is defined as a human attribute relating to knowledge and skills at
performing a task. This indicates that skill level will influence the quality of workmanship,
which in turn can have a positive or negative influence on rework and project costs (Love
et al., 1999). The term "quality workmanship" refers to a holistic strategy to improving the
construction's longevity, serviceability, and safety. Workmanship with higher standards is
a constructive and humanistic approach to productive management that aims to bring all
levels of the workforce and expertise in an organization together to set high standards and
achieve better results. Quality craftsmanship equips employees and workers to confront
the demands of changing times and situations in an increasingly competitive market,
(Thamilarasu V, Rajprasad J, 2017).
(Mailvaganam and Collins 2004) studied the influence of workmanship on the installation
of elastomeric waterproofing membranes. They discovered that the final product's
endurance is determined not just by the material attributes, but also by the craftsmanship.
The study found that workers frequently use incorrect working practices while on the job
owing to a lack of on-site training, resulting in the delivery of a low-quality product.
6.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC)
The success of most projects is determined by the quality of craftsmanship, not just the
quality of materials, and therefore necessitates strong quality control. The two components
of quality management are quality assurance and quality control. While certain actions in
quality assurance and quality control overlap, the two are defined differently. Quality
assurance, or the method or collection of processes used to measure and ensure a product's
quality, and quality control, or the process of ensuring products and services satisfy
customer expectations, are referred to as QA/QC. While quality assurance is concerned
with the process and focuses on defect avoidance, whereas quality control is concerned
with the product and focuses on fault detection emphasized by (Lance B. Coleman).
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6.2 Methodology
These few steps of identification are commonly used by quality management to determine
which factor contributed the most to poor workmanship quality. To verify the efficacy of
the jobs, an examination of the building is required. The procedures utilized in this project
are depicted in a basic methodology step below.
Identification of
Defects
Site Inspection
Discussions
Conclusion and
Recommendations
Figure 6.2. 1 Steps of Methodology
1. Site Inspection
Quality control inspections verify that the completed construction work fulfils
the established quality requirements. It also ensures that the project adheres to
all of the contract agreements' specifications and quality criteria. Regular site
walkthroughs are part of this process, and they usually result in a monthly
quality report that identifies issues and tracks progress. Site walkthroughs check
that everything has been finished in line with the contract documents as part of
the final inspection and construction closeout process. The structure is ready for
its intended purpose or occupancy if this is established.
2. Identification of the Defects
Uneven size of column
Compaction Defect
Poor
Workmanship
Plastering & Finishing
Issues
Honeycomb Issues
Figure 6.2. 2 Defect found in <Projek Menaiktaraf Klinik Pergigian Tronoh=
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Uneven Size of Column
Figure 6.2. 3 Uneven size of column
Compaction Defect
Figure 6.2. 4 Compacting Defect
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Plastering & Finishing Issues
Figure 6.2. 5 Poor Plastering & Finishing
Honeycomb Issues
Figure 6.2. 6 Honeycomb Issues
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3. Discussion
Uneven size of Column
When measuring and calculating, employees must be mistaken reading the instruction or could
be there was a misunderstanding among the workers. Column as the main and crucial part in
constructing the building might give the worst effect in stabilizing after construction finished.
The superior workers or supervisor should take action in observing and making sure every
detail being used and planted correctly. This careless mistake could also harm workers at the
construction site.
Compaction Defect
Partially expelled air and poor settling of aggregates in the building component happens as a
result of faulty compaction processes and worsens with time. Internal, external, and surface
vibration procedures should be carried out by trained employees under the direction of an
experienced supervisor. In the current situation, needle vibration is considered to be the most
successful and cost-effective technique of compacting cement concrete since it comes in many
sizes and the rate of vibration is optimal when compared to other existing compaction methods.
Plastering & Finishing Issues
Poor adherence caused by poor adsorption on the surface causes problems when plastering
concrete surfaces. It is because, the thermal expansion characteristic of limestone or aggregate
having traces of granite is substantially lower, the mix of limestone or aggregate containing
traces of granite has a larger risk of failure.
Honeycomb Issue
Honeycomb formation along the matrix is reduced to a larger extent by using the proper design
mix, optimal workability at the time of concreting, nominal cover for the steel reinforcement,
and efficient vibrating techniques. Honeycomb difficulties can be avoided by using surface
pressure grouting with cement-based chemicals.
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6.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
In the construction sector, one of the most important project objectives is quality. There
are several aspects that go into establishing high quality on the job site, and one of the
most important is craftsmanship. The majority of faults and breakdowns in the building
structure are caused by poor workmanship. Problems arising out of uneven size of
column, improper compaction techniques, plastering and finishing issues, honeycomb
problems and other failures occur due to negligence of the supervision of the concerned
organization. This led to the key conclusion that, in addition to the employees'
knowledge and abilities, their competence level is influenced by their behavior, attitude,
and motivation, which has an impact on the craftsmanship, which has to be improved.
As a result, in addition to existing apprenticeship training programs, where the training
curriculum is more focused on improving the workers' practical knowledge and skills,
training programs are also required to upgrade the workers' behavior, attitude, and
motivation, which, if not addressed, can subtly affect even the positive output gained
from improved skills and knowledge.
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8.0 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, the investigation assessed the quality of materials and craftsmanship used.
On the subject of material quality, a system should be followed to ensure that everything is
in order, while the quality of craftsmanship bolsters the construction's characteristics.
Furthermore, the Contractor's site supervision must be of high quality, as it is crucial to the
overall success of a construction project. Effective inspections and programmes establish a
process for clarifying standards and requirements, establishing means and methods for
managing the process, defining responsibilities and accountabilities, and adding another
avenue to manage the supply chain more effectively, all while reducing misunderstanding
and ensuring the quality of materials and workmanship. It will also efficiently support and
manage data gathering, identify performance differences and nonconforming work, and
significantly boost efficiency by minimizing defects and enhancing communication with the
design team and the project owner. The contractor's project delivery will improve,
increasing productivity, eliminating or reducing waste, and eventually improving
profitability, if all parties engaged are consistent and site supervision is efficient.
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