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For and against - problem of evil and suffering"For (Christian Responses)Against God gave human beings free will. Moral evil is caused by human choices & actions. God does not interfere because He does not wish to take away free-will.To take away free-will would remove our humanity. ""You, my brothers and sisters, were called to be free."" Galatians 5:13Omnipotency - would be able to prevent or end suffering""Nothing is impossible with God."" Luke 1:37God treats all people fairly and is incapable of making wrong judgementsChristians are sure that they can trust God when things appear to be badGod created the world and God has a plan for everything & everyone. We should keep faith and not question God ""For I know the plans I have for you... plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future."" Jeremiah 29:11Omniscience - would know about human suffering and know how to stop it“Oh, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God.” Romans 11:33Evil and suffering is also caused by natural evilThis is suffering caused by or found in nature, which is not caused by peopleTherefore it is just a by-product/side effect of the natural system of the worldBenevolent - would want to prevent or end our suffering out of love for us""Love never fails"" 1 Corinthians 13""For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life."" John 3:16"
Beliefs about the TrinityThere is only one GodEach person of the Trinity is fully GodThe persons of the Trinity are not the same
Belief about God the SonJesus was both fully human whilst on earth and fully God at all times.
Belief about God the Holy SpiritBelieved to be the unseen power of God at work in the past, present and future.
Beliefs about the Genesis Creation Story"Some believe that although it may not be scientifically accurate, it contains religious truthProcess of creation was God's choice and designed and caused to happen by GodEverything that was created was goodNot all Christians believe it was created in literally 6 days""In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, ""Let there be light"" and there was light."" Genesis 1:1-3"
Belief about the Role of the Spirit in the Genesis Creation Storysome may believe that the Holy Spirit was already active during the Creation
Beliefs about the John Creation Story"The whole of the Trinity was involved and has existed since the beginningThe Word refers to God the SonMembers of the Trinity all exist alongside each other within the same God""In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God. He was with God in the beginning. Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made."" John 1:1-3"
Beliefs about incarnation"Jesus is God in human formVirgin conception of Jesus was not ordinary - not sexualJesus is a spiritual Messiah sent to save people""The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us."" John 1:14""When Jesus was baptised, a voice from heaven said 'You are my Son'."" Mark 1:11""She was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit."" Matthew 1:18"
Beliefs about the crucifixion"gives Christians confidence that if they accept Jesus' sacrifice, sin can no longer destroy their lives as God forgives those who faithfully ask for forgivenesssuffering is a part of life and happened to Jesus, so God knows what sufferers are going through""Surely this man was the Son of God!"" Mark 15:39""Jesus called out with a loud voice, ""Father, into your hands I commit my spirit."" When he had said this, he breathed his last."" Luke 23:46"
Beliefs about resurrectionis significance evidence for the divine nature of JesusAll 4 gospels mention one or two men that may have been angels
Beliefs about ascension"If Jesus had the power to be resurrected, it is equally possible that he had the power to be ascended ""When he had led them out to the vicinity of Bethany, he lifted up his hands and blessed them. While he was blessing them, he left them and was taken up into heaven."" Luke 24:50-51"
Beliefs about significance of resurrection and ascension"shows the power of good over evilby accepting Jesus, they can be resurrected in a way - no need to fear death""I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live even though he dies; and whoever lives and believes in me will never die."" John 11:25-26assures that God will forgive their sins if they follow Christian teachings - becoming closer to God in this life and beyond""I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me."" John 14:6shows that Jesus is with God - paves the way for the coming of the Holy Spirit to provide comfort and guidancewithout it, there would be no Christian faith"
Beliefs about resurrection for humans"is a realitysome believe a person's soul is resurrected very soon after deathothers believe in the future Jesus will return to judge and the dead will be raisedCatholic and some Orthodox Churches believe it is a bodily resurrection transformed into a glorified state where there is no suffering""it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual bopy. If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body."" 1 Corinthians 15:44"
Beliefs about life after death"by trusting in God, life after death will remain in His presenceif resurrection is a reality, life after death must also be real""I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live even though he dies; and whoever lives and believes in me will never die."" John 11:25-26"
Beliefs about afterlife"eternal life is a gift from God""God so loved the world that He gave His only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life."" John 3:16souls enter a different dimension"
Beliefs about judgementGod decides the fate of those who dieApostles' Creed, He will come to judge the living and the deadBy serving other people, Christians are serving GodBOTH faith and good deeds are essentialParable of sheep and goats, goats served other people so were accepted into heaven
What is purgatory?Catholic beliefstate where some of the souls of Christians wait to receive their place in heaven
Beliefs about heavenplace of peace, joy and freedom from painchance to be with friends and family who are already in heavensome believe only those who believe in Jesus wil be with God in heavenothers believe heaven is reserved for Christians and maybe followers of other religions who live lives that please Godsome believe heaven is reserved for all Christians regardless and being baptised is almost a guaranteeGod will forgive sins, allowing people to approach His presencemore modern and liberal view: spiritual existence of peace and happiness in the eternal presence of Godall who believe in and try to follow God will be accepted by God and welcomed eternally into his presence
Beliefs about hell"opposite of heavenstate of existence without Godwould be unfair for all non-Christians to go to hellGod is incapable of being unfairmore liberal view: hell is an eternal state of mind - cut off from the possibility of God""The angels will come and separate the wicked from the righteous and throw them into a blazing furnace where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth."" Matthew 13:49-50"
Beliefs about sinJust because it is not illegal does not make it rightall humans commit sins because nobody is perfect - impossible not to sineveryone is born with original sin - a guilt and urge to do bad things and disobey GodAdam and Eve became aware of sin by sinning against God by disobeying him and eating fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evilawareness shared by all the descendantsresulted in a separation from God, and death
Beliefs about the serpent and temptationmany believe it represents Satan who is seen as a force of evilrecognise that humans are tempted to do things that displease Godtemptation's origins are with Satan because its powerful and hard to resist
Beliefs about Free Willallows people to choose how they live their lives - but people are not free to do as they pleasechoices that God would not approve of are sinful and result in separation from GodBeatitudes and Ten Commandments serve as guidance to show Christians the correct actions
Beliefs about salvation"being saved from sin and the consequences of it to be granted eternal life with Godallows people to get closer to God againthrough good works: achieved by having faith in God and obeying His lawthrough grace: given by God through faith in Jesus, not earned or deserved but a gift for the faithful""For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith - and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God - not by works, so that no one can boast."" Ephesians 2:8-9 most people believe in salvation through good works"
Beliefs about Jesus' role in salvation"His teaching are a way of living a good lifesalvation is offered through Jesus' life and teachingJesus' death makes up for original sin and can bring people back to God""For as in Adam we all die, so in Christ all will be made alive."" 1 Corinthians 15:21His resurrection shows the defeat of death and the evil of sinthrough Jesus' death and resurrection, people can receive forgiveness for sin, get closer to God and receive eternal life""I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me."" John 14:6God accepted Jesus' sacrifice as atonement This is the reason God came to earth in human form, therefore Jesus' teachings are important""For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord."" Romans 6:23"
Beliefs about atonement"restoring the relationships between God and people through the life, death and resurrection of Jesusremoves the effects of sinGod is holy so does not overlook sin, and Jesus atoned so it is now possible for everyone who follows His teachigs to receive eternal life with God.""He is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not only for us but also for the sins of the whole world."" 1 John 2:1-2"
Beliefs about Tawhid"BeliefExpandScripturedeclaring faith in the one God is the most important dutyrepeated daily in Shahadah, the declaration of faithbasic belief that underpins the whole religion""There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the prophet of Allah."" - Shahadahthe only unforgiveable sin is attributing God-like qualities to any other being or thingGod is uniqueThere is nothing like Him""No one is comparable to Him"" - Qur'an 112:4God is an undivided entityGod cannot be pictured or described because there is nothing to compare Him to"
Beliefs about Supremacy of God's will"God is one and only creater and controller of everything; nothing happns unless He allows itMuslims should accept whatever happens as the will of Godwhat God wants and expects of people is the most important thing""You who believe, obey God and the Messenger."" Qur'an 4:59 some: God controls everything so there is no free willothers: God does not force people to behave in a way but gives them freedom to choose how they do"
Impact of tawhid and supremacy of will on Muslims"Muslims must show tawhid belief in their lifestyleMust never make anything in life more important than GodMust try to accept bad things as meant to beMust both accept his will and live according to it""Misfortunes can only hapen with God's permission"" Qur'an 64:11"
Characteristics and Beliefs of SunniQur'an and Sunnah believed to have authority to guide their beliefs and behaviourAbu Bakr elected to be first Caliph to act on behalf of God and Muhammad and enforce God's laws
Characteristics and Beliefs of Shi'aMuhammed named his cousin Ali as his successor and the first ImamImam has to be descendent of Muhammad chosen by GodInterpret Islamic laws differently and only accept sayings of Muhammad passed down through Ali and his followers
Sunni - Six Articles of FaithTawhid: There is only one GodAngels: messengers between God and prophetsAuthority of Holy Books: Qur'an is the most important text and highest authority in IslamProphethood: Prophets such as Muhammad deliver messages from God/Angels to humans - Muhammad is most important prophetDay of Judgement: all of humanity will be judged by God and sent to heaven or hellSupremacy of God's will - God already knows and makes happen everything that occurs
Shi'a - Five Roots of Usul ad-Dinthese keep them firmly rooted in GodTawhid: God is One and UndividedProphethood: Muhammad is the final prophet and revelations through him are trueGod is just and wise: cannot do wrong and holds humans accountableImamate: 12 Imams are leaders of Islam and guard the truth of the religion without errorResurrection: people are resurrected after death to be judged by God
Belief that God is the GreatestMuslims recite 'Allahu Akbar' daily because they believe God is so great that he is beyond human understanding and greater than imagination
The 99 Names of God"God has revealed himself through Muhammad and the Holy BooksThese names in the Qur'an and Hadith help Muslims to understand His nature and each name describes a qualityMany Muslims memorise the names and recite them during prayer privately to help them feel God's presence""The Most Excellent Names belong to God; use them to call on Him."" Qur'an 7:180"
God as immanent and transcendent"God is within all things and close to his peopleGod is beyond and outisde life on earth and the universe""He is with you wherever you are."" Qur'an 57:4"
God as omnipotent"He is all-powerful as he is the creatorHe is the sustainer and owner of all thingsHe is all-knowing and aware of everything""there is no God but him, the Creator of all things... He is in charge of everything... the All Aware."" Qur'an 6:102-103"
God as beneficient"He is the source of all goodnessHis generosity is seen in the gift of life to humans of earthLinked to mercy and compassionMuslims recite the Bismallah at the beginning of daily prayer to dedicate all actions to God ""In the name of God, the Lord of Mercy, the Giver of Mercy"" - Bismallah"
God as mercifulGod understands our sufferingGod cares for people and forgives people if they are truly sorry for wrongdoings
God as fair and justGod treats people equally and requires they do the same to their fellow humansGod will judge people fairly on Judgement DayGod is perfect so he can never act unfairly to his creationsGod holds people accountable for wrongdoingsHumans must have full responsibity for their actions and will be judged accordingly
Beliefs about angels"part of the unseen worldsupernaturalcreated by God from light""Praise be to God, Creator of the heavens and earth, who made angels messengers with two, three, four [pairs of] wings.""have no free will so cannot displease Godinvolved in the lives of humans throughout itgiven the power to take on human form by God"
Belief about purpose of angels"able to receive God's words directly and pass onto prophets because they are pure and sinlesssome are guardian angels that take care of each person throughout their lives""Each person has angles before him and behind, watching over him by God's command."" Qur'an 13:11others are responsible for recording everyones thoughts and actions in a book of deeds, which will be presented as evidence on the Day of Judgement""they will find everything they ever did laid in front of them"" Qur'an 18:49angels of death help take souls to God on Day of Judgement angels escort people into paradise and guard the gates of hellangel Israfil blows trumpet to announce Day of Judgement"
Beliefs about Angel Jibrilbelieved to be an archangel who is a trusted messenger who relayed the Qur'an to MuhammadJibril first appeared to Muhammad when he was a childbrings spiritual nourishment of the Qur'an
Beliefs about Angel Mika'ilan angel of mercyassigned by God to reward righteous people for good deedsgiven responsibility for sending rain, thunder and lightning as nourishmentQur'an 2:98 warns that anyone who is an enemy of God's angels is an enemy of God Himself
Beliefs about predestination"God knows or determines everything that will happensome Sunni Muslims believe God has already determined everything that will happen and it is all written in a book of decreesSunni also believes he creates everything so they must act according to his will, linked to belief in supremacy of God's will""Only what God has decreed will happen to us."" Qur'an 9:31"
Beliefs about Human Freedom (Shi'a version of predestination)"Many Shi'a believe that God knows everything that is going to happen but does not necessarily decide it - people have free willmany Muslims do not see a conflict between supremacy of God's will and human freedom because God is not bound by time so everything has already happened for him whereas human events are in time because of cause and effect and free will""God does not change the condition of people [for worse] unless they change what is in themselves."" Qur'an 13:11"
Beliefs about the Day of Judgement and Resurrection"when God's purpose for the universe has been fulfilled, he will judge according to actionspeople are responsible for how they are judged because of free will; even though God knows everything that will happenthe world we be transferred into Akhirah and people will be given their books of deeds - right hand = heaven, left hand = hellif believers show sorrow for their failings, God will forgive them""Those who believe, do good deeds, keep up the prayer and pray the prescribed alms will have their reward with their Lord."" Quran 2:277""Anyone, male or female, who does good works and is a believer will enter Paradise."""
Beliefs about Life after deathdeath is not the end, but the beginning of a new stage called Akhirah - which is everlasting life after deathmany Muslims believe that after death there is still a conscious presence that enters a state of waiting to be judgedGod sends two angels to question them about their faith - correct answers will lead to rewards and denying God will lead to punishmentsome Muslims believe that the punishment begins immediately whereas others believe people sleep in their graves until Day of Judgement comes
Beliefs about heaven and hell"heaven is a reward for good deeds and faith and a garden of happiness""a reward for what they used to do."" Qur'an 56:24hell is punishment for rejecting God and doing evil, place of fire and great torment""They will dwell amid scorching wind and scalding water in the shadow of black smoke, neither cool nor refreshing"" Qur'an 56:42-44some interpret descriptions literally, some see them as hints because it is beyond human understanding, some see it as symbol for presence or absence of God"
Importance in belief of life after deathencourages human responsibility and accountabilityurges people to avoid sin and do the right thingsatisfies a deep human need for justice
Beliefs about Prophethood"God chosen many prophets to bring messages to peopleit is a gift given by God to help humankind understand his messageprovides a method of communication between God and humansprophets put people back on the right pathGod sent a messenger/apostle to every nation""Every community is sent a messenger"" Qur'an 10:47"
Beliefs about Adam"first man on Earth, first prophet, created from dust, father of human race""He created you from dust"" Qur'an 30:20God gave him understanding and the names of all things""He taught Adam all the names"" Qur'an 2:31he passed knowledge through his descendents to the entire human raceGod revealed to him: food Muslims are allowed to eat, how to repent, how to bury the dead"
Beliefs about importance of Ibrahim"he fulfilled all tests and commands from GodMuhammad was descended from Ibrahim through Ishmaelrole model beacuase of obedience, compassion and refusal to worship idols""Who could be better in religion than those who direct themselves wholly to God, do good and follow the religion of Abraham, who was true in faith? God took Abraham as a friend."" Qur'an 4:125"
Beliefs about Ka'aba, Ishmael and HajjKa'aba considered to be House of God and holiest place in Islammany believe Ibrahim had a dream in which God asked him to sacrifice his son to him and he was willingIbrahim remembered on Hajj pilgrimage as a way to return to the perfection of his faithimportant as he denounced idolatry, rebuilt Ka;aba and gave the message of tawhid
Beliefs about Muhammad and his teachings"reveived the final revelation of Islam from God so he is greatest of the prophets""he is God's Messenger and the seal of the prophets"" Qur'an 33:40received his first revelation from Jibril on Mount Hira in 610CEpronounced Tawhid and claimed surrendering to God completely is the only way to livebefore Hijrah Jibril took him on the Night Journey where he was ascended from Jerusalem and was told to pray 5 times every day and spoke to prophets such as Isa"
Beliefs about the ImamateShi'a believed Muhammad appointed Ali by divine instructionTwelver Shi'a beieve that there were 12 ImamsTwelvers believe Imams not only rule justly, but maintain and interpret Qur'an and Shariah law without faultTwelvers believe receiving of God's law completed through Muhammad but guiding people and preserving and explaining divine law is done by ImamsImamate are important because people need divine guidance to know how to live correctly
Beliefs about importance of the Qur'an"word of God revealed by Jibril to Muhammad over 25 yearscontains foundation of every believer's faith and is the most sacred textinfallible source of authority for all matters of doctrine, practice and lawthe original is believed to be in heaven so when reading it Muslims believe God's words are spoken directly to them""This is the Scripture in which there is no doubt, containing guidance for those who are mindful of God."" Qur'an 2:2As the religion grew there was fear of it being twisted so the third Caliph asked a team of scholars to compile an official version of it""This is truly a glorious Qur'an on a preserved tablet."" Qur'an 85:21-22"
Beliefs about Other Holy Books"some believe other books have been lost / corrupted versions found in BibleTorah (Tawrat) given to Moses and essentially first 5 books of Bible with some changesPsalms (Zabur) revealed to David and similar to Bible bookGospel (Injil) revealed to Jesus and thought to be lost but some of its message found in Bible""We gave him the Gospel"" Qur'an 5:46Scrolls of Ibrahim are one of the earliest scriptures of Islam but are lost and no longer exist"
Beliefs about the nature of God"CharacteristicExpandScripture OmnipotentAll powerful with unlimited authority, nothing that God cannot do or achieve.""Nothing is impossible with God."" Luke 1:37LovingGod loves humans, so he wants what is best for themGod created humans because he is all loving and desired to bestow his love upon creaturesGod's greatest act of love was sending God's Son, Jesus, to earthEncourages Christians to love each other in their daily lives by treating everybody with care and respect1 Corinthians description of love suggest qualities that Christians should aspire to; many recognise the importance of it by choosing to have it read at their wedding ceremony""God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life."" John 3:16 ""Love is patient, love is kind... Love never fails."" 1 Corinthians 13:4-8 Just perfect giver of justice; because omnipotent and loving togethernot only includes deciding on right and wrong but also being the perfect judge of human charactertherefore God will never support injustice, ill-treatment, prejudice or oppression; therefore Christians should do all they can to prevent these wrongs whenever they encounter them ""I, the Lord, am a God who is full of compassion and mercy... I keep my promise for thousands of generations and forgive evil and sin..."" Exodus 34:6"
Significance of the five pillars of IslamMany consider it to be the supports of the religionThey have a great impact on daily life and seen as the key to living a perfect Muslim lifehelp to give Muslims an identity as one community who share a faith and enable them to show their obedience and dedication to God
Five Pillars of IslamShahadah - Declaration of FaithSalah - PrayerZakah - Alms (charitable giving)Sawm - FastingHajj - Pilgrimage to Makkah
10 Obligatory ActsSalah - PrayerSawm - FastingZakah - Alms (charitable giving)Khums - 20% wealth taxHajj - PilgrimageJihad - the struggle to maintain faith and defend IslamAmr-bil-maruf - Encouraging good actionsNahi Anil Munkar - Discouraging bad actionsTawallah - showing love for God and believers, including Muhammmad and ImamsTabarra - disassociation from enemies of God
Shahadah"Declaration of Faith - ""There is no God but Alllah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, [and Ali is the friend of God]""Must be repeated at least once before a person is declared a Muslim; sincerely reciting is the only requirement to joinIt is repeated five times a dayMuslims should recite it on their deathbedIt is made up of two parts: Tawhid and Risalah (Prophethood)"
Significance of Shahadah"Shahadah involves acceptance of two fundamental beliefs, without this a person cannot be a MuslimIslam means ""submission"" and when a Muslim accepts Shahadah into their hearts, minds and lives they are demonstrating their submission to the will of God.The other pillars are demonstrations of faith that would not be there without first accepting ShahadahReciting and accepting Shahadah, with sincerity and faith, is required to become a Muslim and be accepted as one. God will know if a person is insincereThe other pillars come out of having true faith in God and Muhammad as His final messenger. Shahadah must therefore come first."
Salah Prayer TimesTimeSunniShi'a SunriseFajrFajrMiddayZuhrZuhr and AsrLate AfternoonAsrSunsetMaghribMaghrib and IshaNightIsha
Importance of Salah"Established times for compulsory prayer, which encourages thinking about and communicating with God throughout the day. It also shows commitment""Keep up regular prayer for prayer is obligatory for believers at prescribed times."" Qur'an 4:103It is what God has commanded them to doCreates a greater awareness of God and motivates Muslims to do His willUnites Muslims worldwide because they all pray in the same wayReciting from the Qur'an reminds Muslims of its importanceBowing and prostrating reminds Muslims that God is greater and more important than they are."
Salah - Call to PrayerMuslims are called to their daily prayers by a formal announcement called the AdhanThe call to prayer is made by a muezzinThis may be from the top of a muezzin tower at a mosque or inside a mosqueIn Muslim countries the call can be heard all around at prayer times
Wudu and ImportanceBefore prayer Muslims must make or show their intention to prayThey prepare themselves for prayer by ritual ablution or washingIt means that they will be physically clean before communicating with GodIt is much more of a spiritual cleansing - mental preparation for standing before God and communicating with Him, shown by the allowance of dry forms of washing using sand etc.An oppurtunity to prepare and be in the right frame of mind
Process of Wudu"Wash hands three times up to the wristsRun water in your hands and rinse out your mouth three timesPut water in your left hand and rinse out your nostrils three timesClean your face from forehead to chin three timesClean both arms from fingertips to elbow three timesPass water over your head and ears three timesWash feet three times ""You who believe, when you are about to pray, wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows, wipe your heads wash your feet up to the ankles and, if required wash your whole body."" Qur'an 5:6"
Steps of Rak'ah"NameActionSaid TakbirRaise hads to ears, pushing cares behind to be in the moment with God and listen to his Guidance""Allahu Akbar"" Recite ShahadahQiyaamStanding position. Sunni have right hand over left hand across chest. Shi'a have arms beside them.First Qur'an verse is recited Other verses may also be recitedRukuBowing; a mark of respect in the presence of God. Full concentration.Recite ""Glory be to God, Most High"" three timesQiyaamEarlier statedWhile moving back into Qiyaam recite ""God listens to the one who praises him"". In standing position recite ""To God belongs all praise.""SujudProstration to make small before God (showing reverence). Reminder of the greatness of God. Palms, knees, nose and forehead touching the ground or a brick for Shi'a.Recite ""Glory be to God Most High, God is greater than all else.""JalsaKneeling resting palms on the knees. Reflection or meditationAsk with sincerity, ""O my Master, forgive me!"" Salam (right)Look over right shoulder. Acknowledge other worshippers and angel recording good deeds.Recite ""Peace be upon you, and the mercy and blessings of Allah""Salam (left)Look over left shoulder, repeat acknowledgement but for angel who records bad deeds.Same recitation. personal prayers may be added on to the end and do not have to be in Arabic or follow any set formMuslims believe that God answers their prayers in the way that God knows is best for them. ""Your Lord says 'Call on Me and I will answer you'. "" Qur'an 40:60"
Direction of prayerImportant that they pray facing holy city of MakkahMeans that all Muslims are physically and mentally focusing on place connected with God; in the same way that Muslims should focus every part of their lives on GodMosques have a mihrab built into a qiblah wall showing the exact direction of Makkah from the mosqueA special compass is used to show the direction of Makkah outside of a Mosque, which is sometimes part of the mat that Muslims pray on.
Prayer inside a mosquemen and women pray at the same time but are separated by a partition or curtain or in different rooms and the voice of the imam is usually broadcasted in the women's prayer room at the same time
Jummah Prayer"Midday prayer every Fridayall male Muslims expected to attend a mosque for this prayer, but optional to go to mosque for womenonce the prayer is complete the imam delivers a sermon that reminds Muslims of their obligations and duties to GodMuslims must leave the work or close their businesses in order to attend the Jummah prayer, and then return afterwards""Believers! When the call to prayer is made on the day of congregation, hurry towards the reminder of God and leave off your trading."" Qur'an 62:9"
Ramadan"9th month of Islamic calendar and the most important monthQur'an revealed to Muhammad during this month""It was in the month of Ramadan that the Qur'an was revealed as guidance for mankind"" Qur'an 2:18Many recite the whole Qur'an in daily sections over the 30 days of the month - helps Muslims to remember its teaching and its importance in their livesMuslims focus on fasting, charity and pleasing God"
Fasting during Ramadan"Muslims go without food or drink during the daylight hours for the entire month - they get up every day before sunrise and eat and drink enough to keep them going until sunset - at sunset the fast is broken and Muslims can eat and drink until sunrise the next dayEvening meal is often shared with family and friends, then followed with extra prayers and readings from the Qur'an""So any one of you who is present that month should fast"" Qur'an 2:18Fasting is not just to do with food and drink; smoking and sex are also forbidden during daylight hours; bad habits are given up"
Reasons for fasting during RamadanDevelops purity of thought in order to cleanse the soul and free it from harmBuilds self-disciplineAllows Muslims to show they can sacrifice their physical needs as evidence of their submission to God
Worshipthe way in which Christians show their deep love, reverence and respect for God and recognising His importance and valueChristians may worship alone or with others, in a special building like a church, in their home or in any appropriate place.Worship may include prayer, meditation, Bible readings, singing hymns, preaching, sharing food, pilgrimage, celebrating festivals or using religious art, music or drama.
Reasons for worshipto praise and thank God for his blessings to ask for forgiveness of sinto seek God's help for themselves or others who may be suffering.Helps deepen a Christian's relationship with GodGives them comfort and strength to live a more truly Christian life.
Liturgical Worshipchurch service that follows a set structure or ritualtakes place in a churchpriest leads congregation and may perform symbolic actionsformal prayers with set responsesBible passages read out, there may be a sermonmusic and hymnsEucharist for Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican churches Importance: Worldwide set order for service that is familiar to everyoneritual passed down through generations gives a sense of traditionBible readings follow the Christian calendar and teach Christian history and faith
Exceptions to fasting"Those excused from fasting are supposed to make up for it later if they can""anyone who is ill or on a journey should make up for the lost days by fasting on other days later."" Qur'an 2:18 Possible exceptionsWho is included Those for whom it is unlawful to fastA women in a state of menstruationThose who are required to fast in principle but are maybe excused from it pregnant or nursing women, sick people, travelers, old and decrepit peopleThose who are not required to fast but can choose to fastpre-pubescent children"
Sawm and CharityFasting during the day serves as a reminder that the poor feel hungry all the time if they cannot afford to eat properlyGreater awareness inspires many Muslims to find ways to help the poorCould include inviting the poor the share their meal that breaks the fast at sunset.Many Muslims choose to pay Zakah during Ramadan
Night of Power"Important festival that marks the beginning of God's revelation to MuhammadNo exact date but believed to be one of the odd-numbered dates in the second half of RamadanFirst verses of Qur'an revealed to Muhammad on this night""Read! In the name of your Lord who created: He created man from a clinging form. Read! Your Lord is the Most Bountiful One who tought by the pen, who taught man what he did not know."" Qur'an 96:1-5""What will explain to you what that Night of Glory is? The Night of Glory is better than a thousand months."" Qur'an 97:2-3Observing the night of power gives Muslims the benefits of worshipping for a thousand monthsMuslims try to keep awake throughout the night on each of the possible dates, devoting themselves to prayers and studying the Qur'an"
What is Zakah?2.5% donation of savings yearly to help the poor. Many Muslims work out how much they owe and give the money at the end of RamadanMuslims are acknowledging that everything they own comes from God and belongs to him, and that they should use their wealth to remember God and give to those in need. Frees people from desire, and teaches self-discipline and honestyZakah means to purify or to cleanse, Muslims believe that giving alms helps to purify the soul, removing selfishness and greed.
Origins of Zakah"""Whatever you give should be for parents, close relatives, orphans, the needy and travellers. God is well aware of whatever good you do."" Qur'an 2:215The Qur'an does not specify how much should be given in Zakah - 2.5% was worked out at a later date by Muslim scholars."
How Zakah is given and who receives it"Only Muslims with savings greater than the nisab are required to give ZakahNisab is either the value of 87g of gold, or 612g of silver - which is much lower. Muslims can choose which figure they use and therefore how much they pay - gold nisab is much more common.Zakah can be donated directly to a charity such as Islamic Relief or Muslim Aid, or it can be put in a collection box in the mosque to be distributed among the poor.""Alms are meant only for the poor, the needy"" Qur'an 9:60In addition to giving Zakah, Muslims are encouraged to voluntarily give their money and time to charity at any point of the year. This is called Sadaqah."
Significance of ZakahIn giving Zakah, Muslims are fulfilling a duty imposed by God. The Qur’an makes it clear that giving Zakah is a sign of a true Muslim.Paying Zakah gives Muslims a good attitude towards money. They learn to share it and not be greedy with it.Zakah strengthens communities by making the rich support the poor.Zakah links well with salah (prayer). Prayers should make Muslims feel concern for others, and Zakah puts this concern into action.
KhumsShi'a Islam practice which originally required a Muslim to donate a fifth of the spoils of war to the leader representing the state of Imam.It now refers to disposable income of a Shi'a Muslim, and 20% is donated - half goes to Shi'a religious leaders to be spent on behalf of God on things considered necessary for religious matters, the rest is given to charity to the poor
Hajj"Begins and ends in the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia - takes place from 8th to 12th of Dhul-Hijjah, last month of Islamic calendarPilgrimage - a journey made for religious reasonsShould be made at least once during a Muslim's lifetime, provided they are halthy and wealthy enough to do soSome communities provide financial support for a poor Muslim to make the pilgrimage because it is a religious obligation and not a holiday.""Pilgrimage to the House is a duty owed to God by people who are able to undertake it."" Qur'an 3:97"
Origins of HajjBelieved that around 4000 years ago prophet Ibrahim was told by God to take his wife and son Hajira and Ishmael to Arabia, then was told to leave Hajira and Ishmael on their own with food and water supplies. Within a few days the supplies ran out and they were suffering from hunger and dehydrationHijira ran up and down two hills called Safa and Marwah before collapsing beside her son. She prayed to God for help and Ishmael struck his foot on the ground, causing water to gush up from the earth. They traded the water for food and other supplies and when Ibrahim returned God told him to build a shrine dedicated to him. This is the Ka'abaIbrahim was stold to make the Ka'aba a pure place of worship and to call people to perform the Hajj there.Centuries later, the city of Makkah was established nearby using the water from Ishmael's well. The people became used to worshipping idols, which were stored in the Ka'aba, and in 628CE Muhammad travelled from Madinah to Mecca with a large group of Muslims in what is now seen as the first pilgrimage in Islam. The Ka'aba was returned to the worship of God alone two years later.
How Hajj is performed: State of IhramBefore Hajj begins, pilgrims must enter a sacred state called Ihram, which involves performing ritual washing, praying and putting on Ihram clothing two sheets of white cloth wrapped around men's bodies and clothes of a single colour that cover the whole of women's bodies apart from their face.White cloth is a sign of equality and purity
How Hajj is performed: Circling the Ka'abaHajj begins at the Ka'aba, pilgrims circle in an anti-clockwise direction seven times and touch the black stone built into the Ka'aba if possible or raise their hand to acknowledge it.Stone is revered by Muslims as an ancient Islamic relic; considered by some to be the only survivng stone from the original Ka'aba built by Ibrahim, but origins are unclearSome believe it is a meteorite, other believe that God gave it to Adam to erase his sin and allow him a path in to heaven, others believe it was brought from a nearby mountain by archangel JIbril or came from Paradise
How Hajj is performed: travelling to Arafat"Crowd walks along a covered walkway linking hills of Safa and Marwah which feature in the origin story for the ka'aba. After completing seven circuits of the walk they return to the Ka'aba to collect bottles of water from the well of Zamzam.""Safa and Marwa are among the rites of God, so for those who make major or minor pilgrimage to the House it is no offence to circulate between the two."" Qur'an 2:158Muslims then face the prospect of a 13 mile walk or ride to Arafat, possibly in high temperatures that many are not used to. They stop halfwat there for the night at Mina, where they pray and read the Qur'an"
How Hajj is performed: Standing at ArafatAt dawnn on the 9th day of Dhul-Hijjah, pilgrims walk from Mina and Arafat, where Muhammad preached his final sermon. They spend the whole afternoon praying under the hot summer sun and the heat is a reminder of what the Judgement Day will be like.Some Muslims spend the whole afternoon standing to show the depth of their faith. Authorities provide water supplies and toilets, just for this one day in the year.Islam teaches that God will forgive the sins of all who complete the standing at Arafat, but only if they know they have done wrong, are determined not to do wrong again, and are prepared to make up for their sins.
How Hajj is performed: Throwing pebbles at MinaAt the end of the day, Muslims walk to Muzdalifah, where they spend the night. On the way, they collect 49 small pebbles to throw the next day at three stone walls at Mina, which are called the Jamarat. They represent the devil and temptation. On the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah, pilgrims throw the collected pebbles to the walls to show that they reject evil.Many pilgrims sacrifice an animal, and is repeated throughout the world as part of the celebration of Id-ul-Adha. The leftover meat that cannot be eaten is frozen or canned and given to the poorTo follow teachings in the Qur'an and Muhammad's example, pilgrims cut their hair. Women usually just cut off a small lock while men must shave their heads.
How Hajj is performed: Returning to MakkahThe next day, pilgrims return to Makkah to circle the Ka'aba seven more times. They then return to Mina to spend two more nights there remembering God and reflecting on his blessing before Hajj ends.Once it is completed, many pilgrims take the opportunity to travel to Madinah to visit the Prophet's mosque, a huge mosque placed on the site of a much smaller mosque that Muhammad built in 622CE. It contains the tomb of Muhammad and some early Muslim leaders.
What is Jihad?"important concept for Muslims referring to struggling against evil, either as an individual or as the collective fellowship of IslamRequires Muslims to strive to improve themselves and the societies in which they live in a way that God would approve ofOrigins of Jihad go back as far as Muhammad, concept appears many times in the Qur'an and Hadith""This is My path, leading straight, so follow it, and do not follow other ways: they will lead you away from it"" Qur'an 6:153""But those who have believed, migrated, and striven for God's cause, it is they who can look forward to God's mercy: God is most forgiving and merciful."" Qur'an 2:218"
Greater Jihadpersonal inward struggle of all Muslims to live in line with the teachings of their faith every day of their lives.This means that they must observe the Five Pillars of Islam which bring them closer to Godit is a constant struggle to purify one's heart from all evil traits, and to establish instead all types of virtues.Muslims must also devote their lives to God by avoiding such temptations and distractions as drugs, alcohol, greed and jealousy. Anything that takes them away from their submission to God must be avoided. Some Muslims take their development as devout followers even further by learning the Qur'an by heart for example, which takes great discipline and patience.Others make great efforts to improve life for people in the community. Not only do they give Zakah, they give extra sums of money to charity - Sadaqah. Others also give their time by working with the poor and vulnerable, both locally and globally.Muslims improve themselves spiritually and deepen their relationship with God.
Lesser Jihadconsidered less important than greater jihadseen as the outward struggle to defend Islam from threat.was important in the early days of the faith when Muslims were facing persecution and had a need to protect their freedom to practice Islamseveral instances in the Qur'an appear to allow extreme violence in the name of lesser Jihad, but they were written in the context of being persecuted.In the context of war, behaving such a way can be argued as justified but lesser jihad can never be used to justify terrorism.
Holy warIt must only be declared by a fair religious leader.It cannot be used to make people convert to Islam.It must be in response to a threat to the faith.It must not be used to gain territory or wealth.It must be the last resort – all peaceful methods must have been tried first.
Origins of Id-ul-Fitr and Id-ul-Adhasaid that when Muhammad arrived in Madinah he noticed that some people were celebrating two specific days with entertainment and festivitieswhen asking about it he was told that before Islam came to their city they celebrated two grand carnivals each year.Muhammad replied that God had appointed two other days that are better to celebrate, Id-ul-Fitr and Id-ul-Adha
Significance of Hajjmany Muslims go a number of times, especially if they live close to Mecca. someone who has completed Hajj can be referred to as a Hajji.It can bring about a deep spiritual transformation that makes the Hajji a better person. Their consciousness of God grows and they become more aware that God is with and watching them.It teaches sincerity and humility in a person’s relationship with God.It produces inner peace, which is shown in the value of justice, honesty, respect, kindness, mercy and forgiveness.It shows self-discipline. The physical and mental demands it imposes are great. Not all are able to complete it.It emphasises unity and equality. The Ihram clothing ensures there is no distinction between rich and poor, and the thousands of tents that pilgrims stay in at Mina strengthen the feeling of brotherhood and sisterhood.It reminds Muslims of the faith and examples set by Ibrahim, Hajira and Ishmael.It can lead to forgiveness for sins.
Importance of Id-ul-Fitrmeans the 'festival of breaking of the fast'. Has several other names including the Sugar Feast, the Sweet Festival or Lesser EidMarks the end of the month of Ramadan.Muslims are not only celebrating the end of a whole month of fasting, but are thanking God for the strength and help he has given them to fast for a month.Muslims also give thanks to God for providing his guidance and wisdom in the Qur'an, the first revelation of which was made during the month of Ramadan.
How is Id-ul-Fitr celebrated?May be celebrated for one to three days. Muslims gather together in mosques or large outdoor areas to say special prayers.Imam's sermon usually reminds Muslims that they should forgive and forget any differences or disputes that have occurred during the year, and focus instead on helping the poor.Everyone wears their best clothes or new clothes for the occasion, and homes are decorated. Special foods are eaten and processions take place through the streets. There is a festive atmosphere, and cards and presents are exchanged.Although Id-ul-Fitr is not a recognised national public holiday in Britain, in areas where many Muslims live they may be granted the day off to attend morning prayers and enjoy the festival. Many also go to their local cemetery to remember familty members who have died and to pray for them.
Importance of Id-ul-Adhafestival of sacrifice or Greater Eid, celebrated on 10th of Dhul-Hijjah and lasts for four days.remembers and honours the prophet Ibrahim, who was willing to sacrifice his son Ishmael on God's command. Qur'an 37:100-112 records how Ibrahim had a recurring dream where God told him to sacrifice his son, and even though he loved his son dearly, he decided he must obey God, provided that his son agreed with him. Ibrahim informed his son and he agreed.As Ibrahim was about to carry out the sacrifice, God prevented it and gave Ibrahim a ram to sacrifice instead. He had passed the test of being willing to carry out God's commands.
How is Id-ul-Adha celebrated?Forms part of Hajj, but is celebrated by Muslims all over the world. In Britain, it's a time of celebration when people visit family and friends, and enjoy festive meals.Begins with prayers in the mosque, where the imam preaches a sermon about sacrifice and reminds those who attend why the festival is celebrated.During Id-ul-Adha animals are slaughtered to remember Ibrahim's sacrifice. On Hajj many pilgrims sacrifice and animal, but this is not allowed in Britain, so some British Muslims buy an animal from their local slaughterhouse, which will have been killed following Islamic lawThe family usually keeps a third of the meat, gives another third relatives, friends and neighbours and the remaining third is given to the poor. However, many in Britain prefer to give money instead of meat to support those in need.Cards and presents are given and community celebrations are often organised. Those living on their own receive invitations to share meals with their neighbours. Those in hospital receive lots of visitors as every effort is made to ensure that no one is left out.
Ashura essential informationThe Day of Ashura (Day of Remembrance) is an important Shi’a festival that remembers the death of Husayn at the battle of Karbala.Many Shi’a Muslims observe Ashura by taking part in mourning rituals or processions.Ashura is also observed by Sunni Muslims, for whom the festival is known as the Day of Atonement. However, for Sunni Muslims it is not as important or solemn an occasion as for Shi’a Muslims.
Origins and meaning of AshuraThe Day of Ashura is important for Shi’a Muslims in particular, who view it as a day of great sorrow. This is because it remembers the death of Husayn, who was the son of Imam Ali and grandson of Muhammad.Husayn died in the battle of Karbala. This battle was held on 10 October 680 CE in Karbala, Iraq. It was fought between Husayn and his supporters (around 70 men, women and children) against the much larger army of Caliph Yazid I. Husayn and most of his supporters were killed in the battle.Husayn’s death is seen by Shi’a Muslims as a symbol of the struggle against injustice, tyranny and oppression.Sunni Muslims also observe Ashura, which they call the Day of Atonement. For some Sunni Muslims the festival celebrates the day the Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt, while for others it celebrates the day Noah left the ark after the flood.
How Shi'a Muslims commemorate AshuraActionFurther explanation Shi'a Muslims perform plays and re-enactments to tell the story of Husayn's death.These help Muslims to remember the events at Karbala.Many Shi'a Muslims take part in public expressions of grief and mourning.In London, thousands of Shi’a Muslims gather at Marble Arch to listen to speeches and take part in a procession of mourningIn some cities in Britain, some Shi’a men gather in the streets and beat themselves on their chests as part of a mourning ritualSome Muslims believe they should cut themselves and shed blood to connect with Husayn’s suffering and deathSome Shi’a religious leaders condemn this practice and encourage Muslims to donate blood to the blood transfusion service insteadIn Iraq, many Shi'a Muslims visit Husayn's tomb.Husayn's tomb is believed to be located in the Mashhad al-Husayn, which is a shrine in KarbalaMany Shi'a Muslims go on pilgrimage to the Mashhad al-Husayn each year for Ashura.
How Sunni Muslims commemorate AshuraMany Sunni Muslims observe Ashura by fasting for the day.They may also give to charity, show extra kindness to their family and the poor, recite prayers and learn from Islamic scholars.
Reasons for Ashura celebration - Sunni vs Shi'aSunniShi'a Muhammad saw the Jews fasting on the tenth of the month of Muharram. They explained to him that it was a day to remember when the Israelites were saved from the pharaoh and that Musa fasted on this day. He replied that ‘we are closer to Musa than you’. So he adopted the practice and told his people to fast.Ramadan was established later to replace the fast in Muharram.Many Muslims remember Ashura as a Day of Atonement, when sins are forgiven if repented. Many fast, often on the eighth, ninth and tenth of Muharram.Sunni Muslims do not accept the whipping of their bodies because the body should not be harmed. This used to be a common practice for Shi'a Muslims.For Shi'a Muslims this is a significant festival based in sorrow.It remembers the martyrdom of Husayn, the grandson of Muhammad who was killed in the battle of Karbala on the 10th day of Muharram 680CE, along with 72 of his family members.He was killed by Yasid, a Muslim leader, who had demanded Husayn give him his allegiance, and Husayn had refused.Trying to escape, Husayn and his family were intercepted. They were all murdered on Yasid's command and no respect was shown to the dead.Shi'a Muslims learn first, that Husayn and the imams should never be forgotten, and second, that Muslims must stand up for justice to make society better. Love of the imams reflects Shi'a love of Allah.
Non-liturgical Worshipa service that does not follow a set text or ritualtakes place in a churchoften focused on Bible readings followed by a sermonmay also have prayers and hymns but there is no set order, the number and type can change from week to weekDone in services in non-comformist Churches like United Reformed, Methodist and Baptist Importance services can be planned and ordered to suit a certain themenon-Comformist churches place an emphasis on the word of God in the Bible
Informal worshiptype of non-liturgical worship that is 'spontaneous' or 'charismatic' in naturecommunity or house churches meet in private homes and share foodquaker worship is mainly silent, people speak when moved to God to offer their thoughts or read from the Bible'Charismatic' worship may involve dancing, clapping, calling out and speaking in tonguesE.g. pentecostal churches Importance: the style of worship in house churches is similar to the worship of early Christianspeople can share readings and prayers and can take an active part in church by calling out or speaking without formal trainingservice may have an emotional impact with a feeling of personal revelation from God
Private worshipwhen believers praise or honour God in their own homeallows individuals to spend time with God, either alone or with close friends or familymay involve prayer, medication, studying, meditating on a Bible passage, using aids to worship such as on icon or a rosary
Prayer"communicating with God in silence or aloud, with others or alone, using set prayers or informal prayers.Sometimes Christians say a set prayer before eating a meal to thank God for providing what they need to live. Other Christians might pray spontaneouslt for their meal using their own words, in an informal prayer""Bless us, O Lord, and these your gifts, which we are about to receive from your bounty. Through Christ our Lord. Amen."" Catholic Grace before meals"
Different ways of prayingPeople may pray in a humble position, kneeling down, sometimes with hands pressed together.In Orthodox services people stand to pray, Noncomformists often sit, Anglicans may kneel, and other Christians raise their hands to invite the Holy Spirit into their lives.Catholics may use a rosary, while Orthodox Christians use icons to aid prayer.
Beliefs about prayerChristians believe that God will answer prayer but not always in the way the person would likeJesus' prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane in Mark 14:32-36Prayer can help someone accept God's will even if it means sufferingSometimes Christians prefer to find their own way of expressing their needs to God by using informal prayerthey sometimes feel they can open their hearts to God more easily by using their own words.
Significance of private worship and prayerWorship is not just about attending public services, it affects the whole of a Christian's life.Private worship helps Chirstians build up a discipline which gives them strength to cope in times of trouble.It encourages a routine that allows time for reflection in a busy day.Through prayer and meditation Christians find peace and a sense of communion with God in their everyday life as followers of Jesus.
Importance of the Lord's Prayer for individual, community and societyit gives individual Christians a patter for how to pray as it combines giving praise to God and asking for one's needs.When used as a private prayer, a Christian is reminded that he or she must forgive others in order to be forgiven. It is believed that prayer is only effective if the person's relationships with others are right.reminds Christians that God is the Father of the whole community, not just of the individual.The prayer is often used in Christian worship and tends to be prayed out loud by all members of the congregation together. It is nearly always said at Holy Communion, baptisms, marriages, and funerals. Even non-believers can feel its impact in such services as it is a prayer that many people in Great Britain learned as children in their families or in school.It brings a sense of unity and spiritual purpose in society at important times, for example when recited at commemoration services after a tragic event.
Festivalshave an important role in helping Christians remember the major events in their religion and to plan their public worship many celebrate the same cycle of festivals each year Christian calendar has two main seasons: Advent, Christmas and Epiphany, then Lent, Easter and Pentecost By living through the events of Jesus' life, death and resurrextion and the coming of the Holy Spirit and Pentecost, Christians remember the central teaching of their faith - God gave his only Son to save them
Christmas"commemorates the incarnation of Jesus - the belief that God became human in Jesus celebrated on 25 Dec in GB celebrations last 12 days ending with the feast of the Epiphany trees and homes decorated with lighrs and nativity scenes to represent Jesus as light coming into the world and baby Jesus being born into poverty respectively ""Father, you make this holy night radiant with the splendour of Jesus Christ our light."" Many churches have carol services with readings from the Bible showing God's promise of a saviour and the events of Jesus' birth Children act out nativity plays Midnight Mass takes place on Christmas Eve ""Father, you make this holy night radiant with the splendour of Jesus Christ our light. We welcome him as Lord, the true light of the wirld. Bring us to eternal joy in the kingdom of heaven, where he lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever."" Christians send Christmas cards and exchange gifts which recall the wise men's gifts to Jesus. Seen as a time of 'peace and goodwill' when Christians give to charity as God gave the gift of Jesus, his Son. body"
Holy Communionsacrament that uses bread and wine to celebrate the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross and his resurrection from death. For Catholics, the sacrifice of Jesus is made present once again during this ritual and made real for believers. For the churches that do not consider Holy Communion a sacrament it is still a significant ceremony. Many Christians consider it the most important act of worship. It recalls the Last Supper of Jesus (Matthew 26:17-30). When Christians celebrate Holy Communion they give thanks to God for his great love in sending Jesus to save people from sin and enable them to experience God’s love for all eternity.
Interpretations and symbols of Holy CommunionCatholics, Orthodox Christians and some Anglicans believe that the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. It is a divine mystery how it happens but they believe that Jesus is fully present in the bread and wine. By receiving Holy Communion they believe they become present in a mystical way at the death and resurrection of Christ which saves them. Protestant Christians who celebrate Holy Communion do so as a reminder of Jesus’ words and actions at the Last Supper. The bread and wine remain symbols of Jesus’ sacrifice and help them to reflect on the meaning of Jesus’ death and resurrection for their lives today.Many Christians see Holy Communion both as an act of fellowship with other Christians and as a communion with God. By recalling Jesus’ sacrifice together and by sharing the bread and wine, these Christians believe they are brought closer to each other as a community and closer to God.
1 Corinthians 11:23-26 - Holy Communion“The Lord Jesus, on the night he was betrayed, took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, ‘This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me’. In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.’ For whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes.”
Impact of Holy Communion on individualsFor many Christians, Holy Communion is at the centre of their lives and worship. Through it they believe they receive God’s grace by joining in the great sacrifice of Jesus. They do not merely remember a past event, it becomes a present reality for them.
Impact of Holy Communion on communitiesIt brings the community of believers together in unity, strengthening their commitment to their faith. If someone is having doubts or is going through a difficult time, celebrating Holy Communion with others can give them support and encouragement.Holy Communion calls Christians to put the love they have experienced from God into practice by loving others. Just as Holy Communion is a shared meal where everyone is equal, churches try to make everyone welcome, whatever their age, gender or race.
Impact of Holy Communion of societyHoly Communion also has an impact on society and on other communities across the world. It reminds Christians that while they break bread together, there are many in the world who are starving. Holy Communion encourages them to work for equality and justice for all. Many Churches collect money during the service to support work being done for developing countries, the elderly, prisoners and the homeless.
General pattern of how most churches celebrate Holy Communionthe ministry of the Word which focuses on God’s word in the Biblethe ministry of Holy Communion – offering, consecrating and sharing the bread and wine
Divine Liturgy in Orthodox ChurchThe Divine Liturgy recreates heaven on earth. Much of the service takes place on the altar in the sanctuary behind a screen, called an iconostasis, which represents the divide between earth and heaven. The priest passes through the iconostasis using the Royal Doors. The church is filled with candles and incense that help people feel God’s presence.
Liturgy of the Word - OrthodoxThere are hymns, prayers and a reading from the Bible.The priest comes through the Royal Doors to chant the Gospel.There may be a sermon.
Orthodox Church - Liturgy of the FaithfulThe priest comes through the Royal Doors to receive wine and bread baked by members of the congregation. He selects one loaf to be consecrated.The Creed, the Lord’s Prayer and other prayers are offered for the church, the world, and the local community.Behind closed Royal Doors, the priest says the words Jesus said at the Last Supper.The bread is divided in four: three parts are consecrated as the body and blood of Christ. The fourth unconsecrated part is broken into small pieces.The priest comes through the Royal Doors to distribute the consecrated bread and wine together on a spoon to the people who come forward for communion.Prayers of thanksgiving are said after communion.As people leave, the priest gives them pieces of the unconsecrated bread to take home as a sign of being part of the Christian community.
Catholic Mass - Liturgy of the WordOn Sundays there are three readings from the Bible (from the Old Testament, Paul’s letters and the Gospel), a psalm and a homily.People say prayers for the Church, the world, the local community, the sick and the dead. On Sundays this is preceded by the Creed.
Catholic Mass - Liturgy of the EucharistOfferings of bread and wine are brought to the altar.The priest says the Eucharistic Prayer using the words of Jesus at the Last Supper: ‘He gave you thanks, he broke it (the bread), gave it to his disciples, saying: Take, eat: this is my body which is given for you in remembrance of me.’He prays over the wine using similar words.The people say the Lord’s Prayer.The priest and congregation come forward to receive communion.The priest blesses the people and tells them, for example, ‘Go in peace, glorifying the Lord by your lives.’
Holy Communion in Anglican ChurchA Communion service in the Church of England is almost identical to that of the Catholic Church.One small difference is that the ‘peace’ (‘sign of peace’ in the Catholic Church) is shared at a different point in the service; whereas Catholics do this after the Lord’s Prayer, Anglicans do it before the offerings of bread and wine are brought to the altar. Some Anglicans share the Catholic and Orthodox view that the bread and wine are transformed into Christ’s body and blood, but many believe that Jesus is present in the bread and wine in a spiritual way and only while it is being eaten.The main emphasis is on this community meal being shared equally with all.
Holy Communion in Nonconformist churchesIt begins with a hymn and a prayer of praise and thanksgiving.Bible readings and a sermon follow.The congregation prays for the world and for the needs of particular people.The minister reminds the congregation of Jesus’ words and actions at the Last Supper. He or she takes bread and wine, says a prayer of thanksgiving over them, including the words of Jesus, ‘This is my body’ and ‘This is my blood’.There is an ‘open table’ so anyone who wishes to take communion may receive the bread and wine.People may come forward to receive the bread and wine. In some places the bread is cut beforehand, in others people break a piece off as it is passed around the seated congregation. The wine is sometimes non-alcoholic and is usually distributed in small cups.There is a prayer of thanksgiving, blessing and an encouragement to go out and serve God.
What are Sacraments?Sacraments are holy rituals that outwardly express an inner, spiritual experience. They make visible for believers a special gift of grace (a free gift of God’s love).
7 SacramentsCatholic and Orthodox Christians accept seven sacraments, which they believe to have been initiated by Jesus: baptism, confirmation, Holy Communion, marriage, Holy Orders, reconciliation, and the anointing of the sick.Many Protestant churches see baptism and Holy Communion as important rituals because they believe Jesus instructed them to undertake these. Some churches that practise believers’ baptism consider it an important ceremony but do not refer to it as a ‘sacrament’. Other churches like the Quakers or The Salvation Army, do not use any sacraments.
BaptismFor many Churches baptism is the initiation rite by which people become members of the Christian Church. In baptism the person is formally acknowledged as a child of God and receives God’s saving grace; the person’s sins are forgiven and he or she enters a new life with Jesus Christ.When John the Baptist baptised Jesus in the Jordan River, two extraordinary things happened that showed God’s approval of his son’s mission (see Mark 1:9-11). Jesus’ baptism set an example for his followers to be baptised in order to receive the Holy Spirit and begin a new life in the Christian community.“Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptising them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.” Matthew 28:19
Infant BaptismNowadays Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Methodist, and United Reformed Christians practise infant baptism. Catholic and Orthodox Christians would say everyone is a descendant of Adam and Eve who committed the first sin.Everyone has a tendency to sin and needs salvation, even a baby. For Catholics and Orthodox Christians, infant baptism removes this original sin. At an infant baptism the child is welcomed into the Church as soon as possible, and the parents are able to thank God for their new baby and celebrate the birth with family and friends. Priest/minister says ‘I baptise you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit’ while pouring blessed water over the head of the babyGodparents and parents promise to bring up the child in the Christian faith.Besides water, other symbols are used such as making the sign of the cross on the baby’s forehead, anointing with oil, dressing the child in white, and giving the parents a candle lit from the Paschal candle. Congregation welcomes the newest member of the Christian community
Believers BaptismSome Christians, such as Baptists and Pentecostalists, think that a baby is too young to understand the meaning of baptism, so people should wait and be baptised when they are old enough to come to a mature decision about their faith. They believe that baptism does not itself save a person; it is someone’s conversion to living a life dedicated to Jesus that is important.Therefore the believer must be old enough to have come to a mature decision about their faith.Believers’ baptism involves full immersion in a pool, symbolising the cleansing from sin and the rising up to new life with Christ. Rites vary but usually the minister talks about the importance of baptism and asks if the candidates are willing to change their lives.Each person may read a Bible passage and give a brief testimony of their faith in Jesus as their personal saviour. The minister goes into the pool with the person and baptises them ‘in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit’.
PilgrimageA pilgrimage is a journey made for religious reasons, alone or with other Christians, to a sacred place. The believer makes a physical journey but it is also a spiritual journey towards God. The pilgrimage gives many opportunities for prayer and worship, and is itself an act of worship as believers show devotion to God by choosing to go.Pilgrims may visit the Holy Land, particularly Jerusalem, because it is where Jesus lived, died and was resurrected and where Christianity began. They may visit shrines connected with famous saints. Some prefer to go to remote places to pray and reflect on their lives.
Role and importance of Pilgrimagegrow closer to God and strengthen their faith express sorrow for sin and be forgivenreflect on their lives, particularly when facing a crisis or a big decisionpray for something special or thank God for a blessingseek a cure for an illnesshelp other pilgrims who are disabled or illexperience a holy placemeet others who share their faith. It is not compulsory for Christians to go on a pilgrimage but it can play an important role in their spiritual lives. Often they come back with a better understanding of their faith and renewed enthusiasm for living a Christian life. They may have received advice from priests or monks that has helped them see problems in a new light. They may also feel cleansed from sin.
Lourdes"Lourdes in south-west France is a place of pilgrimage dedicated to Mary, the mother of Jesus. In 1858 a young girl named Bernadette had visions of Mary in a grotto (cave) near the river.Bernadette spoke of praying the rosary with Mary who looked lovingly upon her. Mary told Bernadette to dig for a spring of water, which was discovered to have healing properties. ""As I raised my head to look at the grotto, I saw a Lady dressed in white, wearing a white dress, a blue girdle and a yellow rose on each foot, the same colour as the chain of her rosary; the beads of the rosary were white."" Bernadette describing first vision of Virgin MaryNow thousands of pilgrims visit Lourdes to pray at the grotto where Mary appeared, to recite the rosary together, and to bathe in the water where it is claimed that 67 miracles and over 6000 other cures have taken place. Many of these pilgrims are sick or disabled and are accompanied by able-bodied helpers."
IonaIona is an island off the west coast of Scotland. In the 6th century AD, St Columba, an Irish missionary who brought Christianity to Scotland, established a small monastic community there. It is now the home of the ecumenical Iona Community and a place of Christian pilgrimage dedicated to the Virgin Mary.Some people think Iona is a ‘thin place’, where the veil between the spiritual world and the physical world is thin. Iona is remote and windswept, so for many pilgrims it feels like a place where nature reveals God’s infinite power and presence.The Iona Community hold daily services in the abbey church, lead a seven-mile hike to the island’s holy and historic spots, and conduct workshops on Christian themes. Pilgrims are asked to help out with daily chores and meals while staying there. There is time for silence, for reflection or meditation, for reading the Bible or holy books, and for enjoying the area’s natural beauty.
What is the ChurchThe word ‘church’ comes from the Greek word ‘ekklesia’ which is defined as an assembly, or a gathering of Christian people. The root meaning of ‘church’ is not that of a building, but of people. Originally the early Church did not have a special building and Christians met together in people’s homes. The New Testament explains that the Church consists of a group of believers under the leadership of Jesus.First and foremost the Church is made up of the followers of Jesus in the local community.“And God placed all things under his (Jesus’) feet and appointed him to be head over everything for the church, which is his body.” Ephesians 1:22-23
What does the Church do"The church as a building provides a location where Christians from the local community can meet, worship, pray, obtain spiritual guidance and socialise. Often events take place on weekdays as well as worship on the Christian holy day of Sunday. Some activities are specifically for Christians such as prayer meetings or Bible studies; others fulfil a need in the local community, for example a mothers’ and toddlers’ group or youth club.The role of the Church is not confined to the building. Throughout its history the Church has been a major source of social services like schooling and medical care, it has been an inspiration for art and culture and it has campaigned for justice and championed the neglected. In modern Britain the Church has become involved in projects that help the local community, such as food banks. This work fits with Christian teachings to act with compassion to those in need.""For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me."" Matthew 25:25-36"
Trussel Trust Food BanksFounded in 1997 by Carol and Paddy Henderson, the Trussell Trust food banks provide emergency food, help and support to people in crisis in the UK. Based on Christian principles, shown, for example, in the parable of the Sheep and the Goats, the aim is to bring people together (religious and non-religious) to work towards ending poverty and hunger in Britain.Rising prices, cuts in welfare benefits, redundancy, family breakdown, and unexpected expense may all contribute to an emergency situation.Non-perishable food is donated to the food banks by churches, supermarkets, schools, businesses and individuals and is sorted by volunteers, including making sure that it is within date. Care professionals such as doctors, health visitors and social workers identify people in crisis and issue a food voucher. In exchange for their food voucher, three days of nutritionally balanced food is provided. Some of the food banks provide courses designed to help people ‘eat well and spend less’. There are around 420 Trussell food banks in the UK and in a year they provide food for nearly 1,000,000 people.
Why should Christians be involved in the local community?The teaching of Jesus, for example in the parable of Sheep and the Goats (Matthew 25:31-46), shows that Christians should not ignore the needs of society because showing agape love is part of the Christian way of life.Churches should respond practically to the needs of their local communities.These needs vary; for example, they might include a lack of facilities for young people, insufficient care for the vulnerable, the problem of gang culture or people feeling frightened on the streets.Churches have tried to meet these challenges with local projects such as Street Pastors.