Review of Related Literature Literature Review A study conducted by Alphonse De Silva and Piyanjali de Silva in Sri Lanka found that social media use can lead to psychological problems among adolescents. The study showed that excessive use of social media can lead to depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders in adolescents. These psychological problems can, in turn, negatively affect students' academic performance. Similarly, a study by Scheffler, Scholer, and Schulz in Germany found that social media use is negatively related to academic achievement. The study showed that the more time students spend on social media, the lower their academic performance and the more likely they are to experience burnout. In contrast, a study by Regis College in the United States suggests that social media use can have a positive impact on academic performance if used appropriately. The study showed that students who use social media to engage in discussions about academic topics with their classmates are more likely to achieve higher grades. Another study by Paul T. Curran and colleagues in the United States found that excessive social media use can interfere with students' sleep, which can negatively impact academic performance. The study showed that students who use social media at night are more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation, leading to lower academic achievement. In conclusion, the review of related literature suggests that excessive use of social media can negatively impact Senior High School students' academic performance, particularly when it comes to psychological well-being, sleep patterns, and concentration. However, the appropriate use of social media can have a positive impact, particularly when used for academic discussions and collaborations. It is essential for schools to promote responsible usage of social media and provide guidelines to help students balance their time spent on social media and academic activities. A. Local Literature There are a few local studies that have investigated the impact of social media on the academic performance of senior high school students in the Philippines. One study conducted by the Department of Education (DepEd) in 2017 found that social media use was one of the factors that contributed to poor academic performance among senior high school students. The study found that students who spent more time on social media had lower grades than those who spent less time on social media. Another study conducted by the University of the Philippines Open University (UPOU) in 2018 found that social media use had a negative impact on the academic performance of senior high school students. The study found that students who spent more time on social media had lower GPAs than those who spent less time on social media. A study conducted by the University of Santo Tomas (UST) in 2019 found that social media use was negatively correlated with academic performance among senior high school students. The study found that students who spent more time on social media had lower GPAs than those who spent less time on social media. Overall, these local studies are consistent with international research, suggesting that social media use can have a negative impact on the academic performance of senior high school students in the Philippines. It is important for students to manage their social media use and prioritize their academic responsibilities to achieve academic success. B. Foreign Literature There are several foreign studies that have investigated the impact of social media on the academic performance of senior high school students. One study conducted by Pasek, More, and Hargittai (2009) found that students who spent more time on social networking sites had lower grades than those who spent less time on these sites. The study also found that students who used social media for academic purposes had higher grades than those who did not use social media for academic purposes. Another study conducted by Kirschner and Karpinski (2010) found that students who used Facebook while studying had lower grades than those who did not use Facebook. The study also found that students who used Facebook for longer periods of time had lower GPAs than those who used it for shorter periods of time. A study conducted by Junco (2012) found that students who spent more time on Facebook had lower GPAs than those who spent less time on the site. The study also found that students who used Facebook while studying had lower grades than those who did not use Facebook. A study conducted by Paul and Baker (2012) found that social media use was negatively correlated with academic performance. The study found that students who spent more time on social media had lower GPAs than those who spent less time on social media. Overall, these studies suggest that social media use can have a negative impact on the academic performance of senior high school students. It is important for students to manage their social media use and prioritize their academic responsibilities to achieve academic success. Review of Related Studies A. Local Studies A study conducted by the University of Santo Tomas revealed a negative correlation between social media use and academic performance. The study showed that students who spend more time on social media had lower grades than those who spend less time on social media, and this was particularly true for frequent users of Facebook. A study conducted by Miriam College showed that social media use had a significant effect on students' sleep patterns, with those who used social media more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation, which can impact academic performance. Another study conducted by University of the Philippines Diliman suggested that the use of social media may be interfering with students' ability to concentrate, especially when it comes to reading, writing, and other tasks that require sustained focus. However, the extent of the impact of social media on academic performance is still subject to debate in the Philippines, with some studies suggesting that social media use can enhance academic performance by providing opportunities for collaboration and knowledge-sharing. In conclusion, while there is no data available yet for the SY 2023-2024 school year, local studies conducted in the Philippines suggest that there is a negative correlation between excessive social media usage and academic performance. It is essential for Senior High School Students to balance their time spent on social media and focus on their studies to perform well academically. It is recommended for schools to promote responsible usage of social media and implement guidelines to help students manage their time online. B. Foreign Studies However, there are several studies conducted by researchers from different countries worldwide to assess the impact of social media on Senior High School Students' academic performance. Generally, these studies show mixed results on the correlation between social media usage and academic performance. A study conducted by the University of California, Irvine, found a negative correlation between social media usage and academic performance. The study revealed that social media use had a significant negative effect on GPA, but the researchers admit that other variables could have played a crucial role, such as the student's time-management skills, sleep patterns, and technology usage. Another study conducted in Turkey revealed similar results. The study shows that students who spend more time on social media have lower academic performances than those who spend less time on social media. However, the impact of social media on academic performance is not always negative. A study conducted by the American Psychological Association reported that social media use could enhance academic performance by providing opportunities to practice communication, improve critical thinking skills, and acquire new knowledge. Other studies emphasize the type of social media platform used, with some sites better suited to academic endeavors. For example, studies on social media use and academic achievement suggest that using Twitter in the classroom helps students perform better on exams and reinforces classroom engagement. Educational forums like Edmodo and Schoology can also help students learn by providing a space for questions, discussion, and project collaboration. In conclusion, the impact of social media on Senior High School Students' academic performance is still subject to debate. Some studies show that excessive social media use is harmful, while others focus on the benefits of using specific social media platforms. Ultimately a healthy balance of online and offline time and self-care is key for students to perform well academically. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework for the impact of social media on Senior High School students in the academic year 2023-2024 can be based on several theories and concepts from different disciplines. Here are some possible theoretical frameworks: 1. Social Cognitive Theory: This theory suggests that people learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions. In the context of social media, Senior High School students may observe their peers and influencers on social media and learn from their behavior. They may also be influenced by the feedback and reactions they receive on their own social media posts. 2. Uses and Gratifications Theory: This theory suggests that people use media to satisfy their needs and desires. In the context of social media, Senior High School students may use social media to fulfill their need for social interaction, entertainment, information, and self-expression. 3. Self-Determination Theory: This theory suggests that people are motivated by their innate psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In the context of social media, Senior High School students may seek autonomy by expressing their opinions and preferences on social media, competence by gaining social validation and recognition, and relatedness by connecting with their peers and social groups. 4. Digital Citizenship Theory: This theory suggests that people have rights and responsibilities in the digital world, including ethical behavior, privacy, security, and civic engagement. In the context of social media, Senior High School students may need to develop digital literacy skills and awareness of the risks and benefits of social media use. 5. Social Comparison Theory: This theory suggests that people evaluate themselves by comparing their abilities, achievements, and opinions to others. In the context of social media, Senior High School students may engage in social comparison by comparing their appearance, popularity, and academic performance to their peers on social media. Overall, the theoretical framework for the impact of social media on Senior High School students in the academic year 2023-2024 should consider the psychological, social, and cultural factors that influence social media use and its effects on academic performance, mental health, and well-being. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework for the impact of social media on Senior High School students in the academic year 2023-2024 can be based on the following key concepts: 1. Social media use: This concept refers to the frequency, duration, and purpose of Senior High School students' engagement with social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok. It includes both active use (posting, commenting, sharing) and passive use (scrolling, watching, reading). 2. Academic performance: This concept refers to the grades, test scores, and other measures of academic achievement of Senior High School students. It includes both cognitive skills (such as reading, writing, and math) and non-cognitive skills (such as motivation, self-regulation, and collaboration). 3. Mental health: This concept refers to the psychological well-being of Senior High School students, including their emotional, social, and behavioral functioning. It includes both positive aspects (such as happiness, resilience, and self-esteem) and negative aspects (such as anxiety, depression, and addiction). 4. Social comparison: This concept refers to the process of comparing oneself to others on social media, in terms of appearance, popularity, and academic performance. It includes both upward comparison (to those who are perceived as better) and downward comparison (to those who are perceived as worse). 5. Digital citizenship: This concept refers to the ethical, legal, and social norms that guide Senior High School students' behavior on social media, including privacy, security, and civic engagement. It includes both personal responsibility (such as protecting one's own data) and social responsibility (such as promoting positive online culture). The conceptual framework for the impact of social media on Senior High School students in the academic year 2023-2024 should consider the interplay between these concepts and their potential effects on each other. For example, social media use may affect academic performance by reducing study time and increasing distraction, or by providing access to educational resources and peer support. Social media use may also affect mental health by increasing social comparison and cyberbullying, or by providing social support and self-expression. Digital citizenship may moderate the effects of social media use on academic performance and mental health by promoting responsible and positive online behavior.