98
98
Ocfki ief Keljroitkje
Aktcrigy
Yuirtcr 9 ‗ Ojfuac 7>
KELJXOIVKJE AKVCXIG[
Tmit K Eccf tj Bejw
Vmks ojfuac wis fcskdecf ief wrkttce wktm yju ke okef. Kt ks mcrc tj
mcap yju oistcr tmc gjetcxt jl Ocfki ief Keljroitkje Aktcrigy. Kt gjetikes
virkcf igtkvktkcs tmit gie mcap yju is i Wcekjr Mkdm Wgmjja stufcet tj ejt nust
hc ie keljroitkje aktcritc kefkvkfuia, hut i grcitkvc ief grktkgia tmkebcr is
wcaa is rcspjeskhac uscr ief gjopctcet prjfugcr jl ocfki ief keljroitkje.
Iltcr djked tmrjudm tmks ojfuac, yju irc cxpcgtcf tj>
9.
Fclkecs
keljroitkje
eccfs,
ajgitcs,
isscsscs,
jrdiekzcs
ief
gjoouekgitcs keljroitkje.
8.
Fcojestritcs ctmkgia usc jl keljroitkje.
Tmit K Bejw
Act us fctcrokec mjw ougm yju iarcify bejw ihjut tmc Ocfki ief
Keljroitkje Aktcrigy hy ieswcrked tmc qucstkjes hcajw. Ssc yjur wjrbsmcct
ljr yjur ieswcrs.
FKXCGVKJEW> I. Vruc jr Liasc> Trktc Vruc kl tmc stitcocet ks gjrrcgt
jtmcrwksc, wrktc Liasc je yjur ieswcr smcct.
9. Aktcrigy ks i luefiocetia muoie rkdmt ief tmc ljuefitkje ljr aklcajed
acireked.
8. Copjwcrocet ks ejt skdeklkgiet ke jur ipprcgkitkje jl mjw aktcrigy
prjvkfcs us wktm ocies tj iggcss tmc wjraf jl bejwacfdc sj wc gie acif hcttcr
akvcs.
7. Pjwcr ks jltce rcaitcf tj jur ihkakty tj oibc jtmcrs fj wmit wc wiet,
rcdirfacss jl tmckr jwe wksmcs jr ketcrcsts.
9
6. Keljroitkje aktcrigy ks hcst uefcrstjjf je mjw wc eivkditc tmc gjopacx
ief ectwjrbcf wjraf jl tmc ketcrect.
3. Vmc Ketcrect ks ie kegrciskeday kopjrtiet pirt jl cvcryfiy aklc ljr pcjpac
irjuef tmc wjraf.
<. Vmc tmrcc-acttcr
tmrcc-acttcr gjfc prcgcfcf hy i fjt (.), skopay bejwe is tmc ‑scirgm
cedkec sktc‟.
sktc‟.
4. Keljroitkje sccbked ks rcaitkvcay syejeyojus tj tmc kfci jl rcscirgm.
=. Hjjbs, ecws
ecwspipcrs,
pipcrs, ief jtmcr pcrkjfkgia
pcrkjfkgias
s irc cxiopac jl Prket ljroit
ljroit
keljroitkje.
;. Tmce yju irc keljroitkje aktcritc, yju irc ihac tj cviauitc wmit
keljroitkje yju eccf, wmit tj fksgirf, ief mjw tj usc tmc keljroitkje yju
scacgtcf.
90. Tmce yju irc ihac tj nufdc tmc ‑ Pjtcetkia viauc jl Keljroitkje,‟ yju wkaa
ejt hc ihac tj oixkokzc kts usc.
H. Kestrugtkje> Isscss yjurscal. Trktc yjur ieswcrs je yjur ieswcr smcct.
9. Tmit ks yjur prkoiry sjurgc jl keljroitkje cspcgkiaay ljr sgmjjawjrb:
8. Tmit irc yjur gjeskfcritkjes wmce ajjbked ljr i pirtkguair keljroitkje:
Fj yju eccf i qukgb ligt jr i grktkgia ieiaysks:
7. Fj yju prclcr uehkiscf keljroitkje jr ie jpkekje: Gurrcet keljroitkje jr
i mkstjrkgia jec:
6. Fj yju iutjoitkgiaay usc i Tch scirgm cedkec tj ajgitc ljr tmc keljroitkje
yju eccf: Tmit fj yju usc ief wmy:
3. Fj yju gmcgb nust iey bkef jl Tchsktc: Tmit irc yjur pcrsjeia grktcrki ljr
scacgtked i Tch sktc is yjur sjurgc jl keljroitkje:
8
Ojfuac
7
Keljroitkje Vcgmejajdy
Tmit‛s Ke
Keljroitkje Aktcrigy ks ie kopjrtiet sbkaa ke aklc. Ie kefkvkfuia wmj ks
aktcritc ke tmc ajgitkje, iggcss, cviauitkje, ief usc jl keljroitkje iasj
fkspaiys i gcrtike scesc jl grktkgia aktcrigy. Tmce yju irc keljroitkje aktcritc,
yju irc ihac tj cviauitc wmit keljroitkje yju eccf, wmit tj fksgirf, ief mjw
tj usc tmc keljroitkje yju scacgtcf.
Hcljrc wc dj lurtmcr, try tj ieswcr tmc qucstkjes hcajw, tmks irc sjoc
qucstkjes tmit gjocs ketj jur okef wmce wc tiab ihjut Keljroitkje Aktcrigy.
9. Tmy fj wc eccf keljroitkje:
8. Tmcrc fj wc eccf keljroitkje:
7. Mjw fj wc igqukrc ief stjrc keljroitkje:
6. Mjw fj wc usc tmc keljroitkje tmit wc mivc:
3. Mjw wkaa wc gjoouekgitc tmc keljroitkje tmit wc mivc igqukrcf:
7
Tmit‛s Ecw
FKXCGVKJEW> Ieswcr tmc ljaajwked qucstkjes ke yjur ieswcr smcct.
9. Is i stufcet, wmit fj yju tmkeb irc tmc usuia kestiegcs ief rcisjes
ljr yjur eccf jl keljroitkje:
8. Tmit tisbs mivc yju fjec ke tmc pist tmit rcqukrcf scirgmked
keljroitkje ljr yju tj gjopactc tmco.
Tmit ks Kt
Aktcrigy ief Copjwcrocet
Aktcrigy ks wkfcay bejwe is tmc ihkakty tj rcif ief wrktc. Vmc ifvcet jl
ojfcrekty ief tmc cxpieskje jl iggcss tj dcecria cfugitkje mis ceihacf
sjgkctkcs tj prjfugc aktcritc pjpuaitkjes. Aktcrigy iawiys issjgkitcf wktm i
sct jl tiedkhac sbkaas, pirtkguairay tmc sbkaas jl wrktked ief rcifked. Kts
gjuetcrpirt ks tmc gjegcpt jl euocrigy, wmkgm ks tmc sbkaas issjgkitcf wktm
hiskg oitmcoitkgia jpcritkjes kevjavked euohcrs.
Vmc Sektcf Eitkjes Cfugitkjeia, Wg
Wgkcetklkg,
kcetklkg, ief Guaturia Jrdiekzitkje
(SECWGJ) gktcs tmc kopjrtiegc
kopjrtiegc jl aktcrigy ke tmc ojfcre wjraf> ‑Aktcrigy ks i
luefiocetia muoie rkdmt ief tmc ljuefitkje ljr aklcajed acireked. Kt ks luaay
csscetkia tj sjgkia ief muoie fcvcajpocet ke kts ihkakty tj triesljro akvcs.
Ljr kefkvkfuias, liokakcs, ief sjgkctkcs iakbc, kt ks ie kestruocet jl
copjwcrocet tj koprjvc jec‛s mciatm, jec‛s kegjoc, ief jec‛s rcaitkjesmkp
wktm tmc wjraf.‟ (SECWGJ, 8007)
Copjwcrocet ks vcry skdeklkgiet ke jur ipprcgkitkje jl mjw aktcrigy
prjvkfcs us wktm ocies tj iggcss tmc wjraf jl bejwacfdc sj wc gie acif
hcttcr akvcs. Copjwcrocet ks ie kfci jl pjwcr, is akebcf je tmc kfci tmit
pjwcr gie gmiedc, tmit tmc jwecrsmkp jl pjwcr gie smklt ljro jec cetkty tj
iejtmcr. Copjwcrocet ks iasj pjsskhac hcgiusc pjwcr gie cxpief jr
fkokeksm is tmc gisc oiy hc.
hc . ‑Act us lkrst rcvkcw jur ejtkjes jl pjwcr.
Pjwcr ks jltce rcaitcf tj jur ihkakty tj oibc jtmcrs fj wmit wc wiet,
rcdirfacss jl tmckr jwe wksmcs jr ketcrcsts
ketcr csts (Tchcr, 9;6<). Pjwcr ks ejt iawiys
6
rcaitkjeia. Jec eccfs tj guatkvitc i ejtkje jl pjwcr wktmke tj luaay rciakzc.
Vruc cejudm, pjwcr gie rcskfc keskfc, yju dkvce tmc jppjrtuekty tj iggcss
tmc bejwacfdc, sbkaas, ief ittktufcs.
Keljroitkje ief Ketcrect
Keljroitkje gie hc tmc ieswcr tj i qucstkje, i ecws, jr i fiti. Kt ks tmit
wmkgm keljros, tmit wmkgm ceihacs us tj bejw ief sjoctmked iasj
gjoouekgihac.
Keljroitkje aktcrigy ks hcst uefcrstjjf je mjw wc eivkditc tmc gjopacx
ief ectwjrbcf wjraf jl tmc ketcrect. Vmc ketcrect mis ojrc tmie prigtkgia
uscs ke jur akvcs. Kt mis hcce triesljrocf tj hc tmc prkoiry sjurgc ljr
rcscirgm, gjopacocetked wmit gie hc ljuef ke sgmjja akhrirkcs.
Vjfiy, wc akvc ke i bejwacfdc-hiscf sjgkcty surrjuefcf hy guttked-cfdc
tcgmejajdy tmit oibcs cvcry ispcgt jl jur akvcs listcr ief ciskcr. Vmc ketcrect
irjsc ke 9;<=, hut kt wis ke 9;=; wmce i luaay fcvcajpcf Tjraf Tkfc Tch
(TTT) irjsc ief turecf kt ketj tmc dajhia paitljro ljr bejwacfdc-smirked,
gjoouekgitkje, ief igmkcvked.
Vmc Ketcrect ks ie kegrciskeday kopjrtiet pirt jl cvcryfiy aklc ljr pcjpac
irjuef tmc wjraf. Hut kl yju'vc ecvcr uscf tmc Ketcrect hcljrc, iaa jl tmks ecw
keljroitkje okdmt lcca i hkt gjelusked it lkrst. Vmc Ketcrect ks i dajhia
ectwjrb jl hkaakjes jl gjoputcrs ief jtmcr cacgtrjekg fcvkgcs. Tktm tmc
Ketcrect, kt's pjsskhac tj iggcss iaojst iey keljroitkje, gjoouekgitc wktm
ieyjec casc ke tmc wjraf, ief fj ougm ojrc.
[ju gie fj iaa jl tmks hy gjeecgtked i gjoputcr tj tmc Ketcrect, wmkgm
ks iasj giaacf djked jeakec. Tmce sjocjec siys i gjoputcr ks jeakec, kt's
nust iejtmcr wiy jl siyked kt's gjeecgtcf tj tmc Ketcrect.
Vmc Tjraf Tkfc Tch‖usuiaay giaacf tmc Tch ljr smjrt‖ks i gjaacgtkje
jl fkllcrcet wchsktcs yju gie iggcss tmrjudm tmc Ketcrect. I wchsktc ks oifc
up jl rcaitcf tcxt, koidcs, ief jtmcr rcsjurgcs. Tchsktcs gie rcscohac jtmcr
ljros jl ocfki‖akbc ecwspipcr irtkgacs jr tcacvkskje prjdrios ‖jr tmcy gie
hc ketcrigtkvc ke i wiy tmit's uekquc tj gjoputcrs.
Vmc purpjsc jl i wchsktc gie hc iaojst ieytmked> i ecws
ec ws paitljro, ie
ifvcrtkscocet, ie jeakec akhriry, i ljruo ljr smirked koidcs, jr ie
cfugitkjeia sktc.
3
Tmj Puts Keljroitkje je tmc Ketcrect:
Vmcrc irc oiey bkefs jl Ketcrect sktcs tmit yju okdmt lkef furked tmc
gjursc jl i scirgm ‗ sktcs grcitcf hy fkllcrcet pcjpac jr jrdiekzitkjes wktm
fkllcrcet jhncgtkvcs. Vmc tmrcc-acttcr gjfc prcgcfcf hy i fjt (.), skopay bejwe
is tmc fjoike, dkvcs yju i likray djjf kfci jl wmj ks puhaksmked tmc ketcrect
sktc.
Fjoike Eiocs
.cfu
Cqukviacet
Cfugitkjeia kestktutkje
Kt oiy gjetike gircluaay prjgcsscf ief rcvkcwcf
keljroitkje tjudm ejt rcprcscet tmc kefkvkfuia
ke fkvkfuia
vkcws jl tmc igifcokg pcrsjeeca.
.gjo
Ojstay gjoocrgkia cetktkcs, sjoc jl wmkgm irc
prjlkt-jrkcetcf.
.jrd
Eje-prjlkt jrdiekzitkje
.djv
Djvcreocet jrdiekzitkjes
.ect
Ketcrect scrvkgcs prjvkfcrs jr ectwjrb
Tmit Fctcrokecs [jur Eccf ljr Keljroitkje:
Keljroitkje sccbked ks rcaitkvcay syejeyojus tj tmc kfci jl rcscirgm.
Tmce yju ajgitc keljroitkje. [ju copajy tmc ecgcssiry sbkaas tj cedidc ke
tmc rcscirgm prjgcss. [jur eccf ljr keljroitkje fcpcefs je yjur prkjr
bejwacfdc ief cxpcrkcegc, is wcaa is yjur djias ief jhncgtkvcs.
[jur keljroitkje eccfs tj rcay je wmit qucstkjes jr prjhacos yju
wjuaf akbc tj sjavc jr, skopay, wmit yju eccf tmc keljroitkje ljr. Vmcsc eccfs
iasj fcpcef je tmc rcacviegc jl tmc keljroitkje yju sccb tj tmc tisb yju irc
suppjscf tj iggjopaksmcf. Isb yjurscal wmj wkaa gjesuoc ief/ jr hceclkt
lrjo tmc keljroitkje yju irc tryked tj ajgitc. [ju oust iasj kfcetkly mjw
ougm keljroitkje yju eccf ief kts ifcquigy tj iffrcss yjur tisb. Gjesuat
yjur pcrsjeia bejwacfdc hisc sj tmit yju gie paie wmit casc tj scirgm tj
iudocet wmit yju iarcify bejw.
<
Wjurgcs jl Keljroitkje
Wjurgcs jl keljroitkje, friwe lrjo tmc ketcrect jr jtmcrwksc, gie hc
gitcdjrkzcf ketj tmc ljaajwked>
9. Pjpuair Puhakgitkjes> Ojst jl wmit ruacs ke tmc prket ief eje-prket
ocfki irc pjpuair puhakgitkjes wktm tmc dcecria puhakg is kts tirdct
iufkcegc. Kegaufcf uefcr tmks gitcdjry irc njureiakstkg irtkgacs, lciturcs
irtkgacs, oieuias, laycrs, ligt smccts, ief cvce hajds hy ectkzces. Vmcy
scrvc tj hjtm keljro ief cetcrtike tmc dcecria puhakg.
8. Wgmjairay Puhakgitkjes> Vmcsc irc wcaa-rcscirgmcf irtkgacs ljuef
ojstay ke igifcokg njureias ief puhaksmcf ljr tmc spcgkiaksts jl i
spcgklkg lkcaf. Vmc aieduidc ks vcry tcgmekgia
tcg mekgia hcgiusc kt ks dcircf tjwirf
tmc gjesuoptkje jl spcgkiaksts, sgmjairs, ief tmjsc sccbked rcscirgmhiscf keljroitkje je i pirtkguair irci jl bejwacfdc sugm tmc sjgkia
sgkcegc, tmc eituria sgkcegcs, ief tmc irts ief muoiektkcs.
7. Vrifc Puhakgitkje> Vmcsc irc iasj mkdmay spcgkiakzcf oitcrkias ociet
ljr tmc paiycrs ief spcgkiaksts jl i spcgklkg kefustry. Wjoc djjf
cxiopacs irc puhakgitkjes je ojtjrked jr puhakgitkjes je gjestrugtkje.
Vrifc Puhakgitkjes gjohkec pjpuair ippcia ief spcgkiakzcf bejwacfdc
hcgiusc kt iasj eccfs tj ittrigt tmc eje-spcgkiakst wmj irc tmc pjtcetkia
gjesuocrs jl uscrs jl i pirtkguair prjfugt.
Ljroit jl Keljroitkje
LJXOIV
FCWGXKVKJE
Prket
Oitcrkias prjfugcf ief gjaacgtcf lrjo prket
rcsjurgcs (hjjbs, ecwspipcrs, ief jtmcr pcrkjfkgias,
oieusgrkpts, gjrrcspjefcegc, ocojriefi, ajjsc
acil oitcrkias, ejtcs, hrjgmurcs, ctg.).
Fkdktia Ljroits
Fkdktia oitcrkias irc keljroitkje oitcrkias tmit irc
stjrcf ke ie cacgtrjekg ljroit je i mirf frkvc, GFXJO, rcojtc scrvcr, jr cvce tmc Gajuf. Vmcsc gjuaf
hc cacgtrjekg hjjbs, fitihisc wchsktcs, vkfcj, ief
iufkj oitcrkias. Vmcsc oitcrkias oiy hc iggcsscf
wktm i gjoputcr ief/jr tmrjudm tmc ketcrect.
4
Oitcrkias gjaacgtcf usked ieiajd tcgmejajdy ke vkfcj
Iufkj ief \kfcj (tcacvkskje, vkfcj, rcgjrfkeds) tjjas prcscetcf ke
Ljroit
rcgjrfcf tipcs, GFs, iufkj-gisscttcs, rcca tj rcca
tipcs, rcgjrf iahuos, ctg. Is fkllcrcetkitcf lrjo
fkdktia tcgmejajdy, tmcsc sjurgcs jl keljroitkje irc
rcgjrfcf usked ieiajd tcgmejajdy wmkgm ocies fiti
ks rcgjrfcf ke ifviegc lrjo jec pjket tj iejtmcr.
Ieiajd fcvkgcs rcif tmc oitcrkia hy sgieeked tmc
pmyskgia fiti jll tmc ocfki.
Okgrjljro
Vmks kegaufcs oitcrkias tmit mivc hcce pmjtjdripmcf
ief tmckr koidcs fcvcajpcf ke rcfugcf-skzc lkao
strkps ief wmkgm irc vkcwcf usked oigmkecs wktm
oideklyked acescs.
Vmcrc ks i eccf tj fj ie ieiaysks jl wmit typc jl keljroitkje wkaa hcst scrvc
yjur eccf, wmit iggcss tjjas irc yju dj
djked
ked tj utkakzc, ief wmit rcsuats wkaa hc
grktkgia tj tmc suggcss jl yjur keljroitkje rctrkcvia.
Tmit‛s Ojrc
Pitkcegc ief fkakdcegc irc vkrtucs jl i djjf keljroitkje sccbcr. Vmc Tjraf
Tkfc Tch (TTT) ks ejt tmc cef,
c ef, hut tmc ocies ljr yjur keljroitkje scirgm.
FKXCGVKJEW> Ieswcr ljaajwked ke yjur ieswcr smcct.
Dj higb tmc tkoc wmce yju wcrc acireked mjw tj rcif ief wrktc. Isb yjurscal
tmc ljaajwked qucstkjes>
9. Mjw fkf yju acire tj rcif ief wrktc:
8. Mjw fkf yju dike tmc sbkaas tmit ceihacf yju tj rcif ief wrktc:
7. Tmit irc tmc lkvc ojst kopjrtiet ief ociekedlua tmkeds yju gie fj
wktm yjur ihkakty tj rcif ief wrktc:
6. Mjw fkf tmcsc sbkaas stiy wktm yju tmrjudm tmc ycirs:
3. Tmit fkf yju fj tj cemiegc tmcsc sbkaas:
<. Fj yju tmkeb tmcrc ks stkaa rjjo tj cemiegc tmcsc sbkaas:
=
Tmit K Gie Fj
FKXCGVKJEW> Ke yjur wjrbsmcct jr ejtchjjb, akst fjwe yjur keljroitkje
eccfs hiscf je yjur jtmcr rjacs ke aklc>
9. Is sjocjec wmj purgmiscs gjesuocr sugm is ljjf ief gajtmked.
8. Is i skhaked wmj mcaps jut
7. Is i gmkaf jl pircets wmj wjuaf akbc tj bejw ojrc ihjut tmc gurrcet trcefs
ke difdcts ief lismkje
6. Is i pcrsje wmj mis ojrc iggcss tj i pirtkguair keljroitkje tmit i lrkcef
oiy lkef usclua ief hceclkgkia.
Isscssocet
FKXCGVKJEW> I. Vruc jr Liasc> Trktc Vruc kl tmc stitcocet ks gjrrcgt
jtmcrwksc, wrktc Liasc je yjur ieswcr smcct.
9. Aktcrigy ks i luefiocetia muoie rkdmt ief tmc ljuefitkje ljr aklcajed
acireked.
8. Copjwcrocet ks ejt skdeklkgiet ke jur ipprcgkitkje jl mjw aktcrigy
prjvkfcs us wktm ocies tj iggcss tmc wjraf jl bejwacfdc sj wc gie acif hcttcr
akvcs.
7. Pjwcr ks jltce rcaitcf tj jur ihkakty tj oibc jtmcrs fj wmit wc wiet,
rcdirfacss jl tmckr jwe wksmcs jr ketcrcsts.
6. Keljroitkje aktcrigy ks hcst uefcrstjjf je mjw wc eivkditc tmc gjopacx
ief ectwjrbcf wjraf jl tmc ketcrect.
3. Vmc Ketcrect ks ie kegrciskeday kopjrtiet pirt jl cvcryfiy aklc ljr pcjpac
irjuef tmc wjraf.
<. Vmc tmrcc-acttcr gjfc prcgcfcf hy i fjt
fj t (.), skopay bejwe is tmc ‑scirgm
cedkec sktc‟.
;
4. Keljroitkje sccbked ks rcaitkvcay syejeyojus tj tmc kfci jl rcscirgm.
=. Hjjbs, ecws
ecwspipcrs,
pipcrs, ief jtmcr pcrkjfkgia
pcrkjfkgias
s irc cxiopac jl Prket ljroit
ljroit
keljroitkje.
;. Tmce yju irc keljroitkje aktcritc, yju irc ihac tj cviauitc wmit
keljroitkje yju eccf, wmit tj fksgirf, ief mjw tj usc tmc keljroitkje yju
scacgtcf.
90. Tmce yju irc ihac tj nufdc tmc ‑ Pjtcetkia viauc jl Keljroitkje,‟ yju wkaa
ejt hc ihac tj oixkokzc kts usc.
H. Kestrugtkje> Xcif tmc ljaajwked qucstkjes ief ieswcr tmco hrkclay. Trktc
yjur ieswcrs je yjur ieswcr smcct.
9. Kl yju usc trifktkjeia sjurgcs jl keljroitkje sugm is prket, hrjifgist, ief
cacgtrjekg ocfki, wmkgm iojed tmcsc fj jltce rclcr tj ief wmy:
8. Tmit djjf ief hif prigtkgcs fj yju gjookt furked keljroitkje scirgm
ief smirked:
Iffktkjeia Igtkvkty
FKXCGVKJEW> Hiscf je yjur cxpcrkcegc ieswcr tmc ljaajwked qucstkjes ke
yjur wjrbsmcct jr ejtchjjb.
9. Mjw wkaa yju fclkec ‑okskeljroitkje‟ ief fkskeljroitkje‟
fkskeljroitkje‟:
: [ju gie gktc
cxiopacs jl sktuitkjes tj mcap yju hukaf yjur jwe fclkektkje.
8. Tmit irc tmc pjtcetkia fiedcrs jl okskeljroitkje ief fkskeljroitkje:
7. Mjw tj ctmkgia stiefirfs okekokzc tmc jggurrcegc jl okskeljroitkje ief
fkskeljroitkje:
90