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LAS-Reading and Writing 2
Social Pschologogy (Ateneo de Manila University)
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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 2
Reading and Writing
GRADE 12
Name of Student: _
Grade-Strand-Section:
Date:
_
_
I. Introductory Concept
With your learning experiences in the previous lesson, I am pretty sure that you completely understand the different
patterns of development across disciplines. You also had exciting and interesting activities that made you realize how
important writing a paragraph is. However, it is not enough that you only know the parts of a paragraph and essay. You
also have to be knowledgeable on the aspects that make a well-written text to ensure the quality of your work and to
effectively communicate your message.
II. Learning Skills from the MELCs
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identify the features of a well-organized text
evaluate a written text based on its organization.
identify the features of a coherent and cohesive text
evaluate a written text based on its coherence and cohesion
identify the features of a well written text based on language use
evaluate a written text based on its language use
TEXT ORGANIZATION
What is text organization?
Text organization is the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader logically through it. This property
makes a text readable and clear. In simpler words, it is the consistent development and completeness of ideas in
a text. You have to remember that a well-organized piece of writing supports readers by making it easy for them
to follow.
TECHNIQUES IN ACHIEVE TEXT ORGANIZATION?
1. PHYSICAL FORMAT - it is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in
how the text physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet points or font emphasis. However, use this
technique with discretion as improper or superfluous formatting can be confusing.
Example
Explanation
Marxist ideology has three main theories. Historical
materialism claims that all the features of society can
historically be traced back to economic activity. Social class
in capitalist societies is what produces unjust structures of
power that exist today. Socialism would
The words in bold are the three main most important
Marxist theories that the first sentence is referring to. By
emphasizing these words, the reader can identify the
correct term for the concepts along with their definitions;
this would also aid in remembering the theories since they
stick out from the rest of the text.
2. SIGNAL WORDS - are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. They can “signal” the transition from one point
to another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the writer’s chosen text type (e.g., linear narration, question and
answer).
Example
Explanation
Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club greatly influenced me
as a fictional writer. First, his use of the unreliable narrator
fascinated me, and I have written similar characters in my
works. Second, the theme of patriarchal oppression can
also be found in the stories I write. Third, the novel’s
stunning twist is something that I have been trying to
The words in bold are the three main most important
Marxist theories that the first sentence is referring to. By
emphasizing these words, the reader can identify the
correct term for the concepts along with their definitions;
this would also aid in remembering the theories since they
stick By
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recreate. Thus, I am extremely grateful to have
encountered Palahniuk’s genius early in my writing career.
3. STRUCTURE - provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It consists of the following:  Beginning:
introduction, thesis statement, hook  Middle: supporting details  End: conclusion, summary, final message
Example
Explanation
Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an “aura,”
this appears as a rainbow of light around the body that can
be seen by individuals with clairvoyant abilities. The colors
change depending on one’s mood, health and thoughts.
Some scientists believe that the existence of the aura has
something to do with the electromagnetic fields produced
by cells and tissues in the human body. Whether auras are
real or not, the fact remains that there are forces
everywhere that are real even though we cannot see
them.
Organization in this paragraph is not readily noticeable as
it does not use cues like formatting or signal words.
However, the text is organized in this way:
 Beginning: Introduce topic of aura
 Middle: Definition and evidence of existence of auras
 End: Ending message about forces in the world By
adhering to the structure, the writer can produce a text
that is still easy to follow. The topic, supporting details and
concluding message is still clear to the reader.
COHERENCE AND COHESION
What is Cohesion?
it is the connection of ideas at the sentence level. It focuses on the “grammatical” aspects of writing
Good cohesion is achieved through the following five main methods:
1. Repeated words/ideas – one way to achieve cohesion is to repeat words, or to repeat ideas using different
words.
Example:
Most students are intimidated by the works of William Shakespeare. They believe Shakespeare’s sonnets and
plays are far too complicated to read and understand.
2. Reference words – are words which are used to refer to something which is mentioned elsewhere in the text,
usually in a preceding sentence. The most common type is pronoun.
Example:
Mr. Sanchez agreed to meet with members of the worker’s union before he signed the contract. He was
interested in hearing their concerns about the new insurance plan.
3. Transitional Signals – are also called cohesive devices or linking words. These are words or phrases which show
the relationship between ides. Some examples of transitional signals are:
a. Time – first, immediately, afterward, before, at the same time, after, earlier, simultaneously, finally,
next, in the meantime, later, eventually, then, meanwhile, now, subsequent, etc.
b. Sequence – moreover, furthermore, next, also, finally, last, another, first, second, third, besides,
additionally, etc.
c. Space – above, next to, below, behind, beside, etc.
d. Illustration – for instance, specifically, for example, namely, in this case, to illustrate, etc.
e. Comparison – similarly, also, in the same way, still, likewise, in comparison, too, etc.
f. Contrast – but, despite, however, even though, yet, on the other hand, although, on the contrary,
otherwise, conversely, nevertheless, instead, in spite of; etc.
g. Cause and effect – because, as a result, consequently, then, so, since
Example:
Many students believe they cannot write a good essay because they are not writers. However, as they practice
writing and work on developing their writing skills, most students are able to gain the needed confidence to
start thinking of themselves as writers
4. Synonyms – are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. They provide
alternative word choices that can add variety to a text and can help eliminate unnecessary repetition.
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Example:
Teenagers face an enormous amount of peer pressure from friends and schoolmates. As a result, many young
adults are exhibiting signs of severe stress or depression at an early age.
5. Parallelism – is the use of matching words, phrases, clauses or sentence structures to express similar ideas.
Parallel structures allow the reader to flow smoothly from one idea, sentence or paragraph to the next and to
understand the relationships and connections between ideas.
Example:
Usually, the children spend the summer weekends playing ball in park, swimming in the neighbor’s pool,
eating ice cream under the three, or camping in the backyard.
Below are examples of paragraph with poor and strong cohesion. Have a closer look on how they differ.
POOR COHESION
Thousands of people visit Yosemite National Park each
year. They come to experience the natural beauties of the
magnificent rock cliffs and to enjoy the great outdoors.
These rock cliffs pose a great danger from rockslides.
STRONG COHESION
Thousands of people visit Yosemite National Park each
year. They come to experience the natural beauties of the
magnificent rock cliffs and to enjoy the great outdoors.
However, what they do not realize is that as beautiful as
they are, these rock cliffs pose a great danger from
rockslides.
If there is Cohesion, there should be Coherence.
What is Coherence?
-it is the connection of ideas at the idea level
- “rhetorical” aspects of writing which include developing and supporting arguments (e.g. thesis statement development,
synthesizing and integrating readings, organizing and clarifying ideas)
- it is the overall sense of unity in a passage including both the main point of sentences and the main point of each
paragraph
Coherence involves…
 summarizing the overall argument of an essay in the introductory paragraph
 putting separate, major points into separate paragraphs
 presenting ideas in a logical sequence
 beginning each paragraph with a ‘topic sentence’, followed by supporting sentences
Coherence can be achieved by:
 writing a concept map or outline
 write down the main idea of each paragraph called a topic sentence
 check to see if the topic sentences are connected to the thesis statement of the paper of have strayed from
the main argument
Below are examples of paragraph with poor and strong coherence. Have a closer look on how they differ.
POOR COHERENCE
STRONG COHERENCE
The industry has many advantages. It can draw on great
deal of research. It can also export products to key
trading partners. It has significant growth potential in
the medium to long term. Workers within this industry
need training. It is important to keep staff up-to-date
with software used in this industry.
The industry has many advantages. It can draw on great
deal of research, particularly in terms of strategies used
for entering new markets. While there is a significant
growth potential in the medium to long term, it is clear
that workers within this sector need training. Therefore,
it is important to keep staff up-to-date with software
used in this industry.
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LANGUAGE USE
What Is Language Use?
Language use is one of the clearest indicators of a well-written text. It enables writers to effectively communicate ideas
without confusing the reader. It allows the writer to express the message that they want to convey to the readers.
LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE
1. Informal/Personal - slang, local expressions, text messaging. It is usually used in writing for family, friends, and
colleagues.
Example:
 Hey
 Sup
 OTW
 BRB
 Bes
 Pet (friend)
2. Standard/Academic - widely accepted words and phrases found in books, magazines, and newspapers.
Example:
 Note to a professor: I missed the class last night.
 May I e-mail my paper later?
 The problem is garbage management as it greatly affects the students who are occupying the
SJH Bldg
3. Business/Technical - scientific terms, jargons, and special expressions.
Example:
 Psychiatrist’s Report: “Dissociative rage order is not indicated by the ER assessment.”
Education:
 “This School Year, the Department of Education focused only on the Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC).
PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE
1. Use clear and concise sentences, usually about 18 words long.
Bullying is something that can be prevented by the
students and this has to be handled by parents and
school staff.
REVISED
Bullying can be prevented by the students. This should
be handled by parents and school staff.
2. Avoid redundancies, clichés, wordiness, and highfalutin.
Although offsprings are taught not to obtain free gifts
from strangers, at the present moment many still do
EXAMPLES OF CLICHÉ
 Time will tell
 in a jiffy
 brave as a lion
 opposites attract,
 all is well that ends well
 once upon a time
REVISED
Although children are told not to take gifts from
strangers, many still do.



EXAMPLES OF HIGHFALUTIN WORDS
Hackslaver - to hesitate or stammer in speec
Hedley-medley - a confused jumble
Heimate - to spend the winter somewhere
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3. Although may be used, avoid overusing, “There” and “It”. Drop it.
REVISED
There's a book on the table.
A book is on the table.
4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate. Be condensed.
REVISED
We're going to make a country in which no one is left
out.
A book is on the table.
5. Be consistent in pronoun point of view
We should simply accept that fate is simply an illusion;
you must not leave our decisions something that does
not exist.
REVISED
We should simply accept that fate is simply an illusion;
we must not leave our decisions something that does
not exist.
6. Avoid sexist language
REVISED
All employees should submit their credentials.
Every employee should submit his credentials
7. Use appropriate level of formality
Yes, diskettes are like a thing of the past, but they’re
still cool today.
Diskettes may
fascinating..
REVISED
be outdated, but
they are still
Level of Formality
Addition
INFORMAL
first, second, third
then next after that
also
also and
Cause/Effect
so for
Comparison
also too like
Contrast
but or nor
Time Sequence
Example
Summary
Conclusion
/
FORMAL
To begin with afterwards at the
same time meanwhile
HIGHLY FORMAL
subsequently previously
in addition moreover
furthermore besides similarly
therefore as a result thus
equally important
as well as both…..and
neither…nor likewise in like
manner
however nevertheless yet on
the other hand at the same time
though whereas unlike
otherwise
for example for instance
finally last on the whole
consequently accordingly
hence
bear resemblance to in
common with
conversely on the contrary
in opposition to in contrast
to
as an illustration
in summary in conclusion
TONES OF WRITING COVERED BY LANGUAGE USE
1. Subjective Tone – uses the writer’s personal biases and judgement. It tells us something about the writer, and
particularly on how he/she feels.
Example: Here is an excerpt from the Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keat
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Explanation: This is an example of a subjective approach. Here, the speaker expresses his feelings of love for the old days
of Ancient Greece. In this stanza, he is talking about a musician who is playing pipes beautifully. He escapes from physical
world to his world of fantasy, where weather never changes and there is an eternal spring. The act of the writer of
expressing his own feeling makes this example a subjective writing.
2. Objective Tone – uses factual information and arguments. It is an impersonal style of writing. It gives us information
about something but does not include information about the writer.
Example: Here is a portion of the news on “Ministry of Health prepares Lao media to report on the next COVID-19
outbreak” dated June 26, 2020.
Explanation: This is an example of an article written in an objective tone approach. The writer has not included his
personal views on the topic. It was merely written based on facts.
Activities
Practice Task 1: Arrange the following sentences in the correct order to produce well-organized paragraphs. Write the
numbers on your answer sheets.
Paragraph 1
a. Time may indicate the importance of the occasion as well as on what level an interaction between persons is to
take place.
b. The same applies for calls after 11:00 P.M.
c. Different parts of the day, for example, are highly significant in certain contexts.
d. Our realization that time talks is even reflected in such common expressions as, “What time does the clock say?”
e. In the United States, if you telephone someone very early in the morning while he is shaving or having breakfast,
the time of the call usually signals a matter of utmost importance and extreme urgency.
f. A call received during sleeping hours is apt to be taken as a matter of life and death, hence the rude joke value of
these calls among the young.
Practice Task 2: Read and analyze the three paragraphs and give your comments on how the ideas are organized and
presented.
Paragraph 1
The hotel is famous. It is one of the most well-known hotels in the country. The latest international dancing
competition was held at the hotel. The hotel spent a lot of money to advertise the event. Because the hotel wanted to
gain international reputation. But not many people attended the event.
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Paragraph 2
The hotel, which is one of the most well-known hotels in the region, wanted to promote its image around the
world by hosting the latest international dancing competition. Although the event was widely advertised, not many people
participated in the competition.
Practice Task 3. Number the sentences in an appropriate order to form a coherent and cohesive paragraph.
a. Therefore, I wake up two hours before leaving for work
b. Otherwise I wouldn’t be well enough rested
c. I dislike being stressed in the morning
d. This means having to go to bed very early in the evening
Practice 4: Use the checklist below and evaluate the following short paragraphs in terms of Coherence and Cohesion.
Write your responses on a separate sheet of paper
Paragraph Features
Transition signals/linkers/devices have been used
effectively (e.g. for example, for instance,
however, on the other hand, in contrast)
The writer used reference words to avoid
unnecessary repetition (e.g. it, this, these…etc.)
The writer repeated some words when necessary
Synonyms are used effectively
Parallelism is used when necessary
There is good coherence: main idea and
supporting ideas are used effectively
YES
NO + …could be…
Video game addiction is also known by the term gaming disorder. It is known as an irresistible use of video games that
promotes significant imbalance in the various life realms over a long period of time. Too much indulgence into anything
or work leads to addiction. Any kind of addiction causes loss of health, money, relationship and respect for human being.
World Health Organization has described video gaming addiction as a mental disorder. The common children will enjoy
this most, but the truth is that gaming could lead to a level where one can feel lonely and becomes an introvert personality.
Instead of playing outside, the children have preferred playing games on their electronic gadgets at home. This makes
them physically unfit and it can also cause problems in the eyes. Children who play games tend to talk less to the people
around them and in this way they get lonely because they spend most of their time at home with their gadgets. Children
become flabby with this habit and this also causes problems on their careers in future. Many researchers have also
revealed that men are more addicted to gaming than women.
Practice Task 5 : Read each word and identify the level of language use. Select from the choices given below. Write your
answers on the blank provided.
A. Personal
B. Academic
1. sis
2. medical certificate
3. letter to the editor
4. journal
5. dude
C. Technical
6. Wazzup
7. sports news
8. Subpoena
9. lesson plan
10. Editorial
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Practice Task 6: Determine the principle of language use applied in the sentences that follow. Choose your answer from
the box. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.
a. Use clear and concise sentences, usually about 18 words long.
b. Avoid redundancies, clichés, wordiness, and highfalutin.
c. Although may be used, avoid overusing “There” and “it”. Drop it.
d. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate. Be condensed.
e. Be consistent in pronoun point of view.
f. Avoid sexist language.
g. Use appropriate level of formality.
1. A teacher should make it a point to motivate her students.
2. Everyone is required to wear a mask.
3. There’s a pencil on the floor.
_ 4. We should fight for what is right; you should not keep yourself in silence.
_ 5. I would like to thank my boss and the young fellas for selecting me for this honor.
6. I was his princess once upon a time.
_ 7. The man who stole my wallet was forced to do such thing because of poverty and his mother died two days
ago.
8. A person of perseverance is always willing to do his best to achieve his goal.
9. We are willing to take the risk for I know that this is what is ought to be done.
_ 10. Hey Sir, when should we submit our project?
V. Answer Key
VI. References
www.slideshare.net. “Properties of a Well-Written Text – Reading and Writing.” Published on February 24, 2018. https://www.slideshare.net/aliciamargaretjavelosa/properties-ofawellwritten-text-reading-and-writing
Monica Tan.www.academia.edu. “Properties Of A Well-Written Text.” Accessed date July 02,2020.https://www.academia.edu/34256187/READING_AND_WRITING_First_Quarter-Period_
PROPERTIES_OF_A_WELL-WRITTEN_TEXT
KatrinaClaireLandich.www.slideshare.net.“Properties
of
a
Well-Written
Text.”
Accessed
date
July
02,2020.https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/KatrinaClaireLandich/properties-of-awell-written-text-88147656
Liza Mae Neis. “PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT.” Updated December 08, 2016. https://prezi.com/bhm-a9lxb8wu/properties-of-a-well-written-text/?fallback=1
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