COHEN To find the impact of natural science to soc sci in the 17th century, the author focused on the pre-Newtonian decades, taking into account the attempts to develop the science of government and the state. Thinkers that affected this movement: ● Galileo’s mathematico-phyiscal model was sought after by people who want to incorporate math in social or political affairs. (he applied math to imagined systems, which is a framework to be used by social scientists). ● Descartes attempted to incorporate mathematics to solve problems of Science and Philosophy, that is to produce a geometric ethics. ● Harvey's comparison of the role of a king and the function of the heart is cast in a traditional mode of thought, the ancient organismic analogy of the "body politic". His analogies sanctioned exploration of political systems through physiology. Thus, he recognised the relation of true science with the functioning of the state. ○ Harrington disagrees with Hobbes in the methodology of mathematics but instead applies the Harveyan biology, and created a “political anatomy” that employs empirical methods. ○ Harvey focuses less on the organismic concept of the body but rather the dynamic function of each and the holistic view of the body. Harrington, being a huge fan of Harvey, employed this idea in his political model and created a metaphorical body with the focus on the mechanical system. In the 17th century, there was an explicit goal to adopt mathematical frameworks and duplicate the success of mathematical pioneers by producing a new science of the state or of society in a mathematical mold. The thinkers of 17th century mathematical social science did not only sought to emulate the methods of mathematics but also to produce a numerical base for understanding society and to propose quantitative analyses. 4 Forms of application of mathematics: 1. Produce works as clear and certain 2. Adopt the structural form of presentation: ordered sets of definitions->axioms and postulates->proved theorems 3. Apply new mathematical techniques and methods 4. Use numerical social data Thinkers who attempted to incorporate the framework of mathematics into social science: ● Benedict Spinoza wrote "Ethics” and used a geometrico-mathematical model. Set in a strictly Euclidean framework, this treatise begins with a set of eight numbered ● definitions and axioms, leading to numbered propositions and their proofs. He doesn't use quantitative data, however used the same framework as mathematics (just like the other thinkers mentioned below) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz who wrote "The Specimen" contains a suggestion of a logical calculus of probabilities in a political context. He develops his subject in a sequence of numbered propositions, interrupted here and there by the introduction of a corollary or lemma. Thus the Specimen is of interest primarily as a pioneering document in the mathematization of political science. Social scientists such as Thomas Hobbes was able to adopt theories about the human body in which he would later integrate it to philosophy. He coined the term “mechanical philosophy” which is related to motion. Like Petty, Hobbes used the analogy of the human body in presenting that the state can exhibit a continual motion — the movement of one state institution can affect the other. Harrington delved more into the politics in which his constitutional model is the basis of many constitutions. CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL SCIENCE ● The political culture of the Filipinos could be traced back to the years of colonization especially the 300-year tyranny of the Spanish colonial government and the American colony which will always be an important key in unlocking the history of politics in the Philippines ● the political maturation and awakening of Filipinos gave rise to the Philippine revolution the beginning of their political literacy ● the Ilustrados greatly helped in the growth of the Filipinos’ nationalism through their scholarly endeavors: “Propaganda Movement” ● 1946, Philippine president Manuel Roxas, signaled the opening of a whole new era. ● Political science as an academic discipline did not exist in the country before the 1900s ● It was under the American colony that the establishment of academic institutions led to the emergence of social sciences as academic disciplines in the Philippines wherein the Departments of Sociology, Economics and Political Science were established in 1915. Main thinkers: 1. Dr. Maximo Kalaw- affirmed political science as the study of the state divided in 4 divisions: Descriptive Political Science, Historical Political Science, Theoretical Political Science, and Political Law ○ four basic approaches to studying political science: juridical or legalistic, historical, institutional, and philosophical ○ stressed the value of nationalism 2. Cesar Adib Majul- studies were focused on Filipino nationalism— the Philippine Reform Movement, Philippine Revolution, and the socio-political thoughts of Jose Rizal and Apolinario Mabini ○ nature and dynamics of Moro Society and political studies behind the Mindanao conflict 3. Remigio E. Agpalo- one of the Filipino researchers who tried to localize Philippine social sciences by analyzing Philippine society from the perspective of local culture ○ "pandanggo sa ilaw politics," as a reference to the folk dance, in explaining political dynamism and the Pangulo regime that centered on the ideologies of the country's heroes, Malcolm's work, the Government of the Philippine Islands, as well as his joint work with the Philippine Government of Kalaw, helped to develop legalistic and long-term governmental strategies for the field of political science in the country. ANTHROPOLOGY ● the emergence of Anthropology is motivated by the conqueror-conquered relationship in which the native people of Africa, America, and Asia as objects of investigation and the Western anthropologists as the investigating subjects ● Anthropology entered the Philippine scene in the 1900s to 1910 however it was not appreciated until the formation of the Philippine Studies Program at the University of Chicago after World War II ● anthropology was previously practiced during the 19th century through the use of ethnography. ● Anthropology as an academic discipline was first introduced by Henry Otley Beyer, in 1917 at the University of the Philippines Diliman ● Anthropology in the Philippines began as early as the 19th century during the Spanish colonization. However, it was “forged” during the entire colonization period since there had been no proper distinction between the idea of the nation and ethnic others ● Rooted in the Western school of thought, particularly the ideas of Emil Durkheim, the Father of Anthropology and Sociology ○ 7 years post-World War II in the year 1952, the two disciplines were separated given that each of the disciplines have identified theiR own purposes ● Contemporary: “Post-Anthropology Age”. ○ The problem with the history of Anthropology in the country is that it is innately colonial ○ there had been only a brief period of interest in Philippine Anthropology by the 1900s and began to decrease by 1910 “Continuing Alongside The Katutubo-Current Challenges To Filipino ● Anthropology” Mangahas and Zayas (2018) ● anthropology in academia requires attention and assistance in its lack of resources to further establish the discipline in a thriving condition. ● gap that is experienced by its practitioners when attempting to work with practitioners of other disciplines. ● disagreements on what methodologies to utilize ● anthropologists are compelled to spend more time convincing others that the methods they propose are as rigorous as the other disciplines The 19th century Filipino thinkers such as Jose Rizal, Jose Burgos, Isabelo delos Reyes, T.H. Padro de Tavera contributed to modern day anthropology with their ethnological writings. first thinkers of anthropology in the Philippines started in the 20th century during the American colonization with the likes of Alfred Kroeber, David P Barrows and the father of Philippine Anthropology, Dr. Henry Otley Beyer. In the contemporary time, Anthropology can be used as a way to give proper acknowledgment to the indigenous people and their culture and put an end to the negative connotation of being primitive and uncivilized that has been brought about by colonialism, ● more rigorous anthropological research on the multiculturalism of Filipino constituencies in line with the contemporary process of nation-building and decolonization SOCIOLOGY Sociology as a discipline and a specialty was brought about by the increasing technological advancements and the growth of industrialization in the west. The rise of industrialization and capitalism brought major concerns to thinkers about how it would change the course of European society ● ● ● ● ● ● Sociology started during the 1890s. As historical records indicate, the Dominican University of Santo.Tomas was the avenue for the introduction of Sociology in 1896 The colonial government of the United States established departments of Sociology During the 20th century’s first quarter, Sociology departments concentrated on applying sociological theories and concepts to improve their understanding of Philippine society Its development began with its identification as a social philosophy, thereby concluding it as a discipline of social science ○ Their main objective is to further understand how social institutions influence social relationships that mold a better society Halfway through the 20th century, scholars have witnessed that Sociology shifted towards an approach that is more political and critical ○ thinkers approached it more as asocial science rather than as social philosophy ○ The scope of Sociology in general includes social change, social inequalities, social order, social behavior, and more. One of its main objectives is to further help understand society and how everything within it is interconnected. It helps illustrate the cause and effect of certain events and circumstances within a particular society ● Ideology, one of the key concepts of Sociology, plays a role in shaping social relationships and cultural values ○ In this case, sociologists studied how such cultural factors could influence the voting attitudes of voters ● Gelia T. Castillo, a Filipino Rural Sociologist, stated that one of the most substantial challenges faced by Philippine Sociology lies in the creative translation of practical problems so that it can be analyzed and studied in research to elucidate solutions or answers students studying the discipline often ask ● It has been established that Sociology did not flourish in the Philippines until the 20th century. Conrado Benitez and Luis Rivera were Filipino professors who taught the discipline in the vernacular ● The study of Sociology in the Philippines was further expanded by Serafin Macaraig PSYCHOLOGY 1960s- turning point ● Psychology broke away from Philosophy ● start of the indigenization of the field itself: Main thinkers of Psychology began to “critique and challenge academic colonialism Colonial period: incrediblyWesternized; no concrete attempts were made to reject and correct it in the 1960s Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez- uses Filipino in teaching ● established the Philippine Psychology Research House (PPRH) which later became the Philippine Psychology Research and Training House which became home to materials on Sikolohiyang Pilipino with more than 10,000 references ● returned to the Philippines in the early 1970s to introduce the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology) Him and Alfredo V Lagmay: historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology psychological concepts, theories, and methodologies were to be based on local sources and resources Filipinization movements: Virgilio Enriquez’s Sikolohiyang Pilipino (the 1960s), Prospero Covar’s Pilipinolohiya (early-1970s), and Zeus Salazar’s Pantayong Pananaw (mid-1970s) ● some thinkers still argue that concepts introduced by Western thinkers still take part not just in the psychology catered in the modern-day Philippines but also in other parts of the world ECONOMICS 1900s economics came to existence as academic disciplines with defined theoretical and methodological frameworks. social science practices were manifested and influenced by American frameworks Philippine Economic Society (PES) was founded in 1962. This association was put in place because the institution led by scholars pointed out anomalies and sudden need to address the financial crisis Gregorio Sancianco y Joson: first Filipino economist; El progreso de Filipinas or The progress of the Philippines. To counter the tax evasion in the Philippines, Sanciano proposed a presumptive tax that relies on the ability of an individual to pay regardless of race American rule: Tools like mathematical models and empirical testing became the foundation for today's economics unlike other disciplines, it was not as significantly impacted by Marxism and postmodern influences, has heavily utilized mathematical developments in their work (much more than other disciplines),and did not intentionally set a goal of indigenizing the field unlike other disciplines A department of critical economics was established in an effort to address issues in a “less methodologically obsessed” manner
