v EMMOTIONS 6 mmmm Stress psychologicalstates causephysicalillness anycircumstance realorperceived that threatensaperson'swellbeing system response whenwefeelseverestressourabilitytocopewhtisimpaired thestress I cannon 19297proposedthatthestressresponse fast wasafight or flight responsemarkedbytheoutpouringofepinephrineandnorepinephrinefromthe adrenalglands intheendocrinesystem increasingheartarespirationrates sugara fatanddullingpain mob lizing behavioral medicine Integratesbehavioralknowledgewmedicalknowledge ledmind bodyinteracteverythingpsycho logicalissimultaneouslyphysiological stresscanbeadaptive in afearfulstressfulsituation wecanrunawayandsaveourlives stresscanbemaladaptive if it isprolonged chronic stress it increasesourriskofillness healthproblems generaladaptive accordingtoselye 1936 astressresponsetoany syndrome kindofstimulation issimilarThestressedindividual goesthru3phases phase1 alarmreaction mobilizeresources phase2 resistance copewstressor Ying's'estienaustens n't b last phase 3 exhaustion reservesdepleted o's catharsis hypothesis throughactionfantasy ventinganger achievesanemotionalreleasecatharsis expressingangerbreedsmoreanger t thrureinforcement habitforming alcognitive theories so.ci onpersonality internallocusoncontrol externallocusoncontrol helplessness externallocusofcontrolcanleadto alearnedstateoflearned adverse events unable avoidrepeated to personalcontrol theoriesof emotionwhatis anemotion an helplessness learns Yan whetherwecontroltheenvironment ortheenvironmentagings o referstotheperceptionthatchanceoutsideforcesbeyondourfate s referstotheperceptionthat wecancontrolourfate wouldyoulikenevertobesadagain dowesmileblewe'rehappy orarewehappyblewesmile definedpost negfeelingsarousedbystimuliintheenvironment functionenrichlifeincreasereadinessforfight flight emotionsareamixof 1 physiologicalactivation commonsense view 2 emotion theorists 2 expressive behaviorsand 3 consciousexperience becomehappyyourheartstartsbeatingfaster whenyou firstcomesconsciousawarenessthencomesphysiologicalactivity James Lange Statesthatpsychologicalarousalprecedes comes b4 andcausesthe sensationofemotion WilliamJames CarlLangeproposedthisideawhichdirectlyopposed thecommon senseview termswefeelemotion bcofbiologicalchangescausedbystress simple thebodychangesandourmindrecognizesthefeeling Cannon Bardstatesthatphysiologicalarousal emotionalfeelingsoccur 4 G simultan ous WalterCannon PhillipBardquestionedtheJames Langetheory howcanthat Jaltheory betrueifsimilar physiologicalchangescorrespondw drastically differentemotionalStates theybelieveditwasthethalamusthathelpedthishappen Schacter singerstatesthatemotionbeginsw an undifferentiatedarousalthatwe interpretintoanemotiondependentontheperceivedcontext StanleySchactersuggestedourphysiology acognition emotions I feltthattheyhappenatthesametimebutpeoplewhoarealready physiologicallyarousedexperiencemoreintenseemotionsthan unarousedpplwhenbothgroups areexposedtothesamestimuli 2MisattributionofArousalstudies Dutton Aron1974 supports 2biology cognitioninteractw eachothertoincreasethe experience Schacter a singer'sResearch 1 participants givenaninjectionofepinephrine adrenaline toldthattheywere given suproxin fortheireyesight typically BP HRincreaseBFincreases while muscleandcerebralflowincreasebloodsugarand lacticacidconcentrationincreasesandrespiration rateincreasesslightlyshortlyafterinjection adrenaline 2 Schacter a singerthenmanipulatedtheparticipants givingthemcueswhichplacedthemon 1of3groups epinephrine purinemisinformed epinephrineignorable Facial FeedbackHypothesis focusesonexpressivecomponentofemotions sensory activates subcortical movements facial areaofthebrainthat inputisroutedto whichtheninitiate intensifyemotions Misattribution l maleparticipantswalkacross 2diff stylebridges onebridgewasascary arousing Aron attheendofeachbridgeanattractiveexperimentermettheparticipants she gavetheparticipants asurveytofillouta a tocallforfurtherquestions 3 theideaofthestudywasto findwhichgroupofmalesweremorelikelyto callthefemaleexperimenter theresultsfoundthatthemenwhowalkedacrossthescarybridge weremostlikelytocallthewomanaskingforadateThis wasmost likelyduetothearousaltheyfeltfromwalkingacrossthebridge Arousalstudies of 1974 Dutton embodied emotion suspensionbridgetheotherwassafe a morestable a emotionsinvolvebodilyresponses 2noticeable butterfliesinstomach activated difficult todiscern neurons atcom of Penny ponents inbrain AutonomicnervoussystemActivation Zsomedifferencesinactivationarenotedw specificemotions Lexfearshowslowerbloodpressure angershowsincreases cardiovascular changes mindfulnessmeditation trainingshiftsfrontallobe activitytoward aleftsidedasymmetrywhichincreasesenergy aboostsimmune function polygraph anelectronicdevicethatmeasures physiologicalactivation that somebelievearerelatedtodeception duringanemotionalexperience ourAnismobilizesenergyinthebodythatarousesus resultinginreducedimmunesystemfunctioning arousal a performance arousalinshortspurtsis adaptiveWeperformbetter undermoderatearousalbut optimalperformancevaries w taskdifficulty physiological similarities differences physiologicalresponsesrelatedto theemotionsoffearangerloveand boredomarevery similar physicalresponses likefingertemp andmovementoffacialmuscles changeduringfearrage joy Ztheamydalashowsdifferencesin activationduring theemotionsof angerrageActivityoftheleft hemispherehappy isdifferent fromtheright depressed for emotions cognityannd whatistheconnectionbetweenhowwe think cognition andhowwefeelemotion Beck'sModelofDepression1979 ThecognitiveThad amedangeouremotusby hanging mmmm emotion define ourthinking eventspillsoverintoour responsetothenextevent ie arousalfromasoccermatchcan fuelangerwhichmayleadtorioting does cognition notalwayspre cedeemotion qq.gg Zanarousalresponsetoone my oftneworld of negative view future the subliminallypresentedhappyface canencouragesubjectstodrinkmorethan whenpresentedwlanangryface emotions arefeltdirectlythroughtheamydalaorthru thecortexforanalysis tworoutesto emotion ZajoncandLeDouxemphasizethatsomeemotionsareimmediate w oconsciousappraisa LazarusSchacterandsingeremphasizethatappraisalalsodeterminesemotions theexpressionof emotions detecting emotion PaulEllman's emotions basic facialexpression facialexpressionsofvariousbasicemotionsareuniversal angerdisgust fearsurprisesadness happiness body languagemovementsgestures le thumbsup OK toneofvoicerateofspeech pitchofvoiceincreaseswhenexperiencedemotionincreases mostofusaregoodatdecipheringemotionsthrunonverbalcommunication hardtocontrolfacialmusclesrevealsignsofemotionsyouaretryingtoconceal ANGER SURPRISE experiencing emotion HAPPINESS SADNESS DISGUST FEAR facialfeedbackhypothesis Statesthatfeedbackfromfacialmusclesaffectsour experiencedemotion genderdifferences Awomenreportexperiencingmoreemotionthanmen orwomenaremorecomfortableexperiencingemotionthanmen Izard 1977 isolated10emotions mostofthemarepresentininfancyexcept forcontemptshame guilt positivepsych attempts tofosterhumanfulfillmentandseekspositivesubjectivewellbeing positivecharacterandpositivesocialgroups