03-10-23 Subordinating Conjunctions Week 7 After, If only, Unless, Although, In order that, Until, As, Now that, When, As if, Once, Whenever, As long as, Provided, Where, As though, Rather than, Whereas, Because, Since, Wherever, Before, So that, Even if, That, Even though, If, Though, Without, Whether, While, Within, Besides Conjunction - is the part of speech used to join or link words, phrases, or clauses to each other. Conjunctions help to provide coherence to your writing by connecting elements between or within sentences and from one paragraph to the next in order to most effectively communicate your ideas to your reader. -naiintindihan natin kung ano yung relationship ng bawat ideas Examples: • 'If' the director is unavailable, I will speak with her assistant. -subordinating conjunction 'If' Coordinating conjunctions or coordinators -dependent clause "if the director is unavailable" -(and, but, or, nor, so, for, yet) FANBOYS -independent "I will speak with her" -connect ideas of equal structure or function • 'When' the speaker finished, the audience responded with tremendous applause. Examples: • The instructor was interesting 'and' extremely knowledgeable about the subject. • The play was entertaining 'but' disappointing. • I am a highly motivated and diligent worker, 'so' I should be considered for the job. Correlative conjunctions -come in pairs and function like coordinating conjunctions to connect equal elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are either... or, neither... nor, not only but also, whether ... or, and both...and. -subordinating conjunction 'When' -dependent clause "'When' the speaker finished" -independent clause "the audience responded with tremendous applause." As a general rule, if a subordinating or dependent clause precedes the independent clause, use a comma to separate the two clauses. • Since the secretary was unable to find the file (subordinating or dependent clause), the meeting was cancelled (independent clause). -pag DC ang una bago yung IC, dapat may coma (,) Examples: • Either Miranda or Julia will fill the recently vacated position. There is usually no need for a comma when the dependent clause follows the independent clause. • Both the music and the lyrics were written by the same composer. • I could not stay for the reception 'because' I had another appointment. Subordinating conjunctions or subordinators -such as if, when, where, because, although, since, whether, and while introduce a subordinate or dependent clause that is usually attached to an independent clause (kaya niyang mag isa) and signal the relationship between the clauses. • He was basically a good student 'who' needed guidance from his teacher. READING -It is a cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive with correct meaning. -It is a process of meaning construction while transacting with the text through interaction of reader, text and context that involves word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation. -denotation (literal word that can be found in dictionary) -connotation (implied meaning) The Process of Reading Pre-Reading II. Main Point (Socio-cultural) a. Supporting details b. Supporting details Summarize the text -Write the gist in your own words Evaluate the text -Active background knowledge (schema) -question the author's purpose or intentions and claims -Preview the text (blurb) pinakalikod na part ng book -check if the arguments are supported by evidence -Develop purpose for reading -check if the pieces of evidence are valid and from credible sources. During Reading -Making predictions After Reading -Retell, discuss, or compare the text to another text. 03-17-23 WEEK 8 Comprehension -It is intentional, active, and interactive process that occurs in every stage of reading. Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement Pronouns are words that take the palce of nouns, the antecedent of a pronoun is the word to which the pronoun refers. Strategies Skimming -speedy reading for general meaning The pronoun and its antecedent agree in gender and number. Scanning Example: -speedy reading for spoting a particular word or pharases. Jane called her friend. Annotation John called his friend. The girls finished their job. -ito yung nag ha-highlight, underline, encircle, nag nonotes ka sa gedli gedli. The boys finished their job. Outline the text The plural pronoun agrees with the plural antecedent. The plural pronoun agrees with the plural antecedent. -Thesis Statement (controls the whole essay) I. Main Point (Economic) a. Supporting details b. Supporting details Jane and her are both singular and feminine. John and his are both singular and masculine. The pronoun is masculine (he, his, him) when the antecedent is masculine, and feminine (she, her, hers) when the antecedent is feminine, and neutral (it, its) when the antecedent has no gender association. Use singular pronouns to refer to indefinite pronouns (words like everybody, none, nobody, someone) used as antecedents. Everyone on the women's team improved 'her' time A plural pronoun should be used with a compound antecedent joined by 'and'. Mary and Bill ran 'they' were exhausted. (may and kaya plural) A singular pronoun is used to refer to two or more singular antecedents joined by or or nor. Everybody on the committe had 'his or her' own agenda. Use the relative pronouns who, which, and that with the appropriate antecedents Who refers to people and animals that have names. He is the one who committed the crime. A plural pronoun is used with two or more plural antecedents joined by or or nor. -kung parehas singular = singular pronoun -pag plural ganon din. Ben or Tom will give 'his' presentation today. Either the juniors or the seniors are singing 'their' class song. When a singular antecedent and a plural antecedent are joined by or or nor, use a pronoun that agrees with the nearer antecedent. -mag be base ka don pangalawang option sa binabanggit. The boy or his parents will present 'their' idea. The parents or the boy will present 'his' idea. Use a singular pronoun when a collective noun refers to a group as a single unit. Use a plural pronoun when the collective noun refers to a group's members as individuals. Which refers to animals and things. (bawal sa tao) The biology book, which is on the table, was very helpful. That refers to animals, things and sometimes to people. (very specific and important detail) The house that is on the right is being demolished. COHERENCE & COHESION It's an important part of understanding a text as a whole. Analyzing how different parts of the text are related to each other helps you understand the functions of different words and phrases. Some exam tasks test this, meaning that you need to think about more than just the exact point in a text where an exam item, such as a missing word, appears. This might be to decide whether an answer should be negative or positive, or, for example, if it should be a pronoun or an article. Remarks on Cohesion: - Make sure the text reads like a unit The class decided 'it' wanted to do the project The class stayed in 'their' desks - Use linking devices and logical connectors - Be careful not to overuse certain linking phrases - Make use of pronouns, especially 'this' for linking. E.g. Global Warming is caused by man-made or anthropogenic causes. 'This' has been fiercely debated. Remarks on Coherence: - Ensure that your arguments are logically structured and arranged - Develop arguments logically using paragraphs - Be sure to have a clear introduction, body and conculsion - Make sure every part of the text fits together - Ensure that every new paragraph is related to the previous one - Plan the flow and development of your argument before you start writing - Ensure that paragraphs are conceptually linked, and not only sentences WEEK 9 3. Size Adjectives & Adverbs small, huge Adjectives 4. Age - modify a noun or pronoun by providing descriptive or specific detail; old, young, new - usually precede the noun or pronoun they modify; - do not have to agree in number or gender with the nouns they describe. - whatever gender, singular or plural it doesnt affect the adjectives. 5. Shape slim, round, square 6. Color indigo, purple, white 7. Nationality Canadian, American, Filipino Types of Adjective 8. Religion DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES Catholic, Muslim - A descriptive adjective names a quality of the noun or pronoun that it modifies. 9. Material 'Brown' dog 'Bigger' house 'Fluffy' cat cotton, plastic, steel 10. Purpose cleaning, cooking. lovely small wooden house (2, 3, 9) expensive Swiss watch (2, 7) PROPER ADJECTIVES beautiful tall young sister (2, 3, 4,) - A proper adjective is derived from a proper noun. 'French' class 'Spanish' food 'European' car INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES Adverbs - describe verbs and modify adjectives and other adverbs; - unlike adjectives, do not modify nouns. Adverbs can also modify phrases, clauses, and sentences; 'Whose' book is this? - answer one of the following questions: When? Where? Why? How? Under what conditions? and To what extent? 'What' dessert would you like? Types of Adverb 'Which' dessert would you like? Adverbs of Time - An interrogative adjective is used to ask a question. Order of Adjectives 1. Quantifier some, two 2. Opinion beautiful, honest Adverbs of Manner Types of Context Clues DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION CLUE - The new term may be formally defined, or sufficient explanation may be given within the sentence or in the following sentence. Clues to definition include "that is," commas, dashes, and parentheses. Examples: a. His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to see. Adverbs of Place "Skeleton-like appearance" is the definition of "emaciation." b. Fluoroscopy, examination with a fluoroscope, has become a common practice. The commas before and after "examination with a fluoroscope" point out the definition of "fluoroscopy." EXAMPLE CLUES Adverbs of Degree - Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found nearby that helps to explain its meaning. Words like including, such as, and for example, point out example clues. Examples: a. Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon, and trout, live in the coldest parts of the ocean. "Piscatorial" obviously refers to fish. Adverbs of Frequency b. Celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, and stars, have fascinated man through the centuries. "Celestial" objects are those in the sky or heavens. SYNONYM RESTATEMENT CLUE - The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word because it repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby. Synonyms are words with the same meaning. Examples: Context Clues -are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of a new or unfamiliar words. a. Flooded with spotlights - the focus of all attention the new Miss America began her year-long reign. She was the cynosure of all eyes for the rest of the evening. "Cynosure" means "the focus of all attention." b. The mountain pass was a tortuous road, winding and twisting like a snake around the trees of the mountainside. "Tortuous" means "winding and twisting." CONTRAST / ANTONYM CLUE - Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. An opposite meaning context clue contrasts the meaning of an unfamiliar word with the meaning of a familiar term. Words like "although," "however," and "but" may signal contrast clues. WEEK 10 What are Preposition? -are words that relate the noun or pronoun that appears with it to another word in the sentence -at, in, on, above, below, under (nasa sahig), next to, by, beside, near. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE Examples: a. When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract; however, when it grows darker, they dilate. "Dilate" means the opposite of "contract." b. The children were as different as day and night. He was a lively conversationalist, but she was reserved and taciturn. "Taciturn" means the opposite of a "lively conversationalist." MOOD/TONE CLUE - The author sets a mood, and the meaning of the unknown word must harmonize with the mood. Example: a. The lugubrious wails of the gypsies matched the dreary whistling of the wind in the all-but-deserted cemetery. "Lugubrious," which means "sorrowful," fits into the mood set by the words "wails," "dreary," and "deserted cemetery." We use at with: - home and places of study/work: at home, at school, at university, at work, at the office - other places in a town: at the doctor's, at the cinema, at the station We use in with: - towns and countries: in Milan, in Italy, in Europe I live in Buenos Aires. I live in Valenzuela I live at Brgy karuhatan in Valenzuela My birthday is 'in' five days. (five days from now) The festival continues 'until' May 12. (it ends on this date) The festival lasts 'from' 9 May to/until 12 May. (from the beginning to the end of this time) by, for • We use by to mean 'not later than': Please give me your homework by Friday. (on or before Friday) The holiday will be cheaper if we book it by 30 April. (on or before 30 April) Preposition of Movement The meeting is on Wednesday so I'll finish the report by then. • We use for + a period of time: for an hour, two days, three weeks It means 'the whole time': We waited for the bus for an hour. Formal VS Informal Language Formal serious, objective, impersonal, reasoned, controlled, reserved, detached Informal Light, humorous, plainspoken, simple, personal, casual, offhanded, "loose" Certain Situations Formal Situations - job interview, principal’s office visit, business letter, class essay Informal Situations - text message, friendly letter, Journal-style writing PREPOSITION OF TIME What makes an INFORMAL language? • Simple grammatical structure • Personal evaluation - Using first person - Using forms of "you" • Colloquial or slang vocabulary NOUNS - Contractions (don't) are considered slang Name of a person, place, thing or idea. Three Types of Nouns based on Murcia & Freeman: What makes a FORMAL language? COMMON NOUNS • Formal language, even when spoken, is often associated with the conventions expected of written standard English. Three Types of Nouns based on Murcia & Freeman: • Although you generally don't worry as much about formality in speaking, it is extremely important in writing because of the knowledge you are recording through the written word. • Formal language does not use contractions • Avoids personal pronouns such as: you, I, us, me, and we • Includes more polysyllabic words-BIGGER words • Complex, complete sentences • Avoidance of colloquial or slang vocabulary - nouns that refer to a kind of person, thing, or idea - The most frequent in occurrence - Subdivided into two categories: a. Count nouns- take the plural inflection (e.g. farmers) b. Mass or Noncount nouns: do not take plural inflection (e.g. air) PROPER NOUNS -names for unique individuals or places -can be singular or plural (Kevin Smith vs The Smiths) COLLECTIVE NOUNS Week 11 - can take either singular or plural forms depending on the interpretation in the sentence Parts of Speech: Content Words and Function Words For example: Content Words are words that have meaning. a. The family is together again (family is taken as a unit) -wala kang maiintindihan pag nawala ang content words. Function words are words that exist to explain or create grammatical or structural relationships into which the content words may fit. -nacoconnect ba ng maayos, pag nawala ang function words, pwede siya maka apekto sa meaning pero hindi ganon ka drastic. b. The family are all coming for the weekend (collection of individuals) VERBS - Words that denote action or state of being Two qualities that a verb has: a. Tenses - time of an event's occurrence (simple past, present, and future) b. Aspects - denotes whether or not the event has occurred earlier (perfect aspect) or is still in progress (progressive aspect) -___broom____sweeping____floor belongs___closet. -The____for_____the_____in the_____. ADJECTIVES ADVERBS - Describes or denotes the quality of something. Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Common types of Adverbs: Many adjectives do not have a definite form but some are associated with derivational morphemes. For example: Childish Thoughtful a. direction: Jim pointed there. b. location: Isabel shops locally. c. manner: The choir sang joyfully at the ordination. d. time: Soon Rachel will retire. e. frequency: We visit our friends in Baguio occasionally. WHAT IS A DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME? PRONOUNS - Creating new words with a different grammatical category or meaning - Refer to or replace a noun (antecedent) in a sentence DETERMINERS - Determiners have various uses but one thing notable about them is that they can show whether the noun that is mentioned in the sentence is something specific or unspecific. Types of Determiners: a. Articles - (a), (an), (the) b. Demonstratives - functions as pointers of a noun; gives location - this, that, these c. Possessives - expresses ownership - my, your, his, her, its, their, our PREPOSITIONS Some are formed from inflectional morphemes for comparative and superlative degrees: - Words that relate the noun or pronoun that appears with it to another word in the sentence For example: - Indicate relationships between separate things (location, direction, cause, or possession) Happy, happier, happiest WHAT IS AN INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME? Creating various forms of a word without changing its grammatical category a. Location - The tree fell behind the house. b. Direction - The tree fell toward the shed. c. Cause - The tree fell on account of the wind. d. Possession - Leaves from the tree littered the lawn in front of the house. CONJUNCTIONS - Words that join or connect words or group of words.
