Final Exam Review for Extra Credit. 1) Looking under the microscope, you believe you see a bacterium. What can you do to confirm this using the microscope- You can confirm using morphology and other biochemical tests. What can you do to confirm this using another method? Yes you can can use antibiotic inhibition patterns and other specialized tests. 2) In the jungle, your research group found a novel prokaryote growing on some vines. A) How could determine if the prokaryote is a bacterium or archaea? Bacteria and Archaea differ in the lipid composition of their cell membranes and the characteristics of the cell wall. Most prokaryotes have a cell wall that lies outside the boundary of the plasma membrane. Some prokaryotes may have additional structures such as a capsule, flagella, and pili. B) You would like to study motility in these organisms. What can be done to determine if the prokaryote swims? A flagella stain or a motility test. C) This microbe absorbs nutrients made by fungi to make ATP that runs the metabolism of the microbe. It would be classified as a/n __________aerobe___________ based on nutritional types. D) Predict what transport method would be used to get the nutrients into the microbe. -cellular respiration Keep in mind that the nutrient is being used up rapidly in the cell. E) The microbe is only found on the surface of the vines and when grown in the lab in FTM media, the microbe only grows at the top which means the microbe is classified as a/n ______ based on oxygen requirements. Obligate aerobe F) The jungle is approximately 25C which means this microbe is mostly likely a/n __psychotrphs_________ based on temperature requirements. 3) You own a herd of cows and need to treat your animals for a bacterial infection. What side effect may be observed in these cows if the wrong treatment is used? Weight loss and diarrhea 4) Compare and contrast fungal spores and bacterial endospores in terms of role, susceptibility to microbial control, number made. Fungal spores: Fungal spores are microscopic biological particles that allow fungi to be reproduced, serving a similar purpose to that of seeds in the plant world. Fungi decompose organic waste and are essential for recycling of carbon and minerals in our ecosystem, more resistant, 50k per sporangium Bacterial Endospores: Endospores ensure the survival of bacteria in adverse environmental conditions such as nutrient deficiency (carbon and nitrogen) and overpopulation. 5) Compare and contrast the cell walls from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-Positive Features-The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is a complex assemblage of glycopolymers and proteins. It consists of a thick peptidoglycan sacculus that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane and that is decorated with teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. Gram-Negative Features-Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram-negatives. 6) Mycoplasma is resistant to the antibiotic penicillin. Why?- All mycoplasmas lack a cell wall and, therefore, all are inherently resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillin). 7) A new drug targets hydrogen ion transporters. What might be the effect of this drug on the microbe? Think about why hydrogen ions are important. The hydrogen ion concentration (pH) influences the growth and metabolism of the microorganisms 8) Below is the template for a gene. Determine the mRNA sequence. TAC GCT CTG TTC TAG AGC GGG ATC AUG CGA GAC AAG AUC UCG CCC UAG Determine the amino acid sequence from the mRNA sequence above. MET ARG ASP LYS ILE SER PRO STOP 9) You want to design an antiviral drug against COVID-19. A) Based on lecture, how would you go about making this drug. What target would be great to neutralize the virus? The cell wall or the metabolism of the cell. B) How would you cultivate COVID-19 in the lab? Grow it in a medium appropriate for the survival of the bacterium. C) D) cytoplasm Would you be able to see COVID-19 using a compound microscope? Defend. YES COVID-19 is an RNA virus. Predict where its replication occurs inside our cells. -The 10) A chemical, amoebaarrest, can be used to inhibit the growth of amoeba. Amoebaarrest is an example of a _________endocannabinoid ____________________. 11) Which control method would be best to remove endospores? A) Canned fruit: Boilin/sterilization B) Metal instruments: autoclave 12) Microbes are found in your left calf muscle. What does this tell you? A bacterial infection has spread to the calf muscle and possibly to other places in the body. 13) Based on the data, what type of infection is this based on epidemiology? Chlamydia in US Midwest Northeast South West Epidemic Cases 2015 500,000 150,000 600,000 835,000 Cases 2020 600,000 175,000 625,000 890,000
