SEAWATER THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES LIBRARY
Authors: Kishor G. Nayar, Mostafa H. Sharqawy and John H. Lienhard V
Source:
http://web.mit.edu/seawater
Email for contact:
lienhard@mit.edu
Library Version:
Version 3.1.3 (December 21, 2016)
About:
This document presents seawater property data from our library (web.mit.edu/seawater). Properties are listed as a function of temperature and
salinity for the pressures, P = P0 , 7 MPa and 12 MPa. Here, P0 = 0.101325 MPa for t <= 100°C and for t > 100 °C is the vapor pressure of
seawater. For P = 7 MPa and 12 MPa, only the properties with pressure dependence are listed.
Request to users of this table:
While the seawater properties library routines are freely distributed, it is requested that users of this library please cite the following two journal
articles which comprehensively present how correlations in the library were developed, the original data sources, the validity ranges, and the
uncertainty in each property function.
1. K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Additionally, for each function, the original journal papers used to generate the functions are also mentioned. If they are different from the above
two references, please cite them.
Acknowledgement:
The development of this package of correlations and codes was primarily sponsored through the Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at
MIT and KFUPM during the period 2009 through 2016.
The authors wish to acknowledge Prof. Syed M. Zubair, Dr. Karan H. Mistry, Leonardo D. Banchik, Adam M. Wiener, Joanna Zhu and Alexis
Dalessandro for their contributions to developing various aspects of this library.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl. No. Property
1
2
Pressure
Boiling point elevation of seawater
3
Dynamic viscosity of seawater x 10
7
Page number
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
1
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
2
3
Kinematic viscosity of seawater x 10
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
3
4
Osmotic coefficient of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
4
5
Osmotic pressure of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
5
6
Prandtl number of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
6
7
Thermal conductivity of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
7
8
Surface Tension of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
8
9
Latent Heat of Vaporization of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
9
7
2
10
Thermal diffusivity of seawater, x10 m /s
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
10
11
Vapor (saturation) pressure of seawater
N/A
11
12
Specific enthalpy of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
12
13
Specific entropy of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
13
14
Specific flow exergy of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
14
15
Gibbs free energy of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
15
16
Specific heat capacity of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
16
17
Specific internal energy of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
17
18
Specific volume of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
18
19
Chemical potential of salts in seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
19
20
Chemical potential of water in seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
20
21
Density of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
21
22
Thermal conductivity of seawater (pressure dep.)
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
22
23
Isobaric expansivity of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
23
24
Isothermal compressibility of seawater
P0 (~ 1 atm or 0.10325 MPa)
24
25
Chemical potential of salts in seawater
7 MPa
25
26
Chemical potential of water in seawater
7 MPa
26
27
Specific internal energy of seawater
7 MPa
27
28
Density of seawater
7 MPa
28
29
Isobaric expansivity of seawater of seawater
7 MPa
29
30
Isothermal compressibility of seawater
7 MPa
30
31
Specific enthalpy of seawater
7 MPa
31
32
Specific entropy of seawater
7 MPa
32
33
Specific flow exergy of seawater
7 MPa
33
34
Gibbs free energy of seawater
7 MPa
34
35
Specific heat capacity of seawater
7 MPa
35
36
Specific volume of seawater
7 MPa
36
37
Thermal conductivity of seawater(pressure dep.)
7 MPa
37
38
Chemical potential of salts in seawater
12 MPa
38
39
Chemical potential of water in seawater
12 MPa
39
40
Specific internal energy of seawater
12 MPa
40
41
Density of seawater
12 MPa
41
42
Isobaric expansivity of seawater
12 MPa
42
43
Isothermal compressibility of seawater
12 MPa
43
44
Specific enthalpy of seawater
12 MPa
44
45
Specific entropy of seawater
12 MPa
45
46
Specific flow exergy of seawater
12 MPa
46
47
Gibbs free energy of seawater
12 MPa
47
48
Specific heat capacity of seawater
12 MPa
48
49
Specific volume of seawater
12 MPa
49
50
Thermal conductivity of seawater(pressure dep.)
12 MPa
50
Boiling point elevation of seawater, K
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
10
0.067
0.073
0.079
0.085
0.092
0.099
0.106
0.114
0.121
0.129
0.138
0.146
0.155
20
0.138
0.150
0.163
0.176
0.190
0.204
0.219
0.234
0.250
0.267
0.284
0.302
0.320
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
0.213
0.232
0.251
0.272
0.293
0.315
0.338
0.362
0.387
0.412
0.438
0.465
0.493
40
0.291
0.317
0.344
0.373
0.402
0.433
0.464
0.497
0.530
0.565
0.601
0.638
0.676
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.373
0.458
0.407
0.501
0.442
0.545
0.479
0.590
0.517
0.637
0.556
0.686
0.597
0.736
0.639
0.788
0.682
0.841
0.726
0.895
0.772
0.952
0.819
1.009
0.868
1.068
70
0.547
0.599
0.652
0.707
0.764
0.822
0.882
0.944
1.007
1.072
1.139
1.208
1.278
80
0.640
0.701
0.764
0.829
0.895
0.964
1.035
1.107
1.181
1.257
1.335
1.415
1.497
90
0.736
0.807
0.880
0.956
1.033
1.112
1.194
1.277
1.363
1.450
1.540
1.631
1.725
100
0.836
0.917
1.002
1.088
1.176
1.267
1.360
1.455
1.552
1.651
1.752
1.856
1.962
110
0.939
1.032
1.128
1.225
1.325
1.428
1.532
1.639
1.748
1.860
1.973
2.089
2.207
1
120
1.046
1.151
1.258
1.368
1.480
1.595
1.711
1.831
1.952
2.076
2.203
2.331
2.462
3.0
S = 120 g/kg
Boiling point elevation, K
2.5
2.0
100
1.5
80
Accuracy ±0.081 K
60
1.0
40
0.5
20
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100
110
120
130
oC
References for Citation
1. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Dynamic viscosity of seawater x 103, kg/m s
Temp, oC
0
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
1.791
1.306
1.002
0.890
0.797
0.653
0.547
0.466
0.404
0.354
0.315
0.282
0.255
0.232
10
1.820
1.330
1.021
0.908
0.814
0.667
0.560
0.478
0.414
0.364
0.323
0.289
0.262
0.238
20
1.852
1.355
1.043
0.928
0.832
0.683
0.573
0.490
0.425
0.373
0.331
0.297
0.269
0.245
30
1.887
1.382
1.065
0.948
0.851
0.699
0.587
0.502
0.436
0.383
0.340
0.305
0.276
0.251
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
35
1.906
1.397
1.077
0.959
0.861
0.707
0.594
0.508
0.441
0.388
0.345
0.309
0.280
0.255
40
1.925
1.412
1.089
0.970
0.871
0.716
0.602
0.515
0.447
0.393
0.349
0.313
0.283
0.258
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
1.965
2.008
1.443
1.476
1.114
1.140
0.993
1.016
0.891
0.913
0.734
0.752
0.617
0.633
0.528
0.542
0.459
0.471
0.404
0.415
0.359
0.369
0.322
0.331
0.291
0.299
0.265
0.273
70
2.055
1.511
1.168
1.041
0.936
0.771
0.649
0.556
0.484
0.426
0.379
0.340
0.308
0.280
80
2.104
1.548
1.197
1.068
0.960
0.791
0.666
0.571
0.497
0.437
0.389
0.350
0.316
0.288
90
2.156
1.586
1.227
1.095
0.984
0.812
0.684
0.586
0.510
0.449
0.400
0.359
0.325
0.297
100
2.210
1.627
1.259
1.123
1.010
0.833
0.702
0.602
0.524
0.462
0.411
0.369
0.334
0.305
2
110
2.268
1.669
1.292
1.153
1.037
0.855
0.721
0.618
0.538
0.474
0.422
0.380
0.344
0.314
120
2.328
1.714
1.326
1.184
1.064
0.878
0.740
0.635
0.553
0.487
0.434
0.390
0.354
0.323
2.5
Dynamic viscosity x 103, kg/m-s
S = 0 g/kg
S = 20 g/kg
2.0
S = 40 g/kg
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
1.5
Accuracy ±1.5%
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
1.0
NB: The values in the table are dynamic
viscosity x 103 in units of kg/m-s. For
example, a value of 1.791 corresponds
to dynamic viscosity of 0.001791 kg/m-s.
0.5
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
2.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
Kinematic viscosity of seawater x 107, m2/s
Temp, oC
0
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
17.92
13.07
10.04
8.93
8.01
6.58
5.53
4.74
4.13
3.65
3.26
2.94
2.68
2.46
10
18.06
13.20
10.16
9.04
8.12
6.68
5.62
4.82
4.20
3.71
3.32
3.00
2.73
2.51
20
18.23
13.35
10.29
9.17
8.23
6.78
5.71
4.91
4.28
3.78
3.38
3.05
2.78
2.55
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
18.43
13.51
10.43
9.30
8.36
6.89
5.81
4.99
4.36
3.85
3.45
3.11
2.83
2.60
35
18.54
13.60
10.50
9.37
8.42
6.95
5.86
5.04
4.40
3.89
3.48
3.14
2.86
2.63
40
18.65
13.69
10.58
9.44
8.49
7.00
5.91
5.08
4.44
3.93
3.51
3.17
2.89
2.65
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
18.90
19.16
13.89
14.10
10.75
10.92
9.59
9.75
8.63
8.77
7.12
7.25
6.02
6.13
5.18
5.28
4.52
4.61
4.00
4.08
3.58
3.65
3.24
3.30
2.95
3.01
2.71
2.76
70
19.46
14.33
11.10
9.92
8.93
7.38
6.24
5.38
4.70
4.16
3.73
3.37
3.07
2.82
80
19.77
14.57
11.30
10.09
9.09
7.52
6.36
5.48
4.79
4.24
3.80
3.44
3.13
2.87
90
20.11
14.82
11.50
10.28
9.25
7.66
6.48
5.59
4.89
4.33
3.88
3.51
3.20
2.93
100
20.46
15.09
11.71
10.47
9.43
7.81
6.61
5.70
4.98
4.42
3.96
3.58
3.26
3.00
Accuracy
±1.5%
3
110
20.84
15.38
11.93
10.67
9.61
7.96
6.74
5.81
5.08
4.51
4.04
3.65
3.33
3.06
25
Kinematic viscosity x 107, m2/s
S = 0 g/kg
S = 20 g/kg
20
S = 40 g/kg
S = 60 g/kg
15
S = 80 g/kg
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100 110 120 130
oC
References for Citation
1. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
2.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
120
21.24
15.67
12.17
10.87
9.80
8.11
6.87
5.93
5.19
4.60
4.12
3.73
3.40
3.12
Osmotic coefficient of seawater
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
10
0.894
0.898
0.900
0.902
0.903
0.903
0.902
0.900
0.898
0.894
0.890
0.886
0.880
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
20
0.895
0.899
0.901
0.903
0.904
0.904
0.903
0.901
0.898
0.895
0.890
0.886
0.880
30
0.897
0.901
0.904
0.906
0.907
0.906
0.905
0.903
0.901
0.897
0.893
0.888
0.882
40
0.901
0.905
0.908
0.910
0.911
0.911
0.910
0.908
0.905
0.901
0.897
0.891
0.885
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.906
0.913
0.911
0.918
0.914
0.921
0.916
0.924
0.917
0.925
0.917
0.925
0.916
0.925
0.914
0.923
0.911
0.920
0.908
0.916
0.903
0.911
0.897
0.905
0.891
0.898
70
0.921
0.926
0.930
0.933
0.935
0.935
0.935
0.933
0.930
0.926
0.921
0.915
0.908
80
0.930
0.936
0.941
0.944
0.946
0.947
0.947
0.945
0.942
0.938
0.933
0.927
0.919
90
0.941
0.948
0.953
0.957
0.960
0.961
0.961
0.959
0.956
0.952
0.947
0.940
0.933
100
0.953
0.961
0.967
0.972
0.975
0.976
0.976
0.975
0.972
0.968
0.963
0.956
0.948
4
110
0.967
0.975
0.982
0.988
0.992
0.994
0.994
0.993
0.991
0.986
0.981
0.974
0.965
1.04
Osmotic coefficient
1.00
S = 120 g/kg
0.96
Accuracy ± 2.57%
100
0.92
80
0.88
60
40
20
0.84
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature, oC
80
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
0.982
0.991
0.999
1.006
1.010
1.013
1.014
1.013
1.011
1.006
1.001
0.993
0.985
Osmotic pressure of seawater, MPa
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
10
0.653
0.679
0.704
0.728
0.750
0.771
0.790
0.808
0.824
0.838
0.851
0.863
0.873
20
1.321
1.374
1.425
1.473
1.517
1.559
1.598
1.633
1.666
1.695
1.721
1.743
1.763
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
2.007
2.088
2.166
2.238
2.306
2.370
2.428
2.482
2.531
2.575
2.614
2.648
2.677
40
2.715
2.826
2.931
3.030
3.122
3.209
3.288
3.361
3.427
3.485
3.538
3.583
3.621
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
3.450
4.214
3.591
4.389
3.726
4.555
3.853
4.712
3.971
4.858
4.081
4.993
4.182
5.118
4.275
5.232
4.359
5.334
4.433
5.425
4.499
5.505
4.555
5.573
4.603
5.630
70
5.012
5.224
5.424
5.613
5.789
5.952
6.102
6.238
6.360
6.469
6.563
6.643
6.709
80
5.850
6.100
6.338
6.561
6.770
6.963
7.140
7.301
7.445
7.571
7.681
7.773
7.848
90
6.730
7.024
7.302
7.564
7.808
8.033
8.240
8.427
8.594
8.741
8.867
8.972
9.056
100
7.659
8.000
8.323
8.626
8.909
9.171
9.410
9.626
9.818
9.986
10.130
10.248
10.341
110
8.641
9.034
9.405
9.755
10.081
10.382
10.657
10.904
11.124
11.315
11.477
11.610
11.713
5
120
9.681
10.131
10.557
10.958
11.331
11.675
11.989
12.271
12.521
12.737
12.920
13.067
13.180
15.00
S = 120 g/kg
Osmotic pressure, MPa
12.00
100
9.00
Accuracy ± 2.57%
80
6.00
60
40
3.00
20
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Prandtl number of seawater
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
13.18
9.32
6.95
5.40
4.34
3.57
3.00
2.57
2.23
1.97
1.76
1.59
1.447
10
13.19
9.35
6.99
5.45
4.38
3.61
3.04
2.60
2.26
2.00
1.78
1.61
1.466
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
20
13.22
9.39
7.04
5.50
4.42
3.65
3.08
2.64
2.30
2.03
1.81
1.63
1.487
30
13.27
9.45
7.10
5.55
4.47
3.70
3.12
2.68
2.33
2.06
1.84
1.66
1.509
40
13.34
9.52
7.17
5.61
4.53
3.74
3.16
2.71
2.36
2.09
1.86
1.68
1.532
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
13.43
13.54
9.60
9.70
7.24
7.32
5.68
5.74
4.59
4.65
3.80
3.85
3.21
3.25
2.75
2.79
2.40
2.44
2.12
2.15
1.89
1.92
1.71
1.74
1.556
1.581
70
13.67
9.80
7.41
5.82
4.71
3.90
3.30
2.84
2.48
2.19
1.95
1.76
1.606
80
13.82
9.92
7.50
5.90
4.78
3.96
3.35
2.88
2.51
2.22
1.99
1.79
1.633
90
13.99
10.05
7.61
5.98
4.85
4.02
3.40
2.93
2.55
2.26
2.02
1.82
1.660
6
100
14.19
10.19
7.72
6.07
4.92
4.08
3.45
2.97
2.60
2.29
2.05
1.85
1.688
110
14.40
10.35
7.83
6.16
5.00
4.15
3.51
3.02
2.64
2.33
2.09
1.88
1.717
12
S = 0 g/kg
10
Prandtl number
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
8
Accuracy ± 3.4%
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
6
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
14.625
10.510
7.959
6.262
5.075
4.213
3.566
3.070
2.680
2.370
2.120
1.916
1.747
Thermal conductivity of seawater, W/m K
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
0.572
0.588
0.604
0.617
0.630
0.641
0.650
0.658
0.665
0.671
0.676
0.679
0.682
10
0.571
0.588
0.603
0.617
0.629
0.640
0.650
0.658
0.665
0.671
0.675
0.679
0.681
20
0.570
0.587
0.602
0.616
0.629
0.640
0.649
0.658
0.665
0.670
0.675
0.679
0.681
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
0.570
0.587
0.602
0.616
0.628
0.639
0.649
0.657
0.664
0.670
0.675
0.678
0.681
40
0.569
0.586
0.601
0.615
0.628
0.639
0.648
0.657
0.664
0.670
0.674
0.678
0.680
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.569
0.568
0.585
0.585
0.601
0.600
0.615
0.614
0.627
0.627
0.638
0.638
0.648
0.647
0.656
0.656
0.663
0.663
0.669
0.669
0.674
0.674
0.678
0.677
0.680
0.680
70
0.568
0.584
0.600
0.614
0.626
0.637
0.647
0.655
0.663
0.669
0.673
0.677
0.679
80
0.567
0.584
0.599
0.613
0.626
0.637
0.647
0.655
0.662
0.668
0.673
0.677
0.679
90
0.566
0.583
0.599
0.613
0.625
0.636
0.646
0.655
0.662
0.668
0.673
0.676
0.679
7
100
0.566
0.583
0.598
0.612
0.625
0.636
0.646
0.654
0.661
0.667
0.672
0.676
0.679
110
0.565
0.582
0.598
0.612
0.624
0.635
0.645
0.654
0.661
0.667
0.672
0.676
0.678
Accuracy
±3.0%
Thermal conductivity, W/m K
0.70
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
S = 0 g/kg
0.60
S = 40 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
0.58
S = 120 g/kg
0.56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
0.565
0.582
0.597
0.611
0.624
0.635
0.645
0.653
0.661
0.667
0.672
0.675
0.678
Surface tension of seawater x 103, N/m
Temp, oC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
75.65
74.22
72.74
71.19
69.60
67.94
66.24
64.48
62.67
60.82
58.91
10
75.93
74.52
73.04
71.51
69.92
68.28
66.58
64.83
63.03
61.17
59.27
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
20
76.22
74.81
73.35
71.83
70.25
68.62
66.92
65.18
63.38
61.53
59.63
30
76.50
75.11
73.66
72.15
70.58
68.95
67.27
65.53
63.73
61.89
59.99
40
76.79
75.41
73.97
72.47
70.91
69.29
67.61
65.88
64.09
62.25
60.35
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
77.07
77.36
75.71
76.00
74.28
74.58
72.79
73.10
71.23
71.56
69.62
69.96
67.95
68.29
66.22
66.57
64.44
64.80
62.60
62.96
60.71
61.07
70
77.64
76.30
74.89
73.42
71.89
70.29
68.64
66.92
65.15
63.32
61.43
80
77.93
76.60
75.20
73.74
72.22
70.63
68.98
67.27
65.50
63.68
61.79
90
78.21
76.89
75.51
74.06
72.54
70.96
69.32
67.62
65.86
64.03
62.15
8
100
78.50
77.19
75.82
74.38
72.87
71.30
69.67
67.97
66.21
64.39
62.51
110
78.78
77.49
76.12
74.69
73.20
71.64
70.01
68.32
66.56
64.75
62.87
Accuracy
±0.60%
80
Surface tension x 103, N/m
S = 0 g/kg
S = 20 g/kg
75
S = 40 g/kg
S = 60 g/kg
70
S = 80 g/kg
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
65
60
55
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature, oC
80
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. K.G. Nayar, D. Panchanathan, G.H. McKinley, J.H. Lienhard V, "Surface Tension of Seawater", J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 43 (2014) 43103.
doi:10.1063/1.4899037.
120
79.07
77.78
76.43
75.01
73.53
71.97
70.35
68.67
66.92
65.11
63.23
Latent heat of vaporization of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
2500.9
2477.2
2453.6
2429.8
2406.0
2382.0
2357.7
2333.1
2308.1
2282.6
2256.5
2229.7
2202.1
10
2475.9
2452.5
2429.0
2405.5
2381.9
2358.1
2334.1
2309.8
2285.0
2259.7
2233.9
2207.4
2180.1
20
2450.9
2427.7
2404.5
2381.2
2357.9
2334.3
2310.5
2286.4
2261.9
2236.9
2211.3
2185.1
2158.1
30
2425.9
2402.9
2379.9
2356.9
2333.8
2310.5
2287.0
2263.1
2238.8
2214.1
2188.8
2162.8
2136.1
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
40
2400.9
2378.1
2355.4
2332.6
2309.7
2286.7
2263.4
2239.8
2215.8
2191.3
2166.2
2140.5
2114.1
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
2375.9
2350.8
2353.4
2328.6
2330.9
2306.3
2308.3
2284.0
2285.7
2261.6
2262.9
2239.0
2239.8
2216.2
2216.4
2193.1
2192.7
2169.6
2168.4
2145.6
2143.7
2121.1
2118.2
2095.9
2092.0
2070.0
70
2325.8
2303.8
2281.8
2259.7
2237.6
2215.2
2192.7
2169.8
2146.5
2122.8
2098.5
2073.6
2048.0
80
2300.8
2279.0
2257.3
2235.4
2213.5
2191.4
2169.1
2146.4
2123.4
2100.0
2076.0
2051.3
2026.0
90
2275.8
2254.3
2232.7
2211.1
2189.4
2167.6
2145.5
2123.1
2100.4
2077.1
2053.4
2029.0
2003.9
100
2250.8
2229.5
2208.2
2186.8
2165.4
2143.8
2121.9
2099.8
2077.3
2054.3
2030.8
2006.7
1981.9
110
2225.8
2204.7
2183.7
2162.5
2141.3
2120.0
2098.3
2076.5
2054.2
2031.5
2008.3
1984.4
1959.9
Accuracy
±0.01%
2600
2500
Latent heat, kJ/kg
2400
2300
S = 0 g/kg
2200
20
40
2100
60
80
2000
100
120
1900
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature, oC
80
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
9
120
2200.8
2180.0
2159.1
2138.2
2117.3
2096.1
2074.8
2053.1
2031.1
2008.7
1985.7
1962.1
1937.9
Thermal diffusivity of seawater x10 7, m2/s
Temp, oC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
1.36
1.40
1.44
1.48
1.52
1.55
1.58
1.61
1.63
1.65
1.67
1.69
1.70
10
1.37
1.41
1.45
1.49
1.52
1.56
1.59
1.61
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.71
20
1.38
1.42
1.46
1.50
1.53
1.56
1.59
1.62
1.64
1.67
1.69
1.70
1.72
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
1.38
1.43
1.46
1.50
1.54
1.57
1.60
1.63
1.65
1.67
1.69
1.71
1.72
40
1.39
1.43
1.47
1.51
1.54
1.57
1.60
1.63
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.71
1.73
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
1.40
1.41
1.44
1.45
1.48
1.48
1.51
1.52
1.55
1.55
1.58
1.59
1.61
1.62
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.74
70
1.41
1.45
1.49
1.52
1.56
1.59
1.62
1.65
1.67
1.70
1.72
1.73
1.75
80
1.42
1.46
1.49
1.53
1.56
1.60
1.63
1.65
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.75
90
1.42
1.46
1.50
1.54
1.57
1.60
1.63
1.66
1.69
1.71
1.73
1.75
1.76
10
100
1.43
1.47
1.50
1.54
1.57
1.61
1.64
1.67
1.69
1.71
1.74
1.75
1.77
110
1.43
1.47
1.51
1.54
1.58
1.61
1.64
1.67
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.77
Accuracy
±3.0%
1.90
Thermal diffusivity x 107, m2/s
1.80
1.70
S = 0 g/kg
1.60
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
1.50
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
1.40
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
1.30
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
1.43
1.47
1.51
1.55
1.58
1.62
1.65
1.68
1.70
1.73
1.75
1.76
1.78
Vapor (saturation) pressure of seawater, kPa
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
0.611
1.228
2.339
4.246
7.383
12.350
19.944
31.198
47.412
70.180
101.419
143.384
198.685
10
0.608
1.222
2.328
4.226
7.348
12.291
19.849
31.049
47.185
69.845
100.934
142.699
197.736
20
0.605
1.216
2.316
4.204
7.310
12.227
19.746
30.888
46.941
69.483
100.411
141.960
196.712
11
30
0.602
1.209
2.303
4.180
7.269
12.159
19.635
30.715
46.678
69.095
99.850
141.166
195.613
40
0.598
1.202
2.289
4.155
7.226
12.086
19.518
30.531
46.399
68.681
99.252
140.320
194.440
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.594
0.590
1.194
1.186
2.274
2.259
4.129
4.101
7.179
7.131
12.009
11.927
19.393
19.261
30.336
30.129
46.102
45.788
68.241
67.776
98.616
97.945
139.422 138.473
193.195 191.880
70
0.586
1.177
2.242
4.071
7.079
11.841
19.122
29.912
45.457
67.287
97.239
137.474
190.496
80
0.582
1.168
2.225
4.040
7.025
11.751
18.976
29.684
45.111
66.775
96.498
136.426
189.045
90
0.577
1.159
2.207
4.008
6.969
11.656
18.824
29.446
44.749
66.239
95.723
135.332
187.528
100
0.572
1.149
2.189
3.974
6.910
11.558
18.665
29.198
44.372
65.681
94.916
134.191
185.947
110
0.567
1.139
2.170
3.939
6.849
11.456
18.500
28.940
43.980
65.100
94.078
133.005
184.304
250
Water vapor pressure, kPa
200
Accuracy ±0.91%
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature, oC
80
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
120
0.562
1.129
2.149
3.902
6.786
11.350
18.329
28.672
43.573
64.499
93.208
131.776
182.601
Specific enthalpy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
42.1
84.0
125.8
167.6
209.4
251.2
293.0
334.9
376.9
419.0
461.2
503.6
10
41.6
82.8
124.1
165.3
206.6
247.9
289.3
330.7
372.2
413.8
455.4
497.2
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
20
41.0
81.7
122.3
163.1
203.9
244.7
285.6
326.6
367.6
408.6
449.7
490.8
30
40.4
80.4
120.6
160.8
201.2
241.6
282.0
322.5
363.0
403.6
444.1
484.6
40
39.7
79.2
118.9
158.6
198.5
238.5
278.5
318.5
358.5
398.6
438.5
478.4
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
39.0
38.1
77.9
76.6
117.1
115.3
156.4
154.2
195.9
193.2
235.4
232.3
275.0
271.5
314.6
310.6
354.1
349.7
393.6
388.6
432.9
427.4
472.1
465.9
70
37.2
75.2
113.5
151.9
190.6
229.3
268.0
306.7
345.3
383.7
421.8
459.7
80
36.3
73.8
111.6
149.7
187.9
226.2
264.5
302.8
340.9
378.7
416.3
453.4
90
35.2
72.3
109.7
147.4
185.3
223.2
261.1
298.9
336.5
373.8
410.7
447.1
100
34.2
70.8
107.9
145.2
182.6
220.1
257.6
295.0
332.0
368.8
405.0
440.7
12
110
33.0
69.3
106.0
142.9
180.0
217.1
254.2
291.0
327.6
363.8
399.3
434.3
600
Specific enthalpy, kJ/kg
500
400
Accuracy ± 1.36%
S = 0 g/kg
300
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
200
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
100
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
31.9
67.8
104.1
140.6
177.4
214.1
250.7
287.1
323.2
358.7
393.6
427.8
Specific entropy of seawater, J/kg K
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
151.1
296.5
436.8
572.4
703.8
831.2
954.9
1075.3
1192.6
1307.0
1418.7
1527.8
10
151.6
294.8
433.2
567.2
696.9
822.8
945.2
1064.2
1180.1
1293.1
1403.3
1510.8
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
20
149.8
291.0
427.6
559.9
688.1
812.6
933.6
1051.3
1165.8
1277.4
1386.1
1492.0
30
146.2
285.6
420.4
551.1
677.9
801.0
920.6
1036.9
1150.1
1260.3
1367.5
1471.7
40
141.3
278.8
412.0
541.1
666.5
788.2
906.6
1021.6
1133.5
1242.2
1347.9
1450.4
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
135.3
128.5
271.0
262.5
402.6
392.6
530.3
518.9
654.3
641.6
774.8
760.7
891.8
876.5
1005.5
989.0
1116.0
1098.1
1223.3
1204.0
1327.5
1306.5
1428.3
1405.6
70
121.1
253.5
382.1
507.1
628.5
746.4
860.9
972.0
1079.8
1184.2
1285.1
1382.5
80
113.1
244.0
371.3
494.9
615.0
731.7
845.0
954.8
1061.3
1164.1
1263.4
1358.9
90
104.7
234.1
360.0
482.4
601.3
716.8
828.8
937.4
1042.4
1143.7
1241.3
1334.9
100
95.7
223.8
348.3
469.5
587.2
701.5
812.2
919.5
1023.1
1122.9
1218.7
1310.3
13
110
86.1
212.8
336.1
456.0
572.6
685.7
795.2
901.1
1003.3
1101.4
1195.5
1285.1
1800.0
1600.0
Specific entropy, J/kg K
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
S = 0 g/kg
Accuracy ± .5%
S = 20 g/kg
800.0
S = 40 g/kg
600.0
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
400.0
S = 100 g/kg
200.0
S = 120 g/kg
0.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature, oC
80
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
75.6
201.0
323.1
441.9
557.3
669.2
777.5
882.0
982.7
1079.2
1171.4
1258.9
Specific flow exergy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
4.2
2.8
2.8
4.1
6.7
10.5
15.5
21.5
10
2.6
1.1
1.1
2.4
5.0
8.8
13.7
19.6
20
2.0
0.5
0.4
1.8
4.3
8.0
12.9
18.7
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
1.7
0.2
0.2
1.5
4.0
7.7
12.5
18.3
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
2.0
2.3
0.4
0.8
0.4
0.7
1.6
2.0
4.1
4.4
7.7
8.0
12.4
12.6
18.1
18.2
40
1.7
0.2
0.2
1.4
3.9
7.6
12.3
18.1
70
2.8
1.3
1.2
2.4
4.9
8.4
13.0
18.6
80
3.5
2.0
1.9
3.1
5.5
9.0
13.5
19.0
90
4.2
2.7
2.6
3.8
6.2
9.7
14.2
19.6
100
5.1
3.6
3.5
4.7
7.0
10.5
14.9
20.3
14
110
6.1
4.6
4.5
5.6
8.0
11.4
15.8
21.1
120
7.2
5.7
5.6
6.7
9.0
12.4
16.8
22.0
25
S = 0 g/kg
Specific flow exergy, kJ/kg
20
S = 20 g/kg
Accuracy ± 0.11 kJ/kg
S = 40 g/kg
S = 60 g/kg
15
S = 80 g/kg
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
10
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature,
60
70
80
90
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. M.H. Sharqawy, J.H. Lienhard V, "Formulation of seawater flow exergy using accurate thermodynamic data", in: ASME IMECE 2010,
ASME, 2010: pp. 1–8.
Gibbs Free Energy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
-0.7
-2.9
-6.6
-11.6
-18.0
-25.7
-34.6
-44.8
-56.1
-68.6
-82.2
-96.9
10
-1.6
-3.8
-7.4
-12.4
-18.8
-26.4
-35.2
-45.3
-56.5
-68.9
-82.3
-96.9
20
-1.5
-3.7
-7.3
-12.2
-18.5
-26.0
-34.7
-44.7
-55.7
-67.9
-81.2
-95.6
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
-1.1
-3.2
-6.7
-11.6
-17.7
-25.1
-33.8
-43.5
-54.5
-66.5
-79.6
-93.8
40
-0.4
-2.5
-5.9
-10.7
-16.7
-24.0
-32.5
-42.1
-52.9
-64.8
-77.7
-91.6
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-0.4
-4.9
-3.7
-9.6
-8.3
-15.5
-14.1
-22.7
-21.1
-31.0
-29.3
-40.5
-38.7
-51.1
-49.1
-62.8
-60.6
-75.5
-73.1
-89.2
-86.6
70
2.7
0.8
-2.4
-6.8
-12.5
-19.4
-27.5
-36.6
-46.9
-58.2
-70.5
-83.8
80
3.9
2.2
-0.9
-5.2
-10.8
-17.6
-25.5
-34.5
-44.5
-55.6
-67.8
-80.8
90
5.3
3.7
0.7
-3.5
-9.0
-15.6
-23.3
-32.1
-42.0
-52.9
-64.8
-77.7
100
6.8
5.3
2.4
-1.7
-7.0
-13.5
-21.0
-29.7
-39.4
-50.1
-61.8
-74.4
15
110
8.4
7.0
4.2
0.2
-4.9
-11.2
-18.6
-27.1
-36.6
-47.1
-58.6
-71.0
120
10.1
8.8
6.1
2.3
-2.7
-8.9
-16.1
-24.4
-33.7
-44.0
-55.2
-67.4
10.00
Gibbs Free Energy. kJ/kg
-5.00 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Accuracy ± 0.11 kJ/Kg
-20.00
-35.00
-50.00
S = 120 g/kg
-65.00
100
-80.00
60
20
-95.00
-110.00
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
Specific heat capacity of seawater
at constant pressure, J/kg K
o
Temp, C
0
0
4206.9
10
4196.9
20
4189.4
25
4186.5
30
4184.2
40
4181.4
50
4180.9
60
4182.9
70
4187.3
80
4194.1
90
4203.4
100
4215.1
110
4229.4
120
4246.1
10
4141.8
4136.7
4132.9
4131.5
4130.6
4129.8
4130.8
4133.6
4138.3
4145.0
4153.9
4165.0
4178.5
4194.5
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
20
4079.3
4078.4
4078.1
4078.1
4078.3
4079.5
4081.7
4085.2
4090.2
4096.8
4105.3
4115.8
4128.6
4143.8
30
4019.2
4022.2
4024.9
4026.2
4027.5
4030.3
4033.7
4037.8
4042.9
4049.4
4057.5
4067.4
4079.5
4094.1
35
3990.1
3994.9
3998.9
4000.8
4002.6
4006.2
4010.0
4014.4
4019.6
4026.0
4033.9
4043.6
4055.4
4069.6
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
3906.6
3853.9
3915.9
3865.8
3923.6
3875.4
3926.9
3879.5
3930.0
3883.3
3935.5
3889.8
3940.5
3895.5
3945.6
3900.8
3950.9
3906.2
3957.1
3912.2
3964.4
3919.1
3973.3
3927.5
3984.2
3937.8
3997.5
3950.5
40
3961.7
3968.1
3973.4
3975.8
3978.0
3982.3
3986.6
3991.2
3996.5
4002.8
4010.5
4019.9
4031.4
4045.3
70
3803.8
3817.7
3828.9
3833.7
3837.9
3845.3
3851.5
3857.0
3862.4
3868.1
3874.7
3882.6
3892.4
3904.6
80
3756.1
3771.6
3784.1
3789.3
3794.0
3801.9
3808.5
3814.1
3819.4
3824.9
3831.1
3838.6
3847.9
3859.5
16
90
3711.0
3727.6
3740.9
3746.5
3751.4
3759.8
3766.5
3772.1
3777.2
3782.5
3788.3
3795.4
3804.3
3815.4
100
3668.3
3685.6
3699.4
3705.2
3710.3
3718.8
3725.5
3731.0
3736.0
3740.9
3746.4
3753.1
3761.5
3772.3
Accuracy
±1%
110
3628.1
3645.6
3659.6
3665.4
3670.5
3678.9
3685.5
3690.8
3695.5
3700.2
3705.3
3711.6
3719.7
3730.1
4300
0
4200
20
Specific heat, J/kg K
4100
40
4000
60
3900
80
3800
100
3700
S = 120 g/kg
3600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
3590.3
3607.7
3621.4
3627.1
3632.1
3640.2
3646.5
3651.6
3656.0
3660.3
3665.1
3671.1
3678.8
3688.8
Specific internal energy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
42.01
83.90
125.73
167.52
209.30
251.10
292.93
334.83
376.81
418.88
461.05
503.39
10
41.49
82.73
123.97
165.23
206.50
247.82
289.18
330.59
372.08
413.65
455.24
496.96
20
40.93
81.55
122.23
162.97
203.77
244.61
285.51
326.46
367.46
408.51
449.54
490.63
30
40.31
80.35
120.50
160.75
201.08
241.47
281.92
322.41
362.93
403.45
443.91
484.37
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
40
39.63
79.11
118.75
158.53
198.41
238.37
278.38
318.42
358.45
398.45
438.33
478.15
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
38.88
38.05
77.83
76.50
116.99
115.20
156.31
154.09
195.76
193.12
235.30
232.24
274.87
271.39
314.46
310.53
354.01
349.59
393.48
388.53
432.78
427.24
471.94
465.73
70
37.15
75.12
113.37
151.85
190.47
229.18
267.92
306.61
345.18
383.59
421.69
459.50
80
36.18
73.69
111.52
149.59
187.82
226.14
264.45
302.69
340.77
378.63
416.12
453.23
90
35.15
72.23
109.65
147.33
185.17
223.09
260.99
298.78
336.36
373.66
410.51
446.91
100
34.07
70.73
107.76
145.06
182.52
220.05
257.53
294.86
331.94
368.67
404.87
440.53
110
32.95
69.21
105.86
142.79
179.89
217.02
254.08
290.95
327.51
363.66
399.20
434.09
17
120
31.81
67.69
103.98
140.55
177.27
214.01
250.65
287.05
323.08
358.63
393.48
427.60
600
Specific internal energy, kJ/kg
500
400
S = 0 g/kg
300
Accuracy ± 1.5%
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
200
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
100
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Specific volume of seawater, m3/kg
Temp, oC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
0.00104
0.00105
0.00106
10
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
0.00104
0.00105
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
20
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
0.00104
30
0.00098
0.00098
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
40
0.00097
0.00097
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
0.00103
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
70
0.00096 0.00095 0.00095
0.00096 0.00096 0.00095
0.00096 0.00096 0.00095
0.00097 0.00096 0.00095
0.00097 0.00096 0.00096
0.00098 0.00097 0.00096
0.00098 0.00097 0.00097
0.00099 0.00098 0.00097
0.00099 0.00098 0.00098
0.00100 0.00099 0.00098
0.00100 0.00100 0.00099
0.00101 0.00100 0.00100
0.00102 0.00101 0.00100
80
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00100
90
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
18
100
0.00093
0.00093
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
110
0.00092
0.00092
0.00092
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00098
Accuracy
±0.1%
0.00108
0.00106
Specific volume m3/kg
0.00104
S = 0 g/kg
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0.00102
0.00100
0.00098
0.00096
0.00094
`
0.00092
0.00090
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
0.00091
0.00091
0.00092
0.00092
0.00092
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
Chemical potential of salts in seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
-21.907
-21.106
-20.262
-19.330
-18.267
-17.029
-15.579
-13.878
20
25.621
28.070
30.537
33.068
35.706
38.493
41.468
44.669
30
53.735
57.237
60.733
64.270
67.891
71.637
75.549
79.663
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
40
74.070
78.380
82.664
86.965
91.329
95.796
100.406
105.197
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
70
90.268
103.948 115.970
95.253
109.522 122.074
100.190 115.029 128.093
105.125 120.514 134.073
110.101 126.022 140.057
115.160 131.593 146.086
120.342 137.268 152.202
125.684 143.084 158.441
80
126.845
133.436
139.925
146.358
152.779
159.229
165.748
172.374
90
136.902
143.945
150.872
157.728
164.556
171.397
178.293
185.280
100
146.361
153.831
161.170
168.424
175.636
182.848
190.100
197.429
110
155.378
163.253
170.985
178.618
186.196
193.761
201.354
209.010
250
Chemical Potential of Salts in Seawater, kJ/kg
S = 120 g/kg
100
200
Accuracy ± 12.70 kJ/kg
80
60
150
40
100
20
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
800
90
-50
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
19
120
164.069
172.330
180.436
188.433
196.363
204.268
212.189
220.163
Chemical potential of water in seawater, kJ/kg
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
-1.348
-3.611
-7.300
-12.370
-18.778
-26.480
-35.439
-45.615
20
-2.045
-4.332
-8.045
-13.138
-19.569
-27.294
-36.275
-46.474
30
-2.756
-5.070
-8.809
-13.928
-20.384
-28.133
-37.138
-47.360
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
40
-3.489
-5.832
-9.600
-14.746
-21.228
-29.004
-38.034
-48.280
50
-4.250
-6.624
-10.423
-15.599
-22.110
-29.914
-38.970
-49.242
Salinity, g/kg
60
-5.044
-7.453
-11.285
-16.493
-23.035
-30.868
-39.953
-50.253
70
-5.879
-8.324
-12.191
-17.434
-24.009
-31.874
-40.990
-51.319
80
-6.760
-9.245
-13.150
-18.429
-25.040
-32.939
-42.088
-52.448
70
80
90
-7.693
-10.221
-14.166
-19.485
-26.133
-34.069
-43.252
-53.646
100
-8.686
-11.258
-15.247
-20.607
-27.296
-35.270
-44.491
-54.921
110
-9.743
-12.363
-16.398
-21.803
-28.534
-36.550
-45.811
-56.279
0
Chemical Potential of Salts in Seawater, kJ/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
90
-10
-20
Accuracy ± 0.09 kJ/kg
-30
-40
20
-50
60
100
S = 120 g/kg
-60
-70
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
20
120
-10.872
-13.542
-17.626
-23.078
-29.855
-37.915
-47.219
-57.728
Density of seawater, kg/m3
Temp, oC
0
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
999.9
999.5
998.0
996.9
995.6
992.2
988.1
983.2
977.8
971.8
965.3
958.3
950.9
943.0
10
1007.9
1007.4
1005.7
1004.5
1003.1
999.7
995.5
990.6
985.1
979.1
972.6
965.7
958.3
950.6
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
20
1016.0
1015.2
1013.4
1012.2
1010.7
1007.1
1002.9
998.0
992.5
986.5
980.0
973.1
965.8
958.1
30
1024.0
1023.0
1021.1
1019.8
1018.2
1014.6
1010.3
1005.3
999.8
993.8
987.3
980.5
973.2
965.6
35
1028.0
1027.0
1024.9
1023.6
1022.0
1018.3
1014.0
1009.0
1003.5
997.5
991.0
984.2
976.9
969.3
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
1040.0
1048.0
1038.7
1046.6
1036.5
1044.1
1035.0
1042.6
1033.4
1040.9
1029.5
1037.0
1025.1
1032.5
1020.0
1027.4
1014.5
1021.8
1008.5
1015.8
1002.0
1009.4
995.2
1002.6
988.1
995.5
980.6
988.1
40
1032.0
1030.9
1028.8
1027.4
1025.8
1022.1
1017.7
1012.7
1007.1
1001.1
994.7
987.9
980.6
973.1
70
1056.1
1054.4
1051.8
1050.3
1048.5
1044.5
1039.9
1034.7
1029.1
1023.1
1016.8
1010.0
1003.0
995.6
80
1064.1
1062.2
1059.5
1057.9
1056.1
1052.0
1047.3
1042.1
1036.5
1030.5
1024.1
1017.4
1010.4
1003.1
21
90
1072.1
1070.1
1067.2
1065.5
1063.6
1059.4
1054.7
1049.5
1043.8
1037.8
1031.5
1024.8
1017.8
1010.6
100
1080.1
1077.9
1074.9
1073.1
1071.2
1066.9
1062.1
1056.8
1051.2
1045.1
1038.8
1032.2
1025.3
1018.1
110
1088.1
1085.7
1082.6
1080.7
1078.7
1074.4
1069.5
1064.2
1058.5
1052.5
1046.2
1039.6
1032.7
1025.6
1120
1100
1080
Density, kg/m3
1060
S = 120 g/kg
1040
Accuracy ± 0.14%
1020
100
1000
80
980
60
40
960
20
940
0
920
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100
110
120
130
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
1096.2
1093.6
1090.3
1088.4
1086.3
1081.8
1076.9
1071.5
1065.8
1059.8
1053.5
1047.0
1040.2
1033.1
Thermal conductivity of seawater
(pressure dep.), W/m-K
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.67
10
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.67
20
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
30
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.57
0.57
0.59
0.59
0.61
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
0.66
40
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.67
70
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
Thermal conductivity (Pressure-dependent) ,
W/m K
0.68
80
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
90
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
100
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
110
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.66
0
40
80
0.66
S= 120
g/kg
0.64
Accuracy ± 2.59 %
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0
10
20
22
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. M.H. Sharqawy, "New correlations for seawater and pure water thermal conductivity at different temperatures and salinities",
Desalination. 313 (2013) 97–104. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.010.
120
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
Isobaric expansivity of seawater x 105, 1/K
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
9.6
20.1
29.5
37.9
45.5
52.4
58.7
64.5
69.9
75.1
80.2
85.2
10
11.2
21.3
30.3
38.4
45.7
52.3
58.4
63.9
69.1
74.1
79.0
83.8
20
12.8
22.5
31.2
38.9
45.9
52.3
58.0
63.4
68.3
73.1
77.7
82.4
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
30
14.3
23.7
32.0
39.4
46.1
52.2
57.7
62.8
67.5
72.1
76.6
81.0
40
15.8
24.8
32.8
39.9
46.4
52.1
57.4
62.2
66.8
71.1
75.4
79.7
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
17.3
18.8
25.9
27.1
33.6
34.4
40.4
40.9
46.6
46.8
52.1
52.0
57.1
56.8
61.7
61.1
66.0
65.3
70.2
69.2
74.2
73.1
78.4
77.1
70
20.2
28.2
35.2
41.4
47.0
51.9
56.5
60.6
64.5
68.3
72.0
75.8
80
21.7
29.2
35.9
41.9
47.2
51.9
56.2
60.1
63.8
67.3
70.9
74.5
90
23.1
30.3
36.7
42.3
47.3
51.8
55.9
59.6
63.1
66.4
69.8
73.3
100
24.5
31.4
37.4
42.8
47.5
51.8
55.6
59.1
62.4
65.5
68.7
72.0
23
110
25.8
32.4
38.2
43.3
47.7
51.7
55.3
58.6
61.7
64.7
67.7
70.8
120
27.2
33.4
38.9
43.7
47.9
51.6
55.0
58.1
61.0
63.8
66.6
69.6
90
Isobaric expansivity of seawater x 105, 1/K
0
80
40
80
120 g/kg =S
70
60
50
Accuracy ± 11.37%
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Isothermal compressibility of seawater x 105, 1/MPa
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
47.9
45.9
44.8
44.2
44.1
44.5
45.2
46.2
47.5
49.0
50.9
53.1
10
46.8
44.9
43.8
43.2
43.2
43.5
44.2
45.2
46.5
48.1
49.9
52.0
20
45.8
43.9
42.8
42.3
42.3
42.6
43.3
44.3
45.6
47.1
48.9
51.0
30
44.7
42.9
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.7
42.4
43.4
44.6
46.1
47.9
49.9
P = P0 ( 1 atm for t <=100°C, Seawater vapor pressure for t > 100 °C)
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
42.6
41.6
40.9
39.9
39.9
38.9
39.4
38.5
39.4
38.5
39.8
38.9
40.5
39.6
41.5
40.6
42.7
41.8
44.2
43.2
45.9
44.8
47.8
46.8
40
43.7
41.9
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.8
41.5
42.4
43.7
45.1
46.9
48.9
70
40.5
38.9
37.9
37.5
37.6
38.0
38.7
39.6
40.8
42.2
43.8
45.7
80
39.5
37.8
36.9
36.6
36.6
37.1
37.8
38.7
39.8
41.2
42.8
44.7
90
38.4
36.8
36.0
35.6
35.7
36.1
36.8
37.8
38.9
40.2
41.8
43.6
100
37.3
35.8
35.0
34.7
34.8
35.2
35.9
36.8
37.9
39.3
40.8
42.6
110
36.3
34.8
34.0
33.7
33.8
34.3
35.0
35.9
37.0
38.3
39.8
41.5
Accuracy
± 3.47%
Isothermal Compressivity of seawater x 105 ,
1/MPa
55
0
20
50
40
60
45
80
100
S = 120 g/kg
40
35
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
24
120
35.2
33.8
33.0
32.8
32.9
33.3
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.3
38.8
40.5
Chemical potential of salts in seawater, kJ/kg
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
10
-19.930
-19.047
-18.139
-17.160
Salinity
20
27.597
30.129
32.661
35.239
30
55.711
59.296
62.857
66.441
P= 7 MPa
25
40
76.047
80.439
84.787
89.136
100
Chemical Potential of Salts in Seawater, kJ/kg
S= 40 g/Kg
80
30
`
Accuracy ± 12.70 kJ/kg
60
40
20
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
-20
-40
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
Chemical potential of water in seawater, kJ/kg
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
10
126.022
131.593
137.268
143.084
Salinity, g/kg
20
30
175.636 186.196
182.848 193.761
190.100 201.354
197.429 209.010
P= 7 MPa
26
40
196.363
204.268
212.189
220.163
Chemical Potential of Salts in Seawater, kJ/kg
240
S = 40 g/kg
220
30
200
20
Accuracy ± 0.09 kJ/kg
180
160
10
140
120
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
Specific internal energy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
42.01
83.90
125.73
167.52
209.30
251.10
292.93
334.83
376.81
418.88
461.05
503.39
10
41.49
82.73
123.97
165.23
206.50
247.82
289.18
330.59
372.08
413.65
455.24
496.96
20
40.93
81.55
122.23
162.97
203.77
244.61
285.51
326.46
367.46
408.51
449.54
490.63
P= 7 MPa
30
40.31
80.35
120.50
160.75
201.08
241.47
281.92
322.41
362.93
403.45
443.91
484.37
40
39.63
79.11
118.75
158.53
198.41
238.37
278.38
318.42
358.45
398.45
438.33
478.15
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
38.88
38.05
77.83
76.50
116.99
115.20
156.31
154.09
195.76
193.12
235.30
232.24
274.87
271.39
314.46
310.53
354.01
349.59
393.48
388.53
432.78
427.24
471.94
465.73
27
70
37.15
75.12
113.37
151.85
190.47
229.18
267.92
306.61
345.18
383.59
421.69
459.50
80
36.18
73.69
111.52
149.59
187.82
226.14
264.45
302.69
340.77
378.63
416.12
453.23
90
35.15
72.23
109.65
147.33
185.17
223.09
260.99
298.78
336.36
373.66
410.51
446.91
100
34.07
70.73
107.76
145.06
182.52
220.05
257.53
294.86
331.94
368.67
404.87
440.53
110
32.95
69.21
105.86
142.79
179.89
217.02
254.08
290.95
327.51
363.66
399.20
434.09
120
31.81
67.69
103.98
140.55
177.27
214.01
250.65
287.05
323.08
358.63
393.48
427.60
600
Specific internal energy, kJ/kg
500
400
Accuracy ± 1.5%
S = 0 g/kg
300
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
200
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
100
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Density of seawater, kg/m3
Temp, oC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
1003.4
999.5
998.0
995.6
992.2
988.1
983.2
977.8
971.8
965.3
958.3
950.9
946.4
P= 7 MPa
10
1011.4
1007.4
1005.7
1003.1
999.7
995.5
990.6
985.1
979.1
972.6
965.7
958.3
950.6
20
1019.3
1015.2
1013.4
1010.7
1007.1
1002.9
998.0
992.5
986.5
980.0
973.1
965.8
958.1
30
1027.3
1023.0
1021.1
1018.2
1014.6
1010.3
1005.3
999.8
993.8
987.3
980.5
973.2
965.6
40
1035.3
1030.9
1028.8
1025.8
1022.1
1017.7
1012.7
1007.1
1001.1
994.7
987.9
980.6
973.1
28
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
1043.3
1051.2
1038.7
1046.6
1036.5
1044.1
1033.4
1040.9
1029.5
1037.0
1025.1
1032.5
1020.0
1027.4
1014.5
1021.8
1008.5
1015.8
1002.0
1009.4
995.2
1002.6
988.1
995.5
980.6
988.1
70
1059.2
1054.4
1051.8
1048.5
1044.5
1039.9
1034.7
1029.1
1023.1
1016.8
1010.0
1003.0
995.6
80
1067.1
1062.2
1059.5
1056.1
1052.0
1047.3
1042.1
1036.5
1030.5
1024.1
1017.4
1010.4
1003.1
90
1075.1
1070.1
1067.2
1063.6
1059.4
1054.7
1049.5
1043.8
1037.8
1031.5
1024.8
1017.8
1010.6
100
1083.1
1077.9
1074.9
1071.2
1066.9
1062.1
1056.8
1051.2
1045.1
1038.8
1032.2
1025.3
1018.1
110
1091.0
1085.7
1082.6
1078.7
1074.4
1069.5
1064.2
1058.5
1052.5
1046.2
1039.6
1032.7
1025.6
120
1099.0
1093.6
1090.3
1086.3
1081.8
1076.9
1071.5
1065.8
1059.8
1053.5
1047.0
1040.2
1033.1
1120
1100
1080
Density, kg/m3
1060
S = 120 g/kg
1040
1020
100
1000
80
980
60
40
960
20
940
0
Accuracy ± 0.21%
920
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100
110
120
130
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Isobaric expansivity of seawater x 105, 1/K
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
11.3
21.1
30.1
38.1
45.4
52.0
58.1
63.7
69.0
74.0
78.8
85.2
10
12.8
22.3
30.9
38.6
45.6
52.0
57.8
63.2
68.2
73.0
77.6
82.3
20
14.4
23.5
31.7
39.1
45.8
51.9
57.5
62.6
67.4
72.0
76.5
80.9
P= 7 MPa
30
15.9
24.6
32.5
39.6
46.0
51.8
57.1
62.0
66.6
71.0
75.3
79.6
29
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
18.8
20.2
26.9
27.9
34.1
34.9
40.6
41.0
46.4
46.6
51.7
51.6
56.5
56.2
61.0
60.4
65.1
64.4
69.1
68.2
73.0
71.9
77.0
75.7
40
17.3
25.8
33.3
40.1
46.2
51.8
56.8
61.5
65.9
70.1
74.1
78.3
70
21.7
29.0
35.6
41.5
46.8
51.6
55.9
59.9
63.7
67.3
70.8
74.4
80
23.1
30.1
36.4
42.0
47.0
51.5
55.6
59.4
62.9
66.4
69.7
73.2
90
24.4
31.1
37.1
42.4
47.2
51.4
55.3
58.9
62.2
65.5
68.7
72.0
100
25.8
32.2
37.8
42.9
47.3
51.4
55.0
58.4
61.5
64.6
67.6
70.8
110
27.1
33.2
38.5
43.3
47.5
51.3
54.7
57.9
60.9
63.7
66.6
69.6
90
Isobaric expansivity of seawater x 105, 1/K
0
80
40
80
70
120 g/kg =S
60
Accuracy ± 18.30%
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
120
28.4
34.2
39.2
43.7
47.7
51.2
54.5
57.4
60.2
62.9
65.6
68.4
Isothermal compressibility of seawater x 105, 1/MPa
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
47.0
45.1
43.9
43.4
43.3
43.6
44.3
45.3
46.5
48.0
49.7
51.8
10
46.0
44.1
43.0
42.5
42.4
42.8
43.4
44.4
45.6
47.1
48.8
50.8
20
45.0
43.2
42.1
41.6
41.6
41.9
42.6
43.5
44.7
46.1
47.8
49.8
30
44.0
42.2
41.2
40.7
40.7
41.0
41.7
42.6
43.8
45.2
46.9
48.8
P= 7 MPa
30
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
42.0
41.0
40.3
39.4
39.3
38.4
38.9
38.0
38.9
38.0
39.3
38.4
40.0
39.1
40.9
40.0
42.0
41.1
43.4
42.5
45.0
44.0
46.8
45.8
40
43.0
41.3
40.2
39.8
39.8
40.2
40.8
41.8
42.9
44.3
45.9
47.8
70
40.0
38.4
37.5
37.1
37.2
37.6
38.2
39.1
40.2
41.5
43.1
44.8
80
39.0
37.4
36.6
36.2
36.3
36.7
37.4
38.3
39.3
40.6
42.1
43.8
90
38.0
36.5
35.6
35.3
35.4
35.8
36.5
37.4
38.5
39.7
41.2
42.8
100
37.0
35.5
34.7
34.4
34.5
35.0
35.6
36.5
37.6
38.8
40.2
41.8
110
36.0
34.6
33.8
33.5
33.7
34.1
34.8
35.6
36.7
37.9
39.3
40.8
Isothermal Compressivity of seawater x 105 ,
1/MPa
55
0
50
20
40
60
45
Accuracy ± 13.36%
80
100
40
S = 120 g/kg
35
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
120
35.0
33.6
32.9
32.6
32.8
33.2
33.9
34.8
35.8
37.0
38.3
39.8
Specific enthalpy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
48.8
90.5
132.1
173.7
215.3
257.0
298.7
340.4
382.2
424.2
466.2
503.6
10
48.2
89.2
130.3
171.4
212.5
253.7
294.9
336.2
377.5
418.9
460.4
502.0
P= 7 MPa
20
47.5
88.0
128.5
169.1
209.7
250.4
291.2
332.0
372.9
413.8
454.7
495.7
30
46.9
86.7
126.7
166.8
207.0
247.2
287.6
327.9
368.3
408.7
449.1
489.4
40
46.1
85.4
124.9
164.5
204.3
244.1
284.0
323.9
363.8
403.7
443.5
483.2
31
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
45.3
44.4
84.1
82.7
123.1
121.2
162.3
160.0
201.6
198.9
241.0
237.9
280.4
276.9
319.9
316.0
359.3
354.9
398.7
393.7
437.9
432.4
477.0
470.7
70
43.4
81.2
119.3
157.7
196.2
234.8
273.4
312.0
350.5
388.8
426.8
464.5
80
42.4
79.7
117.4
155.4
193.5
231.7
269.9
308.1
346.1
383.8
421.2
458.2
90
41.2
78.2
115.5
153.1
190.8
228.6
266.4
304.1
341.6
378.8
415.6
451.9
100
40.1
76.6
113.5
150.7
188.1
225.5
262.9
300.2
337.2
373.8
410.0
445.5
110
38.9
75.0
111.6
148.4
185.4
222.5
259.5
296.2
332.7
368.8
404.3
439.1
600
Specific enthalpy, kJ/kg
500
400
Accuracy ± 1.47%
S = 0 g/kg
300
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
200
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
100
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
37.7
73.5
109.6
146.1
182.8
219.4
256.0
292.3
328.3
363.7
398.6
432.6
Specific entropy of seawater, kJ/kg K
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
150.3
295.0
434.7
569.8
700.6
827.5
950.9
1070.8
1187.7
1301.7
1413.1
1527.8
10
150.7
293.3
431.1
564.5
693.8
819.2
941.2
1059.8
1175.3
1287.9
1397.8
1504.9
P= 7 MPa
20
148.8
289.5
425.5
557.2
685.0
809.0
929.6
1046.9
1161.1
1272.3
1380.7
1486.2
30
145.2
283.9
418.2
548.4
674.7
797.4
916.6
1032.6
1145.5
1255.3
1362.2
1466.1
40
140.2
277.1
409.7
538.4
663.3
784.7
902.7
1017.4
1128.9
1237.3
1342.6
1444.9
32
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
134.1
127.2
269.3
260.7
400.4
390.3
527.6
516.2
651.2
638.5
771.2
757.3
887.9
872.7
1001.4
984.9
1111.5
1093.7
1218.5
1199.3
1322.4
1301.5
1423.0
1400.4
70
119.7
251.6
379.8
504.3
625.3
742.9
857.1
968.0
1075.5
1179.6
1280.3
1377.3
80
111.7
242.1
368.9
492.1
611.9
728.3
841.3
950.9
1057.0
1159.6
1258.6
1353.9
90
103.1
232.2
357.6
479.6
598.2
713.4
825.1
933.4
1038.2
1139.3
1236.6
1330.0
100
94.1
221.7
345.9
466.7
584.1
698.1
808.6
915.6
1019.0
1118.5
1214.1
1305.6
110
84.4
210.7
333.7
453.3
569.5
682.3
791.6
897.3
999.2
1097.2
1191.0
1280.4
120
73.8
198.9
320.7
439.1
554.2
665.8
773.9
878.3
978.7
1075.1
1167.0
1254.4
1800.0
Specific entropy, kJ/kg K
1600.0
1400.0
Accuracy ± 1.47%
1200.0
1000.0
S = 0 g/kg
S = 20 g/kg
800.0
S = 40 g/kg
600.0
S = 60 g/kg
400.0
S = 80 g/kg
S = 100 g/kg
200.0
S = 120 g/kg
0.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature, oC
80
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Specific flow exergy of seawater, kJ/kg
P= 7 MPa
33
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
0
11.1
9.7
9.7
11.0
Salinity, g/kg
10
20
9.5
8.8
8.0
7.3
8.0
7.2
9.3
8.6
30
8.5
7.0
6.9
8.2
40
8.4
6.9
6.9
8.1
12
Specific flow exergy, kJ/kg
11
0
10
Accuracy ± 0.11 kJ/kg
10
9
20
30
S=40g/kg
8
7
6
0
10
20
Temperature,
30
40
50
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. M.H. Sharqawy, J.H. Lienhard V, "Formulation of seawater flow exergy using accurate thermodynamic data", in: ASME IMECE 2010,
ASME, 2010: pp. 1–8.
Gibbs Free Energy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
6.2
4.0
0.3
-4.7
-11.0
-18.7
-27.6
-37.7
-49.0
-61.4
-75.0
-96.9
10
5.3
3.1
-0.6
-5.6
-11.9
-19.4
-28.3
-38.3
-49.4
-61.8
-75.2
-89.7
P= 7 MPa
20
5.3
3.1
-0.5
-5.4
-11.6
-19.1
-27.8
-37.7
-48.7
-60.9
-74.1
-88.5
30
5.7
3.5
0.0
-4.8
-10.9
-18.3
-26.9
-36.6
-47.5
-59.5
-72.6
-86.7
40
6.3
4.2
0.8
-3.9
-10.0
-17.2
-25.7
-35.3
-46.0
-57.8
-70.7
-84.6
34
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
7.1
8.1
5.1
6.2
1.8
2.9
-2.9
-1.6
-8.8
-7.4
-15.9
-14.4
-24.2
-22.6
-33.7
-31.9
-44.2
-42.3
-55.8
-53.7
-68.6
-66.2
-82.3
-79.7
70
9.2
7.4
4.2
-0.2
-5.9
-12.8
-20.8
-29.9
-40.1
-51.4
-63.7
-77.0
80
10.4
8.7
5.6
1.3
-4.2
-11.0
-18.8
-27.8
-37.8
-48.9
-61.0
-74.1
90
11.8
10.1
7.2
3.0
-2.4
-9.0
-16.7
-25.5
-35.4
-46.2
-58.1
-71.0
100
13.2
11.7
8.8
4.8
-0.5
-6.9
-14.5
-23.1
-32.8
-43.4
-55.1
-67.7
110
14.8
13.3
10.6
6.7
1.5
-4.7
-12.1
-20.6
-30.0
-40.5
-51.9
-64.3
120
16.4
15.1
12.5
8.7
3.7
-2.4
-9.6
-17.9
-27.2
-37.4
-48.6
-60.8
10.00
Gibbs Free Energy, kJ/kg
-5.00 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
-20.00
130
Accuracy ± 0.11 kJ/Kg
-35.00
-50.00
S = 120 g/kg
-65.00
100
60
-80.00
20
-95.00
-110.00
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
Specific heat capacity of seawater at constant pressure, J/kg K
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
4185.4
4176.6
4170.2
4166.1
4164.3
4164.9
4167.7
4172.7
4179.9
4189.3
4200.9
4214.7
4246.1
10
4121.1
4117.0
4114.4
4113.1
4113.5
4115.4
4119.0
4124.3
4131.4
4140.4
4151.4
4164.4
4179.6
20
4059.3
4059.5
4060.2
4061.6
4063.8
4066.9
4071.2
4076.7
4083.7
4092.3
4102.7
4115.0
4129.5
30
4000.0
4004.0
4007.7
4011.4
4015.2
4019.4
4024.3
4030.1
4036.9
4045.1
4054.9
4066.5
4080.3
40
3943.1
3950.5
3956.9
3962.6
3967.8
3973.0
3978.4
3984.2
3990.9
3998.7
4007.9
4018.9
4032.1
P= 7 MPa
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
3888.8
3836.9
3899.1
3849.7
3907.8
3860.3
3915.2
3869.1
3921.6
3876.6
3927.6
3883.1
3933.3
3889.2
3939.2
3895.1
3945.7
3901.4
3953.1
3908.4
3961.8
3916.6
3972.3
3926.5
3984.8
3938.4
70
3787.5
3802.3
3814.5
3824.5
3832.7
3839.7
3845.9
3851.8
3857.9
3864.5
3872.3
3881.6
3893.0
35
80
3740.6
3757.0
3770.3
3781.2
3790.0
3797.3
3803.6
3809.4
3815.2
3821.5
3828.8
3837.6
3848.5
90
3696.1
3713.6
3727.9
3739.3
3748.5
3755.9
3762.2
3767.9
3773.4
3779.3
3786.2
3794.6
3805.0
100
3654.2
3672.4
3687.0
3698.8
3708.1
3715.6
3721.8
3727.2
3732.4
3738.0
3744.4
3752.4
3762.4
110
3614.7
3633.1
3647.9
3659.6
3668.9
3676.2
3682.2
3687.3
3692.2
3697.5
3703.5
3711.1
3720.7
Accuracy
±1%
4400
0
4200
40
Specific heat, J/kg K
4000
80
3800
S = 120 g/kg
3600
3400
3200
3000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
3577.7
3595.9
3610.4
3621.9
3630.8
3637.9
3643.5
3648.3
3652.9
3657.8
3663.5
3670.7
3680.0
Specific volume of seawater, m3/kg
Temp, oC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
0.00103
0.00103
0.00104
0.00105
0.00106
10
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
0.00105
P= 7 MPa
20
0.00098
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
30
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
40
0.00097
0.00097
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
36
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.00096 0.00095
0.00096 0.00095
0.00096 0.00096
0.00097 0.00096
0.00097 0.00096
0.00097 0.00097
0.00098 0.00097
0.00098 0.00098
0.00099 0.00098
0.00100 0.00099
0.00100 0.00099
0.00101 0.00100
0.00102 0.00101
70
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
80
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
90
0.00093
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00099
100
0.00092
0.00093
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
110
0.00092
0.00092
0.00092
0.00092
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
120
0.00091
0.00091
0.00092
0.00092
0.00092
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00097
Accuracy
±0.1%
0.00108
0.00106
Specific volume m3/kg
0.00104
S = 0 g/kg
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0.00102
0.00100
0.00098
0.00096
0.00094
0.00092
0.00090
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Thermal conductivity of seawater (pressure dep.), W/m-K
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
10
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.67
20
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.67
30
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.67
P= 7 MPa
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.58
0.57
0.59
0.59
0.61
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
0.67
40
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
70
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
37
80
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
90
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
100
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
110
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
Thermal conductivity (Pressure-dependent) ,
W/m K
0.70
0.68
0
40
80
S= 120
g/kg
0.66
Accuracy ± 2.59 %
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. M.H. Sharqawy, "New correlations for seawater and pure water thermal conductivity at different temperatures and salinities",
Desalination. 313 (2013) 97–104. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.010.
120
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
Chemical potential of salts in seawater, kJ/kg
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
10
-18.497
-17.554
-16.600
-15.586
Salinity, g/kg
20
29.030
31.621
34.200
36.812
30
57.144
60.788
64.396
68.014
P = 12 MPa
38
40
77.479
81.932
86.326
90.709
100
Chemical Potential of Salts in Seawater, kJ/kg
40
80
30
60
`
40
20
Accuracy ± 12.70 kJ/kg
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
-20
-40
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
Chemical potential of water in seawater, kJ/kg
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
10
10.515
8.272
4.614
-0.416
Salinity, g/kg
20
9.819
7.552
3.869
-1.184
30
9.107
6.814
3.105
-1.974
P = 12 MPa
39
40
8.374
6.051
2.314
-2.792
Chemical Potential of Salts in Seawater, kJ/kg
12
10
8
Accuracy ± 0.09 kJ/kg
6
4
2
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
20
50
30
-2
S = 40 g/kg
-4
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
Specific internal energy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
41.66
83.19
124.66
166.12
207.56
249.03
290.54
332.10
373.75
415.50
457.33
503.39
10
41.11
81.99
122.89
163.82
204.77
245.77
286.81
327.91
369.08
410.32
451.61
492.97
20
40.51
80.79
121.14
161.56
202.05
242.59
283.18
323.83
364.52
405.25
445.98
486.74
P = 12 MPa
30
39.85
79.56
119.39
159.33
199.36
239.47
279.62
319.82
360.04
400.26
440.43
480.57
40
39.13
78.30
117.63
157.11
196.71
236.38
276.11
315.87
355.61
395.32
434.93
474.44
50
38.34
76.98
115.85
154.89
194.06
233.32
272.63
311.95
351.22
390.42
429.46
468.32
40
Salinity, g/kg
60
70
37.47
36.53
75.62
74.21
114.04
112.20
152.66
150.41
191.42
188.78
230.28
227.24
269.18
265.73
308.06
304.17
346.86
342.50
385.53
380.65
423.99
418.51
462.19
456.05
80
35.51
72.75
110.33
148.15
186.14
224.21
262.29
300.29
338.14
375.75
413.01
449.86
90
34.43
71.25
108.43
145.87
183.49
221.18
258.85
296.42
333.78
370.84
407.48
443.62
100
33.31
69.72
106.52
143.59
180.84
218.15
255.42
292.54
329.40
365.91
401.91
437.32
110
32.14
68.16
104.59
141.31
178.20
215.13
251.99
288.66
325.02
360.95
396.30
430.97
600
Specific internal energy, kJ/kg
500
400
Accuracy ± 1.5%
S = 0 g/kg
300
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
200
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
100
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
30.95
66.61
102.68
139.05
175.58
212.13
248.58
284.79
320.63
355.98
390.65
424.55
Density of seawater, kg/m3
Temp, oC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
1005.9
1005.2
1003.4
1000.8
997.4
993.2
988.4
983.0
977.0
970.6
963.8
956.5
948.8
10
1013.8
1012.9
1011.0
1008.3
1004.8
1000.5
995.7
990.2
984.3
977.9
971.1
963.9
956.3
P = 12 MPa
20
1021.8
1020.7
1018.6
1015.8
1012.1
1007.9
1003.0
997.5
991.6
985.2
978.4
971.3
963.7
30
1029.7
1028.4
1026.2
1023.3
1019.5
1015.2
1010.2
1004.8
998.9
992.5
985.8
978.6
971.2
40
1037.6
1036.2
1033.9
1030.7
1026.9
1022.5
1017.5
1012.1
1006.1
999.8
993.1
986.0
978.6
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
1045.6
1053.5
1043.9
1051.7
1041.5
1049.1
1038.2
1045.7
1034.3
1041.7
1029.8
1037.2
1024.8
1032.1
1019.3
1026.6
1013.4
1020.7
1007.1
1014.4
1000.4
1007.7
993.4
1000.7
986.0
993.5
41
70
1061.4
1059.4
1056.7
1053.2
1049.1
1044.5
1039.4
1033.8
1027.9
1021.6
1015.0
1008.1
1000.9
80
1069.4
1067.2
1064.3
1060.7
1056.5
1051.8
1046.7
1041.1
1035.2
1028.9
1022.4
1015.5
1008.3
90
1077.3
1074.9
1071.8
1068.1
1063.9
1059.1
1053.9
1048.4
1042.4
1036.2
1029.7
1022.8
1015.7
100
1085.2
1082.7
1079.4
1075.6
1071.3
1066.5
1061.2
1055.6
1049.7
1043.5
1037.0
1030.2
1023.2
110
1093.1
1090.4
1087.0
1083.1
1078.7
1073.8
1068.5
1062.9
1057.0
1050.8
1044.3
1037.6
1030.6
120
1101.0
1098.1
1094.6
1090.6
1086.0
1081.1
1075.8
1070.1
1064.2
1058.0
1051.6
1044.9
1038.0
1120
1100
Density, kg/m3
1080
1060
S = 120 g/kg
Accuracy ± 0.21%
1040
100
1020
80
1000
60
980
40
20
960
0
940
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Isobaric expansivity of seawater x 105, 1/K
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
12.4
21.9
30.5
38.2
45.3
51.8
57.7
63.2
68.3
73.2
77.9
82.6
10
14.0
23.1
31.3
38.7
45.5
51.7
57.4
62.6
67.5
72.2
76.7
81.2
20
15.5
24.2
32.1
39.2
45.7
51.6
57.1
62.1
66.8
71.2
75.6
79.9
P = 12 MPa
30
17.0
25.3
32.9
39.7
45.9
51.6
56.7
61.5
66.0
70.3
74.4
78.6
40
18.4
26.4
33.7
40.2
46.1
51.5
56.4
61.0
65.3
69.3
73.3
77.3
50
19.9
27.5
34.4
40.7
46.3
51.4
56.1
60.4
64.5
68.4
72.2
76.0
42
Salinity, g/kg
60
21.3
28.6
35.2
41.1
46.5
51.4
55.8
59.9
63.8
67.5
71.1
74.8
70
22.7
29.6
35.9
41.6
46.7
51.3
55.5
59.4
63.1
66.6
70.0
73.5
80
24.0
30.7
36.7
42.0
46.9
51.2
55.2
58.9
62.4
65.7
69.0
72.3
90
25.4
31.7
37.4
42.5
47.0
51.2
54.9
58.4
61.7
64.8
67.9
71.1
100
26.7
32.7
38.1
42.9
47.2
51.1
54.6
57.9
61.0
63.9
66.9
69.9
110
28.0
33.7
38.8
43.3
47.4
51.0
54.4
57.4
60.3
63.1
65.9
68.8
90
Isobaric expansivity of seawater x 105, 1/K
0
80
40
80
70
120 g/kg =S
60
Accuracy ± 18.30%
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
120
29.3
34.7
39.5
43.7
47.5
51.0
54.1
56.9
59.6
62.3
64.9
67.7
Isothermal compressibility of seawater x 105, 1/MPa
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
46.4
44.5
43.3
42.8
42.7
43.0
43.7
44.6
45.8
47.2
48.9
50.8
10
45.4
43.6
42.4
41.9
41.9
42.2
42.9
43.8
44.9
46.3
48.0
49.9
20
44.4
42.6
41.6
41.1
41.0
41.4
42.0
43.0
44.1
45.5
47.1
48.9
30
43.5
41.7
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.6
41.2
42.1
43.2
44.6
46.1
48.0
P = 12 MPa
40
42.5
40.8
39.8
39.4
39.4
39.7
40.4
41.3
42.4
43.7
45.2
47.0
43
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
41.6
40.6
39.9
39.0
38.9
38.0
38.5
37.7
38.5
37.7
38.9
38.1
39.6
38.7
40.4
39.6
41.5
40.7
42.8
42.0
44.3
43.4
46.0
45.1
70
39.7
38.1
37.2
36.8
36.9
37.3
37.9
38.8
39.8
41.1
42.5
44.1
80
38.7
37.2
36.3
36.0
36.0
36.4
37.1
37.9
39.0
40.2
41.6
43.2
90
37.8
36.2
35.4
35.1
35.2
35.6
36.3
37.1
38.1
39.3
40.7
42.2
100
36.8
35.3
34.5
34.2
34.4
34.8
35.4
36.3
37.3
38.4
39.8
41.3
110
35.8
34.4
33.7
33.4
33.5
34.0
34.6
35.4
36.4
37.6
38.9
40.3
120
34.9
33.5
32.8
32.5
32.7
33.1
33.8
34.6
35.6
36.7
37.9
39.4
Isothermal Compressivity of seawater 105,
1/MPa
55
0
50
20
40
Accuracy ± 13.36%
60
45
80
100
40
S = 120 g/kg
35
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature,
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Specific enthalpy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
53.6
95.1
136.7
178.1
219.6
261.2
302.7
344.4
386.1
427.9
469.9
503.6
10
53.0
93.9
134.8
175.8
216.8
257.8
298.9
340.1
381.4
422.7
464.1
505.5
20
52.3
92.6
133.0
173.4
214.0
254.6
295.2
335.9
376.7
417.5
458.3
499.2
P = 12 MPa
30
51.5
91.3
131.1
171.1
211.2
251.3
291.6
331.8
372.1
412.4
452.7
492.9
40
50.7
89.9
129.3
168.8
208.4
248.2
288.0
327.8
367.6
407.4
447.1
486.7
44
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
49.8
48.9
88.5
87.1
127.4
125.5
166.5
164.2
205.7
203.0
245.0
241.9
284.4
280.9
323.8
319.8
363.1
358.7
402.4
397.4
441.5
436.0
480.5
474.3
70
47.9
85.6
123.6
161.8
200.3
238.8
277.3
315.8
354.2
392.5
430.4
468.0
80
46.8
84.0
121.6
159.5
197.5
235.7
273.8
311.9
349.8
387.5
424.8
461.8
90
45.6
82.4
119.7
157.2
194.8
232.6
270.3
307.9
345.4
382.5
419.2
455.4
100
44.4
80.8
117.7
154.8
192.1
229.5
266.8
304.0
340.9
377.5
413.6
449.1
110
43.1
79.2
115.7
152.4
189.4
226.4
263.3
300.0
336.4
372.4
407.9
442.6
600
Specific enthalpy, kJ/kg
500
400
Accuracy ± 1.47%
S = 0 g/kg
300
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
200
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
100
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
41.9
77.6
113.7
150.1
186.7
223.3
259.8
296.1
332.0
367.4
402.1
436.1
Specific entropy of seawater, kJ/kg K
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
149.7
293.9
433.1
567.8
698.3
824.9
947.9
1067.6
1184.2
1297.9
1408.9
1527.8
10
150.1
292.2
429.6
562.5
691.5
816.6
938.2
1056.6
1171.8
1284.2
1393.7
1500.6
P = 12 MPa
20
148.1
288.3
423.9
555.3
682.7
806.4
926.7
1043.7
1157.7
1268.6
1376.7
1482.0
30
144.5
282.7
416.6
546.4
672.4
794.8
913.8
1029.5
1142.1
1251.7
1358.3
1462.0
40
139.4
275.8
408.1
536.5
661.1
782.1
899.8
1014.3
1125.6
1233.7
1338.9
1440.9
45
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
133.2
126.3
268.0
259.4
398.7
388.7
525.6
514.2
648.9
636.2
768.7
754.8
885.2
870.0
998.3
981.9
1108.3
1090.5
1215.0
1195.8
1318.6
1297.9
1419.0
1396.5
70
118.7
250.3
378.1
502.4
623.1
740.4
854.4
965.1
1072.4
1176.2
1276.7
1373.6
80
110.6
240.7
367.2
490.1
609.7
725.8
838.6
948.0
1053.9
1156.3
1255.2
1350.2
90
102.0
230.7
355.9
477.6
595.9
710.9
822.5
930.6
1035.2
1136.1
1233.2
1326.4
100
92.9
220.3
344.2
464.7
581.9
695.7
806.0
912.8
1016.0
1115.4
1210.8
1302.1
110
83.2
209.2
331.9
451.3
567.3
679.9
789.0
894.6
996.3
1094.1
1187.8
1277.0
1800.0
Specific entropy, kJ/kg K
1600.0
1400.0
Accuracy ± 1.47%
1200.0
1000.0
S = 0 g/kg
S = 20 g/kg
800.0
S = 40 g/kg
600.0
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
400.0
S = 100 g/kg
200.0
S = 120 g/kg
0.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature, oC
80
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
120
72.6
197.3
318.8
437.1
552.0
663.5
771.4
875.6
975.9
1072.0
1163.9
1251.0
Specific flow exergy of seawater, kJ/kg
Temp, oC
10
20
30
40
0
16.1
14.7
14.7
16.0
Salinity, g/kg
10
20
14.4
13.7
12.9
12.2
12.9
12.2
14.2
13.5
P = 12 MPa
30
13.4
11.9
11.8
13.1
46
40
13.3
11.8
11.7
13.0
17
0
Specific flow exergy, kJ/kg
16
15
Accuracy ± 0.11 kJ/kg
10
20
30
14
13
S=40 g/kg
12
11
10
10
20
30
Temperature, oC
40
50
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. M.H. Sharqawy, J.H. Lienhard V, "Formulation of seawater flow exergy using accurate thermodynamic data", in: ASME IMECE 2010,
ASME, 2010: pp. 1–8.
Gibbs Free Energy of seawater, kJ/kg
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
-0.7
-2.9
-6.6
-11.6
-18.0
-25.7
-34.6
-44.8
-56.1
-68.6
-82.2
-96.9
10
10.2
8.0
4.4
-0.6
-6.9
-14.4
-23.2
-33.2
-44.3
-56.6
-70.0
-84.5
P = 12 MPa
20
10.2
8.0
4.5
-0.4
-6.6
-14.1
-22.8
-32.6
-43.6
-55.7
-69.0
-83.3
30
10.5
8.4
4.9
0.1
-6.0
-13.3
-21.9
-31.6
-42.4
-54.4
-67.5
-81.6
40
11.1
9.1
5.7
0.9
-5.1
-12.3
-20.7
-30.3
-41.0
-52.7
-65.6
-79.5
47
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
11.9
12.9
9.9
10.9
6.6
7.7
2.0
3.2
-3.9
-2.6
-11.0
-9.6
-19.3
-17.7
-28.7
-27.0
-39.2
-37.3
-50.8
-48.7
-63.5
-61.2
-77.2
-74.7
70
13.9
12.1
9.0
4.6
-1.1
-7.9
-15.9
-25.0
-35.2
-46.4
-58.7
-72.0
80
15.1
13.4
10.4
6.1
0.5
-6.2
-14.0
-22.9
-32.9
-44.0
-56.0
-69.1
90
16.4
14.8
11.9
7.7
2.3
-4.3
-11.9
-20.7
-30.5
-41.3
-53.2
-66.0
100
17.8
16.3
13.5
9.4
4.2
-2.2
-9.7
-18.3
-28.0
-38.6
-50.2
-62.8
110
19.4
17.9
15.2
11.3
6.2
-0.1
-7.4
-15.8
-25.3
-35.7
-47.1
-59.5
120
21.0
19.6
17.1
13.3
8.3
2.2
-5.0
-13.2
-22.4
-32.6
-43.9
-56.0
10.00
Gibbs Free Energy, kJ/kg
-5.00 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Accuracy ± 0.11 kJ/Kg
-20.00
-35.00
S = 100 g/kg
-50.00
-65.00
60
20
-80.00
-95.00
-110.00
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
Specific heat at constant pressure of seawater, J/kg K
o
Temp, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
4169.8
4161.8
4156.2
4153.0
4152.0
4153.2
4156.6
4162.1
4169.6
4179.2
4190.6
4204.0
4219.3
10
4106.1
4102.8
4100.9
4100.5
4101.6
4104.2
4108.4
4114.1
4121.5
4130.6
4141.5
4154.1
4168.6
20
4044.8
4045.8
4047.3
4049.4
4052.3
4056.2
4061.0
4067.0
4074.3
4083.0
4093.2
4105.1
4118.9
30
3986.0
3990.8
3995.3
3999.7
4004.3
4009.1
4014.6
4020.7
4027.9
4036.1
4045.8
4057.1
4070.1
P = 12 MPa
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
3875.9
3824.6
3886.9
3838.0
3896.3
3849.3
3904.4
3858.9
3911.6
3867.0
3918.2
3874.2
3924.4
3880.7
3930.8
3887.1
3937.5
3893.6
3945.0
3900.7
3953.5
3908.7
3963.6
3918.2
3975.4
3929.5
40
3929.7
3937.8
3945.0
3951.4
3957.3
3963.1
3969.0
3975.3
3982.3
3990.1
3999.2
4009.9
4022.3
48
70
3775.7
3791.2
3804.0
3814.7
3823.6
3831.2
3837.9
3844.2
3850.5
3857.2
3864.8
3873.7
3884.5
80
3729.3
3746.3
3760.4
3771.9
3781.4
3789.3
3796.1
3802.2
3808.2
3814.6
3821.7
3830.2
3840.4
90
3685.4
3703.5
3718.4
3730.5
3740.3
3748.3
3755.1
3761.1
3766.8
3772.8
3779.5
3787.5
3797.3
100
3644.0
3662.8
3678.1
3690.4
3700.4
3708.4
3715.0
3720.8
3726.2
3731.8
3738.1
3745.7
3755.1
4300
110
3605.0
3624.0
3639.4
3651.8
3661.6
3669.5
3675.9
3681.4
3686.5
3691.7
3697.7
3704.9
3713.8
120
3568.6
3587.3
3602.4
3614.5
3624.0
3631.6
3637.7
3642.8
3647.6
3652.5
3658.1
3664.9
3673.5
Accuracy
±1%
0
4200
20
Specific heat, J/kg K
4100
40
4000
60
3900
80
3800
S = 100 g/kg
3700
3600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Specific volume of seawater, m3/kg
Temp, oC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
0.00105
0.00105
10
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
0.00105
P = 12 MPa
20
0.00098
0.00098
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
30
0.00097
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
0.00103
40
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
0.00101
0.00101
0.00102
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.00096 0.00095
0.00096 0.00095
0.00096 0.00095
0.00096 0.00096
0.00097 0.00096
0.00097 0.00096
0.00098 0.00097
0.00098 0.00097
0.00099 0.00098
0.00099 0.00099
0.00100 0.00099
0.00101 0.00100
0.00101 0.00101
49
70
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00099
0.00099
0.00100
80
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
0.00099
90
0.00093
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00097
0.00097
0.00098
0.00098
100
0.00092
0.00092
0.00093
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
0.00098
110
0.00091
0.00092
0.00092
0.00092
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
0.00097
120
0.00091
0.00091
0.00091
0.00092
0.00092
0.00092
0.00093
0.00093
0.00094
0.00095
0.00095
0.00096
0.00096
Accuracy
±0.1%
0.00108
0.00106
Specific volume m3/kg
0.00104
S = 0 g/kg
S = 20 g/kg
S = 40 g/kg
S = 60 g/kg
S = 80 g/kg
S = 100 g/kg
S = 120 g/kg
0.00102
0.00100
0.00098
0.00096
0.00094
`
0.00092
0.00090
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, oC
90
100
110
120
130
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. Mostafa H. Sharqawy, John H. Lienhard V, and Syed M. Zubair, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing
correlations and data," Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 16, pp.354-380, April 2010.
Thermal conductivity of seawater (pressure dep.), W/m-K
o
Temp, C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.67
0.68
10
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.66
0.67
0.68
20
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
30
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.67
P = 12 MPa
Salinity, g/kg
50
60
0.58
0.58
0.60
0.60
0.61
0.61
0.63
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
0.66
0.67
0.67
40
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.67
50
50
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
80
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.67
90
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
100
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
110
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
Thermal conductivity (pressure dep.), W/m-K
0.70
0.68
0
40
0.66
80
S= 120
g/kg
Accuracy ± 2.59 %
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature, oC
References for Citation
1.K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, and J.H. Lienhard V, "Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations
that include pressure dependence," Desalination, Vol. 390, pp.1-24, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024
2. M.H. Sharqawy, "New correlations for seawater and pure water thermal conductivity at different temperatures and salinities",
Desalination. 313 (2013) 97–104. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.010.
120
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66