Unit II 8086 SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE Book : Yu-Cheng Liu, Glenn A.Gibson, “Microcomputer Systems: The 8086 / 8088 Family Architecture, Programming and Design”, Second Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2007. 24-04-2023 1 24-04-2023 2 24-04-2023 3 24-04-2023 4 24-04-2023 5 24-04-2023 6 24-04-2023 7 24-04-2023 8 24-04-2023 9 24-04-2023 10 24-04-2023 11 24-04-2023 12 24-04-2023 13 24-04-2023 14 24-04-2023 15 PIN DEFINITIONS 24-04-2023 16 Basic configurations Minimum and Maximum mode 8086 Min and Max mode MINIMIUM MODE SIGNALS MINIMUM MODE INTERFACE 22 Minimum Mode Signals – A Detailed Description When the Minimum mode operation is selected, the 8086 provides all control signals needed to implement the memory and I/O interface. • The minimum mode signal can be divided into the following basic groups : address/data bus, status, control, interrupt and DMA. • Address/Data Bus : these lines serve two functions. As address bus is 20 bits long and consists of signal lines A0 through A19. A19 represents the MSB and A0 LSB. A 20bit address gives the 8086 a 1Mbyte memory address space. More over it has an independent I/O address space which is 64K bytes in length. Status signal : The four most significant address lines A19 through A16 are also multiplexed but in this case with status signals S6 through S3. These status bits are output on the bus at the same time that data are transferred over the other bus lines. • Bit S4 and S3 together from a 2 bit binary code that identifies which of the 8086 internal segment registers are used to generate the physical address that was output on the address bus during the current bus cycle. MINIMUM MODE SIGNALS Status line S5 reflects the status of another internal characteristic of the 8086. It is the logic level of the internal enable flag. The last status bit S6 is always at the logic 0 level. Control Signals – min mode • The control signals are provided to support the 8086 memory I/O interfaces. • They control functions such as when the bus is to carry a valid address in which direction data are to be transferred over the bus, when valid write data are on the bus and when to put read data on the system bus. CONTROL SIGNALS - min mode • ALE is a pulse to logic 1 that signals external circuitry when a valid address word is on the bus. This address must be latched in external circuitry on the 1-to-0 edge of the pulse at ALE. • • Another control signal that is produced during the bus cycle is BHE bus high enable. Logic 0 on this used as a memory enable signal for the most significant byte half of the data bus D8 through D1. These lines also serves a second function, which is as the S7 status line • Using the M/IO and DT/R lines, the 8086 signals which type of bus cycle is in progress and in which direction data are to be transferred over the bus. Control Signals – min mode • The signal read RD and write WR indicates that a read bus cycle or a write bus cycle is in progress. • The 8086 switches WR to logic 0 to signal external device that valid write or output data are on the bus. • • On the other hand, RD indicates that the 8086 is performing a read of data of the bus. • During read operations, one other control signal is also supplied. DEN ( data enable) and it signals external devices when they should put data on the bus. Control Signals – min mode • READY signal is used to insert wait states into the bus cycle such that it is extended by a number of clock periods. • This signal is provided by an external clock generator device and can be supplied by the memory or I/O subsystem to signal the 8086 when they are ready to permit the data transfer to be completed. Interrupt signals – minimum mode • Interrupt signals : The key interrupt interface signals are interrupt request (INTR) and interrupt acknowledge ( INTA). • • INTR is an input to the 8086 that can be used by an external device to signal that it need to be serviced • Logic 1 at INTR represents an active interrupt request. • When an interrupt request has been recognized by 8086, it indicates this fact to external circuit with pulse to logic 0 at the INTA output. Interrupt signals – minimum mode • The TEST input is also related to the external interrupt interface. • Execution of a WAIT instruction causes the 8086 to check the logic level at the TEST input. • • If the logic 1 is found, the MPU suspend operation and goes into the idle state. • The 8086 no longer executes instructions, instead it repeatedly checks the logic level of the TEST input waiting for its transition back to logic 0. Interrupt signals – minimum • As TEST switches to 0, execution resume mode with the next instruction in the program. This feature can be used to synchronize the operation of the 8086 to an event in external hardware. • • There are two more inputs in the interrupt interface: non maskable interrupt NMI and reset interrupt RESET. • On the 0-to-1 transition of NMI control is passed to a nonmaskable interrupt service routine. • The RESET input is used to provide a hardware reset for the 8086.RESET = logic 0 initializes the internal register of the 8086 and initiates a reset service routine DMA Interface signals • direct memory access - DMA interface of 8086 minimum mode has HOLD and HLDA signals. • When an external device wants to take control of the system bus, it signals to the 8086 by switching HOLD to the logic 1 level. • At the completion of the current bus cycle, the 8086 enters the hold state. In the hold state, signal lines AD0 through AD15, A16/S3 through A19/S6,BHE, M/IO, DT/R, RD, WR, DEN and INTR are all in the high Z state. • The 8086 signals external device that it is in this state by switching its HLDA output to logic 1 36 Type Of Data Transfer in Minimum Mode M/ IO RD WR Type of operation 0 0 1 I/O READ 0 1 0 I/O WRITE 1 0 1 MEMORY READ 1 1 0 MEMORY WRITE Minimum Mode Configuration Minimum Mode 8086 System •In this mode, all the control signals are given out by the microprocessor chip itself. There is a microprocessor in the minimum mode system. single •The remaining components in the system are latches, transreceivers, clock generator, memory and I/O devices. Some type of chip selection logic may be required for selecting memory or I/O devices, depending upon the address map of the system. Latches are generally buffered output D-type flip-flops like 74LS373 or 8282. They are used for separating the valid address from the multiplexed address/data signals and are controlled by the ALE signal generated by 8086. APPLICATIONS OF 8282 LATCH Address should be latched since it is available only during first part of the cycle To signal that the address is ready to be latched a 1 is put on pin 25, the address latch enable (ALE) pin. Minimum mode 8086 system • • Transreceivers (8286)are the bidirectional buffers and some times they are called as data amplifiers. They are required to separate the valid data from the time multiplexed address/data signals. • • They are controlled by two signals namely, DEN and DT/R. 8286 – transceiver(driver/receiver) The 8286 contains 16 tristate elements, eight receivers and eight drivers. two 8286 are required in an 8086 system. Minimum mode 8086 system • The DEN signal indicates the direction of data, i.e. from or to the processor. • The system contains memory for the monitor and users program storage. • • Usually, EPROM are used for monitor storage, while RAM for users program storage. A system may contain I/O devices Minimum mode 8086 system • The clock generator generates the clock from the crystal oscillator and then shapes it and divides to make it more precise so that it can be used as an accurate timing reference for the system. • • The clock generator also synchronizes some external signal with the system clock • Ex: 8284 chip 8284 – clock generator 8086 – maximum mode • 8086 in maximum-mode configuration, provides mode -introduction signals Maximum for implementing a multiprocessor / coprocessor system environment. • By multiprocessor environment we mean that one microprocessor exists in the system and that each processor is executing its own program. • • Usually in this type of system environment, there are some system resources that are common to all processors- global resources. • other resources that are assigned to specific processors. local or private resources. Maximum mode • Coprocessor also means that there is a second processor in the system. In this two processors do not access the bus at the same time. • • One passes the control of the system bus to the other and then may suspend its operation. • • In the maximum-mode 8086 system, facilities are provided for implementing allocation of global resources and passing bus control to other microprocessor or coprocessor Queue status Maximum Mode Configuration 8288 bus controller S0,S1,S2 – receive corresponding status bits from μP CLK – i/p synchronizes bus controller activity with μP CEN,IOB AEN – are for multiprocessor systems In a single processor Pin OtherDefinition pin definitions INTA Interrupt acknowledgement IORC I/O read command, instructs the I/O interface to put data contained in the addressed port on data bus IOWC I/O Write command, instructs the I/O interface to accept data on the data bus and put data into the addressed port MRDC Memory read command, instructs the memory to put the contents of addressed location on data bus MWTC Memory write command, instructs the memory to accept data on the data bus and put data into the addressed memory location 8086 – maximum mode System Bus Timing Unit II 8086 – SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE Book : Yu-Cheng Liu, Glenn A.Gibson, “Microcomputer Systems: The 8086 / 8088 Family - Architecture, Programming and Design”, Second Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2007. Typical system bus architecture Timing Diagrams Typical sequence of bus cycles Length of a bus cycle = 4 clock cycles + wait states Set up & hold time Wait State 8086 - read cycle 8086 - write cycle Bus timing 8086 minimum mode bus timing diagrams input • During T1 – ALE –high,DEN = 1,DT/R =0 • At trailing edge of ALE,8282 latches address • During T2,address is dropped,s3 to s7 – output on AD16/S3 to AD19/S6 and BHE/S7 ,DEN is lowered to enable 8286 transceivers • For input ,RD is activated low • During T3,Data is put on bus • After input data is accepted by µP, RD = 1 8086 minimum mode bus timing diagrams input 8086 minimum mode bus timing diagrams output INTA CYCLE – MINIMUM MODE • If an interrupt request has been recognized during previous cycle & an instruction has been completed, then a –ve pulse is applied to INTA during current bus cycle & next cycle • Pulses extend from T2 to T4 • The I/F accepting the ACK,puts INTERRUPT TYPE on AD7-AD0 which will be available from T2 to T4 INTA cycle Bus request and bus grant timing on a minimum mode system The HOLD pin is tested at the leading edge of each clock pulse. If a HOLD signal is received by the processor before T4 or during a T1 state, then the CPU activates HLDA and the succeeding bus cycle will be given to the requesting master until that master drops its request. The lowered request is detested at the rising edge 8086 -maximum mode -bus timing diagrams - input • • • • S0,S1,S2 – SET prior to beginning of bus cycle During T1 ,8288 Bus Controller- outputs a pulse on ALE During T2,8288 sets DEN=1,enables transceivers For i/p ,it activates MRDC or IORC.These signals are maintained till T4 • S0,S1,S2 – ACTIVE until T3,passive during T3,T4 8086 -maximum mode bus timing diagrams input 8086 -maximum mode bus timing diagrams output For O/p ,it activates MWTC or IOWC from T3 to T4 Maximum mode – bus grant RQ/GT is done in sequence of 3 pulses RQ/GT are examined at the rising edge of each clock pulse, if a request is detected ,µP will apply a grant pulse to RQ/GT Immediately following next T4 or T1 RQ/GT0 has higher priority Bus grant – maximum mode • REQUESTING MASTER gets the bus control for one or more bus cycles.It sends release pulse to µP over the same line as it had sent request 24-04-2023 73 Multiprocessor Configuration UNIT 2 24-Apr-23 74 MULTIPROCESSOR • Multiprocessor Systems refer to the use of multiple processors that executes instructions simultaneously and communicate with each other using mail boxes and Semaphores. 75 24-Apr-23 Multiprocessor Configurations • Maximum mode of 8086 is designed to implement 3 basic multiprocessor configurations: • 1. Coprocessor (8087) • 2. Closely coupled (8089) • 3. Loosely coupled (Multibus) 76 24-Apr-23 FEATURES • Coprocessors and Closely coupled configurations are similar in that both the 8086 and the external processor shares the: • Memory • I/O system • Bus & bus control logic • Clock generator 77 24-Apr-23 Coprocessor / Closely Coupled Configuration 78 24-Apr-23 COPROCESSOR • Ex: 8086 has no instructions for performing floating point arithmetic, so 8087 – Numeric Data Processor can be its coprocessor • Both coprocessor and CPU execute their instructions from the same program, which is written in superset of 8086 instruction set 79 24-Apr-23 TEST pin of 8086 80 • Used in conjunction with WAIT instruction in multiprocessing environments. • This is input from the 8087 Coprocessor. • During execution of a wait instruction, the CPU checks this signal. • If it is low, execution of the signal will continue; if 24-Apr-23 1.Coprocessor Execution Coprocessor cannot take control of the bus, it does everything through the CPU 81 24-Apr-23 Interaction b/w CPU & COP • ESC – instruction to be executed by COP is indicated when ESC appears in PGM sequence • Only HOST CPU can fetch instn • Cop receives all instructions ,monitors instn seq of host • ESC has external op code – tells what a COP has to do • Esc – decoded by both CPU,COP 82 24-Apr-23 Interaction b/w CPU & COP • COP sends BUSY signal to host’s TEST pin • Host CPU executes WAIT,until its TEST pin is activated by COP • COP must monitor host CPU status on S2,S1,S0 & AD0-AD15 for fetched instn • Instn stream should be monitored by QS1,QS0 • COP maintains Instruction queue close to CPU 83 24-Apr-23 ESC INSTRUCTION 84 24-Apr-23 85 24-Apr-23 2.Closely Coupled Execution • Closely Coupled processor – independent processor • To mimimize cost,independent processor can be tied to CPU to form closely coupled system in which both share same clock and bus control logic independently 86 24-Apr-23 Interprocessor communciation 87 24-Apr-23 88 24-Apr-23 89 24-Apr-23 3.Loosely Coupled Configuration • has shared system bus, system memory, and system I/O. • each processor has its own clock as well as its own memory (in addition to access to the system resources). • Used for medium to large multiprocessor systems. 90 24-Apr-23 3.Loosely Coupled Configuration • Each module is capable of being the bus master. • Any module could be a processor capable of being a bus master, a coprocessor configuration or a closely coupled configuration 91 24-Apr-23 Loosely Coupled Configuration • No direct connections between the modules. Each share the system bus and communicate through shared resources. • Processor in their separate modules can simultaneously access their private subsystems through their local busses, and perform their local data references and instruction fetches independently. This results in improved degree of concurrent processing. 92 24-Apr-23 Advantages of Multiprocessor • 1. High system throughput can be achieved by having more than one CPU. • 2. The system can be expanded in modular form. • Each bus master module is an independent unit and normally resides on a separate PC board. 93 24-Apr-23 Advantages of Multiprocessor • One can be added or removed without affecting the others in the system. • A failure in one module normally does not affect the breakdown of the entire system and the faulty module can be easily detected and replaced • Each bus master has its own local bus to access dedicated memory or IO devices. So a greater degree of parallel processing can be achieved. 94 24-Apr-23 Loosely Coupled Configurations • In a loosely coupled multiprocessor system, more than one bus master module may have access to the shared system bus. • Since each master is running independently, extra bus control logic must be provided to resolve the bus arbitration problem • This extra logic is called bus access logic and it is its responsibility to make sure that only one bus master at a time has control of the bus. • Simultaneous bus requests are resolved on a priority basis. There are three schemes for establishing priority: 95 24-Apr-23 96 24-Apr-23 97 24-Apr-23 SUMMARY • In summary, processing modules of different configurations may be combined to form a complex, loosely coupled multiprocessor system.Each module in such a system may be: 1. A single 8086 or 8088 or an independent processor such as an 8089. 2. A cluster of processors consisting of an 8086 or 8088 and a coprocessor (such as an 8087) and/or independent processors. 3. A cluster of independent processors (such as two 8089s). • In addition, each module may include a local bus or a dedicated I/O bus. 98 24-Apr-23 99 24-Apr-23 Introduction to Advanced Microprocessors Unit II 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium Ⅱ, Pentium Ⅲ, Pentium 4 Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing - 6 Ed. Barry B. Brey 100 Intel family of microprocessor,s bus and memory sizes 101 80186/80188 • High-Integration CPUs • schematic diagram for IBM’s original PC • 8088 microprocessor • several additional chips are required • 80186 = 8086 + several additional chips • • • • • added 9 new instructions clock generator programmable timer programmable interrupt controller circuitry to select the I/O devices 102 103 80286 (1982) • • • • some instruction executed : 250ns(4.0MIPS) at 8MHz 24-bit address bus : 16M byte memory added 16 new instructions Real Mode: 1st powered on • functions exactly like an 8086 • uses only its 20 least significant address lines(1M) • Protected : • A “Fatal Flaw” ? • once switched to Protected mode, should not be able to switch back to Real mode • 286 chips are operated in Real mode and thus function only as fast 8086s • IBM AT(advanced technology) Computer :1984 104 105 80386 • flexible 32-bit Microprocessor(1986) : data bus, registers • very large address space : 32-bit address bus(4G byte physical) • 64 terabyte virtual • 4G maximum segment size • integrated memory management unit • virtual memory support, optional on-chip paging • 4 levels of protection • added 16 new instructions • Real Mode, Protected mode • Virtual 8086 mode : in a protected and paged system • 386SX : 16-bit external data bus, 24-bit address bus • 386EX : 16-bit external data bus, 26-bit address bus • 1995, called embedded PC 106 107 80486 • Intel released 80486 in 1989 • maintaining compatibility : standard(8086,286,386) • polished & refined 386 : twice as fast as 386 • redesigned using RISC concept : • frequently used instruction : a single clock cycle • new 5-stage execution pipeline • highly integrated • 8K memory cache • floating-point processor(equivalent of the external 387) • added 6 new instructions : for used by OS 108 109 80486 • 486SX : • for low-end applications that do not require a coprocessor or internal cache • clock speed limited 33MHz • 486DX2 & DX4 : • internal clock rate is twice or 3 times external clock rate • 486DX4 100 : internal 100MHz, external 33MHz • Overdrive Processor: • 486DX2 or DX4 chips with overdrive socket pin-outs • to upgrade low-speed 486DX, SX with 486DX2, DX4 110 Pentium • increasing the complexity of the IC: to scale the chip down • if every line could be shrunk in half, same circuit could be built in one-forth the area • Superscaler : support 2 instruction pipelines(5 stage) • ALU, address generation circuit, data cache interface • actually execute two different instruction simultaneously • Pentium(1993) : originally labeled P5(80586) • • • • • 60, 66MHz(110MIPS) 8K code cache, 8K data cache coprocessor : redesign(8-stage instruction pipeline) external data bus : 64 bit(higher data transfer rates) added 6 new instructions : for used by OS 111 112 113 114 Pentium pro • codenamed P6 : 1995 ‘basic clock frequency : 150, 166MHz • two chips in one : two separate silicon die • processor(large chip), 256K level two cache • Superscaler processor of degree three(12 stage) • internal cache : • level one(L1) : 8K instruction and data cache • level two(L2) : 256K(or 512K) • 36-bit address bus : 64G byte memory • has been optimized to efficiently execute 32-bit code • bundled with Windows NT : server market 115 PentiumⅡand PentiumⅡXeon Microprocessor • PentiumⅡmicroprocessor released in 1997 • PentiumⅡ module : small circuit board • Pentium pro with MMX : no internal L2 cache • 512K L2 cache(operated at speed of 133MHz) • main reason : • L2 cache found main board of Pentium : 60, 66MHz • not fast enough to justify a new microprocessor • Pentium pro : not well yield • 266~333MHz with 100MHz bus speed : in 1998 • bottleneck : external bus speed 66MHz • use of 8ns SDRAM : 116 PentiumⅡand PentiumⅡXeon Microprocessor • new version of PentiumⅡcalled Xeon : mid-1998 • for high-end workstation and server applications • main difference from PentiumⅡ : • L1 cache size : 32K bytes • L2 cache size : 512K, 1M, 2M • change in Intel’s strategy : • professional version and home/business version of PentiumⅡ microprocessor 117 Pentium Ⅲ Microprocessor • 1. used faster core than PentiumⅡ • is still P6 or Pentium pro processor • 2. Two version : • bus speed : 100MHz • 1. slot 1 version mounted on a plastic cartridge • 512K cache : one-half the clock speed • 2. socket 370 version called flip-chip : looks like the older Pentium package → Intel claim cost less • 256K cache : clock speed • 3. clock frequency : 1 GHz 118 Pentium 4 Microprocessor • • • • release in late 2000 : used Intel P6 architecture main difference : 1. clock speed : 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 GHz 2. support to use RAMBUS memory technology • DDR(double-data-rate) SDRAM : both edge • 3. interconnection : from aluminum to copper • copper : is better conductor → increase clock frequency • bus speed : from current max. of 133MHz to 200MHz or higher 119 120 Multiprocessor systems - 8087 A system having two microprocessor will require only lesser time to complete the task. The study of a system, involving several connected microprocessors, using a certain topology to further enhance the speed of operation is called Multimicroprocessor Architecture. Multimicroprocessor system consist of • CPU • Numeric Data Processor ( NDP ) Or / And • Input / Output processor ( IOP ) 121 Multiprocessor Configurations Numeric Data Processor : Independent Processing Unit. Perform complicated numeric calculation in comparatively less time. Works in coherence with the main processor. Input / Output Processor : Take care of I/O activities of the system. 122 Coprocessor A computer processor used to supplement the function of primary processor. First seen on mainframe computers. Accelerate the system performance. Operation performed : Floating point arithmetic Graphic & Signal processing. String processing. Encryption They are Unable to fetch the code from the memory so they work under the control of main processor . Both microprocessor and coprocessor can execute their respective instructions simultaneously and concurrently. 123 Architecture of 8087 124 Intel 8087 Numeric Processor. Packed in 40 pin ceramic DIP package. Available in 5 MHz, 8MHz, 10MHz versions compatible with 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188. It adds 68 new instruction to the instruction set of 8086. How it works : The 8087 instruction may lie interleaved in the 8086 program, but it is the task of 8086 to identify the 8087 instructions from the program, send it to 8087 for further execution & after the completion of execution cycle the result may be referred back to CPU. Operation of 8087 does not require any software support from the system software or operating system. 125 Architecture of 8087 126 Two major sections: 1) Control unit 2) Numeric Execution unit Control Unit : Function : It interface the coprocessor to the microprocessor – system data bus. Monitors the instruction stream. If the instruction is an ESCape (coprocessor) instruction, the coprocessor executes it; if not the microprocessor executes it. It receives , decodes instructions, read and write memory operands and executes the 8087 instruction. 127 Numeric Execution Unit (NEU) Functions : Execute all the numeric processor instructions. It has 8 register (80 bit) stack that holds the operands for arithmetic instructions & the result. Instruction either address data in specific stack data – register or uses push and pop mechanism to store and retrieve data. Programmable shifter : Responsible for shifting the operands during the execution of instruction like FMUL and FDIV. 128 Microcode control unit : It generates the control signals required for the execution of instruction. The internal data bus is 84 bits wide including 68 bit fraction, 15 bit exponent and a sign bit. 129 Status word of 8087 130 1) B – busy bit Indicates the coprocessor is busy in executing a task. 2) C3- C0 (Condition code bits) Indicates the condition of the coprocessor. 3) TOP ( Top-of-stack (ST)) Indicates the current register addressed as the topof-the stack (ST). Normally register 0. 4) ES – error summary Bit is set if any unmasked error bit (PE,UE,OE, ZE, DE or IE) is set. 5) PE – precision error Indicate the result or operand exceed the selected 131 precision. 6) UE – Underflow Error Indicates a non zero result that is too small to represent with the current precision selected. 7) OE – Overflow Error Indicates a result is too large to be represented. 8) ZE – Zero Error Indicates the divisor was zero while the dividend is a non-infinity or non zero number. 9) DE – Denormalized error Indicates that at least one of the operands is denormalized. 10) IE – Invalid Error Flag indicates errors such as those produced by taking the square root of negative number. 132 Control Word Register of 8087 133 Control register FLDCW – instruction which is used to load a value into the control register. 1) IC – Infinity Control Selects either affine ( allows positive and negative infinity) or projective (assumes infinity is unsigned) 2) RC – Rounding Control Determines the type of rounding. 134 00 01 10 11 - round to nearest even. round down towards minus infinity. round up towards plus infinity. chop or truncate toward Zero. 3) PC – Precision Control Sets the precision of the result. 00 -> Single precision (short) 01 -> Reserved 10 -> Double – precision (long) 11 -> Extended precision (temporary) 4) Exception Masks Determine whether the error indicated by the exception affects the error bit in the status flag. 5) Zero Divide If any non zero finite operand is divided by zero, this exception is generated. 6) Denormalized Operand Exception is generated if at least one of the operand or the result is denormalized. 135 Signal Description of 8087 136 Pin Diagram of 8087 137 1) AD0 - AD15 : 2) These are time multiplexed address / data lines. Lines carry address during T1 and data during T2 T3 Tw &T4 states. A19/S6 – A16/S3 : These are time multiplexed address/ status lines. These function in a similar way to the corresponding pins of 8086. S6 ,S4 & S3 are permanently high, while the S5 is permanently low. 3) BHE / S7 : During t1 the BHE / S7 pin is used to enable data on to the higher byte of the 8086 data bus. During T2 ,T3 , Tw and T4 this is a status line S7. 138 4) Qs1 , Qs0 : Qs1 , Qs0 are queue status input signals. These enable 8087 to keep track of the instruction prefetch queue status of the CPU, to maintain synchronism with it. Qs1 0 0 queue 1 1 queue. 139 Qs0 0 1 Queue Status No operation. First byte of opcode from 0 1 Empty Queue Subsequent byte from 5) INT Used to indicate that an unmasked exception has been received during execution. This is usually handled by 8259A. 6) BUSY It will be set when 8087 is busy with the execution of an allotted instruction. 7) READY Used to inform the coprocessor that the address device will complete the data transfer from its side and the bus is likely to be free for the next bus cycle. Usually this is synchronized by the clock generator 8284 140 8) RESET Used to abandon the internal activities of the coprocessor and prepare it for further execution. 9) CLK It provide the basic timing for the processor operation. 10) VCC A +5V supply 11) GND A141return line for the power supply. 12) S2 ,S1 and S0 These can be either be 8087 driven (output) or externally driven (input) by theQueue CPU status s S S 2 1 0 0 X X unused 1 0 0 Unused 1 0 1 Memory read 1 1 0 Memory write 1 1 1 passive 142 13) RQ / GT0 The request / grant pin is used to gain control of the bus from the host (8086/ 8088) for operand transfer. An active low pulse of one clock duration is generated by 8087 for the host to inform it that it wants to gain control of the local bus either for itself or for other coprocessor connected to RQ/ GT1 pin of 8087. The 8087 waits for the grant pulse from the host. When it is received, it either initiates a bus cycle if the request is for itself or else, it passes the grant pulse to RG/GT1, if the request is for the other coprocessor. 143 14) RQ / GT1 Bidirectional pin Used by other bus masters to convey their need of the local bus access to 8087. 144 Interconnections of 8087 with 8086/ 8088 145 Interconnection of 8087 with CPU : 8087 can be connected with 8086 /80188 only in their maximum mode of operation, ie only when the MN/ Mx pin of CPU is grounded. In maximum mode all the control signals are derived using a separate chip known as a bus controller. For 8086 and 80188/ 80186 the compactable bus controller are 8288 and 82188 respectively. The busy pin of 8087 is connected with the TEST pin of the CPU. In 8086/8088 the QS0 &QS1 lines may be directly connected to the corresponding pins. 8259 - Programmable interrupt controller 146 Interconnection of 8087 with CPU : 8087 can be connected with 8086 /80188 only in their maximum mode of operation, ie only when the MN/ Mx pin of CPU is grounded. In maximum mode all the control signals are derived using a separate chip known as a bus controller. For 8086 and 80188/ 80186 the compactable bus controller are 8288 and 82188 respectively. The busy pin of 8087 is connected with the TEST pin of the CPU. In 8086/8088 the QS0 &QS1 lines may be directly connected to the corresponding pins. 8259 - Programmable interrupt controller 147 In case of 8086 / 8088 based system the RQ/ GT0 of 8087 may be connected to RQ / GT1 of 8086/ 8088. The clock pin of 8087 may be connected with the CPU 8086/ 8088 clock input. The interrupt output of 8087 is routed to 8086/8088 via a programmable interrupt controller. The pins AD0 – AD15 , RESET , A19 /S6 - A16 /S3 , BHE / S7 are connected to the corresponding pin of 8086/8088. In case of 80186/ 80188 system the RQ/ GT lines of 8087 are connected with the corresponding RQ / GT lines of 82188. 148 Instruction set of 8087 The execution of 8087 instruction is transparent to the programmer. The instructions are fetched by 8086 but are executed by 8087. Whenever the 8086 comes across 8087 instruction, it executes the ESCAPE instruction code to pass over the instruction op-code and control of the local bus to 8087. After execution the result is referred back. 149 Categorization of Instruction set 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 150 Data transfer Instructions. Arithmetic Instructions Comparison Instructions Transcendental Operations Constant Operations. Coprocessor Control Operations 1) Data Transfer Instruction Depending on the data type handled these are further grouped into Three : Floating point Data Transfer Integer Data Transfer BCD Data Transfer Floating Point Data Transfer 1. FLD (Load real to top of Stack) This instruction loads a real operand to the top of stack of the 80 bit register. FLD ST (7) FLD MEM ; Stack top [Reg 7] ; Stack Top [MEM] 151 2) FST (Store Top of the Operand ) This instruction stores current content of the top of stack register to the specified operand. FST ST(7) FST MEM ; ; Stack top [ ST (7) ] stack Top [MEM] 3) FXCH (exchange with Top of Stack) This instruction exchanges the content of the top of stack with the specified operand register. FXCH ST (6) ; stack top ST (6) Integer data transfer Instruction : 1) FILD (Load integer to stack top) This instruction loads the specified integer data operand to the top of stack. FILD ST(5) 152 ; stack Top ST (5) 2) FIST/FISTP The instruction work in exact similar manner as FST/ FSTP except the fact that the operand are integer operand. BCD Data Transfer Instructions : FBLD & FBSTP Both work in an exactly similar manner as FLD and FSTP except for the operand type BCD 153 Arithmetic Instructions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 154 FADD FSUB MUL FDIV FSQRT FABS Transcendental Instructions The operand usually are ST(0) and ST(1) or only ST(0) FPTAN : Instruction calculates the tangent of an angle “O”, where “O”, must be in range from 0<= “O” < 900 { ST/ST(1) } The value of “O” must be stored at the stack top. FPATAN : Instruction calculates the inverse tangent The result is stored on the top of the stack. The content of ST and ST(1) should follow the inequality. 0<=ST(1) < ST< infinity F2XMI : Instruction calculates the expression (2x - 1) Value of x is stored at the top of the stack. Result is stored back at the top of the stack. 155 FLY2X It calculate ST(1) * Log2 ( ST) Result is stored back at the top of stack. ST must be in the range of 0 to +infinity. ST(1) must be in the range of -infinity to +infinity. FLY2XP1 It calculate ST(1) * log2[ (ST)+1 ] Result is stored back on the stack top. |ST| must lie between 0 and (1- 21/2 /2). Value of ST(1) must lie between –infinity and + infinity 156 Comparison Instruction All the comparison instructions compare the operands and modify the condition code flags Comparison C3 C0 Stack Top > Source 0 0 Stack Top < Source 0 1 Stack Top = Source 1 0 Not Comparable 1 1 157 1. FCOM The content of the top of stack is compared either with the content of a memory location or with the content of another stack register. 2. FIST Instruction test if the content of the stack top is Zero. 158 Constant Operation Instruction 1. FLDZ 2. FLDPI 3. Load +0.0 to stack top Load pi(3.14) o stack top FLDLG2 Load the constant Log10 2 to the stack pointer. 159 Coprocessor Control Instruction I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. FINIT FENI FDISI FLDCW FSTSW FCLEX FFREE FNOP FWAIT 160 Coprocessor Control Instructions FINIT/FNINIT • Performs a reset (initialize) operation on the arithmetic coprocessor. • The coprocessor operates with a closure of projective (unsigned infinity), rounds to the nearest or even, and uses extended-precision when reset or initialized. • also sets register 0 as the top of the stack Coprocessor Control Instructions FSETPM • Changes the coprocessor to the protected-addressing mode. • used when the microprocessor is protected mode • Protected mode can only be exited by a hardware reset. • or in 80386-Pentium 4, with a change to the control register Coprocessor Control Instructions FLDCW • Loads the control register with the word addressed by the operand. FSTCW • Stores the control register into the word-sized memory operand. Coprocessor Control Instructions FSTSW AX• Copies the contents of the control register to the AX register. • not available to 8087 FCLEX • Clears the error flags in the status register and also the busy flag. Coprocessor Control Instructions FSAVE • Writes the entire state of the machine to memory. FRSTOR • Restores the state of the machine from memory. This instruction is used to restore the information saved by FSAVE. Figure 14–8 Memory format when the 80X87 registers are saved with the FSAVE instruction. Coprocessor Control Instructions FSTENV • Stores the environment of the coprocessor. • as shown in Figure 14–9 FLDENV • Reloads the environment saved by FSTENV. FINCSP • Increments the stack pointer. Figure 14–9 Memory format for the FSTENV instruction: (a) real mode and (b) protected mode. Coprocessor Control Instructions FDECSP • Decrements the stack pointer. FFREE • Frees a register by changing the destination register’s tag to empty. – does not affect the contents of the register Coprocessor Control Instructions FNOP • Floating-point coprocessor NOP. FWAIT • Causes the microprocessor to wait for the coprocessor to finish an operation. – should be used before the microprocessor accesses memory data affected by the coprocessor 8089 I/O Processor Unit 2 The 8089 I/O Processor Allows easy interface of microprocessors with 8 bit or 16 bit peripherals Functions like an intelligent DMAC ,removes I/O overhead, has 2 channels Operates in parallel with 8086,improves performance in I/O intensive applications 1.25 Mbps,at 5 MHz Enhance software The 8089 I/O Processor It is designed to handle the details involved in I/O processing It fetches and execute is own instructions Instruction offers • I/O operations • Data transfer operations • Arithmetic and Logical Operations 8089 Applications The 8089 I/O Processor CPU communicates with memory based control blocks. CPU performs Control blocks that describes the task to be performed. Channel Program • The IOP reads the control blocks to locate a program sequence called a channel program which is written in 8089 instruction set. I/O Handled by Microprocessor I/O Handled by 8089 Remote Configuration 8089 Block diagram 8089 - pins Block Diagram of 8089 IOP IOP Architecture Two Channels can be operated independently. Sharing common control logic and ALU. CCP(Channel Control Pointer) Cannot be manipulated by the user Stores the Control Block address of channel 1 (during initialization) For channel 2 CB address=[CCP+8] Signals To dispatch task to either channel CPU uses channel attention signal(CA) and SEL signals. SEL=0(Low) Channel 1 SEL=1(High)Channel 2 Channel reserves two consecutive IO port Addresses the A0 connected with SEL bit. Registers Pointer Group (20 Bits) Register Group (16 Bits) 8089 REGISTER MODEL registers Task Pointer = PC PP –Parameter Pointer stores the address of the parameter block PSW which denotes Source and destination address widths Channel activity Interrupt control and servicing Bus load limit Priority CC format Channel Control Register Format Function Control (Bits 15 and 14) 11-Memory to memory 10-IO port to Memory 01-Memory to IO port 00-IO port to IO port Translation Mode (bit 13) 1-Indicates data bytes are to be translated through a 256 byte look up table CC FORMAT Synchronization control bits(Bit 12 and 11) 00- Unsynchronized Transfer 01 Source Synchronized transfer 10 Destination Synchronized transfer Source Destination Indicator (bit 10) 0-GA used as source pointer 1-GA used as destination pointer Communication b/w CPU& 8089 Communication Structure SCB CB-CONTROL BLOCK PB – PARAMETER BLOCK TB- TASK BLOCK