America and Americans
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Захарова К. И.
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Учебное издание
ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЗА ЧАШКОЙ КОФЕ
Захарова Ксения Игоревна
Ерастова-Михалусь Инна Борисовна
Редактор: О. С. Кобринец
Корректоры: Ермакова Е. В., Станибула Н. С., Лихошерстов Е. Ю.
Компьютерная верстка: Лобанов С. В., Абдуллин Р. А.
Подписано в печать 11.04.2013. Формат 70х1201/32. Печать офсетная.
Усл. печ. л. 27,9. Тираж _______. Заказ _______.
ISBN
© Захарова К. И. Ерастова-Михалусь И. Б.
America and Americans
The Land of Contrasts
The United States is a varied land. Almost every kind of climate
may be found, but the country lies mostly in the temperate zone.
The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the
Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. It borders
on Canada in the north, and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf
of Mexico. A fast railroad train, traveling 96 kilometers an hour,
takes more than 45 hours to cross the country.
A jet plane crosses the continental United States from east to west
in about five hours. Taking off from an Atlantic coast airport, the plane
is over the gentle slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. Then it crosses
the fertile fields of the farm belt of the great Middle West. To the
north, on clear days, passengers may see the five Great Lakes located
between the United States and Canada. Soon the snow-topped Rocky
Mountains appear in the distance. After crossing these high ranges,
the plane can almost glide down into the rich valleys of California
and, finally, to a landing not far from the beaches of the Pacific Ocean.
The United States covers an area of 9.5 million square kilometers.
The contiguous United States is situated on North American continent.
It comprises 48 states. Alaska is separated from the contiguous United
States by Canada; it is a peninsula in the north-western part of North
America. Hawaii is an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, south-west
of North America. Alaska is the largest in area of the 50 states, and
Texas, in the southern part of the country, is second in size.
From the Appalachian Mountains in the east to the Rocky
Mountains in the west, the country is drained by the Mississippi and
Missouri Rivers and their branches.
3
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
varied — разнообразный
temperate zone — умеренный пояс
slope — склон
fertile — плодородный
glide — планировать
contiguous United States — континентальные штаты
4
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȄȔȖȌȎȏȣȐȌȖȄȐȇȈȉȡȖȒȑȉȒȅșȒ
ȈȌȐȒ
1. _____ Pacific Ocean
2. _____ Canada
3. _____ California
4. _____ Appalachian Mountains
5. _____ Mexico
6. _____ Gulf of Mexico
7. _____ Rocky Mountains
8. _____ Alaska
9. _____ Atlantic Ocean
10. _____ Hawaii
11. _____ Texas
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȈȄȑȑȟȐȌȕȗȝȉȕȖȆȌȖȉȏȠȑȟȐȌgoal,
wave, relations, year, command, materials, base, fleet, status.
The Pearl Harbor Day
On Sunday morning, December 7th, 1941, the U.S. naval ________
at Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese, who were under the
_________ of Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. The attack was the
culmination of a decade of deteriorating ___________ between
Japan and the United States over the ________ of China and the
security of Southeast Asia. This attack destroyed much of America’s
Pacific Fleet and brought the United States into World War II. The
first _______ of attacks arrived over Pearl Harbor at 7:55 a.m., and
continued until 9:45 a.m. This day is now known as Pearl Harbor Day.
The first wave included 49 bombers, 40 torpedo planes,
51 dive-bombers and 43 fighter aircraft. The second wave included
54 bombers, 78 dive-bombers and 36 fighter aircraft.
The ______ of the attack was to cripple the U.S. Fleet so that
Japan could attack the Philippines and Indo-China, capturing them
and securing access to the raw ___________ needed to maintain
its position as a global military and economic power. Japan hoped
to significantly injure the U.S. Pacific _______ to the point that it
would take over a year to rebuild it. Unfortunately for them, the
U.S. was up and running within 60 days, and the fleet was fully
functional within a _______.
5
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Lincoln and Kennedy Coincidences
6
American presidents Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy were
both tragically assassinated during their terms in office. Both men
were admired by many but actually hated by those who opposed their
political views. Shortly after Kennedy was assassinated on November
22nd, 1963, a comparison of the circumstances of his death and
the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14th, 1865 surfaced.
That comparison pointed out some amazing coincidences.
Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846 — Kennedy was elected
to Congress in 1946.
Lincoln was elected President in 1860 — Kennedy was elected
President in 1960.
Lincoln and Kennedy both contain 7 letters.
Both men lost a child while serving as President.
Kennedy and Lincoln were both assassinated on a Friday, and
both were shot in the head.
Both had successors named Johnson.
Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, was born in 1808. Kennedy’s
successor, Lyndon Johnson, was born in 1908.
John Wilkes Booth and Lee Harvey Oswald both have 15 letters
in their names.
Booth and Oswald were both shot before they were tried and
convicted of the assassinations.
Lincoln had a secretary named Kennedy and Kennedy had
a secretary named Lincoln.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
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1. the Pacific Ocean;
2. Canada;
3. California;
4. the Appalachian Mountains;
5. Mexico;
6. the Gulf of Mexico;
7. the Rocky Mountains;
8. Alaska;
9. the Atlantic Ocean;
10. Hawaii;
11. Texas.
7
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
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8
On Sunday morning, December 7th, 1941, the U.S. naval base at
Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese, who were under the
command of Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. The attack was the
culmination of a decade of deteriorating relations between Japan
and the United States over the status of China and the security
of Southeast Asia. This attack destroyed much of America’s Pacific
Fleet and brought the United States into World War II. The first wave
of attacks arrived over Pearl Harbor at 7:55 a.m., and continued
until 9:45 a.m. This day is now known as Pearl Harbor Day.
The first wave included 49 bombers, 40 torpedo planes,
51 dive-bombers and 43 fighter aircraft. The second wave included
54 bombers, 78 dive-bombers and 36 fighter aircraft.
The goal of the attack was to cripple the U.S. Fleet so that Japan
could attack the Philippines and Indo-China, capturing them and
securing access to the raw materials needed to maintain its
position as a global military and economic power. Japan hoped
to significantly injure the U.S. Pacific fleet to the point that it would
take over a year to rebuild it. Unfortunately for them, the U.S. was
up and running within 60 days, and the fleet was fully functional
within a year.
America and Americans
Weather and Climate of the USA
Due to the immense size of the US the climate is incredibly varied.
If there is a “general” climate then it is temperate, but it is also tropical
in Florida and Hawaii, arctic in Alaska, arid in the Great Basin of the
southwest and semi-arid in the Great Plains to the west of the
Mississippi River.
The temperature range runs between the extremes of +57 degrees
C during the summer months in California’s Death Valley to –62
degrees C in Alaska.
The northern states are the coldest, with bitter, freezing winters —
especially in the plains, Midwest and Northeast. Low temperatures
in January and February in the Northwest are occasionally tempered
by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky
Mountains. In contrast, the southern states are known as the Sunbelt,
where it rarely drops below freezing.
Hot summers are the norm throughout the US, except in New
England, Oregon and Washington state, all of which are rainier and
less predictable than the rest of the country. Temperate states are
concentrated in the Pacific Northwest, while humidity is characteristic
of the south, east coast and Midwest.
Spring and autumn (fall) conditions are generally mild, warm and
sunny — but also wet in some areas, particularly the Pacific Northwest.
Tornado season arrives in the Midwest between April and June,
and hurricanes are common in early summer.
9
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
10
due to — в результате чего-либо
incredibly — невероятно
arid — засушливый
chinook — чинук (влажный теплый ветер, дующий с моря
и формирующий погоду на северо-западном побережье США)
in contrast — в отличие от
predictable — предсказуемый
hurricane — ураган
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
generally
2.
immense
3.
arid
4.
characteristic
5.
particularly
6.
wet
7.
warning
8.
occasionally
9.
incredibly
10.
rarely
11.
bitter
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟȌȗȕȖȒȍ
țȌȆȟȉȘȔȄȋȟ
1. A nod is as good as a wink.
2. A penny saved is a penny earned.
3. A picture is worth a thousand words.
4. A place for everything and everything in its place.
5. A fish rots from the head down.
6. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
7. Man’s best friend.
8. Clutch at straws.
9. A change is as good as a rest.
10. All that glitters is not gold.
11
America and Americans
Most Famous Harry Truman Quotations
(Harry Truman was the 33rd President of the USA,
1945–1953)
***
A pessimist is one who makes difficulties of his opportunities
and an optimist is one who makes opportunities of his difficulties.
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***
I learned that a great leader is a man who has the ability to get
other people to do what they want to do and like it.
***
The reward of suffering is experience.
***
You know that being an American is more than a matter of where
your parents came from. It is a belief that all men are created free
and equal and that everyone deserves an even break.
***
You want a friend in Washington? Get a dog.
***
If you can’t convince them, confuse them.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
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1. generally — commonly;
2. immense — enormous;
3. arid — very dry;
4. characteristic — typical;
5. particularly — specifically;
6. wet — humid;
7. warning — caution;
8. ocassionaly — from time to time;
9. incredibly — extremely;
10. rarely — not often;
11. bitter — extremely cold.
13
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. A nod is as good as a wink. To a person who is ready
to understand or undertake something, any signaling
of it is sufficient.
2. A penny saved is a penny earned. It is as useful to save
money that you already have as it is to earn more.
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3. A picture is worth a thousand words. A picture tells
a story just as well as a large amount of descriptive text.
4. A place for everything and everything in its place. The
notion that everything should have a place to be stored
and that it should be tidily returned there when not in use.
5. A fish rots from the head down. When an organization
or state fails, it is the leadership that is the root cause.
6. A friend in need is a friend indeed. A friend, when you
are in need, is someone who is prepared to act to show it.
7. Man’s best friend. An animal that performs valuable
service to humans, often with reference to dogs.
8. Clutch at straws. Try any route to get out of a desperate
situation, no matter how unlikely it is to succeed.
9. A change is as good as a rest. You can get as much good
from changing the work you do as from having a rest.
10. All that glitters is not gold. Not everything that looks
good is always good.
America and Americans
Tornado Alley
All people heard about such great disaster as tornado. The biggest
quantity of tornadoes happens in the USA. They are most frequent
in the Great Plains states between the Rocky and Appalachian
Mountains. According to the National Climatic Data Centre, Texas
reports more tornadoes than any other states. Kansas and Oklahoma
are second and third, respectively, for sheer number of tornadoes
reported, but report more of them per unit of land area than does
Texas. Florida also reports a high number and density of tornado
occurrences, though only rarely tornadoes there approach the
strength of those that sometimes strike the southern plains.
Although Tornado Alley is considered to be in the areas of the
Central United States, the National Weather Service has no official
definition of the term. It is a term created by the media. There are
several ideas of what Tornado Alley is, but those ideas are the result
of the different criteria used to refer to it. The most common definition
of Tornado Alley is the location where the strongest tornadoes occur
most frequently and was first coined by Jennifer L. Wiley in 1904.
The core of Tornado Alley consists of the Texas Panhandle, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and the Colorado Eastern Plains.
90 % of tornadoes hit this region of the U.S. because cold, dry air from
Canada and the Rocky Mountains meets warm, moist air from the
Gulf of Mexico and hot, dry air from the Sonoran Desert, which
combines with atmospheric instability to produce intense
thunderstorms.
15
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
disaster — бедствие
the biggest quantity of — самое большое количество
a high number — большое число
density — концентрация
occurrence — случай
moist — сырой, влажный
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DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȓȔȌȏȄȇȄȖȉȏȠȑȟșȌȑȄȔȉțȌȍȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄ
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America and Americans
DzȖȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȋȄȇȄȈȎȌ
1. What occurs once in a minute, twice in a moment and
never in a thousand years?
2. I bind it and it walks. I loose it and it stops.
3. What goes into the water black and comes out red?
4. What is put on a table, cut, but never eaten?
5. What goes round the house and in the house but never
touches the house?
6. What is it that you can keep after giving it to someone
else?
17
America and Americans
Murphy ’s Law
Murphy’s Law is a joking philosophical principle, which is
formulated in the following way: anything that can go wrong will
go wrong.
Here are some of the laws:
1. You will always find something in the last place you look.
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2. Everyone has a scheme for getting rich that will not work.
3. Murphy’s golden rule: whoever has the gold makes the
rules.
4. Never argue with a fool, people might not know the difference.
5. Build a system that even a fool can use, and only a fool
will use it.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
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19
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. the letter “M”;
2. a sandal;
3. a lobster;
4. a pack of cards;
5. the sun;
20
6. your word.
America and Americans
The Political System of the USA
The government is divided into three autonomous branches —
legislative, executive and judicial. Each has its own distinct
responsibilities, but they can also partially limit the authority of the
others through a complex system of checks and balances.
The legislative branch of the government makes new national laws
and modifies existing ones. Under the Constitution this duty is carried
out by the Congress, a bicameral body divided into the Senate and
the House of Representatives. Members of both chambers are directly
elected by the people of the state they represent. The House of
Representatives has 435 members, elected every two years. House
seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth
year. The Senate is based on equal representation, with each state
supplying two of the 100 members, and each has a six-year term.
The executive branch of the government is responsible for enforcing
the laws of the land. It is made up of the president, the vice-president,
the Cabinet and a number of independent agencies. The President is
both the head of state and the head of government, as well as the
commander-in-chief and chief diplomat.
It is the job of the judicial branch of the government to interpret
the laws passed by the Congress. It consists of the Supreme Court
and lower federal courts. In interpreting the law the courts may find
that a law, including those passed by individual states, violates the
Constitution. By declaring a law unconstitutional the courts play an
important role in determining the law of the land.
21
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
distinct responsibilities — определенные обязанности
partially limit — частично ограничивать
bicameral body — двухпалатный орган
to enforce — проводить в жизнь
commander-in-chief — главнокомандующий
to violate — нарушать
22
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȄȑȖȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
2.
distinct
complex
3.
equal
4.
independent
5.
violate
6.
important
7.
autonomous
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȐȌȒȓȔȉȈȉȏȉ
ȑȌȣȐȌunique, organized (3), traditional (2), successful,
Polynesian, underground, musical, typical.
Luau
Attending a luau is on the to-do-list of many Hawaii visitors. But
what exactly is a luau? For Hawaii’s people, it is a way to celebrate
a variety of occasions, such as a birthday, _____________ harvest,
graduation and many other occasions. A luau is a feast of life.
It can be held at a family’s home or a park in form of a huge family
gathering, with lots of _____________ luau foods and games.
If someone is visiting Hawaii and doesn’t have a big ohana
(family) here, you can visit one of the ___________ luaus, which
are held for visitors and locals alike. This celebration features
____________ foods, music, dances and games. It is also possible
to learn about the culture of Hawaii and other _____________
island nations.
__________ events that take place at ____________ luaus
include the imu ceremony (roasting of the kalua pig in a traditional
_____________ oven), hula and other Polynesian dances, lei (a
traditional garland of Hawaii) making lessons, Hawaiian storytelling,
a royal court procession, hukilau (a Hawaiian fishing technique) on
the beach demonstration, a traditional fishing method, and other
games. Each ____________ luau is different and features ________
events. Some luaus may not include games at all and instead of
focusing on the food and __________ performance only.
23
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
History Trivia
24
◆ In 1796, two brothers ran against each other for President of the
United States. Charles Pinckney and his younger brother Thomas
(both from South Carolina) both received electoral votes, but John
Adams won the election. It was the only time in US history that two
brothers got electoral votes for President in the same election.
◆ Nowhere in the Constitution does it say that US Supreme Court
justices have to be lawyers or have any legal training. In fact, several
justices in the court’s history had never attended law school. James
Byrnes, on the court from 1941 to 1942, had little formal education
and never attended college.
◆ It costs more to buy a new car today in the United States than
it cost Christopher Columbus to equip and undertake three voyages
to the New World.
◆ During the American Revolution, inflation was so great that
the price of corn rose 10,000 %, the price of wheat 14,000 %, the price
of flour 15,000 %, and the price of beef 33,000 %.
◆ 32 % of all land in the US is owned by the federal government.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
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1. distinct — vague;
2. complex — simple;
3. equal — different;
4. independent — subordinate;
5. violate — observe;
6. important — minor;
7. autonomous — dependent.
25
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´/XDXµȕ
26
Attending a luau is on the to-do-list of many Hawaii visitors. For
Hawaii’s people, it is a way to celebrate a variety of occasions, such
as a birthday, successful harvest, graduation and many other
occasions. A luau is a feast of life. It can be held at a family’s home
or a park in form of a huge family gathering, with lots of traditional
luau foods and games.
If someone is visiting Hawaii and doesn’t have a big ohana
(family) here, you can visit one of the organized luaus, which are
held for visitors and locals alike. This celebration features traditional
foods, music, dances and games. It is also possible to learn about
the culture of Hawaii and other Polynesian island nations.
Typical events that take place at organized luaus include the
imu ceremony (roasting of the kalua pig in a traditional underground
oven), hula and other Polynesian dances, lei making lessons,
Hawaiian storytelling, a royal court procession, hukilau on the
beach demonstration, a traditional fishing method, and other
games. Each organized luau is different and features unique events.
Some luaus may not include games at all and instead of focusing
on the food and musical performance only.
America and Americans
Political Parties of the USA
The United States Constitution has never formally addressed the
issue of political parties. George Washington, was not a member
of any political party. Furthermore, he hoped that political parties
would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation.
The modern political party system in the USA is a two-party
system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
These two parties have won every US presidential election since 1852
and have controlled the United States Congress since at least 1856.
Several other third parties from time to time achieve relatively minor
representation at the national and state levels.
The Democratic Party evolved from the party of Thomas Jefferson,
formed before 1800. The Republican Party was established in the
1850s by Abraham Lincoln and others who opposed the expansion
of slavery.
The Democratic Party is considered to be more liberal party, and
the Republican, more conservative. Democrats generally believe that
government has an obligation to provide social and economic
programs for those who need them. Republicans are not necessarily
opposed to such programs but believe they are too costly to taxpayers.
Republicans put more emphasis on encouraging private enterprise
in the belief that a strong private sector makes citizens less dependent
on government.
Both major parties have supporters among a wide variety
of Americans and embrace a wide range of political views.
27
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
furthermore — более того
a two-party system — двухпартийная система
to achieve — добиваться
expansion — распространение
to oppose to smth — возражать против чего-либо
enterprise — предприятие
28
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
The US Constitution officially considers
the issues of political parties.
2.
George Washington was a member
of the Democratic party.
3.
The Democratic and the Republican
parties have won every US
presidential election since 1852.
4.
The Democratic Party is considered
to be the more liberal party.
5.
The Republican Party is considered
to be the more conservative party.
6.
Private enterprise is not supported
by any party.
False
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´0HDOVµ
ȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄ
American English
British English
1.
cupcake
a.
courgette
2.
zucchini
b.
aubergine
3.
appetizer
c.
rasher
4.
baked potato
d.
icing sugar
5.
eggplant
e.
marrow
6.
Popsicle
f.
eggy bread (fried)
7.
a slice of bacon
g.
fairy cake
8.
French toast
h.
ice lolly
9.
powdered sugar
i.
starter
squash
j.
jacket potato
10.
29
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
“Important Dates and Events”
1
2
3
4
30
5
6
7
8
9
10
America and Americans
$FURVV
3. Which holiday’s date always changes? 7. In what month
is Labor Day? 9. In what month is Memorial Day? 10. Who shot
President William McKinley in 1901?
'RZQ
1. What holiday do we call ”Turkey Day?” 2. What was the
name of the first launched space shuttle? 4. What month is known
as Black History Month? 5. What is celebrated on December 25?
6. Under what name Theodore Geisel, author of children’s books
is known? 8. Where did Charles Lindbergh land after his famous
non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean?
31
America and Americans
Tongue Twisters
1. There those thousand thinkers were thinking how did the
other three thieves go through.
2. I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice-cream!
32
3. If Pickford’s packers packed a packet of crisps, would the
packet of crisps, that Pickford’s packers packed, survive
for two and a half years?
4. A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black nose!
5. How many cookies could a good cook cook if a good
cook could cook cookies? A good cook could cook
as much cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies.
6. How much ground would a groundhog hog,
if a groundhog could hog ground? A groundhog would
hog all the ground he could hog, if a groundhog could
hog ground.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´3ROLWLFDO3DUWLHVRIWKH86$µF
1. The US Constitution officially considers the issues
of political parties. False
2. George Washington was a member of the Democratic
Рarty. False
3. The Democratic and the Republican parties have won
every US presidential election since 1852. True
4. The Democratic Party is considered to be the more liberal
party. True
5. The Republican Party is considered to be the more
conservative party. True
6. Private enterprise is not supported by any party. False
33
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
´0HDOVµȕ
1. cupcake — fairy cake; 2. zucchini — courgette;
3. appetizer — starter; 4. baked potato — jacket potato;
5. eggplant — aubergine; 6. Popsicle — ice lolly;
7. a slice of bacon — rasher; 8. French toast — eggy bread (fried);
9. powdered sugar — icing sugar; 10. squash — marrow.
34
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
´,PSRUWDQW'DWHVDQG(YHQWVµȕ
1
2
T
H
3
A
E
O
S
T
E
R
5
U
6
K
S
4
L
N
7
C
E
8
P
T
S
M
E
M B
E
F
C
E
H
B
R
R
G
A
U
I
I
U
I
R
S
A
S
A
V
I
S
T
R
M A
Y
I
9
S
N
G
A
10
C
Z
O
L
G
O
S
Z
America and Americans
Donkey and Elephant
Most people are aware of the Democratic donkey and the
Republican elephant as political symbols, but have you ever wondered
how these animals came to be associated with their respective parties?
The symbol of the Democratic donkey dates back to 1828, when
Andrew Jackson ran for president. Jackson turned the tables on his
opponents who labeled him a “jackass” when he used a donkey on
his campaign posters. After Jackson’s presidency, political cartoonist
Thomas Nast took Jackson to task for attempting to still lead his party
by depicting him as struggling to lead an unwilling donkey.
Nast was also inadvertently the creator of the Republican elephant.
A cartoon he created for Harper’s Weekly in 1874 featured a donkey
in lion’s skin, bearing the label “Caesarism” and scaring zoo animals.
An elephant running away was depicted as the Republican vote. Other
cartoonists quickly picked up the symbol as well and from that time
the elephant was used most frequently to represent the Republican
vote, although Republicans themselves appeared as anything from
lions, bears, foxes or sheep throughout the early 1870s.
During the 1880 election, other political cartoonists followed
Nast’s lead in using the elephant and the donkey as party symbols,
they have been associated with each party ever since.
Today the Democratic Party uses several variations of the donkey
as the party symbol. The Republican Party on the other hand, has
been more open in their adoption of the symbol and uses it widely
in their publications and campaign designs.
35
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
36
to be aware of — сознавать
donkey — осел
to wonder — интересоваться
to label — прикреплять ярлык
cartoonist — карикатурист
to feature — быть представленным
adoption of the symbol — принятие символа
DzȖȆȉȖȠȖȉȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. What are the symbols of the Democratic and the
Republican Parties?
2. When did the history of the Democratic donkey start?
3. Who was the creator of the Republican elephant?
4. How was a donkey depicted in Harper’s Weekly in 1874?
5. Where do Republicans use their symbol?
6. What label did a cartoon with a donkey in lion’s skin bear?
7. When did the Democratic and the Republican Parties
start to be associated with their symbols?
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍ
ȎȒȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌ
ȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
jump the gun
a.
2.
keep the ball
rolling
keep your chin
up
knock into
a cocked hat
until the cows
come home
b.
has the cat got your
tongue?
f.
3.
4.
5.
6.
c.
d.
e.
remain cheerful in a difficult
situation
to be much better than
somebody or something
maintain a level of activity
in and enthusiasm for a project
begin something before
preparations for it are complete
when talking to somebody or
making a speech you can’t say
a word
to stay somewhere till the very
end
37
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Fountain Pen
38
In 1883, Lewis Waterman was an insurance broker in New York
City. One day he was about signing one of his hottest contracts. In
honor of the occasion, Lewis Waterman bought a new fountain pen
that he considered far more stylish than a cumbersome dip pen and
ink well. With the contract on the table and the pen in the client’s
hand, the pen refused to write, and actually leaked onto the precious
document. Horrified, Lewis Waterman raced back to his office for
another contract, but a competing broker had closed the deal.
Determined to never again suffer such humiliation, Waterman
began to make fountain pens in his brother’s workshop and obtained
a patent for it in 1884. In his first year of operation, Waterman sold
his hand-made pens out of the back of a cigar shop. Before his fountain
pen, pen tips had to be tipped into ink after every few words.
Waterman put an ink reservoir in the pen above the pen’s metal nib.
This reservoir would hold enough ink for a few pages of writing.
Waterman used an iridium-plated gold nib. Waterman was also the
first person to place a clip on the cap of the pen.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´'RQNH\DQG(OHSKDQWµF
1. The symbols of the Democratic and the Republic Parties
are a donkey and an elephant respectively.
2. The history of the Democratic donkey started in 1828.
3. Political cartoonist Thomas Nast was the creator of the
Republican elephant.
4. It was depicted in lion’s skin.
5. Republicans use their symbol in their publications and
campaign designs.
6. That cartoon bore the label “Caesarism”.
7. The Democratic and the Republican Parties started to be
associated with their symbols during the 1880 election.
39
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. jump the gun — begin something before preparations
for it are complete;
2. keep the ball rolling — maintain a level of activity and
enthusiasm for a project;
40
3. keep your chin up — remain cheerful in a difficult
situation;
4. knock into a cocked hat — to be much better than
somebody or something;
5. until the cows come home — to stay somewhere till the
very end;
6. has the cat got your tongue? — when talking to
somebody or making a speech you can’t say a word.
America and Americans
Lobbyism
Often discussing Congress of the USA, the third Chamber
is mentioned. It’s a specific American phenomena called lobbies.
It is big corporations, social organisations, foreign diplomats, who
try to influence lawmaking process in their favour. This is done with
the help of lobbyists. Practically lobbyism (backstage influence
in legislation) has become legal, the passing of a bill can be prevented
if it doesn’t suit the interests of a definite group of big business. The
ability to lobby is protected by the right of petition in the First
Amendment to the United States Constitution. Lobbyists use time
spent with legislators and executive branch officials to explain the
goals of the organizations they represent, and to present those
organizations’ points of view. Another important function of lobbyists
is to serve as a conduit for information flowing the other way, from
officials to the people employing the lobbyists; they can serve
as legislative tacticians, determining the best way for an organization
to fulfill its goals.
Lobbying activities are also performed at the state level, and
lobbyists try to influence legislation in the state legislatures in each
of the 50 states. At the municipal level, some lobbying activities occur
with city council members and county commissioners, especially
in the larger cities. More and more people realise that legislation
is shaped as much by the hidden influences, as by the public debates.
Since 1998, 43 % of the 198 members of Congress who left government
have registered to lobby using the “revolving door of influence”.
41
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
try to influence — пытаться повлиять
the interests of smb — интересы кого-либо
conduit — средство передачи
to fulfill — осуществить
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟȎȈȄȑȑȟȐȕȏȒȆȄȐ
42
1. application —
2. purpose —
3. representative —
4. urban —
5. impact —
6. execute —
7. dispute —
8. ramus —
America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know about Cities of the USA?”
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. In which city are the Metropolitan Museum of Art and
the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum just two of the many
tourist attractions?
a. New York.
c. New Haven.
b. New Orleans.
d. Newport.
2. Which Virginia city is home to the world’s largest naval
base in the Atlantic Ocean?
a. Newport News.
c. Norfolk.
b. Nokesville.
d. New Kent.
3. In which city is Yale University located?
a. New Bedford.
c. New Britain.
b. New London.
d. New Haven.
4. Which New England city is famous for its mansions, and
is the site of the International Tennis Hall of Fame?
a. Norwich.
c. Nantucket.
b. Newport.
d. New Haven.
5. What is the state capital of Washington?
a. Oak Harbor.
c. Omak.
b. Ocean City.
d. Olympia.
43
America and Americans
Most Famous Mark Twain Quotations
***
A man’s character may be learned from the adjectives which
he habitually uses in conversation.
44
***
A person who won’t read has no advantage over one who can’t
read.
***
A round man cannot be expected to fit in a square hole right
away. He must have time to modify his shape.
***
Actions speak louder than words but not nearly as often.
***
Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the
rest.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´/REE\LVPµF
1. application — petition;
2. purpose — goal;
3. representative — commissioner;
4. urban — municipal;
5. impact — influence;
6. execute — fulfill;
7. dispute — debate;
8. ramus — branch.
45
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
4XL]´:KDW'R<RX.QRZDERXW&LWLHVRIWKH86$"µ
ȕ
1. In which city are the Metropolitan Museum of Art and
the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum just two of the many
tourist attractions?
a. New York.
46
2. Which Virginia city is home to the world’s largest naval
base?
c. Norfolk.
3. In which city is Yale University located?
d. New Haven.
4. Which New England city is famous for its mansions, and
is the site of the International Tennis Hall of Fame?
b. Newport.
5. What is the state capital of Washington?
d. Olympia.
America and Americans
President of the USA
The term of office of the President begins on the 20th of January.
President must be a natural-born citizen of the USA and at least 35 years
old, and have been for at least 14 years a permanent resident in the
USA. Presidential elections occur once in four years on Election Day,
the Tuesday between November 2 and 8. The leader of either the
Democratic or the Republican Party becomes the President. He can be
elected only for two terms. His annual salary is $400 000.
President conducts foreign affairs, sign documents, appoints
diplomats, Cabinet Members, federal judges with the consent and
advice of the Senate. He outlines the course of his administration
through Congress.
President has an inner Cabinet of 15 members, the so-called
“white-house office”, i.e. immediate assistance and advisers of the
President. Cabinet secretaries correspond to European ministers. They
are heads of different departments and are responsible to President.
Today these departments are State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior,
Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Housing
and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Department
of Veterans Affairs, Department of Homeland Security.
The president often proposes legislation to Congress. He can also
veto (forbid) any bill passed by Congress. The veto can be overridden
by a two-thirds vote in both the Senate and House of Representatives.
The House of Representatives may bring charges against the President,
it is called “impeachment” — a formal accusation against a public
official by a legislative body, for treason, bribery and other high crimes.
The Vice-president presides over the Senate, his other duties are indefinite. He takes the president’s office, if the president is unable to finish his
term. So the Vice-president is “a forgotten man of the American politics”.
47
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
the term of office — срок полномочий
еlection — выборы
to outline — определять в общих чертах
can be overridden — может быть отменена
House of Representatives — Палата представителей
accusation — обвинение
48
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
President must be a natural-born
citizen of the USA and at least 45 years
old, and have been for at least 14
years permanent resident in the USA.
He outlines the course of his
administration through Congress.
The president never proposes
legislation to Congress.
Impeachment is a formal
accusation against the President
for treason, bribery and other high
crimes brought by the House of
Representatives.
Vice-president presides over
the Senate, his other duties are
indefinite.
False
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȇȄȐȌ
President Barack Obama
Barack H. Obama is the 44th President _____ the United States.
With a father _____ Kenya and a mother _____ Kansas, President
Obama was born _____ Hawaii _____ August 4th, 1961. He was raised
_____ help from his grandfather, who served _____ Patton’s* army,
and his grandmother, who worked her way up from the secretarial
pool to middle management _____ a bank.
After working his way through college _____ the help
of scholarships and student loans, Barack Obama moved _____
Chicago, where he worked with a group of churches to help rebuild
communities devastated _____ the closure of local steel plants.
He went on to attend law school, where he became the first
African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. Upon
graduation, he returned _____ Chicago to help lead a voter
registration drive, teach constitutional law _____ the University of
Chicago, and remain active _____ his community.
President Obama’s years of public service are based around his
unwavering belief _____ the ability to unite people around a politics
of purpose. _____ the Illinois State Senate, he passed the first major
ethics reform in 25 years, cut taxes _____ working families, and
expanded health care _____ children and their parents.
He was elected the 44th President _____ the United States _____
November 4th, 2008, and sworn in _____ January 20th, 2009. In 2013
he was elected for the second term. He and his wife, Michelle, are
the proud parents _____ two daughters, Malia, 15, and Sasha, 12.
* Patton — a general, commander of the Seventh U.S. Army.
49
America and Americans
Difference between British
and American Spelling
50
British
American
-ae/-oe/-oeu
-e/-e/-eu
archaeology
archeology
gynaecology
gynecology
leukaemia
leukemia
manoeuvre
maneuver
mediaeval
medieval
oestrogen
estrogen
orthopaedic
orthopedic
paediatric
pediatric
palaeontology
paleontology
toxaemia
toxemia
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´3UHVLGHQWRIWKH86$µF
1. President must be a natural-born citizen of the USA and
at least 45 years old, and have been for at least 14 years
permanent resident in the USA. False
2. He outlines the course of his administration through
Congress. True
3. The president never proposes legislation to Congress.
False
4. Impeachment is a formal accusation against the President
for treason, bribery and other high crimes brought by the
House of Representatives. True
5. Vice-president presides over the Senate, his other duties
are indefinite. True
51
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´3UHVLGHQW%DUDFN2EDPDµȕ
52
Barack H. Obama is the 44th President of the United States.
With a father from Kenya and a mother from Kansas, President
Obama was born in Hawaii on August 4th, 1961. He was raised with
help from his grandfather, who served in Patton’s army, and his
grandmother, who worked her way up from the secretarial pool
to middle management at a bank.
After working his way through college with the help
of scholarships and student loans, Barack Obama moved
to Chicago, where he worked with a group of churches to help
rebuild communities devastated by the closure of local steel plants.
He went on to attend law school, where he became the first
African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. Upon
graduation, he returned to Chicago to help lead a voter registration
drive, teach constitutional law at the University of Chicago, and
remain active in his community.
President Obama’s years of public service are based around his
unwavering belief in the ability to unite people around a politics
of purpose. In the Illinois State Senate, he passed the first major
ethics reform in 25 years, cut taxes for working families, and
expanded health care for children and their parents.
He was elected the 44th President of the United States
on November 4th, 2008, and sworn in on January 20th, 2009. In 2013
he was elected for the second term. He and his wife, Michelle, are
the proud parents of two daughters, Malia, 15, and Sasha, 12.
America and Americans
The Most Influential Presidents of the USA
Of the men who have been presidents of the United States, there
are some who were the most important and influential presidents
who helped the country to become powerful.
As the first president, George Washington, couldn’t help but set
precedents that were followed by later presidents. His lack of a desire
to be seen as a “monarch” was an extremely important part of creating
a citizen president.
Andrew Jackson’s election showed the rise of the common man.
He was the first president elected from humble beginnings. He was
a strong nationalist who often made controversial decisions such as
the removal of Native Americans east of the Mississippi.
Abraham Lincoln saved the Union during the American Civil War.
His leadership was one of no compromise but at the same time
understanding that he would eventually have to unite the states once
the North won the war. His actions led to the abolition of slavery
across the United States.
Woodrow Wilson piloted the ship that brought America onto the
world stage. He made the first steps of leading the country out of
isolationism. He led America during World War I.
Theodore Roosevelt not only earned the title of “Trust Buster” as
president by fighting against corrupt businesses, but he also was deeply
committed to conservation. He established numerous national parks
to preserve the wildlife that was quickly being overtaken through
industrialization.
http://americanhistory.about.com
53
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
the most important — самый важный
influential — влиятельный
eventually — в итоге
to have a huge impact on — иметь большое влияние на
citizen — гражданин
controversial — спорный
isolationism — изоляционизм (политика изоляции)
54
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȉȌȐ
ȒȓȔȉȈȉȏȉȑȌȣ
1. compromise
a. having or showing a modest or low
estimate of one's importance
2. term
b. an agreement or settlement of
a dispute that is reached by each
side making concessions
3. desire
c. feeling dedication and loyalty to
a cause, activity, or job
4. election
d. catch up with and pass while
traveling in the same direction
5.
humble
e.
6.
committed
f.
7.
overtake
g.
a formal and organized choice
by vote of a person for a political
office or other position
a strong feeling of wanting to have
something
a fixed or limited period for which
something is intended to last
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȈȄȑȑȟȐȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȇȄȐȌto, on, from,
in, for, over.
Sugar
After coming _____ North America about 1500 AD, European
explorers started sugar cane farms there and brought slaves from
Africa to work on the farms.
From the 1500’s until the early 1800’s, ships carried sugar _____
America to England and sold it there. It was often _____ the form of
molasses, a kind of liquid brown sugar. Then English ships brought
things like china and steel knives _____ West Africa and traded them
_____ slaves, and the slaves travelled to America _____ slave ships
to work on the sugar plantations. It is called the Triangle Trade,
because it involved three places — America, England, and West Africa.
Sugar was still very expensive in Europe, so European scientists
kept looking _____ some way to make sugar closer _____ home. By
1590, a French scientist got sweet syrup _____ beets, but there wasn’t
any way to do it cheaply enough. People kept working on it, and by
1801, the first factory opened _____ Europe to make sugar from
sugar beets. By 1815, there were sugar beet factories all _____
Europe, and in 1838 people started to build sugar beet factories
_____ the United States as well.
In 1834, as cane sugar became less valuable, England decided to
free the sugar slaves in Jamaica, but many poor people in the
Caribbean today still work cutting sugar cane _____ sugar. Today
you can buy either beet sugar or cane sugar. About 2/3 of the sugar
people eat _____ the world today is cane sugar, and about 1/3 is
beet sugar.
55
America and Americans
Funny Warnings: Clothes
1. Wearing of this garment does not enable you to fly.
(Child-Sized Superman Costume)
2. Warning: Cape does not enable user to fly.
(Unknown Batman Costume)
56
3. This product is only to be prescribed by a physician and
fit only by a trained technician.
(Champion Swimmer Supporter Jockstrap)
4. Do not wash or dry clean.
(Unknown Graduation Gown)
5. You cannot save the world!
(Power Puff Girls Halloween Costume)
6. It is not suitable for driving under conditions of poor
light.
(Ray-Ban Sunglasses)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH0RVW,QIOXHQWLDO3UHVLGHQWVRIWKH86$µF
1. term — a fixed or limited period for which something is
intended to last;
2. desire — a strong feeling of wanting to have something;
3. election — a formal and organized choice by vote of a
person for a political office or other position;
4. humble — having or showing a modest or low estimate
of one’s importance;
5. committed — feeling dedication and loyalty to a cause,
activity, or job:
6. overtake — catch up with and pass while traveling in the
same direction.
57
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´6XJDUµȕ
58
After coming to North America about 1500 AD, European
explorers started sugar cane farms there and brought slaves from
Africa to work on the farms.
From the 1500’s until the early 1800’s, ships carried sugar from
America to England and sold it there. It was often in the form of
molasses, a kind of liquid brown sugar. Then English ships brought
things like china and steel knives to West Africa and traded them
for slaves, and the slaves travelled to America on slave ships to work
on the sugar plantations. It is called the Triangle Trade, because it
involved three places — America, England, and West Africa.
Sugar was still very expensive in Europe, so European scientists
kept looking for some way to make sugar closer to home. By 1590,
a French scientist got sweet syrup from beets, but there wasn’t any
way to do it cheaply enough. People kept working on it, and by
1801, the first factory opened in Europe to make sugar from sugar
beets. By 1815, there were sugar beet factories all over Europe, and
in 1838 people started to build sugar beet factories in the United
States as well.
In 1834, as cane sugar became less valuable, England decided
to free the sugar slaves in Jamaica, but many poor people in the
Caribbean today still work cutting sugar cane for sugar. Today you
can buy either beet sugar or cane sugar. About 2/3 of the sugar
people eat in the world today is cane sugar, and about 1/3 is beet
sugar.
America and Americans
Fun Presidential Facts
Did you know that Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the
United States, was a tailor before he was President? Or that one
of George Washington’s favorite food was ice cream?
Many Presidents had unusual careers before entering the White
House. Jimmy Carter, the 39th President, was a peanut farmer. Ronald
Reagan, the 40th President, was a movie actor. And Abraham Lincoln,
the 16th President, once worked chopping rails for fences. According
to John Riley of the White House Historical Association, Harry
Truman was a haberdasher. A haberdasher is someone who deals
in men’s clothing and accessories, particularly hats.
Once in the White House, each President made his mark
in different ways. In fact, before Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President,
came to office, the White House wasn’t even called the White House!
People called the building the President’s Palace, President’s House,
and the Executive Mansion. Roosevelt officially named it the White
House in 1901. Theodore Roosevelt wasn’t the only President to invent
a new expression. Martin Van Buren, the eighth President, is sometimes
credited with creating the word “OK”. Van Buren was from Kinderhook,
New York. During his campaign, Old Kinderhook (O.K.) clubs formed
to support the President. Later, “OK” or “okay”, came to mean
“all right”.There have been many other interesting presidential firsts.
James Polk, the 11th President, was the first President to have his
photograph taken. Theodore Roosevelt was the first President to ride
in a car while in office. His fifth cousin and the 32nd President,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was the first to ride in an airplane.
59
America and Americans
60
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
fence — забор
haberdasher — галантерейщик
particularly — особенно
to make the mark — сделать отметку
mansion — особняк
to invent a new expression — изобрести новое выражение
to support — поддержать
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
All Presidents of the USA had special
background and education.
2.
Before Theodore Roosevelt came to
office the White House was called
the President’s Palace.
3.
Harry Truman gave an official name
to the White House in 1901.
4.
Martin Van Buren is credited with
creating the word “OK”.
5.
James Polk didn’t allow his
photograph to be taken.
6.
Theodore Roosevelt was the first to
ride in an airplane.
False
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
2. A stitch in time saves nine.
3. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
4. Accidents will happen.
5. All things come to he who waits.
6. A golden key can open any door.
7. A leopard cannot change its spots.
8. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
61
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
History of the chewing gum
62
◆ North American Indians chewed the sap from spruce trees and
passed the habit along to the settlers.
◆ Early American settlers made a chewing gum from spruce sap
and beeswax.
◆ In 1848, John B. Curtis made and sold the first commercial
chewing gum called the State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum.
◆ In 1850, Curtis started selling flavored paraffin gums becoming
more popular than spruce gums.
◆ On December 28th, 1869, William Finley Semple became the first
person to patent a chewing gum.
◆ In 1880, John Colgan invented a way to make chewing gum taste
better for a longer period of time while being chewed.
◆ By 1888, an Adams’ chewing gum called Tutti-Frutti became the
first chew to be sold in a vending machine. The machines were located
in a New York City subway station.
◆ In 1899, Dentyne gum was created by New York druggist Franklin
V. Canning.
◆ In 1906, Frank Fleer invented the first bubble gum called BlibberBlubber gum.
◆ In 1914, Wrigley Doublemint brand was created. William Wrigley,
Jr. and Henry Fleer were responsible for adding the popular mint and
fruit extracts to a stick of chewing gum.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´)XQ3UHVLGHQWLDO)DFWVµF
1. All Presidents of the USA had special background and
education. False
2. Before Theodore Roosevelt came to office the White
House was called the President’s Palace. True
3. Harry Truman gave an official name to the White House in
1901. False
4. Martin Van Buren is credited with creating the word “OK”.
True
5. James Polk didn’t allow his photograph to be taken. False
6. Theodore Roosevelt was the first to ride in an airplane.
False
63
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Someone who does
not settle in one place rarely prospers.
2. A stitch in time saves nine. A timely effort will prevent
more work later.
64
3. Absence makes the heart grow fonder. The lack of
something increases the desire for it.
4. Accidents will happen. Things sometimes go wrong,
despite our best efforts.
5. All things come to he who waits. A literal meaning,
advocating patience.
6. A golden key can open any door. Money opens any
door.
7. A leopard cannot change its spots. The notion that
things cannot change their innate nature.
8. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. A small
amount of knowledge can mislead people into thinking
that they are more expert than they really are.
America and Americans
Abraham Lincoln
Among all presidents of the USA, Abraham Lincoln is probably the
one that Americans remember best. Lincoln became a virtual symbol
of the American Dream whereby an ordinary person from humble beginnings could reach the pinnacle of society as president of the country.
Abraham Lincoln began a long road to become the sixteenth
president of the USA, in 1834, he was elected into the House of
Representatives and began studying to become a lawyer. In 1847, he
was elected into Congress. He was vehemently against slavery.
A few years later, slavery became a stronger issue, and more people
wanted to abolish it. Lincoln joined Republicans, a new political party
that opposed slavery. The Republicans nominated him for the US
Senate in 1858. In 1860, he was nominated for the Presidency of the
United States. Lincoln won by a small margin.
But with his election, the country began the process of dividing.
South Carolina had seceded from the Union before he was even
inaugurated. Other states followed to form the Confederation. The
North and the South were divided, and the Civil War began.
Later, Lincoln was elected for the second term of Presidency in
1864. The South surrendered, and the Civil War was ended on April
9, 1865. The difficult period of time began, the time for reconstruction
and reconciliation, but Lincoln would not be the person to lead the
country through this difficult period.
On April 14, 1865 Abraham Lincoln with his wife attended the
play in Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. A few minutes past ten
o’clock, an actor stepped into the Presidential box and shot the
President. In the following morning Abraham Lincoln died.
http://www.whitehouse.gov
65
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
humble — скромный
pinnacle of society — вершина общества
vehemently — сильно, страстно
to secede — отделяться
by a small margin — с небольшим перевесом
reconciliation — согласие
66
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
humble
2.
virtual
3.
ordinary
4.
to oppose
5.
to divide
6.
difficult
7.
to abolish
8.
to lead
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉ Ȍ ȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉ ȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣ ȓȏȉȐȉȑ ȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȌș
ȌȑȈȉȍȚȉȆшошоны, шауни, пауни, навахо, команчи, чероки, арапахо, апачи.
A
P
A
C
H
E
Q
A
Z
W
C
S
X
R
E
D
C
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F
V
T
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G
B
A
Y
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P
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P
H
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M
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V
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67
America and Americans
Most Famous Abraham Lincoln Quotations
***
All that I am, or hope to be, I owe to my angel mother.
68
***
As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This
expresses my idea of democracy.
***
Am I not destroying my enemies when I make friends of them?
***
Don’t worry when you are not recognized, but strive to be worthy
of recognition.
***
Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first
four sharpening the axe.
***
He has a right to criticize, who has a heart to help.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$EUDKDP/LQFROQµF
1. humble — modest;
2. virtual — actual;
3. ordinary — usual;
4. to oppose — to withstand;
5. to divide — to separate;
6. difficult — arduous;
7. to abolish — to cancel;
8. to lead — to guide.
69
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ ȕ
70
A
P
A
C
H
E
Q
A
Z
W
C
S
X
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D
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F
V
T
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B
A
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P
A
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A
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America and Americans
George Washington
th
On April 30 , 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony
of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took the oath of office
as the first President of the United States.
Washington was born in 1732 in a Virginia planter family.
He pursued two interests: military arts and western expansion.
Commissioned a lieutenant colonel in 1754, he fought the first
skirmishes of what grew into the French and Indian War.
When the Second Continental Congress assembled in May 1775,
Washington was elected Commander in Chief of the Continental
Army. On July 3rd, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took
command of his ill-trained troops and embarked upon a war that
was to last six years. He realized early that the best strategy was
to harass the British. Finally in 1781 with the aid of French allies —
he forced the surrender of Cornwallis* at Yorktown.
Washington longed to retire but he soon realized that the Nation
was not functioning well, so he became a prime mover leading to the
Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787. When the new
Constitution was ratified, the Electoral College unanimously elected
Washington President. The determination of foreign policy became
preponderantly a Presidential concern. When the French Revolution
led to a major war between France and England, Washington insisted
upon a neutral course until the United States could grow stronger.
Wearied of politics, feeling old, he retired at the end of his second
term. Washington died of a throat infection on December 14th, 1799.
* Cornwallis — an officer of British Army, colonial administrator
71
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
72
planter — фермер
expansion — увеличение
skirmish — перестрелка между мелкими отрядами
surrender — капитуляция
leading to — ведущий к чему-либо
preponderantly — преимущественно
to insist upon — настаивать на чем-либо
ǫȄȎȒȑțȌȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. George Washington took the oath of office as the President
of the USA on ____________________________________
2. Washington was born in _________________________
3. The first skirmishes in 1754 grew into ________________
_______________________________________________
4. Washington longed to retire _______________________
_______________________________________________
5. The Electoral College unanimously elected Washington
President _______________________________________
6. Washington forced the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown
with the help of __________________________________
7. The most important Presidential concern was __________
_______________________________________________
8. Washington died _________________________________
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
ȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´&DUµ
American English
British English
1.
hood
a.
gear-lever
2.
trunk
b.
petrol
3.
fender
c.
silencer
4.
windshield
d.
engine
5.
motor
e.
hood
6.
transmission
f.
boot
7.
gearshift
g.
bumper
8.
convertible top
h.
windscreen
9.
gasoline
i.
gearbox
10.
muffler
j.
bonnet
73
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Facts about George Washington
74
◆ President Washington was the only President who never actually
lived in Washington, DC (at the time of his Presidency, the nation’s
capital was in Philadelphia).
◆ George Washington’s height was six feet three inches. He was
very tall for his time.
◆ George Washington was apparently a very loud snorer.
◆ He never fathered any children, yet he is called the “Father of
our country” by the Americans. He left no direct descendants.
◆ Although wigs were popular during his lifetime, George
Washington refused to wear one. He instead powdered his natural
reddish brown hair, and wore it in a short braid in back.
◆ His IQ is estimated to be somewhere between 118 and 125,
depending upon which sources you look at.
◆ George Washington delivered the shortest inaugural address of
all time on March 4th, 1793. He had only one tooth at the time and
his dentures often gave him pain when he wore them. It was only 135
words long and took a mere 90 seconds to deliver.
◆ George Washington is the only president to be unanimously
elected. He received all 69 electoral votes in 1789.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
“*HRUJH:DVKLQJWRQ”F
1. George Washington took his oath of office as the first
President of the USA on April 30th, 1789.
2. Washington was born in a Virginia planter family.
3. The first skirmishes in 1754 grew into the French and
Indian War.
4. Washington longed to retire but he soon realized that
the Nation was not functioning well, so he became a
prime mover leading to the Constitutional Convention at
Philadelphia in 1787.
5. The Electoral College unanimously elected Washington
President ZKHQWKHQHZ&RQVWLWXWLRQZDVUDWLÀHG.
6. Washington forced the surrender of Cornwallis
at Yorktown with the help of French allies.
7. The most important Presidential concern was the
determination of foreign policy.
8. Washington died of a throat infection on December 14th,
1799.
75
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. hood — bonnet;
2. trunk — boot;
3. fender — bumper;
4. windshield — windscreen;
5. motor — engine;
76
6. transmission — gearbox;
7. gearshift — gear-lever;
8. convertible top — hood;
9. gasoline — petrol;
10. muffler — silencer.
America and Americans
The American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War of 1775 to 1783 was also known
as the American War of Independence. It began as a war between
Great Britain and former 13 united British colonies.
The war was the completion stage of the political American
Revolution. The colonists had denied the rights of the Parliament of
Great Britain in governing them without any representation. In 1775,
revolutionaries had gained control of the thirteen colonial
governments. They set up the Second Continental Congress and
formed a Continental Army. Petitions to the king to intercede with
the Parliament resulted for the colonists in being declared traitors
and the Congress responded by declaring the independence of a new
nation, the United States of America, on July 4, 1776. In 1777, the
Americans captured the British army, and that persuaded France to
enter the war on the side of the Americans. Over the next two years,
Spain and the Dutch Republic also went to war with Britain as French
allies.
The French involvement proved to be decisive. In 1781, a French
nautical victory in Chesapeake led to the surrender of the second
British army in Yorktown. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris ended the war
and recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory
bounded by what is currently Canada to the north, Florida to the
south, and the Mississippi River to the west.
http://www.americanrevolutionarywar.net.
77
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to be also known as — быть также известным как
completion — завершение
to intercede — посредничать
traitor — предатель
to capture — захватывать
involvement — участие
78
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȄȑȖȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
independence
2.
former
3.
victory
4.
to prove
5.
ally
6.
traitor
7.
war
8.
to deny
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
middle-of-the-road
a.
2.
mother country
b.
3.
c.
4.
new kid on the
block
no dice
d.
5.
on cloud nine
e.
6.
f.
7.
paddle your own
canoe
paint the town red
g.
8.
pass the buck
h.
9.
peter out
i.
a new arrival in an area
or in a group of young friends
piece of cake
j.
a refusal to accept
a proposition — equivalent
to “nothing doing”
10.
act independently and decide
your own fate
in a state of blissful happiness
opting to go neither one way
or the other
engage in a riotous spree
evade responsibility by passing
it on to someone else
decrease to nothing
one’s native land, or the native
land of one’s ancestors
a straightforward task that can
easily be accomplished
79
America and Americans
Stupid Quotations of American Politicians
80
***
“When I was in England, I experimented with marijuana a time
or two, and I didn’t like it. I didn’t inhale and never tried it again.”
(Bill Clinton)
***
“Our enemies are innovative and resourceful, and so are we. They
never stop thinking about new ways to harm our country and our
people, and neither do we.”
(George W. Bush)
***
“I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom
and democracy — but that could change.”
(Dan Quale)
***
“I am not worried about the deficit. It is big enough to take care
of itself.”
(Ronald Reagan)
***
“A zebra does not change its spots.”
(Al Gore)
***
“What a waste it is to lose one’s mind. Or not to have a mind is being very wasteful. How true that is.”
(Dan Quale)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
“7KH$PHULFDQ5HYROXWLRQDU\:DU”F
1. independence — subordination;
2. former — current;
3. victory — defeat;
4. to prove — to discredit;
5. ally — enemy;
6. traitor — loyalist;
7. war — peace;
8. to deny — to agree.
81
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. middle-of-the-road — opting to go neither one way or
the other;
2. mother country — one’s native land, or the native land
of one’s ancestors;
82
3. new kid on the block — a new arrival in an area
or in a group of young friends;
4. no dice — a refusal to accept a proposition, equivalent
to “nothing doing”;
5. on cloud nine — in a state of blissful happiness;
6. paddle your own canoe — act independently and decide
your own fate;
7. paint the town red — engage in a riotous spree;
8. pass the buck — evade responsibility by passing
it on to someone else;
9. peter out — decrease to nothing;
10. piece of cake — a straightforward task that can easily
be accomplished.
America and Americans
The American Civil War
The American Civil War began in 1861 and finished in 1865. The
Civil War was fought between the United States (the Union, the North)
and the 11 southern slave states that had declared their secession from
the Union and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy,
the South). From the conception of the Constitution, there were two
differing opinions on the role of the federal government. Federalists
believed that the federal government and the executive needed to
maintain their power in order to ensure the survival of the union. On
the other hand, anti-federalists held that states should retain much of
their sovereignty within the new nation. Basically they believed that each
state should have the right to determine the laws within its own borders.
As time passed the rights of the states would often collide with various
actions the federal government was taking. Arguments arose over taxation,
tariffs, internal improvements, the military, and of course slavery.
Increasingly, the Northern states squared off against the Southern
states. One of the main reasons for this was that the economic interests
of north and south were opposed to each other. Slavery had been
abolished in the north but continued in the south due to the need
for inexpensive labor. As new states were added to the United States,
compromises had to be reached concerning whether they would be
admitted as slave or as free states. The fear of both groups was for the
other to gain an unequal amount of power.
By 1860 when Abraham Lincoln was elected the president South
Carolina became the first state to break off from the Union. On
February 9, 1861, the Confederate States of America was formed with
Jefferson Davis as its president.
http://americanhistory.about.com.
83
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to ensure — обеспечивать
survival — выживание
to collide — сталкиваться
to abolish — отменять
to break off — отделяться
to square off — приготовиться к нападению
84
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Federalists believed that each state
should have the right to determine
the laws within its own borders.
Anti-federalists insisted that
the states should be almost
independent.
The Northern states were not in
opposition to the Southern states.
It was in the north of the USA where
slavery was abolished first.
South Carolina was the first state in
the South to break off from the Union.
From the conception of the
Constitution, there were two
differing opinions on the role of the
federal government.
False
America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know about Connecticut?”
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. What is the state insect of Connecticut?
a. Praying Mantis.
c. Carpenter Ant.
b. June Bug.
d. Honey Bee.
2. What is the state animal of Connecticut?
a. White-tailed Deer.
c. Sperm Whale.
b. Skunk.
d. Raccoon.
3. Which of the following is not a state nickname?
a. Revolution State.
c. Constitution State.
b. Provision State.
d. Nutmeg State.
4. What is the state bird of Connecticut?
a. Robin.
c. Goose.
b. Lark.
d. Crow.
5. What is the state tree of Connecticut?
a. Maple.
c. White Oak.
b. Spruce.
d. Beech.
85
America and Americans
2IILFLDO6RQJRIWKH6WDWHRI&RQQHFWLFXW
Yankee Doodle
86
Yankee Doodle went to town
A-riding on a pony,
Stuck a feather in his cap
And called it macaroni.
Yankee Doodle, keep it up,
Yankee Doodle dandy,
Mind the music and the step,
And with the girls be handy.
Fath’r and I went down to camp,
Along with Captain Gooding,
And there we saw the men and boys
As thick as hasty pudding.
And there we saw a thousand men
As rich as Squire David,
And what they wasted every day,
I wish it could be saved.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
“7KH$PHULFDQ&LYLO:DU”F
1. Federalists believed that each state should have the right
to determine the laws within its own borders. False
2. Anti-federalists insisted that the states should be almost
independent. True
3. The Northern states were not in opposition to the Southern states. False
4. It was in the north of the USA where slavery was
abolished first. True
5. South Carolina was the first state in the South to break
off from the Union. True
6. From the conception of the Constitution, there were two
differing opinions on the role of the federal government.
True
87
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
4XL]“:KDW'R<RX.QRZDERXW&RQQHFWLFXW"”ȕ
1. What is the state insect of Connecticut?
a. Praying Mantis.
2. What is the state animal of Connecticut?
c. Sperm Whale.
88
3. Which of the following is not a state nickname?
a. Revolution State.
4. What is the state bird of Connecticut?
a. Robin.
5. What is the state tree of Connecticut?
c. White Oak.
America and Americans
Native Americans
The first evidence showing indigenous people to inhabit North
America indicates that they migrated there from Siberia over 11,000
years ago. More than likely, they crossed the Bering Land Bridge,
which was in existence during the Ice Age. After that, several large
waves of migration took place, including many groups of people from
Asia and South America.
Generally, the Native Americans lived in peace and prosper until
around the 15th century when Europeans first arrived on the shores of
North America. At that time diseases brought by foreigners began to
spread among the natives. Since they had no immunity to these strange
diseases, thousands began to die from measles and chicken pox. In
addition, the Europeans began to take over the land and set up farms and
homes there. Native Americans were a very populous group of people,
today they only account for 1.4 percent of the United States population.
Most of those who claim to be Native Americans live on designated
Indian reservations. Many symbols of Native Americans are used in
national sports teams as a mascot. Many Native Americans continue
to take pride in their ancestral traditions, still practicing the music,
art, and ceremonies that took place many years ago. In 2004,
a museum was opened in Washington, D.C. paying tribute to their
heritage. The museum is called the National Museum of the American
Indian, and is part of the Smithsonian family of museums. The
museum contains over 800,000 objects and artifacts and over 125,000
images representing the life and culture of Native Americans.
http://www.indians.org
89
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
90
the first evidence — первое свидетельство
indigenous — туземный, местный
existence — существование
to prosper — процветать
immunity — иммунитет
disease — болезнь
to take pride — гордиться
DzȖȆȉȖȠȖȉȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. What does the first evidence showing indigenous people
to inhabit North America indicate?
2. When did Europeans first arrive on the shores of North
America?
3. What were the reasons why Native Americans started to
die?
4. What caused the spreading of strange diseases?
5. Where do Native Americans live today?
6. Do Native Americans follow their traditions?
7. How do Native Americans pay tribute to their heritage?
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȈȄȑȑȟȐȌȕȗȝȉȕȖȆȌȖȉȏȠȑȟ
ȐȌ Ȇ ȉȈȌȑȕȖȆȉȑȑȒȐ ȌȏȌ ȐȑȒȊȉȕȖȆȉȑȑȒȐ țȌȕȏȉ night,
wildlife, celebration, shelter, food, area, tribe, pole, mud, buffalo,
ceremony, custom, hide, sync.
American Indians — Plains Tribes
The Plains Indians lived in the huge ______ between the
Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. There were few trees but lots
of ___________. One of the most important animals to the Plains
Indians was the _________. These ________ were well known for
their religious ceremonies, hunting skills and warpath _________.
A few of the Plains tribes include the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche
and Blackfoot.
Since the Plains Indians followed the buffalo around, they
needed ________ they could move quickly. They lived in teepees.
A teepee was made from leaning _______ fastened together and
covered with buffalo ______. The few tribes that didn’t move
around lived in dome-shaped grass lodges covered in ______.
The Plains tribes were hunters and gathers. Not everyone grew
the same ______ so they often traded amongst tribes.
One of the important ____________ was the Sun Dance. This
was usually a four day ______________ in the summer. Dancers
all moved in ______ and didn’t eat or drink. Some men would even
pierce their chests with wooden skewers. Another important dance
was the Ghost Dance that took place at _______.
91
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Honoring Native American Culture and Traditions
92
When you are on Indian land, you are subject to Indian laws. Here
are some Native American culture facts and key tips to remember
regarding Native American culture and beliefs when visiting tribal
land.
◆ Pueblos, Native American people in the Southwestern United
States, prohibit the drinking of alcohol during visits.
◆ Some pueblos charge a photo fee, while many pueblos do not allow
photography at all. Please check with the tribal office upon arrival.
◆ Cell phones are prohibited.
◆ Families still live in the pueblos, so use the same courtesies you
would use in your own neighborhood. Do not move up close to look
into windows or walk into buildings uninvited.
◆ Enter a pueblo home as you would any other: by invitation only.
◆ Do not look into or go inside kivas, rooms used by modern
Pueblos for religious rituals.
◆ When attending pueblo dances, keep in mind that the dances
are religious ceremonies, so remain silent and do not applaud
afterward.
◆ It is considered impolite to refuse an invitation to eat in someone’s
home, so try to eat a little bit even if you have already eaten or are
not hungry. But keep in mind that your host will be serving many,
many guests throughout the day, so do not linger at the table after
you are finished. Also, your host is not a tour guide, so if you have
questions, wait to ask your guide or a pueblo employee.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´1DWLYH$PHULFDQVµȕ
1. The first evidence showing indigenous people to inhabit
North America indicates that they migrated there from
Siberia over 11,000 years ago.
2. Europeans first arrived on the shores of North America
around the 15th century.
3. Native Americans started to die from diseases which were
brought by Europeans.
4. That fact that horses were brought over caused the
spreading of strange diseases.
5. Native Americans live on designated Indian reservations.
6. Yes, they do. They continue to take pride in their ancestral
traditions, still practicing the music, art, and ceremonies.
7. Native Americans opened a museum in Washington, D.C.
paying tribute to heritage in 2004.
93
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$PHULFDQ,QGLDQV³3ODLQV7ULEHVµȕ
94
The Plains Indians lived in the huge area between the Mississippi
and the Rocky Mountains. There were few trees but lots of wildlife.
One of the most important animals to the Plains Indians was the
buffalo. These tribes were well known for their religious ceremonies, hunting skills and warpath customs. A few of the Plains tribes
include the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche and Blackfoot.
Since the Plains Indians followed the buffalo around, they
needed shelter they could move quickly. They lived in teepees.
A teepee was made from leaning poles fastened together and
covered with buffalo hide. The few tribes that didn’t move around
lived in dome-shaped grass lodges covered in mud.
The Plains tribes were hunters and gathers. Not everyone grew
the same food so they often traded amongst tribes.
One of the important ceremonies was the Sun Dance. This was
usually a four day celebration in the summer. Dancers all moved
in sync and didn’t eat or drink. Some men would even pierce their
chests with wooden skewers. Another important dance was the
Ghost Dance that took place at night.
America and Americans
The California Gold Rush, 1849
In January 1848, James Wilson Marshall discovered gold at
a sawmill at Coloma northeast of present-day Sacramento. But this
discovery caused little stir.
The spark that ignited the gold rush occurred in May 1848 when
Sam Brannan, a storekeeper, brandished a bottle filled with gold dust
around San Francisco shouting ‘Gold! Gold! Gold from the American
River!’ The residents of the city now had proof of the discovery and
the stampede to the gold fields was on. San Francisco’s harbor was
soon cluttered with derelict ships deserted by their crews. Workers
abandoned their jobs — San Francisco’s two newspapers were forced
to close their doors as their staffs were struck by gold fever. The
populations of many of the coastal towns were depleted as prospective
prospectors headed to the gold fields.
In August 1848 news of the discovery was printed and the rush for
gold accelerated into a stampede. The gold-seekers, called “fortyniners” (as a reference to 1849) traveled overland across the mountains
to California or took the round-about sea routes. A census of San
Francisco in April 1847 reported the town consisted of 79 buildings.
By December 1849 the population had mushroomed to an estimated
100,000. The massive influx of fortune seekers Americanized the once
Mexican province and assured its inclusion as a state in the union.
Besides positive effects such as: development of railroads and
agriculture, it had negative effects: Native Americans were attacked
and pushed off their lands and the mining caused environmental harm.
An estimated 100,000 California Indians died between 1848 and 1868.
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com
95
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
stir — переполох
to ignite — воспламенять
stampede — массовое движение
prospective — потенциальный
fortune seekers — искатели удачи
to push off — отталкивать
96
ǴȄȕȕȖȄȆȠȖȉ ȕȏȒȆȄ Ȇ ȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȐ ȓȒȔȣȈȎȉ Ȍ ȋȄȓȌȜȌȖȉ
ȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. gold/of/Sacramento/discovered/James Wilson Marshall/
in/northeast/the American River/present-day.
2. storekeeper/a/the gold rush/after/Sam Brannan/a/gold
dust/San Fransisco/began/brandished/around/bottle/
with.
3. the/California/or/gold-seekers/overland/took/sea routes/
traveled/to/the.
4. lands/attacked/Native Americans/and/were/pushed/their/
off.
5. the/of/the/rush/the/when/for/discovery/printed/news/
was/stampede/a/turned/gold/into.
6. agriculture/were/the/positive/and/development/effects/
of/railroads.
America and Americans
Native American Proverbs
1. Strive to be a person who is never absent from an
important act.
(Osage)
2. We are friends, we must assist each other to bear our
burdens.
(Osage)
3. Silence has so much meaning.
(Yurok)
4. Do not allow anger to poison you.
(Hopi)
5. Walk lightly in the spring; mother Earth is pregnant.
(Kiowa)
6. There is a need for obedience all around us.
(Sauk)
7. Sharing and giving are the ways of God.
(Sauk)
97
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
“American Flora and Fauna”
1
2
3
98
4
5
6
7
9
10
8
America and Americans
$FURVV:
5. This rodent, also known as a coypu, is not native to the U.S.,
but colonized many areas after escaping from fur farms. 6. The
high-pitched yips and howls of this animal are most often heard
at dusk or night-time. Its scientific name Canis latrans, means
“barking dog”. 7. These unusual mammals always give birth
to a set of identical quadruplets. 9. This mammal’s relatives include
the coatimundi, cacomistle, and kinkajou. 10. What is the largest
member of the weasel family in the U.S.?
'RZQ
1. The nuts from this tree, of the Pinaceae family, were a staple
of the Native Americans and are still enjoyed today. 2. This Rio
Grande tree is responsible for much allergic suffering, especially
in the fall when it virtually snows its downy seeds. 3. What
is a remarkable Arizona bird as the nemesis of Wile E. Coyote
in a popular “Looney Tunes” television cartoon? 4. The collared
peccary is an animal native to Arizona that bears a superficial
resemblance to a pig. What name is more commonly used to refer
to this animal? 8. What is the largest member of the deer family
in the U.S.?
99
America and Americans
Tongue Twisters
1.
There was a fisherman named Fisher
Who fished for some fish in a fissure
Till a fish with a grin,
Pulled the fisherman in.
Now they’re fishing the fissure for Fisher.
100
2.
Luke Luck likes lakes.
Luke’s duck likes lakes.
Luke Luck licks lakes.
Luck’s duck licks lakes.
Duck takes licks in lakes Luke Luck likes.
Luke Luck takes licks in lakes duck likes.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH&DOLIRUQLD*ROG5XVKµF
1. James Wilson Marshall discovered gold in the American
River northeast of present-day Sacramento.
2. The gold rush began after Sam Brannan, a storekeeper,
brandished a bottle with gold dust around San Francisco.
3. The gold-seekers traveled overland to California or took
the sea routes.
4. Native Americans were attacked and pushed off their
lands.
5. When the news of the discovery was printed the rush for
gold turned into a stampede.
6. The positive effects were development of railroads and
agriculture.
101
America and Americans
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
´$PHULFDQ)ORUDDQG)DXQDµF
1
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10
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America and Americans
The History of American Cowboys
The history of American cowboys tells a fascinating story. The
cowboy — the heroic figure of novels and films — was an underpaid,
under-thanked, but important laborer employed in difficult,
dangerous, and sometimes dreary work.
The true beginning of the history of cowboys began after the Civil
War. It was in these years the range cattle industry developed first
in Texas, beginning in the 1870s, in the Southwest and on the northern
Great Plains.
For their techniques and equipment, cowboys drew on both the
Spanish traditions of northern Mexico and southern Texas and those
of the Gulf coastal states.
The work year centered on important events: the round-up and
the long drive. From 1865 to 1880 at least 3,5 million cattle were
driven in herds of between 1,500 and 3,000 from southern Texas to
cattle towns in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming. The route most
frequently used was the Chisholm Trail, which went to Abilene,
Kansas — one of the wildest towns in the west.
Working up to 20 hours a day, cowboys drove the animals from
one watering place to the next, guarding against predators, straying
cattle, and the dreaded stampedes at night. Cowboys daily faced many
obstacles and dangers.
Somewhere around 1890, the cattle ranges became fenced in and
the growth of the railroads had eliminated the need for long cattle
drives. Thus the era of the old-fashioned cowboy came to an end.
103
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
fascinating — очаровательный
to employ — держать на службе
dreary — скучный
to draw on — использовать
frequently — часто
to come to an end — прийти к концу чего-либо
104
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉțȄȕȖȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȍ
1.
The cowboy was
a.
2.
The history of cowboys
began with
The main tasks of
cowboys were
b.
The route named the
Chisholm Trail, which
went to Abilene,
Kansas, was
The daily routine of
cowboys was
The cowboy is
d.
3.
4.
5.
6.
c.
e.
f.
most frequently used by
cowboys.
the heroic figure of novels
and films.
driving the animals from
one watering place to the
next, guarding against
predators, straying cattle.
an underpaid, but
important laborer, who
fulfilled difficult, dangerous,
and dreary work.
the round-up and the long
drive of the cattle.
the development of range
cattle industry.
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȕȏȒȆȓȒȖȉȐȉ
©ǰȏȉȎȒȓȌȖȄȢȝȌȉǵǼǤª
лось, койот, енот, бобр, мул, лошадь, бизон, барсук, косатка
P
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105
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Cowboy Killers
106
Marlboro cigarettes were first advertised as a women’s product
in the 1920s. The advertisements featured illustrations of women enjoying cigarettes in a variety of settings. When the brand was reintroduced in the 1950s, it was aimed at men, and featured the Marlboro cowboy. The cowboy was created by advertising executive Leo
Burnett in 1954. The Marlboro cowboy campaign is credited for transforming the product from a feminine to a more masculine brand.
Despite the success of the Marlboro Country campaign, Marlboro
faced a great deal of controversy and criticism. The original Marlboro Cowboys, Dick Hammer, Wayne McLaren, and David McLean,
all died of lung cancer. These events began furthering the argument
for anti-smoking legislation, and gave Marlboro products the nickname “Cowboy Killers”.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RI$PHULFDQ&RZER\VµF
1. The cowboy was an underpaid, but important laborer,
who fulfilled difficult, dangerous, and dreary work.
2. The history of cowboys began with the development of
range cattle industry.
3. The main tasks of cowboys were the round-up and the
long drive of the cattle.
4. The route named the Chisholm Trail, which went to
Abilene, Kansas, was most frequently used by cowboys.
5. The daily routine of cowboys was driving the animals
from one watering place to the next, guarding against
predators, straying cattle.
6. The cowboy is the heroic figure of novels and films.
107
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
©ǰȏȉȎȒȓȌȖȄȢȝȌȉǵǼǤªȕ
moose, coyote, racoon, beaver, mule, horse, bison, badger, orca
108
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America and Americans
Ku Klux Klan
Organized in 1866 by Confederate veterans as a social club in
Pulaski, Tennessee, the Ku Klux Klan was restructured a year later
in Nashville. The name of the organization was taken from the Greek
word kyklos, meaning “circle”, and the English word “clan”. Dressed
in robes and hoods Klansmen whipped and killed freed slaves in
night-time raids, destroying their crops and burning their houses and
barns of white sympathizers. Because of an increase in the number
of kidnappings and murders, the leader of the Klan N. B. Forrest
ordered to disband it in 1869, but local groups remained active. The
rest of the nation reacted strongly to the increased violence in the
South, and Congress decided to suppress disturbances by force, and
impose heavy penalties on terrorist organizations.
The Klan was reorganized in 1915, its popularity peaked in the
1920s when its membership exceeded 4 million nationally, with strong
organizations in the Midwest as well as in the South. The new Klan
began to persecute Roman Catholics, Jews, foreigners, Communists,
and organized labor. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the
Klan’s membership dropped dramatically.
After World War II, Southern civil-rights activities during the
1960s gave the Klan a new stimulus and led to revivals of scattered
Klan organizations. The most notable were Mississippi’s White
Knights, led by Robert Shelton. The newly revived groups were
responsible for violent attacks against blacks and civil-rights workers
throughout the South. In spite of its efforts, the new Klan was not
strong, and by the end of the decade its power had declined to
practically nothing.
http://history-world.org/ku_klux_klan.htm
109
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
110
to restructure — реорганизовывать
robes and hoods — мантии и капюшоны
to whip — хлестать
to disband — расформировывать, распускать
by force — силой
to impose heavy penalties — накладывать крупное взыскание
to exceed — превышать
to revive — возрождаться, воскресать
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉ ȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ Ȍȋ ȏȉȆȒȍ ȎȒȏȒȑȎȌ ȕ ȕȒȒȖȆȉȖ
ȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
to kidnap
a.
to cause to suffer because of belief
2.
violence
b.
something that rouses or incites
to activity
3.
to suppress
c.
to reach a maximum
4.
to peak
d.
to seize and detain or carry away by
unlawful force or fraud and often
with a demand for ransom
5.
to persecute
e.
to put down by authority or force
6.
stimulus
f.
rough or injurious physical force,
action, or treatment
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Beware of Greeks bearing gifts.
2. Better late than never.
3. Beggars can’t be choosers.
4. Beauty is only skin deep.
5. As you sow so shall you reap.
6. All’s well that ends well.
7. All things must pass.
8. All that glitters is not gold.
111
America and Americans
Funny Warnings: Signs
1. State Prison: Do Not Stop for Hitchhikers.
(Interstate 10, Near Phoenix, AZ)
2. Do not pass while opposing traffic present.
(Boyne Falls, Michigan, U.S. 131)
112
3. Warning to tourists: don’t laugh at the natives.
(Highway 26, Idaho Falls, Idaho)
4. The sign reads, “Ignore this sign”.
(Unknown Location)
5. At entrance to jail a sign reads, “No weapons beyond this
point”. Message is also written in braille underneath.
(Sheriff’s Dept., Warrden County, IN)
6. Warning: Do Not Hit This Sign.
(Rim Drive, Durango, CO)
7. In Jamaica, they call Speed Bumps “Sleeping Policemen”,
so in some parts of the island, there are signs that read,
“Warning! Sleeping Policemen Ahead”.
(Various Parts of Jamaica)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´.X.OX[.ODQµF
1. to kidnap — to seize and detain or carry away by
unlawful force or fraud and often with a demand for
ransom;
2. violence — rough or injurious physical force, action, or
treatment;
3. to suppress — to put down by authority or force;
4. to peak — to reach a maximum;
5. to persecute — to cause to suffer because of belief;
6. stimulus — something that rouses or incites to activity.
113
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Beware of Greeks bearing gifts. Don’t trust your
enemies.
114
2. Better late than never. To arrive or do something later
than expected isn’t good, but it is better than not to do it
at all.
3. Beggars can’t be choosers. If you request somebody to give
you something you should not question what you are given.
4. Beauty is only skin deep. Physical beauty is superficial.
5. As you sow so shall you reap. Your deeds, good or bad,
will repay you in kind.
6. All’s well that ends well. A risky enterprise is justified
so long as it turns out well in the end.
7. All things must pass. Nothing lasts forever.
8. All that glitters is not gold. Not everything that looks
precious or valuable is necessarily so.
America and Americans
Uncle Sam
In 1813, the United States gets its nickname, Uncle Sam. The name
is linked to Samuel Wilson, a meat packer from Troy, New York, who
supplied beef to the United States Army during the War of 1812.
Wilson (1766—1854) stamped the barrels with “U.S.” for United States,
but soldiers began referring to the food as “Uncle Sam’s.” The local
newspaper picked up on the story and Uncle Sam eventually gained
the nickname for the U.S. federal government.
In the late 1860s and 1870s, political cartoonist Thomas Nast
(1840—1902) began popularizing the image of Uncle Sam. Nast
continued to evolve the image, eventually giving Sam the white beard
and stars-and-stripes suit that are associated with the character today.
Perhaps the most famous image of Uncle Sam was created by artist
James Montgomery Flagg (1877—1960). In Flagg’s version, Uncle
Sam wears a tall top hat and blue jacket and is pointing straight ahead
at the viewer. During World War I, this portrait of Sam with the words
"I Want You For The U.S. Army" was used as a recruiting poster. The
image, which became immensely popular, was first used on the cover
of “Leslie’s Weekly” in July 1916 with the title “What Are You Doing
for Preparedness?” The poster was widely distributed and has
subsequently been re-used numerous times with different captions.
In September 1961, the U.S. Congress recognized Samuel Wilson
as “the progenitor of America’s national symbol of Uncle Sam.”
http://www.history.com
115
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
nickname — прозвище
to be linked to — быть связанным с чем-либо
to gain — получать
top hat — цилиндр
immensely — чрезвычайно
subsequently — впоследствии
progenitor — основатель, источник
116
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉ ȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉ Ȍ ȆȟȓȌȜȌȖȉ ȕȏȒȆȄ Ȍȋ ȖȉȎȕȖȄ
ȓȉȔȉȆȒȈȎȒȖȒȔȟșȈȄȑȑȌȊȉ
подпись под картинкой, упаковщик, снабжать, в итоге,
признавать, многочисленный, разнообразный
D
C
N
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A
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I
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America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȑȄȔȉțȌȣȐȌtoo, then,
first, however, initially, proudly, presumably, upside down,
specifically, supposedly.
Origin and History of the Word “Yankee”
___________, Yankee has been a fighting word. We _______
come across it in the names of pirates: one Captain Yankey, ______
known as Yankey Duch, ____________ meaning “Dutch”, mentioned
in 1683 and 1684, and a Captain John Williams, known as Yankey
or Yanky, in 1687 and 1688.
By 1765, it had been applied _______________ to inhabitants
of New England, and not as a compliment. The British liked Yankee,
_____, when they wanted a derisive epithet for the New England
provincials. The song “Yankee Doodle” is said to have been
composed by a British army surgeon “in derision of the provincial
troops”.
______ came the American Revolution, and the word as well
as the world turned ________________. What had been an insult
became a boast. Yankees used that name _________ for themselves
as they fought the British, and “Yankee Doodle” became the
marching song of the revolution.
Other, less likely origins have also been suggested. The earliest
suggestion comes from Thomas Anburey, a British officer serving
under General Burgoyne* in 1789. He claims it comes from the
Cherokee word eankke meaning coward. ____________, it was first
applied by Virginians to New Englanders who refused to help them
in their war with the Cherokees. No other reference to the Cherokee
word has been found, _________.
* General Burgoyne — a British army officer, politician and dramatist
117
America and Americans
Most Famous Ernest Hemingway Quotations
***
A man can be destroyed but not defeated.
***
Always do sober what you said you’d do drunk. That will teach
you to keep your mouth shut.
118
***
For a long time now I have tried simply to write the best I can.
Sometimes I have good luck and write better than I can.
***
Happiness in intelligent people is the rarest thing I know.
***
I learned never to empty the well of my writing, but always
to stop when there was still something there in the deep part
of the well, and let it refill at night from the springs that fed it.
***
I like to listen. I have learned a great deal from listening carefully.
Most people never listen.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´8QFOH6DPµF
caption, packer, supply, eventually, recognize,
numerous, different
D
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F
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N
T
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C
B
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B
D
С
L
C
V
R
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C
S
V
A
L
E
N
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G
Z
K
T
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119
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´2ULJLQDQG+LVWRU\RIWKH:RUG´<DQNHHµȕ
120
Initially, Yankee has been a fighting word. We first come across
it in the names of pirates: one Captain Yankey, also known as Yankey
Duch, presumably meaning “Dutch”, mentioned in 1683 and 1684,
and a Captain John Williams, known as Yankey or Yanky, in 1687
and 1688.
By 1765, it had been applied specifically to inhabitants of New
England, and not as a compliment. The British liked Yankee, too,
when they wanted a derisive epithet for the New England
provincials. The song “Yankee Doodle” is said to have been
composed by a British army surgeon “in derision
of the provincial troops”.
Then came the American Revolution, and the word as well
as the world turned upside down. What had been an insult became
a boast. Yankees used that name proudly for themselves as they
fought the British, and “Yankee Doodle” became the marching song
of the revolution.
Other, less likely origins have also been suggested. The earliest
suggestion comes from Thomas Anburey, a British officer serving
under Burgoyne in 1789. He claims it comes from the Cherokee
word eankke meaning coward. Supposedly, it was first applied
by Virginians to New Englanders who refused to help them in their
war with the Cherokees. No other reference to the Cherokee word
has been found, however.
America and Americans
The History of the American Flag
According to popular legend, the first American flag was made by
Betsy Ross, a Philadelphia seamstress, who often mended George
Washington’s clothes. In May 1776, so the story goes, General Washington
with his attendant visited Ross at her upholstery shop and showed her
a rough design of the flag. The design featured alternating red-andwhite striped field with six-pointed stars in a blue canton. Betsy accepted
the job to manufacture the flag, altering the design by replacing the sixpointed stars with five-pointed stars and arranging the stars in a circle.
What is known is that the flag, called the Grand Union Flag or the
Continental Colours, was raised on Jan. 1, 1776. The flag had 13
alternating red and white horizontal stripes and the British Union
Flag (a predecessor of the Union Jack) in the canton.
The first official national flag, also known as the Stars and Stripes,
was approved by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1777. “Resolved,
that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and
white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field representing
a new constellation.” Although nobody knows for sure who designed the
flag, it may have been Continental Congress member Francis Hopkinson.
After Vermont and Kentucky were admitted to the Union in 1791
and 1792, respectively, two more stars and two more stripes were
added in 1795. This 15-star, 15-stripe flag was the “star-spangled
banner” that inspired lawyer Francis Scott Key to write the poem that
later became the U.S. national anthem. In 1818, after five more states
had gained admittance, Congress passed legislation fixing the number
of stripes at 13 and requiring the number of stars to equal the number
of states. The last new star, bringing the total to 50, was added on July
4, 1960, after Hawaii became a state.
http://www.infoplease.com
121
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
rough — примерный, неокончательный
canton — квадратная или прямоугольная секция (обычно
в верхнем левом углу)
to approve — одобрять
to admit to — принимать в
respectively — соответственно
anthem — гимн
122
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȍȒȖȆȉȖȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕ
1. Who was Betsy Ross?
a. A cook.
c. A market woman.
b. A needlewoman.
d. A wife of General Washington.
2. What did 13 stars represent?
a. 13 military units which took part
in The American Revolutionary War.
b. The Union of the original 13 colonies.
c. 13 heroes of The American Revolutionary War.
d. Glory of General Washington.
3. Who may have designed the flag?
a. General Washington.
c. The officer.
b. A Continental Congress d. The seamstress.
member.
4. What was the last state to join the country?
a. Rhode Island.
c. Alaska.
b. Colorado.
d. Hawaii.
America and Americans
Funny Warnings: Drinks
1. Consumption of alcoholic beverages impairs your ability
to drive a car or operate machinery, and may cause health
problems.
(Miller Lite)
2. Warning — Contents may be hot.
(McDonald’s Coffee)
3. Contents under pressure. Cap may blow off causing eye
or other serious injury. Point away from face and people,
especially when opening.
(7 Up)
4. On bottom side: “Keep upright”.
(Tesco Fruit Juice Carton)
5. Suitable for vegetarians.
(Sainsbury’s Mineral Water)
6. Shake well and buy often.
(Silk Soy Milk).
7. Bottle exclusively designed for the use of Volvic Natural
Mineral Water. Do not refill.
(Volvic Natural Mineral Water)
8. Remove label before placing in microwave.
(Moet White Star Champagne)
123
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
ȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´$W6FKRROµ
American English
124
British English
1.
eraser
a.
State School
2.
Private School
b.
holiday
3.
Public School
c.
Staff Room
4.
vacation
d.
Play Time / Break Time
5.
sack lunch/bag lunch
e.
drawing pins
6.
Teachers’ Lounge
f.
Marking Scheme
7.
recess
g.
rubber
8.
Grading Scheme
h.
Headmaster/Headteacher
9.
pushpins or thumbtacks
i.
packed lunch
Principal
j.
Public School
10.
America and Americans
125
American flag on Broker's board, New York
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RIWKH$PHULFDQ)ODJµF
126
1. Who was Betsy Ross?
b. A needlewoman.
2. What did 13 stars represent?
b. The union of the original 13 colonies.
3. Who may have designed the flag?
b. A Continental Congress member.
4. What was the last state to join the country?
d. Hawaii.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
´$W6FKRROµȕ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Eraser — rubber.
Private School — Public School.
Public School — State School.
Vacation — holiday.
Sack lunch/bag lunch — packed lunch.
Teachers’ Lounge — Staff Room.
Recess — Play Time/Break Time.
Grading Scheme — Marking Scheme.
Pushpins or thumbtacks — drawing pins.
Principal — Headmaster/Headteacher.
America and Americans
The Star-Spangled Banner
In 1814, a Georgetown lawyer Francis Scott Key was asked to join
John S. Skinner, the U.S. government’s agent and help to release the
civilian prisoner from the British soldiers. The British feared that Key
and Skinner would divulge their plans for attacking Baltimore, and
so they detained the two men aboard a truce ship for the duration
of the battle. Key thus became an eyewitness to the bombardment of
Fort McHenry.
When he saw “by the dawn’s early light” of September 14th, 1814,
that the American flag soared above the fort, Key knew that Fort
McHenry had not surrendered. Moved by the sight, he began to
compose a poem on the back of a letter he was carrying. On September
16th, Key and his companions were taken back to Baltimore and
released. Key took a room in the Indian Queen Hotel and spent the
night revising and copying out the four verses he had written about
America’s victory. First titled “The Defence of Fort McHenry,” the
published broadside included instructions that it be sung to the 18th
century British melody “Anacreon in Heaven” — a tune Key had in
mind when he penned his poem. A music store subsequently published
the words and music under the title “The Star-Spangled Banner”.
During the 19th century, “The Star-Spangled Banner” became one
of the nation’s best-loved patriotic songs. In 1917, both the army and
the navy designated the song the “national anthem” for ceremonial
purposes. On March 3rd, 1931, a bill making “The Star-Spangled
Banner” the official national anthem was finally passed by Congress
and signed into law by President Herbert Hoover.
http://www.si.edu
127
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to release — освобождать
to divulge — разглашать, раскрывать
to detain — содержать под стражей
truce — перемирие
to surrender — сдаваться
broadside — разворот газеты
under the title — под названием
128
ǵȒȕȖȄȆȠȖȉȆȒȓȔȒȕȟȑȄȎȒȖȒȔȟȉȈȄȑȑȟȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
ȅȗȈȗȖȒȖȆȉȖȄȐȌ
1. The British feared that Key and Skinner would divulge their
plans for attacking Baltimore, and so they detained the
two men aboard a truce ship for the duration of the battle.
2. When Key saw that the American flag soared above the
fort, he knew that Fort McHenry had not surrendered.
3. Moved by the sight, Key began to compose a poem on
the back of a letter he was carrying.
4. On September 16th, Key and his companions were taken
back to Baltimore and released.
5. Key took a room in the Indian Queen Hotel and spent the
night revising and copying out the four verses he had
written.
6. He first titled the poem “The Defence of Fort McHenry”.
7. A music store published the words and music under the
title “The Star-Spangled Banner”.
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Don’t try to teach your Grandma to suck eggs.
2. Put the cart before the horse.
3. Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth.
4. Don’t keep a dog and bark yourself.
5. The Devil take the hindmost.
6. Don’t upset the apple-cart.
7. Blood is thicker than water.
8. Birds of a feather flock together.
129
America and Americans
The Star-Spangled Banner Lyrics
(by Francis Scott Key, 1814)
130
Extract
Oh, say can you see by the dawn’s early light
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?
And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
’Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH6WDU6SDQJOHG%DQQHUµF
1. Why did the British detain Francis Scott Key and John S.
Skinner aboard the truce ship?
2. How did Key find out that Fort McHenry had not surrendered?
3. Why did he begin to compose the poem?
4. When were Key and his companions released?
5. For what purpose did Key take a room in the Indian
Queen Hotel?
6. What was the first title of the poem?
7. Who published the poem under the title “The Star-Spangled Banner”?
131
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Don’t try to teach your Grandma to suck eggs. Don’t
try to teach someone who has experience in that area.
2. Put the cart before the horse. To have things confused
and mixed up.
132
3. Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth. Don’t be critical
when you receive a gift.
4. Don’t keep a dog and bark yourself. It makes no sense
to do the job yourself if you pay someone to do it.
5. The Devil take the hindmost. Everyone has to fight for
his or her own survival.
6. Don’t upset the apple-cart. Don’t create a difficulty.
7. Blood is thicker than water. Relatives have stronger
obligations to each other than to people outside the
family.
8. Birds of a feather flock together. People who have a lot
in common communicate with each other.
America and Americans
National Flag
Mary Pickersgill, a Baltimore flag maker, was asked to sew two
flags for Fort McHenry: a smaller storm flag (17 by 25 ft) and a larger
garrison flag (30 by 42 ft).
The larger of these two flags would become known as the “StarSpangled Banner.” Pickersgill stitched it from a combination of dyed
English wool bunting, red and white stripes and blue union, and
white cotton for stars. Each star is about two feet in diameter, each
stripe about 24 inches wide. The Star-Spangled Banner’s impressive
scale (about one-fourth the size of a modern basketball court) reflects
its purpose as a garrison flag. It was intended to fly from a flagpole
about ninety feet high and be visible from great distances. At its
original dimensions of 30 by 42 feet, it was larger than the modern
garrison flags used today by the United States Army, which have
a standard size of 20 by 38 feet.
The first Flag Act, adopted on June 14th, 1777, created the original
United States flag of thirteen stars and thirteen stripes. The StarSpangled Banner has fifteen stars and fifteen stripes as provided for
in the second Flag Act approved by Congress on January 13th, 1794.
The additional stars and stripes represent Vermont and Kentucky
joining the Union. Pickersgill spent between six and eight weeks
making the flags, and they were delivered to Fort McHenry on August
19th, 1813. The government paid $405.90 for the garrison flag and
$168.54 for the storm flag.
http://www.si.edu
133
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
134
storm — гроза
garrison flag — гарнизонный флаг
to stitch — шить
dyed — окрашенный
bunting — материя для флагов
impressive scale — внушительный масштаб, размер
to provide for — предусматривать
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
to sew
2.
scale
3.
modern
4.
to reflect
5.
purpose
6.
to be intended for
7.
visible
8.
to create
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉ ȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌ Ȇ ȖȉȎȕȖȉ ȕȗȝȉȕȖȆȌȖȉȏȠȑȟȐȌ
citizenship, change, beverages, movie, time, consumer, period,
industrialist, decade, right.
Roaring Twenties
The 1920’s were a time of _______________ in the United States.
For the first _______________ in history, more people were living
in cities than in the country. The United States was also more wealthy
than it had ever been.
The first _______________ theaters, called palaces, opened in
1915 in New York City. Historians estimate that by the end of the
_______________, three-quarters of the American population
visited a movie theater every week.
Prohibition occurred between 1920—1933. This ____________
of time was when the Eighteenth Amendment was in force and
alcoholic _______________ could not legally be manufactured,
transported, or sold in the United States.
In 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave
women the _______________ to vote, and declared that they
deserved full _______________.
Henry Ford was an American _______________ who
revolutionized factory production with his assembly-line methods
during the Roaring Twenties. The most important _______________
product of the 1920’s was the automobile.
135
America and Americans
Native American Proverbs
1. There can never be peace between nations until it is first
known that true peace is within the souls of men.
(Oglala Sioux)
136
2. Love yourself; get outside yourself and take action. Focus
on the solution; be at peace.
(Sioux)
3. Be satisfied with the needs instead of the wants.
(Teeton Sioux)
4. Deeds speak louder than words.
(Assiniboine)
5. Inner peace and love are the greatest of God’s gifts.
(Tenton Sioux)
6. Do not only point out the way, but lead the way.
(Sioux)
7. Seek wisdom, not knowledge. Knowledge is of the past,
wisdom is of the future.
(Lumbee)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´1DWLRQDO)ODJµF
1. to sew — to stitch;
2. scale — size;
3. modern — up-to-date;
4. to reflect — to indicate;
5. purpose — aim;
6. to be intended for — to be designed for;
7. visible — observable;
8. to create — to make.
137
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´5RDULQJ7ZHQWLHVµF
The 1920’s were a time of change in the United States. For the first
time in history, more people were living in cities than in the country.
138
The United States was also more wealthy than it had ever been.
The first movie theaters, called palaces, opened in 1915 in New
York City. Historians estimate that by the end of the decade, threequarters of the American population visited a movie theater every
week.
Prohibition occurred between 1920—1933. This period of time
was when the Eighteenth Amendment was in force and alcoholic
beverages could not legally be manufactured, transported, or sold
in the United States.
In 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women
the right to vote, and declared that they deserved full citizenship.
Henry Ford was an American industrialist who revolutionized
factory production with his assembly-line methods during the
Roaring Twenties. The most important consumer product of the
1920’s was the automobile.
America and Americans
The Great Seal
th
On July 4 , 1776, the Continental Congress appointed a committee
consisting of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson
to design a national seal. After many delays, a verbal description of
a design was finally approved by Congress on June 20th, 1782.
Although this description was adopted in 1782, the first drawing was
not made until four years later, and no die has ever been cut.
The obverse features the American bald eagle supporting a shield
composed of 13 red and white stripes representing the Thirteen
Original states with a blue bar uniting the shield and representing
Congress. The motto of the United States “E Pluribus Unum” (out of
many, one) refers to this union. The olive branch and 13 arrows
grasped by the eagle imply peace and war, powers solely vested in
the Congress, and the constellation of stars, breaking through a cloud
symbolizes the new Nation taking its place among the sovereign
powers. The eagle faces right, which is proper in heraldry.
The reverse shows the unfinished pyramid which signifies strength
and duration, the eye over it and the motto “Annuit Coeptis” (He,
[God,] has favored our undertakings), refer to the many interventions
of Providence in favor of the American cause. The Roman numerals
below are the date of the Declaration of Independence. The words
under it, “Novus Ordo Seclorum” (a new order of the ages), signify
the beginning of the new American era beginning in 1776.
The obverse of the Great Seal authenticates the President’s signature
on international treaties and other official documents and is used
2—3,000 times a year.
http://www.justice.gov
139
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
140
to appoint — назначать
to be approved by — быть утвержденным кем–либо
obverse — лицевая сторона (печати)
bald eagle — белоголовый орлан, государственный символ США
to imply — означать
constellation — созвездие
reverse — обратная сторона (печати)
intervention — вмешательство
ǫȄȎȒȑțȌȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. On July 4th, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed
a committee _____________________________________
2. The obverse features ______________________________
3. Red and white stripes represent — ___________________
_______________________________________________
4. The constellation of stars symbolizes __________________
5. The reverse shows ________________________________
6. The Roman numerals at the bottom of the pyramid ______
_______________________________________________
7. The obverse of the Great Seal authenticates __________
________________________________________________
America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know about California?”
ǨȒȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣȆȟȅȔȄȆȒȈȌȑȌȋȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȑȟș
ȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȒȆ
1. California raises more … than any other state.
a. horses
c. turkeys
b. lambs
d. mushrooms
2. California grows more … than any other state.
a. cotton
c. mushrooms
b. avocados
d. legumes
3. In Pacific Grove there is a law on the books establishing
a $500 fine for molesting …
a. coyotes.
c. butterflies.
b. chipmunks.
d. rats.
4. Totaling nearly three million acres … is the largest county
in the country.
a. San Bernardino County
c. Santa Clara County
b. Los Angeles County
d. Alameda County
5. The first person to personally receive a star on the Walk
of Fame in Hollywood was …
a. Judy Garland.
c. Joanne Woodward.
b. Paul Newman.
d. Shirley Temple.
141
America and Americans
Most Famous Mark Twain Quotations
***
Don’t let schooling interfere with your education.
***
Drag your thoughts away from your troubles? by the ears,
by the heels, or any other way you can manage it.
142
***
Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know
because I’ve done it thousands of times.
***
Honesty is the best policy — when there is money in it.
***
I have never taken any exercise except sleeping and resting.
***
If you tell the truth, you don’t have to remember anything.
***
Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind
can see.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´*UHDW6HDOµF
1. On July 4th, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed
a committee to design a national seal.
2. The obverse features the American bald eagle supporting
a shield composed of 13 red and white stripes with a blue
bar uniting the shield.
3. Red and white stripes represent the Thirteen Original
states.
4. The constellation of stars symbolizes the new Nation
taking its place among the sovereign powers.
5. The reverse shows the unfinished pyramid, the eye over
it and the motto “Annuit Coeptis”.
6. The Roman numerals at the bottom of the pyramid are
the date of the Declaration of Independence.
7. The obverse of the Great Seal authenticates the
President’s signature on international treaties and other
official documents.
143
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
4XL]´:KDW'R<RX.QRZDERXW&DOLIRUQLD"µȕ
1. California raises more turkeys than any other state.
2. California grows more avocados than any other state.
3. In Pacific Grove there is a law on the books establishing
a $500 fine for molesting EXWWHUÁLHV.
144
4. Totaling nearly three million acres, San Bernardino
County is the largest county in the country.
5. The first person to personally receive a star on the Walk
of Fame in Hollywood was Joanne Woodward.
America and Americans
The National Bird of the USA
The bald eagle was chosen as the emblem of the United States of
America in 1782, because of its long life, great strength and majestic
looks, and also because it was then believed to exist only on this
continent. Living on the tops of lofty mountains, amid the solitary
grandeur of Nature, he has unlimited freedom.
It is said the eagle was used as a national emblem because, at one
of the first battles of the Revolution (which occurred early in the
morning) the noise of the struggle awoke the sleeping eagles on the
heights and they flew from their nests and circled about over the
heads of the fighting men, all the while giving vent to their raucous
cries. "They are shrieking for Freedom," said the patriots.
Thus the eagle, full of the boundless spirit of freedom, living above
the valleys, strong and powerful in his might, has become the national
emblem of a country that offers freedom in word and thought and
an opportunity for a full and free expansion into the boundless space
of the future.
The Eagle became the National emblem in 1782 when the great seal
of the United States was adopted. The Great Seal shows a wide-spread
eagle, faced front, having on his breast a shield with thirteen perpendicular
red and white stripes, surmounted by a blue field with the same number
of stars. In his right talon the eagle holds an olive branch, in his left
a bundle of thirteen arrows, and in his beak he carries a scroll inscribed
with the motto: "E Pluribus Unum", which means “Out of many, one.”
The Bald Eagle appears on most official seals of the US government
including the Seal of the US President.
http://www.baldeagleinfo.com
145
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
strength — сила
majestic — величественный
lofty — очень высокий
raucous — хриплый
spirit of freedom — дух свободы
boundless space — безграничное пространство
146
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȕȏȒȆȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄ
A
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America and Americans
ǴȄȕȎȔȒȍȖȉȕȎȒȅȎȌȌȗȓȒȖȔȉȅȌȖȉȇȏȄȇȒȏȟȆȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȍ
ȘȒȔȐȉ
The History of Pizza in the USA
For many people, especially among the Italian-American
population, the first American pizzas (know) ____________
as Tomato Pie. Even in the present 21st century, present-day tomato
pie commonly (find) _________ in the Northeastern United States,
especially in Italian bakeries in central New York. Tomato pies (be)
__________ the opposite of pizza pies — first the cheese, then the
toppings, and then the sauce.
Gennaro Lombardi (say) _________ to have opened the first
United States Pizzeria in New York City. It wasn’t until the early
1930s that he (add) _______ tables and chairs and sold spaghetti
as well. With the stationing of American soldiers in Italy during
World War II came a growing appreciation of pizza. When the
soldiers (return) __________ from war, they (bring) _________ with
them a taste for pizza.
The first commercial pizza-pie mix, “Roman Pizza Mix”, (produce)
______________ in Worcester, Massachusetts by Frank A. Fiorello.
It wasn’t until the 1950s that Americans really started noticing
pizza. Celebrities of Italian origin, such as Jerry Colonna, Frank
Sinatra, Jimmy Durante, and baseball star Joe DiMaggio all (devour)
__________ pizzas. It also (say) _______ that the line from the song
by famous singer, Dean Martin; “When the moon hits your eye like
a big pizza pie, that amore” set America singing and eating pizzas.
http://whatscookingamerica.net
147
America and Americans
Difference between British and American Spelling
148
British
American
-re
-er
amphitheatre
amphitheater
centimetre
centimeter
centre
center
fibre
fiber
kilometre
kilometer
litre
liter
lustre
luster
louvre
louver
manoeuvre
maneuver
metre
meter
spectre
specter
theatre
theater
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH(DJOHµF
A
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149
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RI3L]]DLQWKH86$µȕ
150
For many people, especially among the Italian-American
population, the first American pizzas were known as Tomato Pie.
Even in the present 21st century, present-day tomato pie is
commonly found in the Northeastern United States, especially in
Italian bakeries in central New York. Tomato pies are the opposite
of pizza pies — first the cheese, then the toppings, and then the
sauce.
Gennaro Lombardi is said to have opened the first United States
Pizzeria in New York City. It wasn’t until the early 1930s that
he added tables and chairs and sold spaghetti as well. With the
stationing of American soldiers in Italy during World War II came
a growing appreciation of pizza. When the soldiers returned from
war, they brought with them a taste for pizza.
The first commercial pizza-pie mix, “Roman Pizza Mix,” was
produced in Worcester, Massachusetts by Frank A. Fiorello.
It wasn’t until the 1950s that Americans really started noticing
pizza. Celebrities of Italian origin, such as Jerry Colonna, Frank
Sinatra, Jimmy Durante, and baseball star Joe DiMaggio all devoured
pizzas. It is also said that the line from the song by famous singer,
Dean Martin; “When the moon hits your eye like a big pizza pie,
that amore” set America singing and eating pizzas.
America and Americans
The History of the Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty is one of the most valuable symbols of the
USA. In 1886 the people of France gave the Statue to the people of
the USA in recognition of the friendship established during the
American Revolution. Over the years, the Statue of Liberty’s symbolism
has grown to include freedom and democracy as well as this
international friendship.
Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design
a sculpture to commemorate the centennial of the American
Declaration of Independence. It was agreed upon that the American
people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were
responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States.
However, lack of funds was a problem for both countries. In France,
public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were used to
raise funds. In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions,
auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds.
Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an
engineer. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was
commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal
framework which allows the Statue’s copper skin to move independently
yet stand upright.
The pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886. The Statue
was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor
in June of 1885. In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual
pieces. On October 28th 1886, the dedication of the Statue of Liberty
took place in front of thousands of spectators. She was a centennial
gift ten years late.
151
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to be one of — быть одним из
recognition — признание
to commission — назначать на должность
to commemorate — почтить память
to raise funds — привлечь средства
to require — нуждаться
152
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1. The Statue was given to the people
of the USA in recognition of events
which happened during the Civil
War.
2. The Statue commemorates the centennial of the American Declaration
of Independence.
3. There were a lot of problems which
were connected with funding of the
project.
4. Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi
created the Statue alone.
5. The Statue was created in the USA.
False
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
2.
pipe dream
power dressing
a.
b.
3.
prime time
c.
4.
d.
5.
pull the wool
over your eyes
quality time
6.
rise and shine
f.
7.
road rage
g.
8.
run of the mill
h.
e.
to deceive, to hoodwink
time in which individual
attention is given to an
otherwise neglected child
or partner
violent behaviour of drivers
when annoyed by other road
users’ actions
get out of bed and prepare for
work
an ordinary, basic article, with no
decoration or augmentation
a stylish and expensive clothing
style, intended to convey the
impression of assertiveness and
competence
the time of day when the TV
audience is at its largest
an unrealistic hope or fantasy
153
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Incredible American Leaders
154
◆ William Jennings Bryan was a tireless defender of the farmers
and laborers. He won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in
1890 and worked relentlessly to better the condition of the economically
impoverished class. His efforts earned him the title the “Great
Commoner”.
◆ Benjamin Franklin was a multi-faceted genius. He was a writer,
a scientist, a statesman, an inventor, a civic leader and a diplomat.
He was also the only person to sign the Declaration of Independence,
the peace treaty with Britain that ended the Revolutionary War, and
the Constitution.
◆ George C. Marshall is best remembered for his efforts to establish
peace. He held important posts during World War I, and in World
War II, Marshall became head of the Army. As Secretary of State,
he convinced the Congress to give Europe $13 billion to help rebuild.
The “Marshall Plan” as it is popularly known won acclamation from
many quarters. It was the harbinger of peace and hope to many
nations. Marshall received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
◆ Thurgood Marshall is a famous American leader. The credit
of being the first Afro-American member of the Supreme Court goes
to Thurgood Marshall. Throughout his life, Marshall used the law
to promote social justice and civil rights.
◆ George S. Patton is remembered in history as one of the most
effective American generals of the Second World War. He was
a brilliant commander and an inspiring leader.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RI7KH6WDWXHRI/LEHUW\µF
1. The Statue was given to the people of the USA
in recognition of events which happened during the Civil
War. False
2. The Statue commemorates the centennial of the
American Declaration of Independence. True
3. There were a lot of problems which were connected with
funding of the project. True
4. Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi created the Statue
alone. False
5. The Statue was created in the USA. False
155
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. pipe dream — an unrealistic hope or fantasy;
2. power dressing — a stylish and expensive clothing style,
intended to convey the impression of assertiveness and
competence;
156
3. prime time — the time of day when the TV audience
is at its largest;
4. pull the wool over your eyes — to deceive, to hoodwink;
5. quality time — time in which individual attention is given
to an otherwise neglected child or partner;
6. rise and shine — get out of bed and prepare for work;
7. road rage — violent behaviour of drivers when annoyed
by other road users’ actions;
8. run of the mill — an ordinary, basic article, with
no decoration or augmentation.
America and Americans
The White House
For more than 200 years, the White House has stood as a symbol
of the Presidency, the United States government, and the American
people. Its history began when President George Washington signed
an Act of Congress in December of 1790 declaring that the federal
government would reside in a district on the river Potomac. President
Washington chose the site for the new residence. As preparations began,
a competition was held to find a builder. Irish-born architect James
Hoban won a gold medal for his practical and handsome design.
Construction began in October of 1792. Although President Washington
oversaw the construction of the house, he never lived in it.
When the White House was nearly completed in 1800, its first
residents, President John Adams and his wife Abigail, moved in. Since
that time, each President has made his own changes and additions.
The White House is, after all, the President’s private home. It is also
the only private residence of the head of state that is open to the
public free of charge.
The White House has a unique and fascinating history. It survived
a fire at the hands of the British in 1814 during the War of 1812, and
another fire in 1929. During Harry S. Truman’s presidency, the interior
of the house was completely gutted and renovated.
President Jefferson opened the house for public tours, and it has
remained open, except during wartime. In addition, he welcomed
visitors to annual receptions on New Year’s Day and the Fourth of July.
Receptions on these days continued to be held until the early 1930s.
http://www.scholastic.com
157
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to stand as a symbol — выступать в качестве символа
to reside — проживать
competition — конкурс
handsome — красивый
a head of state — глава государства
free of charge — бесплатно
158
DzȖȆȉȖȠȖȉȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. When did the history of the White House begin?
2. How was the builder found?
3. When did the construction of The White House begin?
4. Did President Washington ever live in The White House?
5. Who was the first President who lived in The White
House?
6. Does the public have an opportunity to visit The White
House?
7. Were there any reconstructions of The White House?
8. Who opened the house for public tours?
America and Americans
dzȒȕȖȄȆȠȖȉȇȏȄȇȒȏȟȆȕȎȒȅȎȄșȆȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȗȢȘȒȔȐȗ
The Family Life of the White House
The White House (serve) ______________ as the home for the
President and his family since November 1800, when President
John Adams and his wife Abigail (become) ________ the mansion’s
first residents.
On September 9th, 1893, First Lady Frances Cleveland (give)
______ birth to Esther Cleveland, her and President Grover
Cleveland’s second daughter. Esther is the only child of a president
to ever be born in the White House.
In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt and his family (gather)
__________ to celebrate Christmas. President Roosevelt (take)
______ great pleasure in watching his children and grandchildren
open gifts. But the President (be) _____ so busy leading the war
effort that he (not have) _______________ time to open his own
gifts. A few weeks later, a housekeeper (find) _______ the President’s
gifts in a closet — unopened.
Although the East Room (be) _________ the site of many happy
occasions, it has also been a place where mourners have gathered.
The Green Room (house) ________ the body of Abraham Lincoln’s
son, Willie, who died of an illness.
President Theodore Roosevelt’s six children so (fill) ________the
home with joy and laughter that he (order) _________ the
construction of a temporary building to serve as office space for
his staff. Today, that building is called the West Wing.
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
159
America and Americans
Tongue Twisters
1.
Moses supposes his toes are roses,
But Moses supposes erroneously
For nobody’s toes are poses of roses
As Moses supposes his toes to be!
160
2.
Willoughby wallaby wee, an elephant sat on me.
Willoughby wallaby woo, an elephant sat on you.
Willoughby wallaby Wustin, an elephant sat on Justin.
Willoughby wallaby Wania, an elephant sat on Tania.
3.
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread —
Spread it thick say it quick
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread —
Spread it thicker say it quicker
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread —
Don’t eat with your mouth full.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH:KLWH+RXVHµF
1. The history of the White House began in when President
George Washington signed an Act of Congress
in December of 1790 declaring that the federal
government would reside in a district on the river
Potomac.
2. The builder was found with the help of the competition.
3. The construction of The White House began in October
of 1792.
4. No, he didn’t. He never lived in it.
5. The first President who lived in The White House was
John Adams.
6. Yes, it does. It is the only private residence of a head
of state that is open to the public free of charge.
7. Yes. The interior of the house was completely renovated.
8. The house was opened for public tours by President
Jefferson.
161
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH)DPLO\/LIHRIWKH:KLWH+RXVHµȕ
162
The White House has served as the home for the President and
his family since November 1800, when President John Adams and
his wife Abigail became the mansion’s first residents.
On September 9th, 1893, First Lady Frances Cleveland gave birth
to Esther Cleveland, her and President Grover Cleveland’s second
daughter. Esther is the only child of a president to ever be born
in the White House.
In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt and his family gathered
to celebrate Christmas. President Roosevelt took great pleasure
in watching his children and grandchildren open gifts. But the
President was so busy leading the war effort that he did not have
time to open his own gifts. A few weeks later, a housekeeper found
the President’s gifts in a closet — unopened.
Although the East Room has been the site of many happy
occasions, it has also been a place where mourners have gathered.
The Green Room housed the body of Abraham Lincoln’s son, Willie,
who died of an illness.
President Theodore Roosevelt’s six children so filled the home with
joy and laughter that he ordered the construction of a temporary
building to serve as office space for his staff. Today, that building
is called the West Wing.
America and Americans
The Capitol
The United States Capitol is the meeting place of the United States
Congress, the legislature of the federal government of the United
States. The construction began in 1793. But the Capitol and its
grounds were being enlarged, and by 1892 the building had reached
essentially its present size and appearance.
Despite the enlargement of the Capitol, the crowding inside soon
became intolerable. In 1897 the Library departed the Capitol for its
own separate building, which is today known as the Thomas Jefferson
Building. This event was followed by the construction of the first
separate buildings for the House and Senate.
The 1930s was a decade of major construction within the growing
Capitol campus. The Supreme Court at last found a permanent home
when its own building was completed in 1935.
The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States, beginning
in 1856 with Italian artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in
the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The
murals, known as the Brumidi Corridors, reflect great moments and
people in United States history. Among the original works are those
depicting Benjamin Franklin, John Fitch, Robert Fulton, and events
such as the Cession of Louisiana. Brumidi’s design left many spaces
open so that future events in United States history could be added.
Among those added are the Moon landing and the Challenger shuttle
crew. The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection,
comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states.
163
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
the meeting place — место встречи
to enlarge — увеличиваться
despite — несмотря на что-либо
mural — фреска
ǴȄȕȕȖȄȆȠȖȉ ȕȏȒȆȄ Ȇ ȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȐ ȓȒȔȣȈȎȉ Ȍ ȋȄȓȌȜȌȖȉ
ȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
164
1. is/of/United States/the/Congress/of/federal government/
the/legislature/the.
____________________________
_____________________________________________
2. and/by 1892/appearance/the/size/building/reached/its/
had/present/essentially. ___________________________
_______________________________________________
3. home/in 1935/the Capitol/Supreme Court/became/the/a/
of/permanent. ___________________________________
_______________________________________________
4. and/in/the/history/murals/United States/reflect/people/
great/moments. __________________________________
_______________________________________________
5. The National Statuary Hall Collection/states/by/comprises/
fifty/two/the/statues/of/each/donated. _______________
_______________________________________________
6. was/the Capitol/in 1897/from/the/separated/library. ____
_______________________________________________
America and Americans
Most Famous Quotes about America
***
The bosom of America is open to receive not only the Opulent
and respectable Stranger, but the oppressed and persecuted of all
Nations And Religions; whom we shall welcome to a participation of
all our rights and privileges, if by decency and propriety of conduct
they appear to merit the enjoyment.
(George Washington)
***
I still believe in a place called Hope, a place called America.
(Bill Clinton)
***
We speak with pride and admiration of that little band
of Americans who overcame insuperable odds to set this nation on
course 200 years ago. But our glory didn’t end with them. Americans
ever since have emulated their deeds.
(Ronald Reagan)
***
America did not invent human rights. In a very real sense,
it is the other way round. Human rights invented America.
(Jimmy Carter)
165
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
“White House Pets”
1
2
3
5
6
7
166
8
9
10
4
America and Americans
$FURVV
3. Whom president’s Jimmy Carter’s daughter kept as a pet
called Misty Malarky Ying Yang? 6. What breed of dog were
President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Him and Her? 7. The tenth President,
John Tyler, had a type of greyhound named “Le Beau”. What sort
of greyhound was he? 8. Nip and Tuck belonged to Calvin
Coolidge. What breed of domestic bird were they? 9. Theodore
Roosevelt’s daughter had an unusual pet that she named Emily
Spinach — what was it? 10. What animal, called Pushinka,
John F. Kennedy was given as a gift for his daughter Caroline?
'RZQ
1. Woodrow Wilson, the twenty-eighth President, raised sheep
on the White House lawns, patriotically using their wool to make
clothes and sheets for the soldiers in WWI. His apparent favourite
was Old Ike, a ram that chewed something unusual — what?
2. What was President Benjamin Harrison’s pet that he called His
Whiskers? 4. What large, furry, Arizona arachnid is scary-looking
but usually harmless to humans? 5. What breed of dog was Heidi
Eisenhower?
167
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
The Library of Congress
168
The Library of Congress has more than 151 million items! These
items are stored on more than 530 miles of shelves in three buildings
near the U.S. Capitol building. In addition to the Jefferson Building,
the Library has expanded to two more buildings: the John Adams
Building and the James Madison Building. The oldest written material
in the Library dates to 2040 B.C. But the Library also has millions
of items in digital format too, and it gets bigger every day. About
4 million items were added to the Library in 1999 alone. If you visit
Washington, D.C., be sure to visit the Library of Congress, across the
street from the U.S. Capitol.
http://kids.usembassy.or.kr
The Library of Congress
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH&DSLWROµF
1. Congress is the legislature of the federal government of
the United States.
2. By 1892 the building had reached essentially its present
size and appearance.
3. The Capitol became a permanent home of the Supreme
Court in 1935.
4. The murals reflect great moments and people in United
States history.
5. The National Statuary Hall Collection comprises two
statues donated by each of the fifty states.
6. In 1897 the library was separated from the Capitol.
169
America and Americans
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
´:KLWH+RXVH3HWVµȕ
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170
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America and Americans
The Lincoln Memorial Myths
Almost since its completion in 1922, the memorial to Abraham
Lincoln has conjured up several myths associated with its architectural
details. Whereas there are a few symbolic representations in the details,
such as the thirty-six columns representing the number of states
at the time of his death, many more suggested symbols are pure myth.
Is Abraham Lincoln buried underneath, or entombed within, the
stone structure? After his death in 1865, Lincoln’s body was buried
in his hometown of Springfield, Illinois. His memorial construction
was begun in 1914 with no plans to move his body.
When one visits the Memorial, one climbs 57 steps leading to the
chamber containing the statue. Many visitors assume the 57 steps
equal Lincoln’s age at his death; however, Lincoln was just 56 years
old when he was killed in April 1865.
Another myth concerns Lincoln’s hands. Are they forming the
American Sign Language symbols for his initials, A and L? The
answer is no. The sculptor, Daniel Chester French, used molds cast
in 1860 of Lincoln’s hands to guide his work.
Two of Lincoln’s important speeches are engraved onto the walls
of the chamber; on the south wall is the Gettysburg Address, and
on the north wall is his Second Inaugural Address. Quite often people
ask about the misspelled word in the Second Inaugural Address, but
there is none. The carver inadvertently carved a letter “E” where he
meant to carve an “F”. This error was corrected by filling in a portion
of the carving yielding an “F”, forever removing any misspelled word.
www.nps.gov
171
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to conjure up — вызывать в воображении
suggested — предполагаемый
underneath — внизу
initials — инициалы
misspelled word — слово с орфографической ошибкой
172
&ȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉțȄȕȖȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȍ
1.
The Lincoln Memorial
a.
2.
Only a few suggested
symbols
Lincoln’s body was
buried in
The construction of the
memorial
The number of steps in
the memorial
Lincoln was assassinated
b.
Two of Lincoln’s
important speeches
There are no
g.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
c.
d.
e.
f.
h.
his hometown
of Springfield, Illinois.
began in 1914.
when he was 56 years
old.
are true.
are engraved onto the
walls of the chamber.
has always been
connected with myths.
spelling mistakes
in the engravings.
is not connected with
Lincoln’s age.
America and Americans
173
Lincoln's statue
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
2. Forewarned is forearmed.
3. Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent
perspiration.
4. Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day; show him
how to catch fish, and you feed him for a lifetime.
5. Good fences make good neighbours.
6. Murphy’s Law.
7. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.
8. If the shoe fits, wear it.
America and Americans
Most Famous Frank Sinatra Quotations
***
Alcohol may be man’s worst enemy, but the bible says love your
enemy.
174
***
Basically, I’m for anything that gets you through the night —
be it prayer, tranquilizers or a bottle of Jack Daniels.
***
Dare to wear the foolish clown face.
***
Don’t get even, get mad.
***
I feel sorry for people who don’t drink. When they wake
up in the morning, that’s as good as they’re going to feel all day.
***
I like intelligent women. When you go out, it shouldn’t
be a staring contest.
***
I would like to be remembered as a man who had a wonderful
time living life, a man who had good friends, fine family — and
I don’t think I could ask for anything more than that, actually.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH/LQFROQ0HPRULDO0\WKVµF
1. The Lincoln Memorial has always been connected with
myths.
2. Only a few suggested symbols are true.
3. Lincoln’s body was buried in his hometown of Springfield,
Illinois.
4. The construction of the memorial began in 1914.
5. The number of steps in the memorial is not connected
with Lincoln’s age.
6. Lincoln was assassinated when he was 56 years old.
7. Two of Lincoln’s important speeches are engraved onto
the walls of the chamber.
8. There are no spelling mistakes in the engravings.
175
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. The rash
or inexperienced will attempt things that wiser people
are more cautious of.
2. Forewarned is forearmed. Advance warning provides
an advantage.
176
3. Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent
perspiration. Genius is largely the result of hard work,
rather than an inspired flash of insight.
4. Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day; show
him how to catch fish, and you feed him for a lifetime.
Help people learn to stand on their own feet, instead
of keeping them dependent on daily handouts.
5. Good fences make good neighbours. It is better for
people to mind their own business and to respect the
privacy of others.
6. Murphy’s Law. If anything can go wrong, it will.
7. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. If something is working
adequately well, leave it alone.
8. If the shoe fits, wear it. If a description applies to you,
then accept it.
America and Americans
Washington Monument
The Washington Monument was built to pay public respect to the
first President of the United States of America, George Washington.
This 555-foot-tall obelisk is the tallest building in the District of
Columbia, any other building in D.C. is banned to be taller.
The architect who designed Washington, D.C., Pierre Charles L’Enfant,
planned in 1783 to have a monument honoring George Washington
near the White House and Capitol. In 1833 the Washington National
Monument Society was formed with the purpose of deciding upon an
appropriate memorial. This group had a design competition, and in
1836, the architect Robert Mills’ monument design won the contest.
Work on the stone monument did not begin until July 4th, 1848
because of a lack of funds. Work on the monument was stopped in
1854 when the monument was only 152 feet tall, after donations
decreased. The project was almost abandoned, but work finally began
again in 1876. Also, the Army Corps of Engineers, who started working
on the monument after the Civil War, determined that the foundation
was not sufficient for the 600-foot-tall obelisk that was originally
planned, so a 550-foot-monument was built. At the top of the monument
there is a nine-inch tall aluminum pyramid (when the monument was
built, aluminum was newly-discovered, scarce, and very expensive).
The exterior of the Washington Monument was completed on
December 6th, 1884. It was opened to the public on October 9th, 1888
after the interior was completed. Inside the Washington Monument
there is an observation deck at 500 feet. Lightning rods at the top
protect the monument from lightning strikes.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com
177
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to pay public respect — почитать, чтить
to ban — запрещать
appropriate — подходящий
a lack of funds — недостаток финансирования
to abandon — прекращать, бросать
sufficient — достаточный
178
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȇȄȐȌ
1. This 555-foot-tall obelisk is the tallest building ______ the
District of Columbia, any other building in D. C. is banned
to be taller.
2. Work on the stone monument did not begin _____ July 4th,
1848 because ___ a lack of funds.
3. It was opened to the public ___ October 9th, 1888 ________
the interior was completed.
4. At the top ______ the monument there is a nine-inch tall
aluminum pyramid…
5. The Washington Monument was built to pay public respect
___ the first President ___ the United States of America,
George Washington.
6. The project was almost abandoned, but work finally began
again ___ 1876.
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȇȄȐȌ
Francis Scott Fitzgerald
Born September 24th, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota, Fitzgerald was
famous ____ his depictions ____ the Jazz Age. Named ____ his
distant cousin, Francis Scott Key, author ____ “The Star-Spangled
Banner”, he was brought up as an American aristocrat ____ St. Paul.
After turbulent years of schooling, Fitzgerald joined the army.
While stationed ____ Camp Sheridan, he met and fell in love with
Zelda Sayre. To win her hand, he rewrote and published his first
novel, This Side of Paradise, ____ 1920. The novel, reflecting his years
____ Princeton University, tells the story ____ a young man’s quest
____ fulfillment ____ love and career. Over the course of the next
decade and a half, while struggling to cope ____ the demons of his
alcoholism and Zelda’s emerging mental illness, the Fitzgeralds
enjoyed a life ____ literary celebrity.
In 1925, Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby. Although
it initially met with little commercial success, this novel about the
American dream ____ material success has become one ____the
most popular and critically acclaimed works ____ fiction
in American literature. The life ____ the title character, Jay Gatsby,
has been compared ____ Fitzgerald’s life.
While living ____ the French Riviera, Zelda’s illness became
serious. During the last years ____ his life, Fitzgerald lived
in Hollywood, earning his living ____ a screenwriter. He died ____
a heart attack at the age of 45, leaving his final novel, The Last Tycoon
(about life in Hollywood), only half done.
179
America and Americans
2IILFLDO6RQJRIWKH6WDWHRI2UHJRQ
Oregon, My Oregon
(words by J.A. Buchanan, music by Henry B. Murtagh)
180
Land of the Empire Builders, Land of the Golden West;
Conquered and held by free men, Fairest and the best.
On-ward and upward ever, Forward and on, and on;
Hail to thee, Land of the Heroes, My Oregon.
Land of the rose and sunshine, Land of the summer’s breeze;
Laden with health and vigor, Fresh from the western seas.
Blest by the blood of martyrs, Land of the setting sun;
Hail to thee, Land of Promise, My Oregon.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´:DVKLQJWRQ0RQXPHQWµF
1. This 555-foot-tall obelisk is the tallest building in the
District of Columbia, any other building in D.C. is banned
to be taller.
2. Work on the stone monument did not begin until July 4th,
1848 because of a lack of funds.
3. It was opened to the public on October 9th, 1888 after the
interior was completed.
4. At the top of the monument there is a nine-inch tall
aluminum pyramid…
5. The Washington Monument was built to pay public
respect to the first President of the United States of
America, George Washington.
6. The project was almost abandoned, but work finally
began again in 1876.
181
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´)UDQFLV6FRWW)LW]JHUDOGµȕ
182
Born September 24th, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota, Fitzgerald was
famous for his depictions of the Jazz Age. Named after his distant
cousin, Francis Scott Key, author of “The Star-Spangled Banner”,
he was brought up as an American aristocrat in St. Paul.
After turbulent years of schooling, Fitzgerald joined the army.
While stationed at Camp Sheridan, he met and fell in love with
Zelda Sayre. To win her hand, he rewrote and published his first
novel, This Side of Paradise, in 1920. The novel, reflecting his years
at Princeton University, tells the story of a young man’s quest for
fulfillment in love and career. Over the course of the next decade
and a half, while struggling to cope with the demons of his
alcoholism and Zelda’s emerging mental illness, the Fitzgeralds
enjoyed a life of literary celebrity.
In 1925, Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby. Although
it initially met with little commercial success, this novel about the
American dream of material success has become one of the most
popular and critically acclaimed works of fiction in American
literature. The life of the title character, Jay Gatsby, has been
compared to Fitzgerald’s life.
While living on the French Riviera, Zelda’s illness became serious.
During the last years of his life, Fitzgerald lived in Hollywood,
earning his living as a screenwriter. He died of a heart attack
at the age of 45, leaving his final novel, The Last Tycoon (about life
in Hollywood), only half done.
America and Americans
The Liberty Bell
The Liberty Bell Center was opened in October, 2003. On every
Fourth of July, at 2 p.m. Eastern time, children who are descendants
of Declaration signers symbolically tap the Liberty Bell 13 times while
bells across the nation also ring 13 times in honor of the patriots.
Tradition tells of a chime that changed the world on July 8th, 1776,
with the Liberty Bell ringing summoning the citizens of Philadelphia
to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence
by Colonel John Nixon.
The Pennsylvania Assembly ordered the Bell in 1751 to commemorate
the 50-year anniversary of William Penn’s 1701 Charter of Privileges,
Pennsylvania’s original Constitution. It speaks of the rights and freedoms
valued by people.
The Liberty Bell gained iconic importance when abolitionists
in their efforts to put an end to slavery throughout America adopted
it as a symbol. To help heal the wounds of the war, the Liberty Bell
would travel across the country.
Throughout the period from 1790 to 1800, when Philadelphia was
the capital, uses of the Bell included calling the state legislature into
session, summoning voters to hand in their ballots at the State House
window, and tolling to commemorate Washington’s birthday and
celebrate the Fourth of July.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com
183
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
in honor — в честь
to summon — вызвать
to commemorate — почтить чью-то память
abolitionist — сторонник отмены
to put an end — положить конец
legislature — законодательная власть
184
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȕȏȒȆȄȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȓȉȔȉȆȒȈȎȒȖȒȔȟș
ȈȄȑȑȌȊȉ
потомок, знаменательно, почтить, свобода, рана,
включать (в себя), избиратель, золотой
A
F
R
E
E
D
O
M
S
W
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B
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E
M
D
Q
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A
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Z
T
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B
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U
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F
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U
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S
I
O
Q
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W
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L
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I
L
W
M
W
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M
O
U
I
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N
D
R
E
R
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U
U
S
C
N
C
E
G
A
M
K
I
N
L
A
D
L
N
T
M
G
E
L
D
G
L
A
U
E
O
O
C
F
H
P
O
L
N
D
C
F
C
J
V
G
L
O
Y
T
E
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
ȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´7UDQVSRUWµ
American English
British English
1.
trailer truck
a.
taxi
2.
trailer
b.
spanner
3.
station wagon
c.
lorry
4.
18-wheeler
d.
saloon
5.
truck
e.
tube
6.
motorcycle
f.
juggernaut
7.
sedan
g.
motorbike
8.
taxicab
h.
caravan
9.
subway
i.
articulated lorry
10.
wrench
j.
estate car
185
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Incredible American Musicians
186
◆ Leonard Bernstein was the first American-born, internationally
acclaimed orchestra conductor. Bernstein travelled the world
as a conductor and encouraged appreciation of the music of American
composers. Bernstein not only composed classical works but also
wrote music for Broadway. West Side Story (1957) and On the Town
(1944) are some of his memorable creations.
◆ Duke Ellington is credited of being one of the founding fathers
of jazz music. He started composing at the young age of 15. He was
a pianist, big-band leader, arranger and composer. He and his band
played together for 50 years. “Don’t Get Around Much Anymore”,
“Sophisticated Lady” and “In a Sentimental Mood”, are some of his
most famous songs.
◆ John Philip Sousa is best remembered for his marches, his band,
and his patriotism. Sousa was an American composer and entertainer.
Operettas, waltzes and popular songs were his forte. He also served
as the leader of the U.S. Marine Band. Later he formed his own band,
the Sousa band which entertained millions of people around the
world.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH/LEHUW\%HOOµF
descendant, symbolically, commemorate, freedom, wound,
include, voter, golden
A
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187
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȐȉ
´7UDQVSRUWµȕ
1. trailer truck — articulated lorry;
2. trailer — caravan;
3. station wagon — estate car;
4. 18-wheeler — juggernaut;
188
5. truck — lorry;
6. motorcycle — motorbike;
7. sedan — saloon;
8. taxicab — taxi;
9. subway — tube;
10. wrench — spanner.
America and Americans
The US National Flower
The national flower of the USA is the rose. This flower may be
used in any design that represents the floral emblem and several
individual states also name the rose as their state flower.
The rose became the national flower of the USA in 1986. President
Ronald Reagan signed the resolution, passed by both the Senate and
the House of Representatives, into law as a proclamation while
standing in the rose garden of the White House. This botanical area
is designed to resemble a traditional 1800s rose garden, and features
flowers arranged in geometric patterns that are outlined by boxwoods.
The formal flower beds surround a rectangular shaped green grass
lawn that is traditionally the site of outdoor press conferences and
garden parties.
Other flowers were suggested to Congress and to the President for
use as the national flower of the USA. The marigold was one such
suggestion for use as a symbol of the spirit and resilience of the
American people.
No one single rose species was named as the national flower of the
USA. Many states similarly chose to use this type of flower in their
own floral emblem, though they generally designate one variety that
grows in particular abundance in their area.
The American Beauty is one of the most recognizable and
commonly used rose varieties in both national photography and
patriotic imagery. It is popular for use in cut flower arrangements.
The District of Columbia, in which the White House is located, claims
this particular type of rose as its own local flower.
http://www.wisegeek.com
189
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
floral emblem — цветочная эмблема
rectangular — прямоугольный
lawn — лужайка
resilience — устойчивость
patriotic imagery — патриотические образы
190
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟHȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. What is the national flower of the USA?
a. The daffodil.
c. The cactus.
b. The rose.
d. The tulip.
2. What else does this floral emblem represent?
a. American cities.
b. Individual states.
c. One of the boroughs of New-York City.
d. Some countries.
3. Who proclaimed the rose a national flower?
a. John Kennedy.
c. Ronald Reagan.
b. George Bush.
d. Bill Clinton.
4. What another flower was suggested as a national floral
emblem?
a. The lily.
c. The marigold.
b. The violet.
d. The orchid.
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
security blanket
a.
clothing conforming
to a dress code but not
uncomfortably so
2.
skid row
b.
a political press agent
or publicist employed
to promote a favourable
interpretation of events
to journalists
3.
smart casual
c.
a substantial, nourishing
meal
4.
smoke and mirrors
d.
a squalid district inhabited
by the impoverished and
penniless
5.
sold down the river
e.
something that makes you
feel more comfortable
6.
spill the beans
f.
betrayed or cheated
7.
spin doctor
g.
trickery or deception
8.
a square meal
h.
to reveal a secret, especially
to do so inadvertently or
maliciously
191
America and Americans
Funny Warnings: Electronics
1. Keyboard not detected. Press F1 to continue.
(Various Computers)
2. This camera will only work when film is inside.
(Unknown European Camera)
192
3. Press STORE to store.
(Yamaha Pro-Mix 01 Mixing Desk LCD Display)
4. Do not attempt to stick head inside deck, which may
result in injury.
(Japanese GameCube Instruction Manual)
5. Warning! Disconnect telephone lines before opening!
(Sony Vaio PCV-J200 Computer)
6. Caution: Risk of electric shock. Do not open.
(Sony Trinitron)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH861DWLRQDO)ORZHUµF
1. What is the national flower of the USA?
b. The rose.
2. What else does this floral emblem represent?
b. Individual states.
3. Who proclaimed the rose a national flower?
c. Ronald Reagan.
4. What another flower was suggested as a national floral
emblem?
c. The marigold.
193
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. security blanket — something that makes you feel more
comfortable;
2. skid row — a squalid district inhabited by the
impoverished and penniless;
194
3. smart casual — clothing conforming to a dress code but
not uncomfortably so;
4. smoke and mirrors — trickery or deception;
5. sold down the river — betrayed or cheated;
6. spill the beans — to reveal a secret, especially
to do so inadvertently or maliciously;
7. spin doctor — a political press agent or publicist
employed to promote a favourable interpretation
of events to journalists;
8. a square meal — a substantial, nourishing meal.
America and Americans
Mount Rushmore
Mt. Rushmore National Memorial is a huge mountain sculpture
of four US Presidents in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Presidents
depicted are: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore "Teddy"
Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. These four Presidents were chosen
to represent the founding, growth and preservation of the United
States. The work was designed by the sculptor John Gutzon Borglum
(March 25, 1871 — March 6, 1941). The construction began in 1927.
Mount Rushmore National Memorial is host to almost three million
visitors a year from across the country and around the world. They
come to marvel at the majestic beauty of the Black Hills of South
Dakota and the giant sculpture. Over the decades, Mount Rushmore
has grown in fame as a symbol of America — a symbol of freedom
and hope for people from all cultures and backgrounds.
The monument was sculpted by about 400 stone workers. Funding
was provided by private donations and the Federal Government.
The sculpting was done by first blasting away tons of rock with
dynamite. Workers then sat in hanging "swing seats," and used
jackhammers, drills, hammers, and other tools to do the finishing
work. Bad weather and a lack of funding slowed work; although it
took 14 years to finish the project, work was done for only about 6 of
those years.
After Borglum’s death in March 1941, the completion of the giant
sculpture was overseen by his son, Lincoln Borglum. The monument
was completed in late October 1941.
http://www.nps.gov
195
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
mountain — гора
founding — основание
around the world — по всему миру
to marvel — любоваться, наслаждаться
private donation — частное денежное пожертвование
jackhammer — отбойный молоток
to complete — завершать
196
DzȅȔȄȋȗȍȖȉȕȏȒȆȒȕȒțȉȖȄȑȌȣȌȋȕȗȝȉȕȖȆȌȖȉȏȠȑȟșȓȔȌ
ȏȄȇȄȖȉȏȠȑȟș Ȍ ȇȏȄȇȒȏȒȆ ȋȄȓȒȏȑȌȆ ȌȐȌ ȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌ
ȆȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣș
huge, giant, to represent, to finish, majestic, the project,
the founding, mountain, sculpture
1. Mt. Rushmore National Memorial is a _______________
______ sculpture of four US Presidents in the Black Hills
of South Dakota.
2. These four Presidents were chosen __________________
_________, growth and preservation of the United States.
3. Bad weather and a lack of funding slowed work; although
it took 14 years _____________________, work was done
for only about 6 of those years.
4. After Borglum’s death in March 1941, the completion of
___________________________ was overseen by his son,
Lincoln Borglum.
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȇȄȐȌ
Mount Rushmore
Mount Rushmore, the Presidents’ Mountain, is located in the
Black Hills of South Dakota. It was the brainchild ____ Doane
Robinson, South Dakota historian known as the “Father of Mount
Rushmore”. His goal was to create an attraction that would draw
people _______ all over the country ____ his state. Robinson
contacted Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor who was working ____
the monument ____ Stone Mountain, GA. Borglum met Robinson
________ 1924 and 1925. He was the one who identified Mount
Rushmore as a perfect location _____ a grand monument. Robinson
worked ______ John Boland, President Calvin Coolidge,
Congressman William Williamson, and Senator Peter Norbeck to
gain support in Congress and the funding to proceed.
Congress agreed to match up to $250,000 of funding _____ the
project and created the Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Commission. The work ____ the project began. ____ 1933, the
Mount Rushmore project became part ____ the National Park
Service, NPS. Borglum did not like having the NPS oversee the
construction. However, he continued to work ____ the project until
his death _____ 1941. The monument was deemed complete and
ready for dedication ____ October 31st, 1941.
197
America and Americans
ǴȄȕȜȌȘȔȗȍȖȉȄȑȄȇȔȄȐȐȟ
“State Fruit”
1. A state fruit of Maine.
198
Y
R
B
R
E
B
U
E
L
2. A state fruit of Massachusetts.
Y
R
R
C
A
N
E
R
B
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´0RXQW5XVKPRUHµF
1. Mt. Rushmore National Memorial is a huge mountain
sculpture of four US Presidents in the Black Hills of South
Dakota.
2. These four Presidents were chosen to represent the
founding, growth and preservation of the United States.
3. Bad weather and a lack of funding slowed work; although
it took 14 years WRÀQLVKWKHSURMHFW, work was done for
only about 6 of those years.
4. After Borglum’s death in March 1941, the completion
of the giant sculpture was overseen by his son, Lincoln
Borglum.
199
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´0RXQW5XVKPRUHµȕ
200
Mount Rushmore, the President’s Mountain, is located in the
Black Hills of South Dakota. It was the brainchild of Doane Robinson,
known as the “Father of Mount Rushmore”. His goal was to create
an attraction that would draw people from all over the country
to his state. Robinson contacted Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor
who was working on the monument at Stone Mountain, GA.
Borglum met Robinson during 1924 and 1925. He was the one who
identified Mount Rushmore as a perfect location for a grand
monument. Robinson worked with John Boland, President Calvin
Coolidge, Congressman William Williamson, and Senator Peter
Norbeck to gain support in Congress and the funding to proceed.
Congress agreed to match up to $250,000 of funding for the
project and created the Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Commission. The work on the project began. By 1933, the Mount
Rushmore project became part of the National Park Service, NPS.
Borglum did not like having the NPS oversee the construction.
However, he continued to work on the project until his death
in 1941. The monument was deemed complete and ready for
dedication on October 31st, 1941.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ´6WDWH)UXLWµȕ
1. Blueberry.
2. Cranberry.
America and Americans
Education
Americans have shown a great concern for education since early
colonial times. Within 30 years of the founding of the first settlement
in Massachusetts (1620), all towns were required to hire a schoolmaster.
In 1787 the Continental Congress asked every new township
to reserve one plot of land for public schools. Today, almost 90 %
of American students attend public elementary and secondary
schools, which do not charge tuition but rely on local and state taxes
for funding. The other 10 % attend private schools, for which their
families pay tuition. Four out of five private schools are run
by religious groups, where religious instruction is part of the
curriculum. There is also a practice known as home schooling.
Traditionally, elementary school includes kindergarten through the
eighth grade. In some places, however, elementary school ends after
the sixth grade, and students attend middle school, or junior high
school, from grades seven through nine. Similarly, secondary school,
or high school, traditionally comprises grades nine through twelve,
but in some places begins at the tenth grade.
The United States does not have a national school system, but the
government provides guidance and funding for federal educational
programs in which both public and private schools take part. Each
of the 50 states has its own laws regulating education. From state
to state, some laws are similar while others are not, but all states
require young people to attend school. The age limit varies, however.
Most states require attendance up to age 16, some up to 18.
201
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
202
concern — забота
to attend — посещать
to charge — назначать цену
elementary school — начальная школа
to comprise — включать в себя
guidance — руководство
private schools — частные школы
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
to found
2.
instruction
3.
elementary
4.
to require
5.
similar
6.
attendance
7.
educational
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȄȔȖȌȎȏȣȐȌȇȈȉȡȖȒȑȉ
ȒȅșȒȈȌȐȒ
The Gap Year
After four years of high school or college, not all students are
ready to continue with ____ formal education. For some, ___ oneyear break from academia provides ___ time to learn more about
themselves and ___ world. A gap year provides such ___ opportunity.
___ student travel organization, defines the gap year as “___
period of time taken by __ student to travel or work, often after
___ high school or before starting ___ graduate school, as ___
break from formal education, or a career path”.
Although a gap year is ___ new concept to Americans, it’s ___
established tradition for ___ students in ___ United Kingdom,
Australia, and ___ New Zealand. In ___ UK and ___ Australia, about
11 % of students take a gap year or go “walking about” before
enrolling in ___ University.
A gap year can act as ___ alternative pathway to ___ college for
students who are burned out and drained from ___ high school.
___ students often attain ___ confidence, ___ motivation, and
focus during their gap year. Through ___ travel, working, and
volunteering, ___ students acquire ___ skills that allow them
to be more self-sufficient, resourceful, and bold. In addition,
many students gain an appreciation for ___ hard work and ___
education — all of which contribute to becoming more effective
learners.
203
America and Americans
Most Famous Barack Obama Quotes
204
***
That is the true genius of America, a faith in the simple dreams
of its people, the insistence on small miracles. That we can say what
we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock
on the door. That we can have an idea and start our own business
without paying a bribe or hiring somebody’s son. That we can
participate in the political process without fear of retribution, and
that our votes will be counted — or at least, most of the time.
***
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not
a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and
Hindus, and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and
culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have
tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from
that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe
that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall
soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity
shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering
in a new era of peace.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´(GXFDWLRQµF
1. to found — to start building;
2. instruction — teaching;
3. elementary — primary;
4. to require — to order;
5. similar — alike;
6. attendance — the fact of being present;
7. educational — pedagogic.
205
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH*DS<HDUµȕ
206
After four years of high school or college, not all students are
ready to continue with formal education. For some, a one-year
break from academia provides time to learn more about themselves
and the world. A gap year provides such an opportunity.
A student travel organization, defines the gap year as “a period
of time taken by a student to travel or work, often after high school
or before starting graduate school, as a break from formal education,
or a career path”.
Although a gap year is a new concept to Americans, it’s
an established tradition for students in the United Kingdom,
Australia, and New Zealand. In the UK and Australia, about 11 %
of students take a gap year or go “walking about” before enrolling
in University.
A gap year can act as an alternative pathway to college for
students who are burned out and drained from high school.
Students often attain confidence, motivation, and focus during
their gap year. Through travel, working, and volunteering, students
acquire skills that allow them to be more self-sufficient, resourceful,
and bold. In addition, many students gain an appreciation for hard
work and education — all of which contribute to becoming more
effective learners.
America and Americans
American Higher Education
The United States leads the proportion of its young people who
receive higher education. For some careers — law, medicine, education,
engineering — a college education is a necessary first step. Other
careers do not strictly require a college degree, but having one often
can improve a person’s chances of getting a job and can increase the
salary.
The widespread availability of a college education in America dates
back to 1944, when Congress passed a law popularly known as the
GI Bill. GI — meaning “government issue” was a nickname for
an American soldier, and the law provided financial aid to members
of the armed forces after World War II was over. By 1955 more than
2 million veterans of World War II and the Korean War had used the
GI Bill to go to college. Many of them came from poor families and
would not have had the chance to go to college without the law. The
program’s success changed the American image of who should attend
college. About the same time, the percentage of women in American
colleges began to grow steadily; in 2000 women received 57 % of all
degrees awarded, compared to 24 % in 1950. With the end of racial
segregation in the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans also entered
colleges in record numbers. Today, the percentage of African Americans
who go on to college nearly equals the general population. In 2000,
56 % of African-American high school graduates were enrolled
in college, compared with 63 percent of all high school graduates.
207
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to receive — получать
necessary — необходимый
to require — требовать
the armed forces — вооруженные силы
success — успех
segregation — изоляция
to be enrolled — быть зачисленным
208
ǦȓȌȜȌȖȉ Ȇ ȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȉ ȆȐȉȕȖȒ ȖȔȄȑȕȎȔȌȓȚȌȌ ȒȈȌȑ
ȌȋȈȆȗșȒȐȒȘȒȑȒȆȆȓȄȔȉ
higher — hire
some — sum
law — lore
all — awl
were — whirr
but — butt
1. The United States leads the proportion of its young
people who receive [ɎKDǹǨ] ____________ education.
2. For [VǨP] _________ careers — law, medicine, education,
engineering — a college education is a necessary first step.
3. Many of them came from poor families and would not
have had the chance to go to college without the [Oǣɕ]
______________.
4. In 2000, 56 % of African-American high school graduates
[wǫɕ] _____________ enrolled in college, compared with
63 percent of [ǣɕO] _____________ high school graduates.
5. Other careers do not strictly require a college degree,
[EțW] _______ having one often can improve a person’s
chances of getting a job and can increase the salary.
America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know about Alabama?”
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. Which of these colours are on the flag of Alabama?
a. Red and White.
c. Blue and Red.
b. Blue and Green.
d. Green and Yellow.
2. Which of these isn’t an attraction in Montgomery,
Alabama?
a. Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.
b. Alabama Department of Archives & History.
c. Alabama Artists Gallery.
d. Alabama War Memorial and Wall of Honour.
3. Which of these mountains is in Alabama?
a. Mount Massive.
c. Mount Blackbum.
b. Mount Cheaha.
d. Mount Sanford.
4. Which of these water ports is the northernmost of
Alabama?
a. The port of Birmingham.
c. The port of Guntersville.
b. The port of Decatur.
d. The port of Mobile.
5. What is Alabama’s state rock?
a. Dockstone.
c. Graphite.
b. Marble.
d. Limestone.
209
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Cowboy boots
210
All around the world, for hundreds of years, anyone who considered
themselves a horsemаn chose to wear higher-heeled boots to display
that they were a rider and sometimes to show nobility. This pattern
of high heeled cowboy boots was popular throughout most of the
20th century, but now you’re seeing a trend for the ladies to have the
higher heels and the guys getting more reasonably sized heels.
The actual origin of the cowboy boot is impossible to pinpoint, as
horsemen have been protecting their feet since the fifth century, in the
times of Attila the Hun and his band of warriors. Yet somehow, when
the world sees a cowboy boot on display, they immediatly think of the
American Cowboy. The cowboy boot is as American as apple pie.
I don’t mean to suggest that you’ve got a little bit of Attila in you
everytime you pull up your cowboy boots, but it’s amazing to think
how something we use today hasn’t changed that much since near
biblical times.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$PHULFDQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQµF
1. The United States leads the proportion of its young
people who receive higher education.
2. For some careers — law, medicine, education,
engineering — a college education is a necessary first
step.
3. Many of them came from poor families and would not
have had the chance to go to college without the law.
4. In 2000, 56 % of African-American high school graduates
were enrolled in college, compared with 63 percent of all
high school graduates.
5. Other careers do not strictly require a college degree,
but having one often can improve a person’s chances of
getting a job and can increase the salary.
211
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
4XL]´:KDW'R<RX.QRZDERXW$ODEDPD"µȕ
1. Which of these colours are on the flag of Alabama?
a. Red and White.
2. Which of these isn’t an attraction in Montgomery,
Alabama?
a. Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.
212
3. Which of these mountains is in Alabama?
b. Mount Cheaha.
4. Which of these water ports is the northernmost
of Alabama?
c. The port of Guntersville.
5. What is Alabama’s state rock?
b. Marble.
America and Americans
Peculiarities of American English
Everyone knows that Americans speak English differently than the
British or Australians or even Canadians do, but we think of these
differences in terms of the way we pronounce certain words. People
also know that there are some differences in written language as well
as speech, including well-known lexical variations such as lorry/truck,
pavement/sidewalk, etc. But beyond this, there are many other
peculiarities of American English in its phrasing and syntax. For
example, phrases such as “omit to”, “endure to”, etc. are common
in British usage but rarely occur in American English; and the bare
infinitive after “insist”, “demand”, “require”, etc. is common in American
English. There are also considerable semantic differences, for example:
“tuition” is not used to cover tuition fees in British English; “surgery”
in British English is “doctor’s office” in American English, etc. Usage
not only differs but can be misleading, for example, British English
uses “sick” for the American “nauseous”, whereas “sick” in American
English is comparable to “ill” in British English.
Of course, even within the U.S. there are considerable variations
as you move from region to region across the nation. American
English is a rich English “dialect” of its own, with possibly numerous
sub-varieties (including ebonics, chicano, etc.), many of them a result
of influences from other languages and cultures that have played
or continue to play a defining role in U.S. history. It also tells us that
the language is constantly developing, and that new words and
constructs arise every day in Americans’ use of English.
213
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to pronounce — произносить
peculiarity — особенность
to endure to — вытерпеть
to cover tuition fees — покрыть плату за обучение
misleading — вводящий в заблуждение
considerable — значительный
214
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȄȑȖȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
differently
2.
common
3.
considerable
4.
difference
5.
comparable
6.
numerous
7.
defining
8.
constantly
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. The early bird catches the worm.
2. If the mountain won’t come to Mohammad, then
Mohammad must go to the mountain.
3. If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.
4. It ain’t over till the fat lady sings.
5. It never rains but it pours.
6. It’s all grist to the mill.
7. To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive.
8. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody any good.
215
America and Americans
Difference between British and American Spelling
216
British
American
-our
-or
armour
armor
behaviour
behavior
colour
color
favourite
favorite
flavour
flavor
harbour
harbor
honour
honor
humour
humor
labour
labor
neighbour
neighbor
rumour
rumor
saviour
savior
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´3HFXOLDULWLHVRI$PHULFDQ(QJOLVKµF
1. differently — similarly;
2. common — extraordinary;
3. considerable — insignificant;
4. difference — likeness;
5. comparable — unequal;
6. numerous — little;
7. defining — distorting;
8. constantly — changeably.
217
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. The early bird catches the worm. Success comes
to those who prepare well and put in effort.
2. If the mountain won’t come to Mohammad, then
Mohammad must go to the mountain. If one’s will does
not prevail, one must submit to an alternative.
218
3. If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.
Don’t persist with a task if the pressure of it is too much
for you.
4. It ain’t over till the fat lady sings. Nothing is irreversible
until the final act is played out.
5. It never rains but it pours. When troubles come they
come together.
6. It’s all grist to the mill. All things are a potential source
of profit or advantage.
7. To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive.
Hope and anticipation are often better than reality.
8. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody any good. Even
misfortune can benefit someone or something.
America and Americans
Communication Styles and Business Meetings
Americans are direct. They value logic and linear thinking and
expect people to speak clearly and in a straightforward manner.
To them if you don’t “tell it how it is” you simply waste time, and
time is money. If you are from a culture that is more subtle in
communication style, try not to be insulted by the directness. Try
to get to your point more quickly and don’t be afraid to be more
direct and honest than you are used to. Americans will use the
telephone to conduct business that would require a face-to-face
meeting in most other countries. It is very important to arrive on
time for meetings since time and punctuality are so important to
Americans. In the Northeast and Midwest, people are extremely
punctual. In the Southern and Western states, people may be a little
more relaxed. Meetings may appear relaxed, but they are taken quite
seriously. If there is an agenda, it will be followed. At the conclusion
of the meeting, there will be a summary of what was decided, a list
of who will implement which facets and a list of the next steps
to be taken and by whom. If someone makes a presentation, it
should be direct and to the point. Visual aids should further enhance
the case. Statistics should be used to back up the claims, since
Americans are impressed by hard data and evidence. With the
emphasis on controlling time, business is conducted rapidly. It is
common to attempt to reach an oral agreement at the first meeting.
The emphasis is on getting a contract signed rather than building
a relationship. The relationship may develop once the first contract
has been signed.
219
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
220
straightforward — прямой
subtle — утонченный
to conduct business — вести бизнес
on time — во время
to implement — осуществлять
to enhance — повышать цену
rapidly — быстро
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Americans do not show their real
attitudes.
Americans expect people to speak
clearly.
Americans think that time can
be neglected.
Representatives of other cultures
can be insulted by the directness
of Americans.
Time and punctuality are very
important to Americans.
Americans do not follow an agenda
at the meetings.
False
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȄȔȖȌȎȏȣȐȌȇȈȉȡȖȒȑȉ
ȒȅșȒȈȌȐȒ
American Sign Language
Sign language for ___ deaf was first systematized in ___ France
during ___ 18th century by Abbot Charles-Michel l’Epée. French
Sign Language, FSL, was brought to ___ United States in ___ 1816
by Thomas Gallaudet, founder of the American School for ___ Deaf
in Hartford, Connecticut. He developed American Sign Language,
ASL, ___ language of gestures and hand symbols that express ___
words and ___ concepts.
In ___ many respects, sign language is just like any spoken
language, with ___ rich vocabulary and ___ highly organized, rulegoverned grammar. But in sign language, information is processed
through ___ eyes rather than ___ ears. Thus, facial expression and
body movement play ___ important part in conveying ___
information.
In spoken language, the relationship between most words
and the objects and concepts they represent is arbitrary: there
is nothing about ___ word “tree” that actually suggests ___ tree,
either in ___ way it is spelled or pronounced. In ___ same way,
in sign language ___ most signs do not suggest, or imitate, the
thing or idea they represent, and must be learned. Sign language
may be acquired naturally as ___ child’s first language, or it may
be learned through ___ study and ___ practice.
221
America and Americans
Tongue Twisters
222
Betty Botter bought some butter,
But, she said: “The butter’s bitter;
If I put it in my batter
It will make my batter bitter.
But, a bit of better butter
Will make my batter better.”
So, she bought a bit of butter
Better than her bitter butter,
And she put it in her batter
And the batter was not bitter.
So, ’twas better Betty Botter
Bought a bit of better butter.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´&RPPXQLFDWLRQ6W\OHVDQG%XVLQHVV0HHWLQJVµF
1. Americans do not show their real attitudes. False
2. Americans expect people to speak clearly. True
3. Americans think that time can be neglected. False
4. Representatives of other cultures can be insulted by the
directness of Americans. True
5. Time and punctuality are very important to Americans.
True
6. Americans do not follow an agenda at the meetings.
False
223
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$PHULFDQ6LJQ/DQJXDJHµȕ
224
Sign language for the deaf was first systematized in France
during the 18th century by Abbot Charles-Michel l’Epée. French
Sign Language, FSL, was brought to the United States in 1816
by Thomas Gallaudet, founder of the American School for the Deaf
in Hartford, Connecticut. He developed American Sign Language,
ASL, a language of gestures and hand symbols that express words
and concepts.
In many respects, sign language is just like any spoken language,
with a rich vocabulary and a highly organized, rule-governed
grammar. But in sign language, information is processed through
the eyes rather than the ears. Thus, facial expression and body
movement play an important part in conveying information.
In spoken language, the relationship between most words and
the objects and concepts they represent is arbitrary: there
is nothing about the word “tree” that actually suggests a tree, either
in the way it is spelled or pronounced. In the same way,
in sign language most signs do not suggest, or imitate, the thing
or idea they represent, and must be learned. Sign language may
be acquired naturally as a child’s first language, or it may be learned
through study and practice.
America and Americans
Clothing in the USA
Style and kind of clothing sometimes depends on the region of the
country people live in. Some Texans and locals of the Southwest dress
in boots and hats in a style that is typical of traditional cowboys. In
the region from New England to New Jersey, preppy style clothing
is popular. In the South, people sometimes dress more casually,
although formality is preferred in some parts of the region.
The greatest variations in dress are related to climate. Easterners
generally tend to dress more formally than Westerners, though this
is also closely connected with cultural history as well. Residents of
northern states wear heavy sweaters, warm snow boots, hats and
heavy coats or parkas in the cold season. In Hawaii, the Hawaiian
shirt as an integral item of clothing has received formal approval by
the state legislature. In beach areas and places with relatively warm
and consistent climates, especially California, Hawaii, and Florida,
“skimpy” clothing is considered acceptable in all but the most formal
settings. Cowboy hats, Western boots and large silver belt buckles are
found in southwestern and western regions of the United States,
particularly Texas and Arizona. However, many from the Southern
United States dress in jeans and a T-shirt.
The trend toward informality has increased among many segments
of society. For instance, students at colleges and universities are often
noted for wearing flip flops or thong sandals as well as pajamas to
class.
225
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
226
preppy — аккуратный и дорогостоящий
related to — иметь отношение к
parka — длинная теплая куртка с капюшоном
integral — неотъемлемый
legislature — законодательный орган
skimpy — откровенный (об одежде)
for instance — например
thong sandals — вьетнамки
DzȖȆȉȖȠȖȉȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. What does the style of clothes in the USA depend on?
2. What are the distinguishing features of the New Jersey
style of clothing?
3. How do people dress in the Southern part of the USA?
4. Does the dress depend on the climate?
5. Is it acceptable to wear “skimpy” clothes in warm regions
of the USA?
6. In what region is it common to wear cowboy hats and
Western boots?
7. Do the students follow the rules of formality in clothing in
the USA?
8. What is an integral item of apparel in Hawaii?
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
ȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´3HRSOHµ
American English
British English
1.
girl
a.
caretaker/porter
2.
boy
b.
postman
3.
cop
c.
lad
4.
d.
guard (railway)
5.
postal worker/mailman/
mail carrier
garbageman
e.
solicitor
6.
teller
f.
cashier
7.
crossing guard
g.
lass
8.
conductor
h.
9.
lawyer/attorney
i.
policeman / bobby/
copper
dustman
janitor
j.
lollipop man
10.
227
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
“States Trivia”
1
2
3
4
228
5
7
8
9
10
6
America and Americans
$FURVV
3. What is the background color of the Vice President’s flag?
4. Which was the last state to enter the Union? 7. Where is Davy
Crockett National Forest? 8. What island is the Hawaiian capital
Honolulu located on? 9. Which state is known as “The Golden
State?” 10. Which state’s tree is the ponderosa pine (it was the 41st
state of the union)?
'RZQ
1. Which state is known as the “keystone state?” 2. What
U.S. state has the longest capital, in terms of the number of letters?
5. Which U.S. state has the smallest population? 6. According
to a 2006 issue of Market Watch magazine and an issue of Gourmet
magazine, what was the most popular cocktail in America?
229
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Great Depression
230
When the Great Depression began Herbert Hoover was the
president of the USA. He declared in March 1930, that the U.S. had
“passed the worst” and argued that the economy would sort itself out.
The worst, however, had just begun and went on until the outbreak
of World War II in 1939.
There was no single cause, but several things when working
together made it happen. A weak banking system, over-production
of goods, overspending, and bursting credit bubble were just some
of the reasons. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was one of the main
causes of the Great Depression.
As news of the stock market crash spread, customers rushed to
their banks to withdraw their money. Many companies went out of
business and huge numbers of people lost their jobs. At the peak of
the depression, 1 out of every 4 people were without a job.
People who lost their homes often lived in what were called
“Hoovervilles,” or shanty towns, that were named after President
Herbert Hoover. There was also “Hoover Stew” which was the name
for food handed out to the poor at soup kitchens. “Hoover Blankets”
were newspapers that were being used to cover people like a blanket.
The board game Monopoly, which first became available in 1935,
became popular because players could become rich during the
playing of the game. The “Three Little Pigs” was seen as a symbol of
the Great Depression, with the wolf representing the Depression and
the three little pigs representing average citizens who eventually
succeeded by working together.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´&ORWKLQJLQWKH86$µF
1. Style and kind of clothing sometimes depends on the
region of the country people live in.
2. In the region from New England to New Jersey, preppy
style clothing is popular.
3. In the South, people sometimes dress more casually,
although formality is preferred in some parts of the
region.
4. The greatest variations in dress are related to climate.
5. In beach areas and places with relatively warm and
consistent climates, especially California, Hawaii, and
Florida, “skimpy” clothing is considered acceptable in all
but the most formal settings.
6. Cowboy hats, Western boots and large silver belt buckles
are found in southwestern and western regions of the
United States, particularly Texas and Arizona.
7. Students at colleges and universities are often noted for
wearing flip flops or thong sandals as well as pajamas to
class.
8. In Hawaii, the Hawaiian shirt as an integral item of
clothing has received formal approval by the state
legislature.
231
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ´3HRSOHµȕ
1. Girl — lass. 2. Boy — lad. 3. Cop — policeman/bobby/
copper. 4. Postal worker/mailman/mail carrier — postman.
5. Garbageman — dustman. 6. Teller — cashier. 7. Crossing
guard — lollipop man. 8. Conductor — guard (railway).
9. Lawyer/attorney — solicitor. 10. Janitor — caretaker/porter.
232
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ´6WDWHV7ULYLDµȕ
1
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4
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3
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8
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5
S
7
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6
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S
Y
S
A
O
O
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R
H U
M
L
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I
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I
T
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America and Americans
The History of Hollywood
When Spanish explorers first entered the area now known
as Hollywood, Native Americans were living in the canyons of the
Santa Monica Mountains. Before long, the Indians had been moved
to missions and the land which Hollywood now occupies was divided
in two by the Spanish Government.
In 1886, H. H. Wilcox bought an area that his wife then christened
“Hollywood”. Within a few years, Wilcox paved Prospect Avenue
(now Hollywood Boulevard) for his main street and was selling large
residential lots to wealthy Midwesterners looking to build homes.
Prospect Avenue soon became a prestigious residential street.
In 1911, Hollywood’s first film studio was opened in an old tavern
on the corner of Sunset and Gower. Not long thereafter the process
of making movies began in the area drawn to the community for its
open space and moderate climate.
After a few decades as the capital of film glamour, the neighborhood
changed again. Although much of the studio work remained
in Hollywood, many stars moved to Beverly Hills, and the elegant
shops and restaurants left with them. In the 1960s, music recording
studios and offices began moving to Hollywood.
Hollywood today is a diverse, vital, and active community striving
to preserve the elegant buildings from its past. Much of the movie
industry remains in the area.
In 1985, the Hollywood Boulevard was officially listed in the
National Register of Historic Places.
233
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to be divided in — быть поделенным на что-либо
moderate climate — умеренный климат
neighborhood — окрестность
to preserve — сберегать
234
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉ ȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌ ȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȉȍ ȘȒȔȐȒȍ ȇȏȄ
ȇȒȏȒȆȆȕȎȒȅȎȄș
1. In 1886, H. H. Wilcox __________ (to buy) an area that his
wife then _________ (to christen) “Hollywood”.
2. Before long, the Indians ______________ (to move) to
missions and the land which Hollywood now occupies
______________ (to divide) in two by the Spanish
Government.
3. In 1911, Hollywood’s first film studio ________________
(to open) in an old tavern on the corner of Sunset and
Gower.
4. In the 1960s, music recording studios and offices
_________ (to begin) _________ (to move) to Hollywood.
5. Much of the movie industry ___________ (to remain) in
the area.
America and Americans
ǷȓȒȖȔȉȅȌȖȉȇȏȄȇȒȏȟȆȕȎȒȅȎȄșȆȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȍȘȒȔȐȉ
Tobacco
Tobacco plants first (sell) _____ to the Europeans by Cherokee
people in exchange for steel knives and wool blankets.
At first the Europeans (not want) _____ tobacco. But native
Americans (show) ____ the Europeans that you could (smoke) ____
tobacco. Tobacco soon (become) ____ very popular back in Europe,
where a lot of people got addicted to it. By the late 1500s, people
of European origin living in North America (begin) ___ to use
tobacco as money.
But in 1612, John Rolfe, who later (marry) _____ Pocahontas,
(manage) ___ to get the Europeans (grow) _____ their own tobacco
in Virginia. As Europeans (grow) _____ more and more tobacco,
they (need) _____ people to work in the fields growing it, and by
1619 European traders (force) ______ the first Africans to come to
Virginia (work) _____ in the tobacco fields.
Many tobacco farmers in Maryland and Virginia (support) ____
the Revolutionary War in 1776 because they (owe) _____ a lot of
money to British traders who (buy) ___ their tobacco, and to the
British government for taxes on the tobacco. George Washington
(be able) _____ to borrow money to pay his soldiers by (use) _____
tobacco as a guarantee for the loan. During the Civil War, almost
a hundred years later, the governments of both sides (give) ___
soldiers tobacco as part of their pay, and that got a lot of young
men (start) _____ smoking.
Beginning in the late 1800s, though, people began to realize
more and more that smoking was really bad for you, and
governments (try) ____ harder to get people (stop) ______ smoking.
235
America and Americans
Most Famous Walt Disney Quotations
***
A man should never neglect his family for business.
***
All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue
them.
236
***
Animation is different from other arts. Its language is the
language of caricature. Our most difficult job was to develop the
cartoon’s unnatural but seemingly natural anatomy for humans
and animals.
***
I always like to look on the optimistic side of life, but I am realistic
enough to know that life is a complex matter.
***
I am not influenced by the techniques or fashions of any other
motion picture company.
***
I love Mickey Mouse more than any woman I have ever known.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RI+ROO\ZRRGµF
1. In 1886, H. H. Wilcox bought an area that his wife then
christened “Hollywood”.
2. Before long, the Indians had been moved to missions and
the land which Hollywood now occupies was divided in
two by the Spanish Government.
3. In 1911, Hollywood’s first film studio was opened in an old
tavern on the corner of Sunset and Gower.
4. In the 1960s, music recording studios and offices began
moving to Hollywood.
5. Much of the movie industry remains in the area.
237
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7REDFFRµȕ
238
Tobacco plants were first sold to the Europeans by Cherokee
people in exchange for steel knives and wool blankets.
At first the Europeans GLGQ·WZDQW tobacco. But native Americans
showed the Europeans that you could smoke tobacco. Tobacco
soon became very popular back in Europe, where a lot of people
got addicted to it. By the late 1500s, people of European origin
living in North America began to use tobacco as money.
But in 1612, John Rolfe, who later married Pocahontas, managed
to get the Europeans to grow their own tobacco in Virginia. As
Europeans grew more and more tobacco, they needed people to
work in the fields growing it, and by 1619 European traders forced
the first Africans to come to Virginia to work in the tobacco fields.
Many tobacco farmers in Maryland and Virginia supported the
Revolutionary War in 1776 because they owed a lot of money to
British traders who bought their tobacco, and to the British
government for taxes on the tobacco. George Washington was able
to borrow money to pay his soldiers by using tobacco as a guarantee
for the loan. During the Civil War, almost a hundred years later, the
governments of both sides gave soldiers tobacco as part of their
pay, and that got a lot of young men to start smoking.
Beginning in the late 1800s, though, people began to realize
more and more that smoking was really bad for you, and the
government tried harder to get people to stop smoking.
America and Americans
New Hollywood
“New Hollywood” is a term used to describe the emergence
of a new generation of film school-trained directors who had
absorbed the techniques developed in Europe in the 1960s.
In 1967 the film “Bonnie and Clyde” marked the beginning
of American cinema rebounding as well, as a new generation of films.
Filmmakers like Francis Ford Coppola, George Lucas, Martin Scorsese,
Roman Polanski, and William Friedkin came to produce fare that
paid homage to the history of film. In the early 1970s, their films were
often both critically acclaimed and commercially successful. The
enormous success enjoyed by Friedkin, Spielberg, and Lucas with
“The Exorcist”, “Jaws”, and “Star Wars”, helped to give rise to the
modern “blockbuster”, and induced studios to focus on trying
to produce enormous hits. Often, they would go overschedule, and
overbudget, thus bankrupting themselves or the studio. The three
most famous examples of this are Francis Coppola’s “Apocalypse Now”
and “One From The Heart” and particularly Michael Cimino’s
“Heaven’s Gate”, which single-handedly bankrupted United Artists.
However, Coppola’s “Apocalypse Now” eventually made its money
back and gained widespread recognition as a masterpiece.
These two costly examples, as well as the above-mentioned boxoffice failures, gave studios a clear and renewed sense of where the
market was going: high-concept, mass-audience, wide-release films.
Therefore, the costly and risky strategy of surrendering control to the
director ended, and with that, the New Hollywood era.
239
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
emergence — появление
a new generation — новое поколение
to mark the beginning — ознаменовать начало
enormous — громадный
single-handedly — без посторонней помощи
failure — неудача
240
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉțȄȕȖȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȍ
1.
2.
“New Hollywood”
is a term used
The film “Bonnie and
Clyde”
a.
b.
3.
These films were
c.
4.
The success of “The
Exorcist”, “Jaws”, and
“Star Wars”
The success
enjoyed by Friedkin,
Spielberg, and Lucas
d.
A lot of studios and
directors
f.
5.
6.
e.
both critically acclaimed and
commercially successful.
induced studios to focus
on trying to produce
enormous hits.
marked the beginning
of a new generation of films.
were bankrupted.
to describe the emergence
of a new generation of film
directors.
helped to give rise to the
modern “blockbuster”.
America and Americans
241
Hollywood
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Jack of all trades, master of none.
Keep your chin up.
Keep your powder dry.
Less is more.
Let not the sun go down on your wrath.
Life begins at forty.
Life’s not all beer and skittles.
Look before you leap.
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
ȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´%XLOGLQJµ
American English
242
British English
1.
apartment building
a.
public toilet
2.
pharmacy
b.
ground floor
3.
apartment
c.
rubbish
4.
first floor
d.
lift
5.
elevator
e.
shop
6.
mailbox
f.
rubbish bin
7.
restroom
g.
flat
8.
garbage
h.
postbox
9.
garbage can
i.
chemist’s shop
store
j.
block of flats
10.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´1HZ+ROO\ZRRGµF
1. “New Hollywood” is a term used to describe the
emergence of a new generation of film directors.
2. The film “Bonnie and Clyde” marked the beginning
of a new generation of films.
3. These films were both critically acclaimed and
commercially successful.
4. The success of “The Exorcist”, “Jaws”, and “Star Wars”
helped to give rise to the modern “blockbuster”.
5. The success enjoyed by Friedkin, Spielberg, and Lucas
induced studios to focus on trying to produce enormous
hits.
6. A lot of studios and directors were bankrupted.
243
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Jack of all trades, master of none. Someone who is able
to do many things, but is not an expert in any of them.
2. Keep your chin up. Remain cheerful in a difficult situation.
3. Keep your powder dry. Be prepared and save your
resources until they are needed.
244
4. Less is more. Simplicity and clarity lead to good design.
5. Let not the sun go down on your wrath. Do not hold
on to your anger for more than one day.
6. Life begins at forty. Life begins to be better in one’s
middle age.
7. Life’s not all beer and skittles. “Beer and skittles”
is shorthand for a life of indulgence spent in the pub.
8. Look before you leap. Check that you are clear what
is ahead of you before making a decision that you cannot
go back on.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ´%XLOGLQJµȕ
1. Apartment building — block of flats. 2. Pharmacy — chemist’s
shop. 3. Apartment — flat. 4. First floor — ground floor.
5. Elevator — lift. 6. Mailbox — postbox. 7. Restroom — public
toilet. 8. Garbage — rubbish. 9. Garbage can — rubbish bin.
10. Store — shop.
America and Americans
Marilyn Monroe
st
On June 1 , 1926, a girl named Norma Jeane Mortenson (soon
after changed to Baker) was born. The sad story of her childhood
would become well known when she became the most famous star
in Hollywood history. She suffered emotional problems throughout
her life as a result of her lack of stability in childhood. She tried to
replace the family she never really had through her marriages and by
attaching herself to the families of others. Norma Jeane married when
she was just sixteen. He was older, something common to all of her
husbands. The marriage was not particularly unhappy, but it was
doomed to failure. Norma Jeane had higher aspirations than just
being a wife. In 1944 she became famous as a model, and Norma
Jeane’s face began to appear on numerous magazine covers. Her rise
had begun.
In 1946, Norma Jeane got a divorce, a new name, Marilyn Monroe,
and set herself on the path to a career of an actress. Marilyn dyed her
hair blonde. She appeared in a number of movies, with small roles
over the next few years. Her first leading role in a feature film came
in “Don’t Bother to Knock”. It was released in 1952. By this time
Marilyn was already well-known.
In May of 1962, Marilyn sang a breathless version of “Happy
Birthday” to President Kennedy. On the night of August 4th, 1962,
Marilyn Monroe died. Rumours have flown ever since. Affairs with
the Kennedys, Mafia involvement in her death, murder, a cover-up,
a conspiracy, suicide. Marilyn Monroe died at the age of thirty-six.
Her light had shone brightly and it was extinguished suddenly.
245
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
246
the sad story — грустная история
to suffer — страдать
common to all — общее для всех
to doom — обрекать
failure — провал
aspiration — стремление
divorce — развод
extinguish — потушить, погасить
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉ Ȏ ȕȏȒȆȄȐ Ȍȋ ȏȉȆȒȍ ȎȒȏȒȑȎȌ ȒȓȔȉȈȉȏȉȑȌȣ
ȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
famous
a.
2.
career
b.
3.
to dye
c.
4.
5.
6.
to appear d.
murder
e.
suicide
f.
an occupation undertaken for
a significant period of a person’s life and
with opportunities for progress
come into sight; become visible or
noticeable, especially without apparent
cause
the unlawful deliberate killing of one
human being by another
the action of killing oneself intentionally
known about by many people
add a color to or change the color
by soaking it in a solution impregnated
with a dye
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȜȖȄȖȒȆȕȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȐȌȌșȕȖȒȏȌȚ
Штаты
Столицы
1.
Alabama
a.
Little Rock
2.
Alaska
b.
Denver
3.
Arizona
c.
Dover
4.
Arkansas
d.
Tallahassee
5.
California
e.
Atlanta
6.
Georgia
f.
Juneau
7.
Delaware
g.
Hartford
8.
Connecticut
h.
Phoenix
9.
Colorado
i.
Sacramento
Florida
j.
Montgomery
10.
247
America and Americans
Most Famous Marilyn Monroe Quotations
***
A career is wonderful, but you can’t curl up with it on a cold night.
***
A sex symbol becomes a thing. I just hate to be a thing.
248
***
Before marriage, a girl has to make love to a man to hold him.
After marriage, she has to hold him to make love to him.
***
Dogs never bite me. Just humans.
***
I don’t know who invented high heels, but all women owe him
a lot.
***
I don’t mind making jokes, but I don’t want to look like one.
***
I’ve been on a calendar, but I’ve never been on time.
***
I’ve never dropped anyone I believed in.
America and Americans
249
The monument to Marilyn Monroe, Palm Springs
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´0DULO\Q0RQURHµF
250
1. famous — known about by many people;
2. career — an occupation undertaken for a significant
period of a person’s life and with opportunities for
progress;
3. to dye — add a color to or change the color by soaking
it in a solution impregnated with a dye;
4. to appear — come into sight; become visible
or noticeable, especially without apparent cause;
5. murder — the unlawful deliberate killing of one human
being by another;
6. suicide — the action of killing oneself intentionally.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Alabama — Montgomery;
2. Alaska — Juneau;
3. Arizona — Phoenix;
4. Arkansas — Little Rock;
5. California — Sacramento;
6. Georgia — Atlanta;
7. Delaware — Dover;
8. Connecticut — Hartford;
9. Colorado — Denver;
10. Florida — Tallahassee.
America and Americans
Festivals of the USA
The USA celebrates many festivities each of which varies in theme
and style. Among others there is Faerieworld’s Festival. This is a type
of folk festival celebrated when the barrier between the earthly world
and the world of the Faerie becomes non-existent. It is celebrated
with music, art and imagination. To retain the mystic touch this
festival takes place in the neo-spiritual environs of Sedona and
Prescott, Arizona. These places feature majestic red bluffs, squat pine
trees and vortexes. Tourists from all over the world come dressed in
costumes of different shapes and sizes. They flock here mainly to
enjoy the soothing music played by Mandrake, Wild Thyme and The
New Potatoes, to lie on the soft green grass of the Sedona Cultural
Park and to shop in the Renaissance Craft Village.
If you are a kite lover then you must pay a visit during the
International Kite Festival. This is held every year on the endless
parade of warm sandy Long Beach in Washington. In this festival you
can bring your own bag of kites and fly it on a spool of fishing line
amid the behemoths. Again you can see here a large variety of kites
ranging from figure kites to flat kites, cellular kites, soft kites, deltas,
stunt kites, traditional kites, arch trains to multi-line figure kites.
No entry fee is required here and the festival is open to all. The main
aspect is the joy that prevails during the kite festival.
Some other notable festivals and events in the USA are: Blob Fest;
Burning Man; Chicago festivals Colorado Dragon Boat Festival; Great
Alaska Beer.
251
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
among others — среди других
bluff — крутой обрыв
squat — приземистый
soothing music — успокаивающая музыка
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȌȆȟȓȌȜȌȖȉȕȏȒȆȄȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȓȉ
ȔȉȆȒȈȎȒȖȒȔȟșȈȄȑȑȌȊȉ
252
народный, между, воображение, загадочный, маскарадный
костюм, парад, торжества
D
F
I
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T
I
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B
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America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know about Interesting
USA Facts?”
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. In what state was Coca-Cola invented?
a. New York.
c. Maine.
b. Mississippi.
d. Georgia.
2. At a fair in what state was the ice-cream cone invented?
a. Missouri.
c. Iowa.
b. Louisiana.
d. Georgia.
3. In what state was the first circus held in the USA?
a. Kentucky.
c. Nevada.
b. South Dakota.
d. Rhode Island.
4. What state ties with Missouri as the most “neighborly
state”?
a. Kentucky.
c. Tennessee.
b. California.
d. West Virginia.
5. Where would you find a house built entirely
of newspaper?
a. Delaware.
c. Massachusetts.
b. Colorado.
d. Utah.
253
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
The Pioneers
254
The pioneers were the first people to settle in the frontiers of North
America. Many of the pioneers were farmers. Others moved west
wanting to establish a business. There were doctors, blacksmiths,
ministers, shop owners, lawyers, veterinarians and many others. They
went to Oregon, Texas, and other areas of the frontier for the land,
where farmland was rich and fertile.
People left their families and friends, and many knew it would be
a long time, if ever, before they saw them again. The trip was a long,
hard and dangerous one. The trail was wooded and rocky. The Native
Americans were also a threat. They were angry because these new
settlers were moving onto tribal lands. The weather offered many
challenges also. The pioneers moving west planned their journeys so
they were not traveling in winter. The snow and cold were extremely
difficult for the pioneers to deal with.
One of the first things the pioneers did when they got to their new
homes was buy land. An acre of land cost about $2.00. Today, that
seems like an amazing deal, but to the pioneers it was a lot of money.
Once they moved onto their lands, they had to clear the land in order
to plant their crops. Many didn’t have time to build their homes so
they lived in a lean-to, tents or their wagons.
The pioneers tried to purchase land by a river or stream, because
water was so important for their daily life. If they weren’t near water,
they had to dig a well. If a group of pioneers lived close to one another,
they would often build a small fort in order to protect themselves
from attacks by Native Americans and outlaws.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´)HVWLYDOVRIWKH86$µF
folk, between, imagination, mystic, costume,
parade, festivities
D
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J
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B
A
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255
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
4XL]´:KDW'R<RX.QRZDERXW,QWHUHVWLQJ86$IDFWV"µ
ȕ
1. In what state was Coca-Cola invented?
d. Georgia.
2. At a fair in what state was the ice-cream cone invented?
a. Missouri.
256
3. In what state was the first circus held in the USA?
d. Rhode Island.
4. What state ties with Missouri as the most “neighborly
state”?
c. Tennessee.
5. Where would you find a house built entirely of
newspaper?
c. Massachusetts.
America and Americans
Thanksgiving Day
Almost every culture in the world has held celebrations of thanks
for a plentiful harvest. The American Thanksgiving holiday began
as a feast of thanksgiving in the early days of the American colonies.
In 1620, a boat filled with more than one hundred people sailed
across the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the New World. This religious
group wanted to separate from the Church of England. The Pilgrims
settled in what is now the state of Massachusetts. They had arrived too
late to grow many crops, and without food, half the colony died from
hunger and diseases. The following spring the Iroquois Indians taught
them how to grow corn (maize), a new food for the colonists. In the
autumn of 1621, bountiful crops of corn, barley, beans and pumpkins
were harvested. The colonists had much to be thankful for, so a feast
was planned. They invited the local Indian chief and 90 Indians. The
Indians brought deer to roast with the turkeys and other wild game
offered by the colonists. The colonists had learned how to cook different
kinds of corn and squash dishes frоm the Indians. In following years,
many of the original colonists celebrated the autumn harvest with a
feast of thanks. After the United States became an independent country,
Congress recommended one yearly day of thanksgiving for the whole
nation to celebrate. George Washington suggested the date November
26 as Thanksgiving Day. Then in 1863, at the end of a long and bloody
civil war, Abraham Lincoln asked all Americans to set aside the last
Thursday in November as a day of thanksgiving.
http://www.homeschooling.about.com
257
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
258
harvest — урожай
in the early days — в первые дни
to separate from — отделять от чего-либо
bountiful — имеющийся в изобилии
corn — зерно
to roast — жарить
feast — празднование
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȘȒȔȐȟȇȏȄȇȒȏȒȆ
Infinitive
to begin
to die
to plan
to become
to set
to cook
Past Tense
Participle II
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȄȔȖȌȎȏȣȐȌȇȈȉȡȖȒȑȉ
ȒȅșȒȈȌȐȒ
The History of the Thanksgiving Day
There is some dispute about when ____ first Thanksgiving
in ____ America actually occurred. While ____ Thanksgiving feast
at ____Plymouth Colony, ____ Massachusetts in ____ 1621 is often
referred to as ____ first Thanksgiving, there are actually reports
of earlier celebrations, including some in _____ Virginia in _____
early 1600’s and even as early as ____ 1500’s.
The Plymouth Thanksgiving feast is ____ most well-known
celebration. It came about after a hard winter and then a successful
harvest by the Pilgrims. They had landed at Plymouth Rock in ____
December of ____ 1620, and had ____ very little time to prepare for
the harsh winter. Nearly ____ half of the Pilgrims died that year. After
their successful harvest, the Pilgrims decided to have ____ threeday feast, starting on ____ December 13th, 1621. They celebrated
with ____ ninety Wampanoag Indians who had helped them
throughout their first year. Their Thanksgiving feast included ____
shellfish, ____ lobsters, ____ turkey, ____ corn bread, ____ berries,
____ deer, and ____ other foods.
___ first national Thanksgiving in ____ America occurred in ____
1789. ____ first act after the political leaders finished ____ Bill of
Rights was this resolution...
“Resolved, That a joint committee of both Houses be directed
to wait upon ____ President of ____ United States to request that
he would recommend to ____ people of ____ United States a Day
of Public Thanksgiving and Prayer…”
259
America and Americans
Funny Warnings: Food
1. After a lengthy instruction on how to heat the bottle:
Caution: syrup bottle may be hot.
(Hungry Jack Lite Syrup)
2. Instructions: open packet, eat nuts.
(American Airlines Peanuts)
260
3. Product will be hot after heating.
(Mark and Spencer’s Bread Pudding)
4. Warning: This product contains nuts.
(Sainsbury Peanuts)
5. For best results, remove cap.
(Nabisco Easy Cheese)
6. This product must be cooked before eating.
(Swanson TV Dinners)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KDQNVJLYLQJ'D\µȕ
Infinitive
Past Tense
Participle II
to begin
began
begun
to die
died
died
to plan
planned
planned
to become
became
become
to set
set
set
to cook
cooked
cooked
261
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RIWKH7KDQNVJLYLQJ'D\µȕ
262
There is some dispute about when the first Thanksgiving in
America actually occurred. While the Thanksgiving feast at
Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts in 1621 is often referred to as
the first Thanksgiving, there are actually reports of earlier
celebrations, including some in Virginia in the early 1600’s and
even as early as the 1500’s.
The Plymouth Thanksgiving feast is the most well-known
celebration. It came about after a hard winter and then a successful
harvest by the Pilgrims. They had landed at Plymouth Rock
in December of 1620, and had very little time to prepare for the
harsh winter. Nearly half of the Pilgrims died that year. After their
successful harvest, the Pilgrims decided to have a three-day feast,
starting on December 13th, 1621. They celebrated with ninety
Wampanoag Indians who had helped them throughout their first
year. Their Thanksgiving feast included shellfish, lobsters, turkey,
corn bread, berries, deer, and other food.
The first national Thanksgiving in America occurred in 1789. The
first act after the political leaders finished the Bill of Rights was this
resolution...
“Resolved, That a joint committee of both Houses be directed
to wait upon the President of the United States to request that
he would recommend to the people of the United States a Day
of Public Thanksgiving and Prayer...”
America and Americans
4th of July
Fourth of July is the American Independence Day, it celebrates the
spirit of Patriotism and Freedom.
The day has forever been associated with favorite customs like
fireworks, parades, barbecues, beer, picnics, outdoor parties, public
events honoring the nation etc. Fireworks are probably the most
identifiable event for Fourth of July. They have been associated with
this holiday since 1777. Firework shows are held in many states and
families and groups even buy them for private use. They also are often
accompanied by singing or music of patriotic songs.
Picnics and barbecues have become Fourth of July traditions due
to two main reasons. The first reason being that summer is a lovely
time to be spent outdoors and the second being that these two are
easiest way to entertain a large number of guests.
Public events are common in most cities with state politicians
giving patriotic speeches. Singing of the national Anthem and other
patriotic songs is also common. Fourth of July parades are mostly
held in the morning with red, white and blue decorated floats.
Baseball, football and other outdoor and beach games are popular.
There also usually a host of activities for kids like face painting, fairs
and carnivals etc. organized at various public places.
Patriotic displays are commonly seen everywhere. People
customarily deck their houses with flags, buntings and streamers in
Red, White and Blue, the colors of the American flag. Even the
clothing worn by people on Fourth of July reflects the colors and
designs of the flag.
http://ezinearticles.com
263
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
the most identifiable — наиболее опознаваемый
to entertain — развлекать
float — платформа, украшенная для парада
bunting — гирлянда с флажками
streamer — транспарант
264
ǵȒȕȖȄȆȠȖȉȆȒȓȔȒȕȟȑȄȎȒȖȒȔȟȉȈȄȑȑȟȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
ȅȗȈȗȖȒȖȆȉȖȄȐȌ
1. The American Independence Day celebrates the spirit
of Patriotism and Freedom.
2. The day has forever been associated with fireworks,
parades, barbecues, beer, picnics, outdoor parties etc.
3. Fireworks have been associated with this holiday since
1777.
4. Public events are common in most cities.
5. People decorate their houses with flags, buntings and
streamers in Red, White and Blue.
6. Summer is a lovely time to be spent outdoors.
7. Fireworks are often accompanied by singing or music
of patriotic songs.
America and Americans
Native American Proverbs
1. Speak truth in humility to all people. Only then can you
be a true man.
(Sioux)
2. With all things and in all things, we are relatives.
(Sioux)
3. Love one another and do not strive for another’s undoing.
(Seneca)
4. We will be known forever by the tracks we leave.
(Dakota)
5. Each person is his own judge.
(Pima)
6. Do not judge your neighbor until you walk two moons
in his moccasins.
(Cheyenne)
7. There is no death, only a change of worlds.
(Duwamish)
265
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
“Facts about States”
1
2
266
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
America and Americans
$FURVV
2. Florida: Where in Florida would you find “Hogtown?”
3. Arizona: Which of these towns — Snowflake, Tombstone,
Douglas — is termed “Too Tough to Die?” 7. Arkansas: What
town advertises itself as the “Watermelon Capital of the World?”
8. California: What is the “City of Roses?” 9. Alaska: Where is the
“Hanging Basket Capital of the World?”
'RZQ
1. Delaware: What city calls itself the “Chemical Capital of
the World?” 3. Alabama: What city calls itself “The Druid City?”
4. Which city is Washington’s capital? 5. Which Wyoming city
is host to one of the World’s largest rodeo? 6. Central New York
State: Home to Cornell University?
267
America and Americans
Most Famous Frank Sinatra Quotations
***
I’m gonna live till I die.
268
***
I’m supposed to have a Ph.D. on the subject of women. But the
truth is I’ve flunked more often than not. I’m very fond of women;
I admire them. But, like all men, I don’t understand them.
***
People often remark that I’m pretty lucky. Luck is only important
in so far as getting the chance to sell yourself at the right moment.
After that, you’ve got to have talent and know how to use it.
***
The best revenge is massive success.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´WKRI-XO\µF
1. What does the American Independence Day celebrate?
2. What is the day associated with?
3. When did fireworks start to be associated with this
holiday?
4. Where are public events common?
5. How do people decorate their houses?
6. Why do people like to have picnics and barbecues
on Fourth of July?
7. What are fireworks usually accompanied by?
269
America and Americans
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
´)DFWVDERXW6WDWHVµȕ
1
2
G
A
W
I
N
E
S
B
S
T
V
I
L
O
N
E
L
E
L
270
3
4
T
O M
U
I
L
S
N
Y
C
G
M
A
T
L
O
O
7
O
H
P
5
N
P
A
E
S
A
D
O
S
A
9
A
N
C
H
O
6
H
I
8
C
R
A
G
I
E
T
Y
H
E
N
A
N
C
N
A
E
America and Americans
New Year in the USA
In the USA, people start their New Year preparations right after
Christmas. According to the Gregorian calendar, New Year in the USA
is celebrated on the 1st of the month of January. The Americans know
various ways of making this day a memorable one. Ranging from
parties to masquerades, carnivals to fairs, spending time with family
at home to going out on short trips, there are innumerable options
to observe New Year in the USA. It is New York which mostly steals
the show during this time of the year. The countdown on New Year
Eve begins at One Times Square. This is transmitted live on many
American channels. The huge Waterford Crystal ball is lowered
gradually with the passing of time and the moment the clock strikes
twelve, it touches the lowermost part of the tower. A spectacular crowd
creating an astounding scene gathers in here during this time. At the
beginning of the New Year, the Americans do visit the churches
in order to derive the Lord’s blessings before commencing a new
journey of life. People visit friends and family with gifts, flowers and
champagne. This is followed by a grand feast accompanied with music
and dance. During the time of New Year, almost the whole of the USA
is decorated with glittering lights. The shopping malls and department
stores, the houses of people and the public places are all adorned with
various attractive lights. A very popular paradigm related to the
celebration of the New Year in USA is that the “Old Year” with a band
across the chest and a mark of the bygone year on it handovers his
responsibilities to the “Baby New Year”.
271
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
272
various ways — различные способы
carnival — карнавал
gradually — постепенно
spectacular — впечатляющий
blessing — благословение
the shopping malls — торговые центры
attractive — привлекательный
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
preparation
2.
various
3.
memorable
4.
innumerable
5.
to transmit
6.
astounding
7.
glittering
8.
celebration
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
talk to the hand
talk through one’s hat
the Real McCoy
a.
b.
c.
the whole shebang
top notch
tuckered out
up a gum tree
wild and woolly
wear the trousers
well-heeled
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
excellent
lawless and uncultured
I’ve no interest in
hearing what you’ve got
to say
be in charge
in great difficulties
well provided for
talk nonsense
exhausted
all of it; the whole thing
the real thing, not
a substitute
273
America and Americans
ǴȄȕȜȌȘȔȗȍȖȉȄȑȄȇȔȄȐȐȟ
“Favorite Fruit”
1. A fruit similar to the peach, very popular in the USA.
274
E
E
R
C
N
A
N
I
T
2. A citrus widely used in the USA for making fresh juice
concentrates.
E
A
I
T
N
E
G
N
R
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´1HZ<HDULQWKH86$µF
1. preparation — readiness;
2. various — several;
3. memorable — unforgettable;
4. innumerable — countless;
5. to transmit — to dispatch;
6. astounding — striking;
7. glittering — dazzling;
8. celebration — festival.
275
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. talk to the hand — I’ve no interest in hearing what you’ve
got to say;
2. talk through one’s hat — talk nonsense;
3. the Real McCoy — the thing, not a substitute;
4. the whole shebang — all of it; the whole thing;
276
5. top notch — excellent;
6. tuckered out — exhausted;
7. up a gum tree — in great difficulties;
8. wild and woolly — lawless and uncultured;
9. wear the trousers — be in charge;
10. well-heeled — well provided for.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
´)DYRULWH)UXLWµȕ
1. Nectarine.
2. Tangerine.
America and Americans
Christmas
Santa Claus was born in the US in the 1860’s; he was named Santa
Claus as this was the Dutch word for St Nicholas, Sintaklaas. He did
not become an important person at Christmas until the novelist
Washington Irving put him in a novel that he wrote in 1809. This
first Santa Claus was still known as St. Nicholas, he did smoke a pipe,
and fly around in a wagon without any reindeer, but he did not have
his red suit or live at the North Pole; he, however, brought presents
to children every year. In 1863 he was given the name Santa Claus
and bore the red suit; he got his pipe, and his reindeer and sleigh.
Now Christmas celebrations vary greatly between regions of the
United States, because of the variety of nationalities which have settled
in the country.
For example, in Washington, D.C., a huge, spectacular tree is lit
ceremoniously when the President turns on the tree’s lights.
In California, Santa Claus sweeps in on a surfboard. When Americans
make up the table for dinner two extra places are set up for Mary and
the Christ Child in case they should knock at the door to ask for
shelter.
The majority of Americans celebrate Christmas with the exchange
of gifts and greetings and with family visits. American homes are
decorated with holly, mistletoe and branches of trees, most have
a Christmas tree hung with electric lights, tinsel and baubles.
There are two homes for Santa Claus in the United States — one
is in Torrington, Connecticut, where Santa and his helpers give out
presents. The other home is in Wilmington, New York.
277
America and Americans
278
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
pipe — трубка
reindeer — северный олень
spectacular — производящий глубокое впечатление
the majority of — большинство
holly — остролист
mistletoe — омела белая (традиционное украшение дома на
Рождество)
ǫȄȎȒȑțȌȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. The difference between Washington Irving’s Santa Claus
and present-day Santa is ___________________________.
2. Nowadays Christmas celebrations across the USA vary
greatly because __________________________________.
3. In Washington D.C. the Christmas tree is lit after ______
_______________________________________________.
4. When Americans make up the table for Christmas dinner
two extra places are set up for ______________________.
5. The majority of Americans exchange _________________
______________________ during Christmas celebrations.
6. Americans tend to decorate their homes with _________
______________________________________________.
7. In his home in Connecticut Santa and his helpers ______
_______________________________________________.
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȄȔȖȌȎȏȣȐȌȇȈȉȡȖȒȑȉ
ȒȅșȒȈȌȐȒ.
Cheerleading in the USA
Rugby players at ____ University of ____ Minnesota created
____ first organized cheering in ____ 1880’s. John W. Adams and
“Win” Sergeant adapted ____ Native American victory exclamation,
used in ____ athletic contests, to create ____ following cheer: “rah
RAH rahsky OO mahminn SO ta”.
In ____ 1898, Minnesota student Jimmy Campbell directed the
crowd at a football game in using ____ adapted form of the cheer.
____ cheer is still in ____ use today, in a somewhat different form,
at ____ university sporting events.
During ____ early 1900’s, ____ gymnastics and ____ megaphones
were incorporated into cheerleading routines. ____ women began
participating as cheerleaders for ____ first time, owing in part to
____ lack of athletic activities for ____ women.
Organized cheerleading became widespread in high schools
during ____ 1960’s. In ____ 1965, Fred Gastoff invented vinyl
pompons, and they were popularized by ____ International
Cheerleading Foundation, now called the World Cheerleading
Association.
____ emphasis began to shift away from actually leading ____
fans in cheers and toward developing ____ sophisticated dance
teams. Today, cheerleaders appear mainly at ____ football and
basketball games. Other sports that have cheerleaders include
____ soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, baseball, and wrestling. Some
of ____ more popular college and professional squads have
websites and licensing agreements.
279
America and Americans
Difference between British and American Spelling
280
British
-se
analyse
apologise
appetiser
catalyse
civilise
colonise
criticise
emphasise
organise
popularise
prise
realise
recognise
American
-ze
analyze
apologize
appetizer
catalyze
civilize
colonize
criticize
emphasize
organize
popularize
prize
realize
recognize
Note. British English uses both -ise and -ize forms but tends to
prefer -ise (-isation) form.
Verbs in British English that can be spelled with either -ize or -ise
at the end are always spelled with -ize in American English.
Verbs in British English that end in -yse (e.g. analyse) are always
spelled -yze in American English (analyze).
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´&KULVWPDVµF
1. The difference between Washington Irving’s Santa Claus
and present-day Santa is WKDW,UYLQJ·V6DQWDGLGQ·WKDYH
KLVUHGVXLWDQGKHGLGQ·WOLYHDWWKH1RUWK3ROH.
2. Nowadays Christmas celebrations across the USA vary
greatly because of the variety of nationalities which
have settled in the country.
3. In Washington D.C. the Christmas tree is lit after the
3UHVLGHQWWXUQVRQWKHWUHH·VOLJKWV.
4. When Americans make up the table for Christmas dinner
two extra places are set up for Mary and the Christ Child
in case they should knock and ask for shelter.
5. The majority of Americans exchange gifts, greetings and
family visits during Christmas celebrations.
6. Americans tend to decorate their homes with holly,
mistletoe, branches of trees and a Christmas tree.
7. In his home in Connecticut Santa and his helpers give out
presents.
281
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´&KHHUOHDGLQJLQWKH86$µȕ
282
Rugby players at the University of Minnesota created the first
organized cheering in the 1880’s. John W. Adams and “Win” Sergeant
adapted a Native American victory exclamation, used in athletic
contests, to create the following cheer: “rah RAH rahsky OO
mahminn SO ta”.
In 1898, Minnesota student Jimmy Campbell directed the crowd
at a football game in using an adapted form of the cheer. The cheer
is still in use today, in a somewhat different form, at university
sporting events.
During the early 1900’s, gymnastics and megaphones were
incorporated into cheerleading routines. Women began
participating as cheerleaders for the first time, owing in part to
the lack of athletic activities for women.
Organized cheerleading became widespread in high schools
during the 1960’s. In 1965, Fred Gastoff invented vinyl pompons,
and they were popularized by the International Cheerleading
Foundation, now called the World Cheerleading Association.
The emphasis began to shift away from actually leading fans in
cheers and toward developing sophisticated dance teams. Today,
cheerleaders appear mainly at football and basketball games. Other
sports that have cheerleaders include soccer, ice hockey, volleyball,
baseball, and wrestling. Some of the more popular college and
professional squads have websites and licensing agreements.
America and Americans
Halloween Superstitions
Straddling the line between fall and winter, plenty and paucity,
life and death, Halloween is a time of celebration. Halloween has
always been a holiday filled with mystery, magic and superstition. It
began as a Celtic end-of-summer festival during which people felt
especially close to deceased relatives and friends. For these friendly
spirits, they set places at the dinner table, left treats on doorsteps
and along the side of the road and lit candles to help loved ones find
their way back to the spirit world.
Today’s Halloween ghosts are often depicted as more fearsome and
malevolent, and our customs and superstitions are scarier too. The
Americans avoid crossing paths with black cats, afraid that they might
bring us bad luck. This idea has its roots in the Middle Ages, when
many people believed that witches avoided detection by turning
themselves into cats. American people try not to walk under ladders
for the same reason. This superstition may have come from the ancient
Egyptians, who believed that triangles were sacred. And around
Halloween, especially, people try to avoid breaking mirrors, stepping
on cracks in the road or spilling salt. But what about the Halloween
traditions and beliefs that today’s trick-or-treaters have forgotten all
about? Many of these obsolete rituals focused on the future instead
of the past and the living instead of the dead. In particular, many had
to do with helping young women identify their future husbands
and reassuring them that they would someday with luck, by next
Halloween — be married.
283
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
paucity — нехватка
mystery — тайна
deceased relatives — умершие родственники
custom — традиция
obsolete — устарелый
instead of — вместо чего-либо
284
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȄȑȖȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
plenty
2.
to avoid
3.
ancient
4.
to try
5.
to live
6.
luck
7.
to reassure
8.
fearsome
America and Americans
285
In Disneyland
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
No man is an island.
Needs must when the devil drives.
Necessity is the mother of invention.
Mighty oaks from little acorns grow.
Many a true word is spoken in jest.
Many a little makes a mickle.
Man does not live by bread alone.
Make hay while the sun shines.
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Facts about Halloween and Halloween History
286
The tradition of trick or treating is believed to have its roots
in Europe, with an old tradition called “souling”. Beggars would
go around from village to village begging for cakes or “soul cakes”.
The more cakes they received, the more prayers they would say for
the donor’s dead loved ones.
The term “trick or treat” dates back to the 1930’s. One of the earliest
references to the phrase was printed in The Oregon Journal on
November 1st, 1934. The headline was “Halloween Pranks Keep Police
on Hop” and it read “Other young goblins and ghosts, employing
modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the “trick or treat”
system in all parts of the city”.
Halloween is believed to have originated in Ireland, with the Celtic
religion. They had a huge feast called Samhain (pronounced
Sah-ween) every November 1st. The Celtics would dress up in masks
and costumes so the ghosts believed to be roaming the countryside
on this day wouldn’t recognize them. The name Halloween also stems
from “All Hallows Eve”, the night before “All Souls Day”.
With the immigration of many Irish, the custom of Halloween was
brought to America in the late 1800’s.
Orange and black are popular Halloween colors because orange
is associated with fall harvest and black is associated with death.
The first Jack-o-Lantern was carved out of a turnip, not a pumpkin.
The pumpkin started to be used because it was more plentiful in the U.S.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´+DOORZHHQ6XSHUVWLWLRQVµF
1. plenty — few;
2. to avoid — to face;
3. ancient — modern;
4. to try — to abstain;
5. to live — to cease;
6. luck — misfortune;
7. to reassure — to discourage;
8. fearsome — pleasing.
287
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. No man is an island. Human beings do not thrive when
isolated from others.
2. Needs must when the devil drives. Necessity compels.
3. Necessity is the mother of invention. Difficult situations
inspire ingenious solutions.
288
4. Mighty oaks from little acorns grow. Great things may
come from small beginnings.
5. Many a true word is spoken in jest. The truth is often
found in comic utterances.
6. Many a little makes a mickle. Many small amounts
accumulate to make a large amount.
7. Man does not live by bread alone. Physical
nourishment is not sufficient for a healthy life; man also
has spiritual needs.
8. Make hay while the sun shines. Make the most of one’s
opportunities while you have the chance.
America and Americans
National Garlic Day
th
Today April 19 marks one of the most important holidays of the
year: National Garlic Day. This is the day when people dust off that
box of garlic decorations stowed in the closet and display them
proudly, then eat whole cloves of garlic as if an apple, plant garlic,
and, finally, slaughter vampires. Nobody really knows how National
Garlic Day came to be. It’s not officially recorded or documented
anywhere. Some people have even renamed it “National Don’t Even
Think About Kissing Me Day”.
Those who enjoy heartburn, however, consider it Christmas. But
instead of focusing on halitosis caused by garlic’s pungent and spicy
aroma, let’s consider the benefits of garlic: it can be used to prevent
gangrene, its juice can be used to mend broken glass, and it wards
off colds, heart disease, cancer and evil spirits (ironic considering
Christian myth says that garlic arose in Satan’s footprint after he left
the Garden of Eden, making it the most delicious evil thing on
earth).
People celebrate everyone’s favorite human repellent looking at
some ways they eat, honor, and use garlic as weaponry. Every year,
on the last full weekend of July, the world’s largest garlic festival takes
place. But what really put the Garlic Festival on the map was garlic
ice cream. If there’s any flavor that really needed to be turned into
ice cream, it was garlic, and somehow the geniuses at Vic’s Ice Cream
managed to make it taste delicious. Only three gallons are made all
year specifically for the festival, so people can try Vic’s famous garlic
ice cream on July 23rd—25th.
289
America and Americans
290
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
garlic — чеснок
to stow — складывать
to slaughter vampires — убивать вампиров
halitosis — дурной запах изо рта
to prevent — предотвращать
to turn into — превращать в что-либо
delicious — вкусный
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
No one knows how National Garlic
Day came to be.
National Garlic Day is an officially
recorded celebration.
National Garlic Day is celebrated on
the last full weekend of July.
During the celebration of National
Garlic Day it is forbidden to eat garlic.
On National Garlic Day people try to
kill vampires.
Garlic ice cream is made all year round
in the USA.
Some people believe that garlic
prevents cold and heart disease.
False
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȌȕȓȔȄȆȠȖȉȒȜȌȅȎȗȆȎȄȊȈȒȐȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȌ
The Groundhog Day
February 2nd brings most-watched weather forecast of the year.
Legend have it that on this morning, if a groundhog can see its
shadow, there will be six more weeks of winter. If it cannot to see
its shadow, spring is on the way.
Since a groundhog hibernates for the winter, it’s coming out
of the ground is a natural sign of spring. In Europe centuries ago,
people have watched for other hibernating animals, including
badgers, bears, and hedgehogs, as signs of winter’s end. And
superstitions it is. But there a grain of truth: the winter days
when you can see your shadow clearly are often especially cold,
because there are no clouds overhead to insulate the earth.
An early February is midway between the winter solstice and
the spring equinox. Throughout history numerous holidays have
marked these seasonal crossroads. Among these is Candlemas Day,
February 2nd, a Christian holiday that’s celebrates Mary’s ritual
purification. Early Christians believed that if the sun came out
on Candlemas Day, winter will last for six weeks more.
In the 1880’s some friends in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, have
gone into the woods on Candlemas Day to look for groundhogs.
This outing become a tradition, and a local newspaper editor
nicknamed the seekers “the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club”.
Starting in 1887 the search became an official event centered
on a groundhog was called Punxsutawney Phil.
291
America and Americans
North Dakota Hymn
(written by James W. Foley, composed by Dr. C. S. Putnam, 1927)
292
North Dakota, North Dakota,
With thy prairies wide and free,
All thy sons and daughters love thee,
Fairest state from sea to sea;
North Dakota, North Dakota,
Here we pledge ourselves to thee.
Here thy loyal children singing,
Songs of happiness and praise,
Far and long the echoes ringing,
Through the vastness of thy ways;
North Dakota, North Dakota,
We will serve thee all our days.
Onward, onward, onward going,
Light of courage in thine eyes,
Sweet the winds above thee blowing,
Green thy fields and fair thy skies;
North Dakota, North Dakota,
Brave the soul that in thee lies…
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´1DWLRQDO*DUOLF'D\µF
1. No one knows how National Garlic Day came to be. True
2. National Garlic Day is an officially recorded celebration.
False
3. National Garlic Day is celebrated on the last full weekend
of July. False
4. During the celebration of National Garlic Day it is
forbidden to eat garlic. False
5. On National Garlic Day people try to kill vampires. True
6. Garlic ice cream is made all year round in the USA. False
7. Some people believe that garlic prevents cold and heart
disease. True
293
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH*URXQGKRJ'D\µȕ
294
February 2nd brings the most-watched weather forecast of the
year. Legend has it that on this morning, if a groundhog can see
its shadow, there will be six more weeks of winter. If it cannot see
its shadow, spring is on the way.
Since a groundhog hibernates for the winter, its coming out of
the ground is a natural sign of spring. In Europe centuries ago,
people watched for other hibernating animals, including badgers,
bears, and hedgehogs, as signs of winter’s end. And a superstition
it is. But WKHUH·V a grain of truth: the winter days when you can see
your shadow clearly are often especially cold, because there are
no clouds overhead to insulate the earth.
Early February is midway between the winter solstice and the
spring equinox. Throughout history numerous holidays have
marked this seasonal crossroads. Among these is Candlemas Day,
February 2nd, a Christian holiday that celebrates Mary’s ritual
purification. Early Christians believed that if the sun came out
on Candlemas Day, winter would last for six weeks more.
In the 1880’s some friends in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, went
into the woods on Candlemas Day to look for groundhogs. This
outing became a tradition, and a local newspaper editor nicknamed
the seekers “the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club”. Starting in 1887
the search became an official event centered on a groundhog
called Punxsutawney Phil.
America and Americans
Religion
Americans always rejected the concept of the established or
government-favored religion that had dominated so many European
countries. Separation of church and state was ordained by the First
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
One of the first permanent settlements in what became the North
American colonies was founded by English Puritans, Calvinists who
had been outsiders in their homeland. Today America is one of the
most diverse religious societies in the world. In 2005 Protestants
of all denominations numbered more than 100 million; Catholics,
67 million; and Jews, 6 million. The Islamic faith also has about
6 million U.S. adherents, many of whom are African-American
converts. It is estimated that the number of mosques in the United
States has more than doubled in the last 15 years. Buddhism and
Hinduism are growing with the arrival of immigrants.
America has also been a fertile ground for new religions. The
Mormon and Christian Science Churches are perhaps the best-known
of the faiths that have sprung up on American soil. Because of its
tradition of non-interference in religious matters, the United States
has also provided a comfortable home for many small sects from
overseas. Some small groups are considered to be religious cults
because they profess extremist beliefs and tend to glorify a founding
figure. As long as cults and their members abide by the law, they are
generally left alone. Religious prejudice is rare in America, and
interfaith meetings and cooperation are commonplace.
295
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
296
to ordain — предписывать
the First Amendment — первая поправка
denomination — вероисповедание
faith — вера
non-interference — политика невмешательства
religious cults — религиозные культы
prejudice — предубеждение
DzȖȆȉȖȠȖȉȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. Why is religion in the USA considered as non-government
favored?
2. Why is the USA considered the most diverse religious
society in the world?
3. Why is the number of Buddhism and Hinduism adherents
growing in the USA?
4. Why have small sects emerged in the USA?
5. What are the features of a religious cult?
6. Does the government interfere in the matters of religious
cults?
7. Why is interfaith cooperation common in the USA?
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Silence is golden.
2. Share and share alike.
3. Rob Peter to pay Paul.
4. Put your best foot forward.
5. Out of sight, out of mind.
6. One swallow doesn’t make a summer.
7. Nothing succeeds like success.
8. No names, no pack-drill.
297
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
ȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´&ORWKLQJDQG
$FFHVVRULHVµ
American English
298
British English
1.
hat
a.
trousers
2.
clothespin
b.
wellington boots
3.
purse
c.
wallet
4.
drawers, underpants
d.
waistcoat
5.
pants
e.
zip
6.
undershirt
f.
pants
7.
vest
g.
bonnet
8.
billfold, wallet
h.
clothes peg
9.
rubber boots
i.
handbag
zipper
j.
vest
10.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´5HOLJLRQµF
1. Because Americans rejected the concept of government
favored religion. The separation of church and state was
ordained by the First Amendment to the Constitution.
2. Because a lot of denominations exist in the USA,
including Protestants, Catholics, Muslims, Buddhists and
others.
3. Because of a great number of immigrants, who adhere to
Buddhism or Hinduism.
4. The USA doesn’t interfere in religious matters, this has
provided a comfortable home for sects.
5. The main features of a religious cult are glorifying of
a founding figure and extremist beliefs.
6. The government doesn’t interfere in the matters of
a religious cult if its members abide by the law.
7. The interfaith cooperation is common due to the rare
religious prejudice in the USA.
299
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Silence is golden. Saying nothing is preferable
to speaking.
2. Share and share alike. Give equal shares to all.
3. Rob Peter to pay Paul. To take from one to give
to another; to discharge one debt by incurring another.
300
4. Put your best foot forward. Embark on a journey or task
with purpose.
5. Out of sight, out of mind. Something is easily forgotten
if it is not in our direct view.
6. One swallow doesn’t make a summer. A single instance
of something is just that; it doesn’t indicate a trend.
7. Nothing succeeds like success. Success breeds further
success.
8. No names, no pack-drill. Say nothing and avoid repercussions.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ´&ORWKLQJDQG$FFHVVRULHVµȕ
1. hat — bonnet; 2. clothespin — clothes peg; 3. purse —
handbag; 4. drawers, underpants — pants; 5. pants — trousers;
6. undershirt — vest; 7. vest — waistcoat; 8. billfold, wallet —
wallet; 9. rubber boots — wellington boots; 10. zipper — zip.
America and Americans
Youth and Family Life
Belonging to a family is one bond almost everyone in the world
shares, but family patterns vary from country to country. The United
States has many different types of families, but the traditional structure
continues to prevail for the most part as a new century unfolds. Yet,
over the past several decades, US society has witnessed an evolution
in family structure and daily life in many respects, because of myriad
factors, running the gamut from advancements in science to the
composition of the workplace. Single parenthood, adoptive households,
step-parenting, stay-at-home fathers, are a few of the newer tiles
in the mosaic.
What about youth? What is it like to be a young person in the
United States?
The typical American child spends 180 days a year at school.
Schools provide US children with much more than academic
education. More than 80 % of all students participate in extracurricular
activities, such as sports, student newspapers, drama clubs etc.
During their leisure time, kids spend much time watching
television, listening to music or playing computer games, but many
also have after-school jobs. One recent poll indicated that nine out
of 10 either had a job or would like one. Child labor laws set
restrictions on the types of work that youths under 16 years can do.
Many youths are also involved in community service organizations.
Others belong to groups such as Girl Scouts or Boy Scouts, where
they learn about citizenship, crafts, arts, camping and other outdoor
activities.
301
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
bond — связь
myriad — несметное число
run the gamut — включать в себя широкий диапазон
advancement — продвижение вперед
extracurricular activities — внеаудиторная деятельность
community — общество
302
ǴȄȕȕȖȄȆȠȖȉ ȕȏȒȆȄ Ȇ ȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȐ ȓȒȔȣȈȎȉ Ȍ ȋȄȓȌȜȌȖȉ
ȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. almost/to/shares/belonging/in/a/world/bond/the/family/
everyone/is/one. _________________________________
_______________________________________________
2. be/States/it/in/what/a/the/person/is/young/like/United/
to? _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. a/school/American/180 days/in/the/child/year/spends
typical. _________________________________________
_______________________________________________
4. out of 10/a/one/poll/had/that/recent/like/indicated/job/
either/would/or/nine/a/kids. _______________________
_______________________________________________
5. 16 years/child labor laws/on/can/set/the/of/do/
restrictions/types/youths/work/that/under. ___________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȈȄȑȑȟȐȌȕȗȝȉȕȖȆȌȖȉȏȠ
ȑȟȐȌ streets, areas, secret, settlers, children, immigration,
relative, judges, family, influenza, population.
Adoption in the United States
From the time the first __________ arrived in the United States,
war, poverty, disease left countless __________ orphaned. Until
the 1850’s, informal adoptions were the norm; another family,
usually a __________, would take in an orphaned child. In 1851,
Massachusetts passed the nation’s first adoption statute. It required
that ________ determine if adoptive parents had consent from the
adoptee’s guardian or parent.
The number of orphans exploded amid the Civil War and
as _____________ increased in the 19th century. Orphaned children
were transported from coastal cities to rural _______ in the Midwest.
Some say the orphans became indentured servants; others say the
children were spared a life on the _________.
Following World War I, the demand for babies exploded due
to the sharp drop in ____________ caused by the war, the
___________ epidemic of 1918. “Closed” adoptions became the
norm, where birth parents and adoptive parents were kept
a ________, this helped the child bond to a new __________ and
avoid the stigma of illegitimacy.
303
America and Americans
Most Famous Hillary Clinton Quotations
***
In the Bible it says they asked Jesus how many times you should
forgive, and he said 70 times 7. Well, I want you all to know that
I’m keeping a chart.
304
***
I feel very lucky because of my parents and then my education,
the opportunities that I’ve had, so I would like to continue working
to improve lives for others.
***
All of us have to recognize that we owe our children more than
we have been giving them.
***
Probably my worst quality is that I get very passionate about
what I think is right.
***
The challenge is to practice politics as the art of making what
appears to be impossible, possible.
***
We must stop thinking of the individual and start thinking about
what is best for society.
***
We’ll hold out our hand; they have to unclench their fist.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´<RXWKDQG)DPLO\/LIHµF
1. Belonging to a family is one bond almost everyone in the
world shares.
2. What is it like to be a young person in the United States?
3. The typical American child spends 180 days a year in
school.
4. A recent poll indicated that nine out of 10 kids either had
a job or would like one.
5. Child labor laws set restrictions on the types of work that
youths under 16 years can do.
305
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$GRSWLRQLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVµȕ
306
From the time the first settlers arrived in the United States, war,
poverty, disease left countless children orphaned. Until the 1850’s,
informal adoptions were the norm; another family, usually
a relative, would take in an orphaned child. In 1851, Massachusetts
passed the nation’s first adoption statute. It required that judges
determine if adoptive parents had consent from the adoptee’s
guardian or parent.
The number of orphans exploded amid the Civil War and
as immigration increased in the 19th century. Orphaned children
were transported from coastal cities to rural areas in the Midwest.
Some say the orphans became indentured servants; others say the
children were spared a life on the streets.
Following World War I, the demand for babies exploded due
to the sharp drop in population caused by the war, the influenza
epidemic of 1918. “Closed” adoptions became the norm, where
birth parents and adoptive parents were kept a secret, this helped
the child bond to a new family and avoid the stigma of illegitimacy.
America and Americans
Food
Unites States of America has drawn innumerable immigrants
from different countries of Europe and Africa. As a result Americans
have a wide variety of cuisine. The typical style of American cooking
is the blend of different cuisines of the world. Food of the USA is
greatly indebted to the cooking style of the first American inhabitants
who are referred to as Native Americans.
The immigrants contributed a lot to the food culture of USA. Apple
pies, pizza, chowder, and hamburgers which form an integral part of
American food have been brought by the Europeans. Burritos and
tacos come from Mexico.
There are several specialty cuisines in different parts of the USA
like Hawaiian cuisine, Cajun cuisine, and California cuisine. However,
baked beans, barbecue, and clam chowder, American-style candy bars
and other fast-food items which are typically American are popular
all over the world.
The cuisine of the southern part of America is deeply influenced by
the cooking styles of Africa, France, and Mexico, among others. Asian
style of Cooking has also influenced a lot of the American style of cooking.
The Americans residing at the East Coast and Pacific Northwest
are fond of fish and seafood while people at Midwest prefer corn and
beef. Hot dogs and hamburgers, which are very popular with the
Americans, are quintessentially traditional German dishes however
their modern, popular forms have been altered to a great extent.
At present the cuisines developed at fast food industry is primarily
based on American cooking traditions are favorite all over the world.
http://travel.mapsofworld.com
307
America and Americans
&ȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
innumerable immigrants — бесчисленные иммигранты
a wide variety — широкий круг
cuisine — кухня
inhabitant — житель
chowder — густая похлебка
coast — морское побережье
308
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉțȄȕȖȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȍ
1. Food of the USA
a. apple pies, pizza, runzas,
belongs to a wide
chowder and hamburgers.
variety of cuisine
2. The typical style of
b. deeply influenced by the
American cooking
cooking styles of Africa,
France, and Mexico.
3. The immigrants have
c. quintessentially
introduced
traditional German dishes.
4. The cuisine of the
d. the blend of different
southern part of
cuisines of the world.
America is
5. Typically American
e. because America has
food like baked beans
accepted innumerable
and barbecue is
immigrants from different
countries.
6. Hot dogs and
f. popular all over the world.
hamburgers, which are
very popular with the
Americans, are
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȈȄȑȑȟȐȌȓȔȌȏȄȇȄȖȉȏȠȑȟȐȌ
wonderful (2), green, blue, dark, bright, red, pretty, white.
What a Wonderful World
(а fragment)
(Louis Armstrong)
I see trees of _________ … _________ roses too,
I see em bloom… for me and for you,
And I think to myself … what a _________ world …
I see skies of _________ … clouds of _________,
_________ blessed days … _________ sacred nights,
And I think to myself … what a _________ world …
The colors of a rainbow … so _________ … in the sky
Are also on the faces … of people … going by …
I see friends shaking hands … saying “how do you.”
They’re realy saying … “I love you.”
309
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Brief History of Cooking Inventions
Popsicles
310
In 1905 an eleven-year-old Frank Epperson was mixing powdered
soda and water to make soda pop. Frank accidentally left the mixing
bucket outside and the mixture froze solid, with the wooden stirring
stick standing straight up. But the frozen pop tasted great! Frank
started selling Epperson icicles for five cents, later changing the name
to popsicles.
Chocolate Chip Cookies
In 1930, Ruth Wakefield was making chocolate cookies. When she
ran out of baking chocolate, Ruth broke a bar of semi-sweet chocolate
into little pieces and added them to the dough. When the cookies
were baked, the chocolate hadn’t melted, there were little chips
of chocolate throughout the cookie. Ruth was soon selling chocolate
chip cookies.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´)RRGµF
1. Food of the USA belongs to a wide variety of cuisine
because America has accepted innumerable immigrants
from different countries.
2. The typical style of American cooking is the blend of
different cuisines of the world.
3. The immigrants have introduced apple pies, pizza, runzas,
chowder and hamburgers.
4. The cuisine of the southern part of America is deeply
influenced by the cooking styles of Africa, France, and
Mexico.
5. Typically American food like baked beans and barbecue
is popular all over the world.
6. Hot dogs and hamburgers, which are very popular with
the Americans, are quintessentially traditional German
dishes.
311
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
´:KDWD:RQGHUIXO:RUOGµȕ
I see trees of green... red roses too,
I see em bloom... for me and for you,
And I think to myself... what a wonderful world...
312
I see skies of blue... clouds of white,
Bright blessed days... dark sacred nights,
And I think to myself... what a wonderful world...
The colors of a rainbow... so pretty... in the sky
Are also on the faces... of people... going by...
I see friends shaking hands … saying “how do you.”
They’re realy saying … “I love you.”
America and Americans
Weird, Funny and Strange Laws
in the United States
Many U.S. states and cities legal codes contain some silly and often
stupid laws. Which do you think is the strangest?
Anyone with a nervous tic should avoid Iowa as it is illegal to wink
at any female he does not know.
Christmas time is magical. But there is a point at which Maine
becomes sick of it. That day is January 14th. If you haven’t taken down
your Christmas decorations by this date you will be fined.
Hate rats? Love baseball? Well, in Galesburg, Illinois you better
not have those two feelings at the same time. The city will fine anyone
$1000,00 for beating rats with bats.
If you haven’t met the perfect spouse by age twenty-one then you’re
not trying hard enough. In 1820, Missouri enacted a one dollar annual
tax to all single men between the ages of twenty-one and fifty.
When in Yamhill, Oregon it’s best not to think ahead. Predicting
the future is considered an occult art and doing so is a misdemeanor.
Ever catch a snowflake on your tongue? Well, if you do that
in Colorado, you would be stealing. In Colorado, all of the water that
falls from the sky is considered government property. There is even
a fine for using collection barrels without a permit: $500,00 per day,
per barrel!
In Mohave County, Arizona, any person caught stealing soap must
then wash with the soap until it is gone. Won’t the long shower contrast
with the idea of water conservation?
313
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
legal code — кодекс
spouse — супруг (-а)
tax — налог
misdemeanor — мелкое правонарушение
barrel — бочка
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
314
1. Why shouldn’t you wink in Iowa?
a. Because people will take it as an insult.
b. Because it is illegal to wink at any woman who is not
your friend.
c. Because it can provoke fight.
d. Because wink is forbidden in the public places.
2. Why shouldn’t you feel aversion to rats and love baseball
at the same time if you are in Illinois?
a. As it is dangerous for your health.
b. As it is illegal to use bats if you beat rats.
c. As they are incompatible feelings.
d. As it is forbidden by the law.
3. What will you be made to do if you take the soap without
permission in Arizona?
a. You must return as much soap as you can carry.
b. You must pay fine.
c. You will be imprisoned.
d. You must use it until it is gone.
America and Americans
4. How long can your house be decorated at Christmas time
in Maine?
a. As long as you wish.
b. As long as your neighbors start argue.
c. Till the middle of January.
d. Till the end of winter.
315
Policemen in Hollywood
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Why does bread always fall buttered side down?
2. The best laid schemes of mice and men.
3. While you live, tell truth and shame the Devil!
4. Talk of the Devil, and he is bound to appear.
316
5. Strike while the iron is hot.
6. Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will
never hurt me.
7. Speak softly and carry a big stick.
8. Spare the rod and spoil the child.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´:HLUG )XQQ\ DQG 6WUDQJH /DZV LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHVµ
F
1. Why shouldn’t you wink in Iowa?
b. Because it is illegal to wink at any woman who is not
your friend.
2. Why shouldn’t you feel aversion to rats and love baseball
at the same time if you are in Illinois?
b. As it is illegal to use bats if you beat rats.
3. What will you be made to do if you take the soap without
permission in Arizona?
d. You must use it until it is gone.
4. How long can your house be decorated at Christmas time
in Maine?
c. Till the middle of January.
317
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Why does bread always fall buttered side down?
An expression of a pessimistic view of life.
2. The best laid schemes of mice and men. The most
carefully prepared plans may go wrong.
318
3. While you live, tell truth and shame the Devil! Tell the
truth, even when tempted to lie.
4. Talk of the Devil, and he is bound to appear.
A reference to someone who appears unexpectedly while
being talked about.
5. Strike while the iron is hot. Act decisively and take your
opportunities when they arise.
6. Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will
never hurt me. You might be hurt by physical force but
not by insults.
7. Speak softly and carry a big stick. A proverb advising
the tactic of non-aggression, backed up by the ability
to do violence if required.
8. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Children will only
flourish if chastised, physically or otherwise, for any
wrongdoing.
America and Americans
Crime and Justice
Despite the respect of most Americans for law and the
determination of the legal system to protect the rights of individuals,
the United States does experience crime. But crime has been going
down in the United States since the 90s. Рolice are cracking down on
quality-of-life offenses like public drinking and aggressive
panhandling and claiming credit for the big drops in violent crime
that follow.
A high percentage of crime in the United States is directly related
to the illegal sale and use of drugs. Drugs are smuggled into the
country by organized groups of criminals despite intense efforts
by the government to stop the illegal drug trade. Those who become
addicted to drug use sometimes rob or break into houses or stores
to get the money to pay for the drugs.
Drug abuse has caused great concern in the United States. The
federal government has worked hard to stop the growing of opium
poppies, of coca plants and of cannabis (source of marijuana and
hashish) in other nations. It has also set up special agencies, sometime
working with agencies from other nations, to catch the smugglers
outside and inside the United States.
Concern about crime has also led to special government programs
and special programs of private citizen groups to stop crime and
to help prisoners lead useful lives after their prison sentences end.
In one program, young people are brought into the prisons to talk
with prisoners. The idea is that prisoners can do more than any other
people to stop young people from turning to crime.
319
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
despite the respect — несмотря на уважение
panhandling — попрошайничество
offense — нарушение
to smuggle — провозить контрабандой
addicted — пристрастившийся
cannabis — марихуана
320
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒȏȒȑȎȌȒȓȔȉȈȉȏȉȑȌȣȌȋ
ȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
2.
3.
respect
legal
to experience
a.
b.
c.
4.
criminal
d.
5.
smuggler
e.
6.
7.
to rob
prisoner
f.
g.
to encounter or to undergo
a person who smuggles goods
take property unlawfully from
a person or place by force or threat
of force
a feeling of deep admiration for
someone or something elicited by
their abilities, qualities,
or achievements
a person legally committed
to prison as a punishment for
a crime or while awaiting trial
relating to the law
a person who has committed
a crime
America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know about Weird Things
in the USA?”
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. Where can you find Lenny, the life-size chocolate moose
(2004)?
a. Canton, Ohio.
c. Berlin, Ohio.
b. Scarborough, Maine.
d. Portland, Maine.
2. Where is the largest ear of corn located (2004)?
a. Mitchell, South Dakota.
c. Rochester, Minnesota.
b. Olivia, Minnesota.
d. Dublin, Ohio.
3. Where is the World’s Largest Hockey Stick (2004)?
a. Peshtigo, Wisconsin.
c. Eveleth, Minnesota.
b. St. Paul, Minnesota.
d. Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
4. There’s a museum that displays toilet seats! Where
is it located (2004)?
a. Waco, Texas.
c. Dallas, Texas.
b. San Antonio, Texas.
d. Houston, Texas.
5. Where is the World’s Largest Peanut located (2004)?
a. Floresville, Texas.
c. Ashburn, Georgia.
b. Durant, Ohio.
d. Dothan, Alabama.
321
America and Americans
Dumb Warnings: Household
1. For adult external use only. Avoid spraying in face or eyes.
(Bath & Body Works Linen Spray)
2. Warning: Do not reuse the bottle to store beverages.
(Liquid Plumber)
322
3. This product is not intended for use as a dental drill.
(Dremel Electric Rotary Tool)
4. Safe to use around pets.
(Arm & Hammer Scoopable Cat Litter)
5. This product is not defined as flammable by the
Consumer Products Safety Commision Regulations.
However, this product can be ignited under certain
circumstances.
(Endust Duster)
6. Caution: Contains cleaning agents. Do not treat garment
while wearing.
(Shout Gel)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´&ULPHDQG-XVWLFHµF
1. respect — a feeling of deep admiration for someone
or something elicited by their abilities, qualities,
or achievements;
2. legal — relating to the law;
3. to experience — to encounter or to undergo;
4. criminal — a person who has committed a crime;
5. smuggler — a person who secretly and illegally takes
goods into or out of a country;
6. to rob — take property unlawfully from a person or place
by force or threat of force;
7. prisoner — a person legally committed to prison
as a punishment for a crime or while awaiting trial.
323
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
4XL]´:KDW'R<RX.QRZDERXW:HLUG7KLQJVLQWKH86$"µ
ȕ
1. Where can you find Lenny, the life-size chocolate moose
(2004)?
d. Portland, Maine.
324
2. Where is the largest ear of corn located (2004)?
b. Olivia, Minnesota.
3. Where is the World’s Largest Hockey Stick (2004)?
c. Eveleth, Minnesota.
4. There’s a museum that displays toilet seats! Where
is it located (2004)?
b. San Antonio, Texas.
5. Where is the World’s Largest Peanut located (2004)?
c. Ashburn, Georgia.
America and Americans
Science and Technology
From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States
has encouraged science and invention. It has done this by promoting
a free flow of ideas, and by welcoming creative people from all over
the world. The United States Constitution itself reflects the desire
to encourage scientific activity. It gives Congress the power
“to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries”. Two of America’s founding fathers
were actually scientists of some repute. Benjamin Franklin conducted
a series of experiments that proved that lightning is a form of electricity.
Thomas Jefferson was a student of agriculture who introduced various
types of rice, olive trees and grasses into the New World.
In 19th century there was a flow of important inventions. The great
American inventors include Robert Fulton (the steamboat); Samuel
F.B. Morse (the telegraph); Eli Whitney (the cotton gin); Cyrus
McCormick (the reaper); the Wright Brothers (the powered flying
machine) and Thomas Alva Edison, the most fertile of them all, with
more than a thousand inventions credited to his name. In the second
half of the twentieth century the changing pattern can be seen in the
winners of the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry. During the
first half-century of Nobel Prizes — from 1901 to 1950 — American
winners were in a distinct minority in the science categories. Since
1950, Americans have won approximately half of the Nobel Prizes
awarded in the sciences.
325
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
an independent nation — независимая нация
to prove — доказывать
an olive tree — оливковое дерево
invention — изобретение
distinct — явный
science — наука
326
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȕȏȒȆȄȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȓȉȔȉȆȒȈȎȒȖȒȔȟș
ȈȄȑȑȌȊȉ
появление, ободрять, творческий, изобретатель, отражать,
столетие, половина, наука
E
E
K
M
X
C
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P
V
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H
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E
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Y
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O
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M
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America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȌȕȓȔȄȆȠȖȉȒȜȌȅȎȗȆȎȄȊȈȒȐȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȌ
Samuel Morse
Samuel Morse was an American painter and inventor who
develops an electric telegraph Morse Code.
After graduating from Yale in 1810, Morse become a clerk for
a Boston book publisher. But painting continued be his main interest,
and his parents helped him to go to England in order to study that art.
In 1832, while returning by ship from Europe, Morse conceived
the idea of an electric telegraph as the result of hearing
a conversation about the newly discovered electromagnet. Although
the idea of an electric telegraph had been put forward before 1800,
Morse believed that his was first proposal. He probably makes his
first working model by 1835. Meanwhile, he was still devote most
of his time to painting, teaching art at the University of the City of
New York, and to politics. But in 1837 a colleague at the university
showed he description of a model proposed in 1831, and a friend
offered to provide materials and labor to build models in his family’s
ironworks. This two became partners in Morse’s telegraph rights. By
1838 he has developed the system of dots and dashes that became
known throughout the world as the Morse Code.
After failing to organize the construction of a Morse line in the
Europe, Morse was finally able to get financial support from
Congress for the first telegraph line in the United States, from
Baltimore to Washington. In 1844 the line was completed, and
he sends the first message, “What hath God wrought!”
327
America and Americans
2IILFLDO6RQJRIWKH6WDWHRI6RXWK&DUROLQD
Carolina
(written by Henry Timrod, сomposed by Anne Custis Burgess)
328
Hold up the glories of thy dead;
Say how thy elder children bled,
And point to Eutaw’s battle-bed.
Carolina! Carolina!
Throw thy bold banner to the breeze!
Front with thy ranks the threatening seas
Like thine own proud armorial trees,
Carolina! Carolina!
Thy skirts indeed the foe may part,
Thy robe be pierced with sword and dart,
They shall not touch thy noble heart,
Carolina! Carolina!
Girt with such wills to do and bear,
Assured in right, and mailed in prayer,
Thou wilt not bow thee to despair,
Carolina! Carolina!
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\µF
emergence, encourage, creative, inventor, reflect, century,
half, science
E
E
K
M
X
C
C
P
V
A
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J
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H
C
E
B
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N
H
E
U
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V
C
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T
Y
F
O
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E
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F
M
U
O
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E
A
N
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Y
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O
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Q
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N
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329
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´6DPXHO0RUVHµȕ
330
Samuel Morse was an American painter and inventor who
developed an electric telegraph and the Morse Code.
After graduating from Yale in 1810, Morse became a clerk for
a Boston book publisher. But painting continued to be his main
interest, and his parents helped him to go to England in order
to study that art.
In 1832, while returning by ship from Europe, Morse conceived
the idea of an electric telegraph as the result of hearing a conversation
about the newly discovered electromagnet. Although the idea of
an electric telegraph had been put forward before 1800, Morse
believed that his was the first proposal. He probably made his first
working model by 1835. Meanwhile, he was still devoting most of
his time to painting, teaching art at the University of the City of
New York, and to politics. But in 1837 a colleague at the university
showed him description of a model proposed in 1831, and a friend
offered to provide materials and labor to build
models in his family’s ironworks. These two became partners in
Morse’s telegraph rights. By 1838 he had developed the system of
dots and dashes that became known throughout the world as the
Morse Code.
After failing to organize the construction of a Morse line
in Europe, Morse was finally able to get financial support from
Congress for the first telegraph line in the United States, from
Baltimore to Washington. In 1844 the line was completed, and
he sent the first message, “What hath God wrought!”
America and Americans
NASA
NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, was
founded in 1958 as a response to the Soviet Sputnik that was launched
in 1957. The first years of the organization were driven by Cold War
competitiveness, and it quickly worked on creating rockets that would
allow for manned spaceflight. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin were the first humans who set foot on the moon in 1969,
an action that was considered a major victory for American aeronautics.
Riding on this early success, NASA continued development of aeronautic
equipment designed to function outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
After the moon landing, NASA focused on doing research around
the solar system, sending an assortment of manned flights to the
moon to collect material for study, and unmanned drones to other
planets to collect data. These flights have collected large amounts of
data which are constantly being added to and analyzed. Scientific
advancement is a large part of its mission. With the assistance of the
agency, scientists have been able to conduct experiments in the zero
gravity environment of space, and test hypotheses about the universe.
NASA also continues to work on a program to make space more
accessible. When the space shuttle program ended in 2011, 135 flights
had been made with astronauts from many nations, including the
United States.
As part of its mission as a peaceful agency, NASA cooperates with
agencies within the United States and international aeronautics
agencies. This fostering of international cooperation will hopefully
continue as humans explore space and the possibility of off-Earth
human settlements becomes possible.
331
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to launch — запускать
to be driven by — быть мотивированным чем-либо
manned spaceflight — пилотируемый космический полет
to set foot — ступать
to focus on — сосредоточиться на
to foster — стимулировать
332
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. When was NASA established?
a. In 1956.
b. In 1967.
c. In 1958.
d. In 1978.
2. Who were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin?
a. Astronauts who were the first humans to fly into space.
b. The founders of NASA.
c. Astronauts who were the first humans to set foot on
the moon.
d. The leading researchers of NASA.
3. What is The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration?
a. The organization that does research connected with
space.
b. The company that is responsible for science of the USA.
America and Americans
c. The agency that organizes space journeys.
d. The agency of the US government that is responsible
for the nation’s civilian space program and for
aeronautics and aerospace research.
4. Does NASA cooperate with any other agencies?
a. NASA cooperates with national and international
organizations.
b. NASA doesn’t cooperate with any organization.
c. NASA cooperates only with national organizations.
d. NASA cooperates only with international organizations.
5. Does NASA work on a program to make space more
accessible?
a. No, NASA has never pursued an aim to make space
more accessible.
b. Yes, NASA continues to work on a program to make
space more accessible.
c. NASA abandoned the project to make space more
accessible just after the Cold War.
d. When the space shuttle program ended in 2011, NASA
stopped working on a program to make space more
accessible.
333
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
"Native American Power Animals"
1
2
3
4
334
5
6
7
8
9
America and Americans
$FURVV
2. Which animal symbolizes intelligence and leadership?
4. Which animal symbolizes guidance, loyalty and trust?
6. Which bird is a symbol of great strength, courage, leadership
and prestige? 7. Which animal represents energy and power?
9. Which animal represents caution, fertility and safety?
'RZQ
1. Which animal bestows power of anticipation, observation
and stealth? 3. Which animal symbolizes new life, sensitivity
and stability? 4. Which animal represents healing, gentleness,
kindness and compassion? 5. Which animal is a symbol of
compassion, caring, community and generosity? 8. Which animal
symbolizes rebirth, resurrection and initiation?
335
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
John Davison Rockefeller
336
An American business icon, Rockefeller made his first business
transaction at the age of 12. His parents had taught him to save his
money, and when he had earned $50 from odd jobs, his mother
suggested he loan the money to a neighboring farmer and charge 7 %
interest. Later he remarked of the experience, “The impression was
gaining ground with me that it was a good thing to let the money be
my servant and not make myself a slave to the money.”
Rockefeller got his real start in business at the age of 20, when
he began selling produce in Cleveland, co-founding his own firm
in 1859, Clark & Rockefeller. By 1863 he had moved on to oil, buying
one of the first refineries in Cleveland and running it with such
efficiency that he was soon able to buy up competitors. Rockefeller
and his associates formed Standard Oil of Ohio in 1870.
Standard Oil continued to grow through acquiring competitors,
then cut its costs below those of remaining competitors by eliciting
volume discounts from suppliers on everything from pipelines
to railroads.
Rockefeller developed a reputation as a ruthless businessman and
financier, even as his philanthropic pursuits funded humanitarian
causes, such as the founding of University of Chicago to which
Rockefeller had donated some $80 million by the time of his death.
With his son, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., he established major philanthropic
institutions, including the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
http://www.infoplease.com
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´1$6$µF
1. When was NASA established?
c. In 1958.
2. Who were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin?
c. Astronauts who were the first humans to set foot on
the moon.
3. What is The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration?
d. The agency of the US government that is responsible
for the nation’s civilian space program and for
aeronautics and aerospace research.
4. Does NASA cooperate with any other agencies?
a. NASA cooperates with national and international
organizations.
5. Does NASA work on a program to make space more
accessible?
b. Yes, NASA continues to work on a program to make
space more accessible.
337
America and Americans
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
´1DWLYH$PHULFDQ3RZHU$QLPDOVµȕ
1
2
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3
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4
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338
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America and Americans
Microsoft
To begin, we must go back to 1975 Harvard University where
a young sophomore student named William Henry Gates III teamed
up with classmate Paul Allen to create a BASIC interpreter for the
Altair 8800. Together the two formed a partnership and named
it Micro-Soft. Quickly the program gained acclaim from computer
hobbyists and the team officially registered the trade name “Microsoft”
this time without the hyphen — on November 26th, 1976.
On November 20th, 1985 Microsoft launched its first retail version
of Windows. It was with this program that Microsoft became
a household name. From its conception in the 80s to its latest release
of Windows 8, Windows has gone through countless updates,
modifications, and improvements to better meet the needs of the user.
Microsoft continued its reign as the software king through its
entering the video game market by acquiring Ensemble Studios
(creators of the Age of Empires series) and shortly thereafter
introducing Microsoft Game Studios to represent the company’s video
game publishing interests. But more than just mere software in the
multi-billion dollar industry, Microsoft cut its teeth with its own video
game console, the Xbox. It was a smash success and was followed
up with the Xbox 360 in 2005. Microsoft also dipped its hand in the
music and mp3 player market with the Zune. The Zune has earned
a reputation for being a quality music player.
http://www.encyclopedia.com
339
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to go back — вернуться
interpreter — переводчик
acclaim from — шумное приветствие от кого-либо
hyphen — дефис
mere — простой
340
ǵȒȕȖȄȆȠȖȉȆȒȓȔȒȕȟȑȄȎȒȖȒȔȟȉȈȄȑȑȟȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
ȅȗȈȗȖȒȖȆȉȖȄȐȌ
1. A young sophomore student named William Henry
Gates III teamed up with classmate Paul Allen to create
a BASIC interpreter.
2. On November 20th, 1985 Microsoft launched its first retail
version of Windows.
3. The team officially registered the trade name “Microsoft”.
4. The first name of the team was Micro-Soft.
5. Windows has gone through countless updates.
6. Microsoft acquired Ensemble Studios.
7. Microsoft introduced Microsoft Game Studios.
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
a shot in the arm
a.
2.
acid test
b.
3.
back-seat driver
c.
4.
big fish in a small
pond
between a rock
and a hard place
d.
5.
e.
someone who criticizes from the
sidelines
in difficulty, faced with a choice
between two unsatisfactory
options
people who are important but
only within their limited circle of
influence.
a stimulus
a sure test, giving
an incontestable result
341
America and Americans
ǴȄȕȜȌȘȔȗȍȖȉȄȑȄȇȔȄȐȐȟ
“American Food”
1. A type of sandwich.
342
E
R
G
R
B
A
U
H
M
2. A drink popular in the USA.
M
E
K
L
K
A
I
S
H
3. A type of pasta popular in the USA.
S
T
G
I
A
E
P
T
H
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´0LFURVRIWµF
1. Why did William Henry Gates III and Paul Allen team up?
2. When did Microsoft launch its first retail version
of Windows?
3. What trade name was officially registered by the team?
4. What was the first name of the team?
5. Has Windows ever had any updates?
6. What company was acquired by Microsoft?
7. What did Microsoft introduce?
343
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. a shot in the arm — a stimulus;
2. acid test — a sure test, giving an incontestable result;
3. back-seat driver — someone who criticizes from the
sidelines;
344
4. big fish in a small pond — people who are important but
only within their limited circle of influence;
5. between a rock and a hard place — in difficulty, faced
with a choice between two equally bad things.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
©ǤȑȄȇȔȄȐȐȟªȕ
1. Hamburger.
2. Milkshake.
3. Spaghetti.
America and Americans
Apple
Since its humble beginnings as a computer company flogging
hand built machines conceived by an out of work college dropout,
the Apple empire has certainly come far. Today, Apple Inc. has almost
50,000 employees and reported a $14 billion profit in 2010, becoming
one of the most valuable computer technology companies in the
world. Moreover, it has become a unique brand phenomenon with
Apple products being snatched up all across the world — and
consumers are still clamoring for more. From the first Apple I to the
iPhone 5 — there are big Apple wins and a few of its failures through
the years.
Apple was first founded on April 1st 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve
Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. Wayne subsequently sold his share
of the company back to his partners for $800. The first offering
by the company was a hand built Apple I personal computer retailing
for $666,66.
The first Apple iPhone was launched in 2007 revolutionizing smart
phone technology and mobile computing. The App Store allowed
third party developers to make and distribute iPhone compatible
applications, including some of the most popular games today, like
Words with Friends and Angry Birds. In 2010 continuing to blaze
new paths, Apple introduces the iPad tablet computer that worked
with all iPhone applications. The iPad has already sold almost
15 million units in its first year and consumers are already looking
to buy or rent an iPad 5. Today, Apple fans can admire more updates
on their favourite products with the iPhone 5 and the iPad 5.
345
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
humble beginning — скромное начало
empire — империя
valuable — ценный
subsequently — впоследствии
mobile computing — мобильные компьютерные технологии
to admire — восторгаться
346
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
to conceive
2.
employee
3.
to clamor
4.
to win
5.
to retail
6.
product
7.
application
8.
consumer
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Two heads are better than one.
2. For every thing there is a season.
3. Time and tide wait for no man.
4. Third time lucky.
5. There is one born every minute.
347
"Apple" store
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
ȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´6WUHHWµ
American English
348
British English
1.
parking lot
a.
high street
2.
intersection
b.
main road
3.
detour
c.
pavement
4.
divided highway
d.
crossroads
5.
overpass
e.
roundabout
6.
main street
f.
motorway
7.
highway
g.
dual carriageway
8.
freeway
h.
diversion
9.
sidewalk
i.
car park
traffic circle
j.
flyover
10.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$SSOHµF
1. to conceive — to devise;
2. employee — worker;
3. to clamor — to shout;
4. to win — to gain;
5. to retail — to distribute;
6. product — output;
7. application — appliance;
8. consumer — buyer.
349
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Two heads are better than one. Two people may
be able to solve a problem that an individual cannot.
2. For everything there is a season. There is an
appropriate time for everything.
350
3. Time and tide wait for no man. No one is so powerful
that they can stop the march of time.
4. Third time lucky. The third time something is attempted
is more likely to succeed than the previous two attempts.
5. There is one born every minute. There are many fools
and dupes in the world.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
µ6WUHHW´ȕ
1. Parking lot — car park. 2. Intersection — crossroads.
3. Detour — diversion. 4. Divided highway — dual carriageway.
5. Overpass — flyover. 6. Main street — high street. 7. Highway —
main road. 8. Freeway — motorway. 9. Sidewalk — pavement.
10. Traffic circle — roundabout.
America and Americans
Google
Google was created in 1996 by two Stanford university students —
Larry Page and Sergey Brin. They created it as a research project for
their PhD degree. These two bright students came up with an idea
to create a universal search engine that would compare internet sites
by the relationships between them and other sites on the World Wide
Web. Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine
“Back Rub”, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the
importance of a site. Eventually, they changed the name to Google.
It originally started running at the university’s domain google.
stanford.edu. The company was incorporated in 1998 September 4th
at a garage. At the early stages of Google corporation, it has received
various funding starting with $100,000 funding from Andy
Bechtolsheim in 1999. On June 7th, 1999, a $25 million round of
funding was announced, with major investors including the venture
capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.
This funding has triggered the growth of the Google Corporation.
The following year, the creators of Google created advertising system,
which advertised various search keywords. This system is one of
the major reasons behind the success of Google. During the following
years Google bought many famous companies and extended its
partnership. In 2004, Google acquired Keyhole, Inc. The result of
this partnership was Earth Viewer that gave a 3-D view of the Earth.
Google renamed the service to Google Earth in 2005. Two years later,
Google bought YouTube for $1,65 billion. In addition Google has
many partners all around the world.
351
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
relationships between — взаимоотношения между
backlink — обратная ссылка
domain — домен
the major reason — главная причина
partnership — партнерство
352
ǫȄȎȒȑțȌȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. Larry Page and Sergey Brin created Google as ________
_______________________________________________
2. Larry Page and Sergey Brin decided to create a universal
search engine that would __________________________
_______________________________________________
3. Google was originally nicknamed “Back Rub”, because ___
_______________________________________________
4. At the early stages Google received __________________
_______________________________________________
5. Google advertising system was created for____________
_______________________________________________
6. The result of partnership between Google and Keyhole,
Inc. was _________________________________________
7. Earth Viewer is ___________________________________
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȆȖȉȎȕȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȇȄȐȌ
The Invention of the Internet
____ 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world’s first satellite.
____ many Americans, the beach-ball-sized Sputnik was a proof ____
something alarming. Scientists and military experts were concerned
_______ what might happen in the event of a Soviet attack on the
nation’s telephone system. Just one missile could destroy the whole
network ____ wires that made long-distance communication
possible. ____ 1962, a scientist J.C.R. Licklider proposed a solution
____ this problem: a “galactic network” ____ computers that could
talk to one another, that would enable to communicate even if the
Soviets destroyed the telephone system.
In 1965, a way ____ sending information from one computer
to another was developed. In 1969, ARPAnet delivered its first
message ______ one computer to another. The first computer was
located ____ a research lab at UCLA and the second was ____
Stanford; each one was the size ____ a small house. The message
“LOGIN” was short and simple, but it crashed ARPA network anyway:
the Stanford computer only received the note’s first two letters.
By the end of 1969, just four computers were connected to the
ARPAnet. By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named
Vinton Cerf had begun to solve the problem by developing a way
_____ all of the computers on all of the world’s mini-networks
to communicate ______ one another and transformed the Internet
______ a worldwide network.
353
America and Americans
2IILFLDO6RQJRIWKH6WDWHRI*HRUJLD
Georgia on My Mind
(written by Stuart Gorrell, сomposed by Hoagy Carmichael)
Extract
354
Georgia, Georgia, the whole day through
Just an old sweet song keeps Georgia on my mind.
Georgia, Georgia, a song of you
Comes as sweet and clear as moonlight through the pines.
Other arms reach out to me
Other eyes smile tenderly
Still in peaceful dreams I see
The road leads back to you.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´*RRJOHµF
1. Larry Page and Sergey Brin created Google as
a research project for their PhD degree.
2. Larry Page and Sergey Brin decided to create a universal
search engine that would compare internet sites by
the relationships between them and other sites on the
World WideWeb.
3. Google was originally nicknamed “Back Rub”, because the
system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of
a site.
4. At the early stages Google received various funding
starting with $100,000 in 1999.
5. Google advertising system was created for advertising
various search keywords.
6. The result of partnership between Google and Keyhole,
Inc. was Earth Viewer.
7. Earth Viewer is a software that gives a 3-D view of the
Earth.
355
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH,QYHQWLRQRIWKH,QWHUQHWµȕ
In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world’s first satellite.
To many Americans, the beach-ball-sized Sputnik was a proof
of something alarming. Scientists and military experts were
concerned about what might happen in the event of a Soviet
356
attack on the nation’s telephone system. Just one missile could
destroy the whole network of wires that made long-distance
communication possible. In 1962, a scientist J.C.R. Licklider
proposed a solution to this problem: a “galactic network” of
computers that could talk to one another, that would enable to
communicate even if the Soviets destroyed the telephone system.
In 1965, a way of sending information from one computer
to another was developed. In 1969, ARPAnet delivered its first
message from one computer to another. The first computer
was located in a research lab at UCLA and the second was at
Stanford; each one was the size of a small house. The message
“LOGIN” was short and simple, but it crashed ARPA network anyway:
the Stanford computer only received the note’s first two letters.
By the end of 1969, just four computers were connected to the
ARPAnet. By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named
Vinton Cerf had begun to solve the problem by developing a way
for all of the computers on all of the world’s mini-networks
to communicate with one another and transformed the Internet
into a worldwide network.
America and Americans
The First Skyscraper in the World
The term “skyscraper” was first applied to buildings of steel framed
construction of at least 10 storeys in the late 19th century, a result
of public amazement at the tall buildings being built in major cities
like Chicago, New York City, Detroit, and St. Louis.
The first skyscraper in the world was built in Chicago, Illinois.
It was called the Home Insurance Building. The building was
completed in 1885, but sadly it was demolished in 1931. The Home
Insurance Building was 10 storeys high and it was 138 feet tall.
Before the first skyscraper was built, people were concerned about
the elevators and were afraid that they would fall until a man named
Otis discovered a way to make elevators safe for everyone. A man
named William Le Baron Jenney discovered a way to use vertical
columns and steel beams for the skeleton of the building while all
other buildings at the time used bricks for the inside and out. Since
the steel skeleton supported the weight of the entire building and the
exterior wall was really just a skin to keep out the weather, the Home
Insurance Building was the first tall building to have many windows.
Jenney’s steel frame brought floor space and windows to the structure
we now know as the modern skyscraper.
The Field Building, built in 1931, now stands where the Home
Insurance Building once stood. It contains a plaque, added in 1932
to the southwest section of the lobby, that reads: “This section of
the Field Building is erected on the site of the Home Insurance
Building ... the true father of the skyscraper, 1932”.
357
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
358
to apply to — применить к чему-либо
amazement — удивление
to be completed — быть завершенным
to demolish — разрушать
insurance — страхование
elevator — лифт
weight — вес
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȄȑȖȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
sadly
2.
high
3.
entire
4.
modern
5.
exterior
6.
tall
7.
true
America and Americans
359
Manhattan, New York
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
American Subway
360
From 1810 through the mid-1800’s, New York City’s population
increased 58 % each decade. This Manhattan Boulevard was often
in such a state of chaos that it required the forceful presence of police
officers to maintain order.
The dire situation of New York’s streets prompted publisher Alfred
Ely Beach to search for an alternative mode of transportation.
In February of 1870, Beach opened a below-ground transportation
system that paved the way for the American subway.
Toward the end of the 19th century, Boston found itself in a similar
situation to New York City. Rapid population growth caused an
enormous strain on traffic in the downtown area, and many commuters
began to rely extensively on the street-level trolley system.
Under increasing public pressure, West End partnered with the
Boston Transit Commission to fund the excavation and construction
of America’s first subway. This underground system, nicknamed
the “T”, opened on September 1st, 1897.
This precedent was soon surpassed by other American cities. New
York opened its first subway — merely 9 miles long — in October
of 1904. Philadelphia constructed a system combining subway lines
with above-ground and elevated trolley lines, much like the one
in use in Boston, between 1905 and 1908. These subways were
well-received and expanded soon after their inception.
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȜȖȄȖȒȆȕȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȐȌȌșȕȖȒȏȌȚ
Штаты
Столицы
1.
Hawaii
a.
Springfield
2.
Idaho
b.
Topeka
3.
Illinois
c.
Annapolis
4.
Indiana
d.
Frankfort
5.
Iowa
e.
Augusta
6.
Kansas
f.
Baton Rouge
7.
Kentucky
g.
Des Moines
8.
Louisiana
h.
Indianapolis
9.
Maine
i.
Boise
Maryland
j.
Honolulu
10.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH)LUVW6N\VFUDSHULQWKH:RUOGµF
1.
2.
3.
4.
sadly — happily;
high — short;
entire — incomplete;
modern — ancient;
5. exterior — interior;
6. tall — low;
7. true — false.
361
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Hawaii — Honolulu;
2. Idaho — Boise;
3. Illinois — Springfield;
4. Indiana — Indianapolis;
5. Iowa — Des Moines;
362
6. Kansas — Topeka;
7. Kentucky — Frankfort;
8. Louisiana — Baton Rouge;
9. Maine — Augusta;
10. Maryland — Annapolis.
America and Americans
Economy of the USA
The economy of the United States is the world’s largest national
economy. Its nominal GDP (Gross Domestic Product) was estimated
to be over $15 trillion in 2011, approximately a quarter of nominal
global GDP. The European Union has a larger collective economy,
but is not a single nation.
The major sectors comprising the economy of the Untied States
are Retailing, Energy, Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Finance. The
country remains the second-largest consumer of energy in the world,
and most of the energy needs are fulfilled through petroleum. Even
though manufacturing is not the leading sector of the economy,
it is enough to remain number one in the whole of the world. Airplane
manufacturing is a major activity in this sector. The country is also
the largest trading nation of the world, with most of the trade
happening with Japan, China, and European Union.
One particular concern for the US economy is the rising debt, which
as of 2009 was at US $50,7 trillion. This is owed by various businesses
and governments. The recession in 2008 hit the economy very hard,
and the recovery is still being effected. This was popularly known
as the sub-prime mortgage crisis. Experts are divided on the economic
prospects of the country, as was reflected in the credit rating agency
Moody’s “negative” outlook on the economy of the United States.
The labor market in the United States has attracted immigrants
from all over the world and its net migration rate is among the
highest in the world.
363
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
364
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) — валовый внутренний продукт
approximately — приблизительно
consumer — потребитель
the leading sector — ведущий сектор
to remain — оставаться
debt — долг
mortgage — ипотека
net migration rate — коэффициент чистой миграции
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The economy of the United States
is the world’s second national
economy.
The European Union has a smaller
collective economy.
The major sectors of the economy
of Untied States are Retailing, Energy,
Agriculture, Manufacturing, Finance.
The country remains the first-largest
consumer of energy in the world.
The leading sector of the economy
is manufacturing.
The country is the largest trading
nation of the world.
False
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȕȏȒȆȓȒȖȉȐȉ©ǵȄȐȟȉȅȒȏȠȜȌȉ
ȇȒȔȒȈȄǵǼǤª
Провиденс, Сиэтл, Хьюстон, Милуоки, Чарлстон, Мемфис,
Портленд, Колумбия
P
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T
L
A
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X
365
America and Americans
Difference Between British and American Spelling
366
British
American
-l
-ll
enrolment
enrollment
fulfil
fulfill
instalment
installment
skilful
skillful
counselor
counsellor
fueled
fuelled
traveling
travelling
paralleled
parallelled
quarreling
quarrelling
Remember: In British English, verbs that end in -l preceded
by a vowel usually double the final -l when a suffix -ed/-ing is added.
In American English the final -l is doubled only when the last
syllable is stressed.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´(FRQRP\RIWKH86$µF
1. The economy of the United States is the world’s second
national economy. False
2. The European Union has a smaller collective economy.
False
3. The major sectors of the economy of the Untied States
are Retailing, Energy, Agriculture, Manufacturing, Finance.
True
4. The country remains the first-largest consumer of energy
in the world. False
5. The leading sector of the economy is manufacturing.
False
6. The country is the largest trading nation of the world.
True
367
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
©ǵȄȐȟȉȅȒȏȠȜȌȉȇȒȔȒȈȄǵǼǤªȕ
Providence, Seattle, Houston, Milwaukee, Charleston,
Memphis, Portland, Columbia
368
P
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R
T
L
A
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D
Q
H
H
T
M
R
A
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Y
P
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N
V
E
O
Z
G
H
L
C
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U
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C
M
V
S
S
N
Q
R
G
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W
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A
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B
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A
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I
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M
W
T
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K
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S
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B
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X
America and Americans
The History of American Dollar
During colonial times the official British coinage was in short
supply and wampum, in some of the northern colonies, and tobacco,
or more conveniently, certificates for tobacco deposited in public
warehouses, in Virginia, and foreign coins were used in Britain’s
American colonies. In different colonies paper money was issued and
disputes with the British government over this were one of the causes
of the American Revolution. The rebels financed their war
of independence largely by printing paper money notes that were
called Continentals. By the end of the war, these had been rendered
practically worthless by hyperinflation.
As Spanish pesos or dollars had long been in wide circulation
in North America, some of the paper money issued in some of the
colonies before the war had been denominated in dollars. Other notes
used British monetary units. During the war, some Continentals were
denominated in British units, others in dollars. In 1792 the newly
independent US chose the dollar, subdivided into 100 cents, as the
unit of American Currency in preference to the British pound.
Foreign coins were supposed to lose their status as legal tender
within 3 years of the US coins coming into circulation. A new mint
started its operations in 1794. However, because of a shortage of both
gold and silver, in 1797 the government extended legal tender status
to Spanish dollars for an indefinite period. The discoveries in California,
which sparked off the Gold Rush in 1848, led to a massive increase
in the production of gold coins by the mint.
http://projects.exeter.ac.uk
369
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
wampum — вампум (бусы из раковин)
conveniently — удобно
warehouse — товарный склад
to render — приводить в состояние
monetary — монетный
370
DzȖȆȉȖȠȖȉȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. What was used instead of money during colonial times?
2. What was one of the causes of the American Revolution?
3. How were paper money notes issued in the colonies
called?
4. What money had been in wide circulation in North
America before the American revolution?
5. When was the dollar chosen as the unit of American
Currency?
6. What led to a massive increase in the production of gold
coins?
7. Why were Continentals rendered practically worthless?
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȌȕȓȔȄȆȠȖȉȒȜȌȅȎȗȆȎȄȊȈȒȐȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȌ
Thomas Jefferson Inventions
Thomas Jefferson in addition to his life as a lawyer, planter,
architect and politician, was also inventor. One Thomas’s Jefferson
invention was a better plow than was available at the time, but
he never patented his idea. He has also adapted several items
to suit him particular needs. While serving as Secretary of State,
he invented a wheel cipher that would allow a person to coded
secret messages. He devised new type of spherical sundial.
He designed a “Great clock” for Monticello that not only told
time, but also a days of the week.
The famous Thomas Jefferson lap desk, his portable writing desk
or “writing box”, as he called it, was one that he designed and had
builded by Philadelphia cabinet maker Benjamin Randolph. Thomas
Jefferson were said to have written the Declaration of Independence
on his portable writing desk. This lap desk weigh only five pounds,
and allowed Jefferson to store his papers and write, no matter
where he was.
Jefferson also devised a portable copying machine that he can
take with him on his travels. It were based on the copying press
that was invented by James Watt, but Jefferson’s was portable.
He designed dumb waiters’s for his dining room at Monticello,
so that servants could send bottles of wine up from the cellar to
the dining room. He probably seen something similar while in
Paris. Jefferson also designed a revolving book stand that was
held five books and revolved.
371
America and Americans
Most Famous Malcolm Forbes Quotations
***
By the time we’ve made it, we’ve had it.
***
Men who never get carried away should be.
372
***
There is never enough time, unless you’re serving it.
***
It’s so much easier to suggest solutions when you don’t know
too much about the problem.
***
If you don’t know what to do with many of the papers piled
on your desk, stick a dozen colleagues’ initials on ’em, and pass
them along. When in doubt, route.
***
Ability will never catch up with the demand for it.
***
Keeping score of old scores and scars, getting even and
one-upping, always make you less than you are.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RI$PHULFDQ'ROODUµF
1. Wampum, tobacco, certificates for tobacco, foreign
coins were used instead of money in Britain’s American
colonies.
2. Disputes with the British government over money issued
in the colonies were one of the causes of the American
Revolution.
3. Paper money notes were called Continentals.
4. Spanish pesos or dollars had long been in wide
circulation in North America before the American
revolution.
5. The dollar was chosen as the unit of American Currency
in 1792.
6. The Gold Rush of 1848 led to a massive increase in the
production of gold coins.
7. Continentals were rendered practically worthless because
of hyperinflation.
373
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KRPDV-HIIHUVRQ,QYHQWLRQVµȕ
374
Thomas Jefferson in addition to his life as a lawyer, planter,
architect and politician, was also an inventor. One Thomas
-HIIHUVRQ·V invention was a better plow than was available at the
time, but he never patented his idea. He also adapted several items
to suit his particular needs. While serving as Secretary of State, he
invented a wheel cipher that would allow a person to code secret
messages. He devised a new type of spherical sundial. He designed
a “Great clock” for Monticello that not only told time, but also days
of the week.
The famous Thomas Jefferson lap desk, his portable writing desk
or “writing box”, as he called it, was one that he designed and had
built by Philadelphia cabinet maker Benjamin Randolph. Thomas
Jefferson was said to have written the Declaration of Independence
on his portable writing desk. This lap desk weighed only five
pounds, and allowed Jefferson to store his papers and write,
no matter where he was.
Jefferson also devised a portable copying machine that he could
take with him on his travels. It was based on the copying press that
was invented by James Watt, but Jefferson’s was portable.
He designed dumb waiters for his dining room at Monticello,
so that servants could send bottles of wine up from the cellar to
the dining room. He probably saw/had seen something similar
while in Paris. Jefferson also designed a revolving book stand that
held five books and revolved.
America and Americans
The Story of McDonald’s
In 1937 the McDonald brothers opened little restaurant in
California. All the teenagers in town ate hamburgers there. When the
1948 year came they put the price down, McDonald’s became
self-service. So it was cheaper and faster. In 1954 Ray Kroc found
a small but successful restaurant run by brothers Dick and Mac
McDonald, and was stunned by the effectiveness of their operation.
A limited menu allowed them to focus on quality at every step.
In 1955 Kroc founded the McDonald’s Corporation, and 5 years
later bought the exclusive rights to the McDonald’s name. By 1958,
McDonald’s had sold its 100 millionth hamburger.
Ray Kroc wanted to build a restaurant system that would be famous
for food of high quality. He wanted to serve food that tasted just the
same in Alaska as they did in Alabama. To achieve this, he chose a
unique path: persuading both franchisees and suppliers to work not
for McDonald’s, but for themselves, together with McDonald’s. He
promoted the slogan, “In business for yourself, but not by yourself.”
His philosophy was based on the simple principle of a 3-legged stool:
one leg was McDonald’s, the second, the franchisees, and the third,
McDonald’s suppliers.
Ray Kroc rewarded his franchisees for creativity. Many of
McDonald’s most famous menu items were created by franchisees.
At the same time, McDonald’s insisted franchisees follow the core
McDonald’s principles of quality, service, cleanliness and value. In
1960s the McDonald’s company opened hundreds of McDonald’s
restaurants all over the States. Now there are more than 14,000
restaurants in over 70 countries.
http://www.mcdonalds.com
375
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to stun — потрясти, ошеломить
franchisee — получатель франшизы
supplier — постaвщик
at the same time — в то же время
ǴȄȕȕȖȄȆȠȖȉȕȏȒȆȄȆȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȐȓȒȔȣȈȎȉ
376
1. became/McDonald brothers/put/and/in 1948/price/
restaurant/the/down/the/self-service/. _______________
_______________________________________________
2. wanted/in Alaska/Ray Kroc/did/to/that/serve/same/as/in
Alabama/they/tasted/just/food/the. __________________
_______________________________________________
3. franchisees/ many/ menu items/by/of/famous/McDonald’s/
most/created/were. _______________________________
_______________________________________________
4. of/all/the McDonald’s company/in 1960s/hundreds/over/
opened/restaurants/the States. _____________________
_______________________________________________
5. a/was/by/RayKroc/small/and/its/stunned/the effectiveness/
operation/found/but/restaurant/successful/of. _________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
America and Americans
377
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
foot in the door
a.
lose self-control
2.
funny farm
b.
3.
fly off the handle
c.
accept the unpleasant
consequences of one’s
actions
breathtakingly beautiful
4.
face the music
d.
mental institution
5.
drop-dead gorgeous
e.
an introduction or way
in to something, made in
order that progress may
be made later
America and Americans
Funny Warnings: Hygiene
1. For external use only.
(Aveeno Bath Treatment)
2. Do not use as an ice cream topping.
(Unknown Hair Coloring)
378
3. Warning: Do not smoke until hair is dry.
(Clairol Herbal Essences Maximum Hold Hairspray)
4. Caution: Avoid contact with face, eyes, and broken skin.
(Bath & Body Works Peppermint Foot Spray)
5. Directions: Tear open packet and use.
(Wet-Nap)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH6WRU\RI0F'RQDOG·VµF
1. In 1948 McDonald brothers put the price down and the
restaurant became self-service.
2. Ray Kroc wanted to serve food that tasted just the same
in Alaska as they did in Alabama.
3. Many of McDonald’s most famous menu items were
created by franchisees.
4. In 1960s the MacDonald’s company opened hundreds of
restaurants all over the States.
5. Ray Kroc found a small but successful restaurant and was
stunned by the effectiveness of its operation.
379
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. a foot in the door — an introduction or way
in to something, made in order that progress may
be made later;
2. funny farm — a hospital for mentally ill people;
3. fly off the handle — lose self-control;
380
4. face the music — accept the unpleasant consequences
of one’s actions;
5. drop-dead gorgeous — breathtakingly beautiful.
America and Americans
The Story of Coca-Cola
The Coca-Cola story began in Atlanta in 1886 as a small, insignificant
one man business. Since then, it has grown into one of the largest
companies in the world. John Pemberton invented a new drink. He
concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on
May 8, 1886 by mixing lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of
a Brazilian shrub and African cola nut. Pemberton couldn’t think of
a good name for the drink. Finally, Dr. Pemberton’s partner Frank
Robinson suggested the name Coca-Cola. This beverage made its
debut in Atlanta’s largest pharmacy, Jacob’s Pharmacy, as a five cent
non-carbonated drink. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the
syrup to make the beverage that we know today. It was originally used
as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Thirty years later the
famous Coca-Cola bottle design first appeared. The demand for this
business product has made this company into a 50 billion dollar.
In 1985, the Coca-Cola Company made what has been known as
one of the biggest marketing blunders. The company developed a new
formula in efforts to produce a diet Coke. They invested 4 million dollars
into research to come up with the new formula. The decision to change
their formula and pull the old Coke off the market came about because
taste tests showed a distinct preference for the new formula. But the
results were disastrous. The market share fell from a high of 15 percent
to a low of 1.4 percent. One of the old Coke loyalists said, “The company
had spoiled the taste of its 99 year old soft drink and betrayed a national
trust.” On July 10, 1985, 87 days after the new Coke was introduced, the
old Coke was brought back in addition to the new one.
Today they sell Coca-Cola in 140 countries.
http://essaymania.com
381
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
382
insignificant — незначительный
since then — с тех пор
to concoct — состряпать
cinnamon — корица
beverage — напиток
blunder — грубая ошибка
distinct preference — особое предпочтение
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉțȄȕȖȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȍ
1.
2.
The Coca-Cola Company
appeared in Atlanta in
1886 as
The beverage debuted
in Atlanta’s largest
pharmacy as
a.
a five cent noncarbonated drink.
b.
taste tests showed
a distinct preference for
the new formula.
a sweeter variation with
less tang and slightly
smoother.
a nerve and brain tonic
and a medical elixir.
3.
Coca-Cola was originally
used as
c.
4.
The decision to
introduce the new flavor
came about because
The new Coca-Cola
became
d.
5.
e.
a small, insignificant one
man business.
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌȑȄȔȉțȌȣȐȌreally, as, just, so, ever,
around, no, most, more, even.
The History of Sneakers
Sneakers go back a long way. In the late 18th century, people
wore rubber soled shoes called plimsolls, but they were pretty
crude for one thing, there was ____ right foot or left foot. ________
1892, the U.S. Rubber Company came up with ______ comfortable
rubber sneakers with canvas tops, called Keds. By 1917, these
sneakers began to be mass produced. They got the nickname
sneakers because they were ____ quiet, a person wearing them
could sneak up on someone.
That same year, Marquis Converse produced the first shoe
made ______ for basketball, called Converse All-Stars. In 1923, an
Indiana hoops (famous basketball team) star named Chuck Taylor
endorsed the shoes, and they became known ____ Chuck Taylor
All-Stars. These are the best-selling basketball shoes of all time.
Sneakers went international in 1924. That’s when a German man
named Adi Dassler created a sneaker that he named after himself:
Adidas. This brand became the ______ popular athletic shoe in the
world. Adi’s brother Rudi started up another famous sports shoe
company: Puma.
Sales of sneakers ________ took off in 1984, when Michael
Jordan signed a contract to wear a Nike shoe called Air Jordans,
the most famous sneaker ______ made. ______ after Jordan retired
from the NBA, his shoes continued to be best sellers.
383
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Coca-Cola
384
In 1886, Coca-Cola was invented by a pharmacist named John
Pemberton. He fought in the Civil War, and at the end of the war
he decided he wanted to invent something that would bring him
commercial success.
Usually, everything he made failed in pharmacies. He invented
many drugs, but none of them ever made any money. So, after a move
to Atlanta, Pemberton decided to try his hand in the beverage market.
In his time, the soda fountain was rising in popularity as a social
gathering spot. Temperance was keeping patrons out of bars,
so making a soda-fountain drink just made sense.
And this was when Coca-Cola was born.
However, Pemberton had no idea how to advertise. This is where
Frank Robinson came in. He registered Coca-Cola’s formula with the
patent office, and he designed the logo. He also wrote the slogan,
“The Pause That Refreshes”.
Coke did not do so well in its first year. And to make matters worse,
Doc Pemberton died in August 1888, meaning he would never see
the commercial success he had been seeking.
After Pemberton’s death, a man named Asa Griggs Candler rescued
the business. In 1891, he became the sole owner of Coca-Cola.
It was when Candler took over that one of the most innovative
marketing techniques was invented. He hired traveling salesmen
to pass out coupons for a free Coke. His goal was for people to try
the drink, like it, and buy it later on.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH6WRU\RI&RFD&RODµF
1. The Coca-Cola Company appeared in Atlanta in 1886 as
DVPDOOLQVLJQLÀFDQWRQHPDQEXVLQHVV.
2. The beverage debuted in Atlanta’s largest pharmacy as
DÀYHFHQWQRQFDUERQDWHGGULQN.
3. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic
and a medical elixir.
4. The decision to introduce the new flavor came about
because taste tests showed a distinct preference for
the new formula.
5. The new Coca-Cola became a sweeter variation with less
tang and slightly smoother.
385
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RI6QHDNHUVµȕ
386
Sneakers go back a long way. In the late 18th century, people
wore rubber soled shoes called plimsolls, but they were pretty
crude for one thing, there was no right foot or left foot. Around
1892, the U.S. Rubber Company came up with more comfortable
rubber sneakers with canvas tops, called Keds. By 1917, these
sneakers began to be mass produced. They got the nickname
sneakers because they were so quiet, a person wearing them could
sneak up on someone.
That same year, Marquis Converse produced the first shoe made
just for basketball, called Converse All-Stars. In 1923, an Indiana
hoops star named Chuck Taylor endorsed the shoes, and they
became known as Chuck Taylor All-Stars. These are the best-selling
basketball shoes of all time.
Sneakers went international in 1924. That’s when a German man
named Adi Dassler created a sneaker that he named after himself:
Adidas. This brand became the most popular athletic shoe in the
world. Adi’s brother Rudi started up another famous sports shoe
company: Puma.
Sales of sneakers really took off in 1984, when Michael Jordan
signed a contract to wear a Nike shoe called Air Jordans, the most
famous sneaker ever made. Even after Jordan retired from the NBA,
his shoes continued to be best sellers.
America and Americans
Henry Ford
Henry Ford (1863—1947) is an American industrialist, best known
for his pioneering achievements in the motor vehicle industry. Ford
was born in Michigan in 1863. He became a machinist’s apprentice
at the age of 16. In 1893 he completed the construction
of his first car, and in 1903 he founded the Ford Motor Company.
Ford began using standardized interchangeable parts and
assembly-line techniques in 1913. Although he neither originated
nor was the first to employ such practices, he was chiefly responsible
for their general adoption and for the great expansion of American
industry. By early 1914 this innovation, although greatly increasing
productivity, had resulted in a monthly labor turnover of 40 to 60 %
in his factory. Ford met this difficulty by doubling the daily wage then
standard in the industry. The result was increased stability in his labor
force and a substantial reduction in operating costs. These factors,
coupled with the enormous increase in output made possible by new
technological methods, led to an increase in company profits.
In 1908 the Ford Company initiated production of the celebrated
Model T. Until 1927 company sold about 15 million cars. Within the
ensuing few years, however, Ford’s pre-eminence as the largest
producer and seller of motor cars was lost to his competitors, largely
because he was slow to adopt the practice of introducing a new model
of car each year, which had become standard in the industry. During
the 1930s Ford adopted the policy of the yearly changeover, but his
company was unable to regain the position it had formerly held.
387
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
pioneering achievement — новаторское достижение
assembly-line — заводской конвейер
labor — труд
output — продукция
ensuing — следующий
regain — возвращение (утраченного)
388
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
daily
2.
production
3.
construction
4.
difficulty
5.
increased
6.
enormous
7.
competitor
8.
general
America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know about American Writers?”
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. Which writer is best known for his tales of mystery and
macabre?
a. Mark Twain.
c. Edgar Allan Poe.
b. James Fenimore
d. Henry Wadsworth LongCooper.
fellow.
2. Who was expelled from Yale University for blowing up
another student’s door?
a. James Fenimore Cooper.
c. Jack London.
b. Henry David Thoreau.
d. Mark Twain.
3. Who was the first woman in American literature to have
a bestseller?
a. Tabitha Gilman Tenney.
c. Susanna Rowson.
b. Mary Rowlandson.
d. Marianne Moore.
4. Which of the following writers served as an ambulance
driver during World War I and fought in World War II?
a. Herman Melville.
c. John Steinbeck.
b. Nathaniel Hawthorne.
d. Ernest Hemingway.
389
America and Americans
Tongue Twisters
390
1.
Bobby Bippy bought a bat.
Bobby Bippy bought a ball.
With his bat Bob banged the ball,
Banged it bump against the wall,
But so boldly Bobby banged it
That he burst his rubber ball,
“Boo!” cried Bobby.
2.
A twister of twists once twisted a twist,
and the twist that he twisted was a three twisted twist,
now in twisting this twist, if a twist should untwist,
would the twist that untwisted untwist the twists.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´+HQU\)RUGµF
1. daily — day-to-day, everyday;
2. production — manufacture;
3. construction — building;
4. difficulty — trouble;
5. increased — multiplied;
6. enormous — tremendous;
7. competitor — rival;
8. general — universal.
391
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
4XL]´:KDW'R<RX.QRZDERXW$PHULFDQ:ULWHUV"µ
ȕ
1. Which writer is best known for his tales of mystery and
macabre?
c. Edgar Allan Poe.
392
2. Who was expelled from Yale University for blowing up
another student’s door?
a. James Fenimore Cooper.
3. Who was the first woman in American literature to have
a bestseller?
b. Mary Rowlandson.
4. Which of the following writers served as an ambulance
driver during World War I and fought in World War II?
d. Ernest Hemingway.
America and Americans
The US Press
The press in the United States evolved through a long history
of freedom and openness. Press freedom was a crucial factor in the
formation of the American republic, and strict protections for the
press were added to the United States Constitution just two years
after it was ratified. European travelers observed the appetite for
newspapers among ordinary American citizens and thought
it a distinctive characteristic of the early Republic. Notably, Alexis
de Tocqueville devoted large sections of his “Democracy in
America” (1857) to his amazement at the amount of information
from newspapers available to a common rural farmer. From its
independence from England into the twenty-first century, the U.S.
press has operated without fear of prior restraint and with little fear
of lawsuits resulting from coverage of governmental issues or public
officials. Toward the end of the twentieth century, however, libel suits
and libel law for private persons and corporations was less favorable
to newspapers. Nonetheless, the press enjoyed broad protection that
allowed aggressive reporting, including laws that sometimes mandated
cooperation from public officials. The federal government and many
state governments have passed freedom of information laws that
require public meetings to be open and public documents
to be available to citizens. In addition to assisting people in discovering
facts, some states have passed laws which shield journalists from
being compelled to divulge notes and information about sources,
even when ordered to do so by a judge.
393
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to evolve — развивать
crucial factor — решающий фактор
libel suit — иск по делу о клевете
to shield — защищать
394
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȕȏȒȆȄȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȓȉȔȉȆȒȈȎȒȖȒȔȟș
ȈȄȑȑȌȊȉ
решающий, изумление, история, аппетит, журналист,
разглашать, защита, информация
E
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America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Walnuts and pears you plant for your heirs.
2. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
3. Where there’s muck there’s brass.
4. Why keep a dog and bark yourself?
5. You are what you eat.
6. The exception that proves the rule.
7. Truth will out.
395
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
National Book Festival and Library Bicentennial
396
Since 2001, the National Book Festival has been held each year.
Sponsored by the Library of Congress, the festival attracts tens
of thousands of book lovers.
Lots of fun and interesting things happen at this festival. Many
famous authors attend, reading from their books. You may have even
read some of these authors’ works.
Readers have a chance to meet some of their favorite authors and
hear storytellers who perform with music, dance, and puppetry.
On April 24th, 2000, the Library of Congress celebrated its
bicentennial — it is 200 years old! Everyone — from famous and
not-so-famous Americans to Big Bird — joined in on the fun! The
Library’s bicentennial birthday party, held inside and outside the
Thomas Jefferson Building, celebrated the achievements of Americans
everywhere.
The Library, which is the world’s largest, was founded in April 24th,
1800, the same year that the U.S. capital moved to Washington,
D.C. The Library is a giant treasure house of creativity.
The birthday party included concerts and the release of two
commemorative coins. The U.S. Postal Service issued a 33-cent stamp
in the Library’s honor with a picture of the interior dome of the Main
Reading Room in the Jefferson Building, which opened in 1897.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH863UHVVµF
crucial, amazement, history, appetite, journalist, divulge,
protection, information
E
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E
M
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A
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E
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Z
G
D
T
O
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Q
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N
J
A
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397
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Walnuts and pears you plant for your heirs. Think
long-term and look after future generations.
2. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. It is polite, and
possibly also advantageous, to abide by the customs
of a society when one is a visitor.
398
3. Where there’s muck there’s brass. Where there are dirty
jobs to be done there is money to be made.
4. Why keep a dog and bark yourself? Don’t pay someone
to do a task and then do it yourself.
5. You are what you eat. To be fit and healthy you need
to eat good food.
6. The exception that proves the rule. It is the exception
that tests whether the rule is true or not.
7. Truth will out. The truth will become known eventually.
America and Americans
Attitude toward Foreign Media
Foreign media representatives in the United States are generally
treated in the same way as their own. Foreign journalists are not
subject to any special visa restrictions or restricted in sending news
back to their home countries in the form of wires, cables, e-mail,
satellite communications and the like. There are no laws specifically
prohibiting foreign investment in the U.S. media, except
in broadcasting, where specific ownership rules are placed.
The United States remains opposed to the UNESCO Declaration of
1978, which was seen at the time by the United States as an effort of
third-world countries to overthrow Western dominance of the media
marketplace by imposing state-run and transnational news
organizations. Subsequent to the declaration, a number of U.S. and
foreign newspapers formed the World Press Freedom Committee
to serve as a “watchdog” on issues of press freedom in the Third World
and to provide technical expertise, scholarships, and equipment to
foreign journalists. The USA withdrew altogether from UNESCO in
1984 citing mismanagement in the agency as well as the agency’s
Communication Program as reasons for leaving. As of 2002, the USA had
not rejoined UNESCO. The fears died with the end of the Cold War,
and early 2000s activities of the World Press Freedom Committee have
focused more specifically on fighting censorship in the Third World,
publishing journalism manuals other training documents for journalists
in lesser-developed countries, and in intervening directly with leaders
of Third World nations to fight for journalists’ rights.
http://worldnewspapers.co
399
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
400
restriction — ограничение
prohibiting — запрещение
third-world countries — страны третьего мира
state-run — осуществляемый государством
scholarship — стипендия
to intervene — вмешиваться
to fight for — бороться за что-либо
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. How are foreign media representatives usually treated
in the United States?
a. In the same way as their own.
b. Like strangers.
c. Like the most respected people.
d. Like enemies.
2. Are there any laws prohibiting foreign investment in the
U.S. media?
a. There are laws which prohibit investment in the U.S.
media.
b. There are laws which restrict investment
in broadcasting.
c. There are not any laws which prohibit investment in the
U.S. media.
d. There are not any laws which restrict investment
in broadcasting.
America and Americans
3. Why was the UNESCO Declaration of 1978 signed?
a. It was an effort to restrict rights of media
representatives.
b. The Declaration protects the rights of media
representatives.
c. It was an effort of third-world countries to overthrow
Western dominance of the media marketplace.
d. The Declaration restricts rights of foreign media
representatives.
4. Why was the World Press Freedom Committee formed?
a. It provides support to American Media.
b. It serves as an overseer of press freedom in the Third
World.
c. It serves as an organization which issues licenses
to media representatives.
d. It was formed as an organization which represents
foreign media representatives.
5. Why did the USA withdraw from UNESCO in 1984?
a. The USA was made to do so.
b. The USA was not satisfied with management in
the agency as well as the agency’s Communication
Program.
c. The USA supported different views.
d. UNESCO didn’t want to see the USA as its member.
401
America and Americans
ǷȓȒȖȔȉȅȌȖȉȇȏȄȇȒȏȟȆȕȎȒȅȎȄșȆȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȍȘȒȔȐȉ
Ernest Hemingway
402
There (be) _______ some books, considered classics, that just
about everyone reads in school. Sometimes a book (be) _______
so good it becomes a classic almost as soon as it’s written. One
such book (be) _______ “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest
Hemingway. When Hemingway (be born) _______ on July 21st,
1899, his father, Dr. Clarence Hemingway, must have known he
(have) _______ a special son because he stepped out onto the
porch of their home in Oak Park, Illinois, and (blow) _______ his
cornet.
Ernest Hemingway (grow up) __________ to become one
of America’s most respected writers, known for his sense
of adventure as well as his unique writing style — spare dialogue
and short, simple sentences.
After high school, Hemingway (work) ________ as a reporter
before signing up to fight in World War I. Unable to take up regular
military duty because of a bad eye, he (work) __________
as an ambulance driver for the Red Cross in Italy. After he was badly
injured, he (stay) _______ in a Milan hospital where he (fall) _______
in love with his nurse, and wrote “A Farewell to Arms”(1929).
Hemingway (live) _______ in Europe for many years. He (travel)
_________ to Spain often and became a passionate fan of
bull-fighting. In 1953 “The Old Man and the Sea”, the story of
a fisherman in a battle with a giant fish, (win) _______ the Pulitzer
Prize in fiction and in 1954 Hemingway (win) _______ the Nobel
Prize for Literature.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$WWLWXGHWRZDUG)RUHLJQ0HGLDµF
1. How are foreign media representatives usually treated
in the United States?
a. In the same way as their own.
2. Are there any laws prohibiting foreign investment in the
U.S. media?
b. There are laws which restrict investment
in broadcasting.
3. Why was the UNESCO Declaration of 1978 signed?
c. It was an effort of third-world countries to overthrow
Western dominance of the media marketplace.
4. Why was the World Press Freedom Committee formed?
b. It serves as an overseer of press freedom in the Third
World.
5. Why did the USA withdraw from UNESCO in 1984?
b. The USA was not satisfied with management in the
agency as well as the agency’s Communication
Program.
403
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´(UQHVW+HPLQJZD\µȕ
404
There are some books, considered classics, that just about
everyone reads in school. Sometimes a book is so good it becomes
a classic almost as soon as it’s written. One such book is “The Old
Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway. When Hemingway was
born on July 21th, 1899, his father, Dr. Clarence Hemingway, must
have known he had a special son because he stepped out onto the
porch of their home in Oak Park, Illinois, and blew his cornet.
Ernest Hemingway grew up to become one of America’s most
respected writers, known for his sense of adventure as well as his
unique writing style — spare dialogue and short, simple sentences.
After high school, Hemingway worked as a reporter before
signing up to fight in World War I. Unable to take up regular military
duty because of a bad eye, he worked as an ambulance driver for
the Red Cross in Italy. After he was badly injured, he stayed
in a Milan hospital where he fell in love with his nurse, and wrote
“A Farewell to Arms” (1929).
Hemingway lived in Europe for many years. He traveled to Spain
often and became a passionate fan of bull-fighting. In 1953
“The Old Man and the Sea”, the story of a fisherman in a battle with
a giant fish, won the Pulitzer Prize in fiction and in 1954 Hemingway
won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
America and Americans
Jack London
John Griffith “Jack” London (born John Griffith Chaney)
an American author, journalist, and social activist, was born on January
12th, 1876. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial
magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain
worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone.
London’s identification with the wilderness has made him popular
among the Green movement. His literary models were Kipling,
Stevenson. He was also influenced by the theories of Darwin, Spencer,
Marx, Nietzsche and Carl Jung.
He is best remembered as the author of “The Call of the Wild” and
“White Fang”, as well as the short stories “To Build a Fire”, “An Odyssey
of the North”, and “Love of Life”. He also wrote about the South Pacific
in such stories as “The Pearls of Parlay” and “The Heathen”.
London was a passionate advocate of unionization, socialism, and
the rights of workers and wrote several powerful works dealing with
these topics such as his dystopian novel “The Iron Heel” and his nonfiction expose “The People of the Abyss”. On the other hand, the
author’s views about the superiority of white people and Social
Darwinism, have placed him among ultra-right conservatives.
Debts, alcoholism, illness, and fear of losing his creativity darkened
the author’s last years. He died on November 22th, 1916. His influence
has been considerable on such writers as Ernest Hemingway, Jack
Kerouac, and Robert Ruark. Upton Sinclair has often been considered
London’s literary successor.
405
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
burgeoning — растущий
406
to obtain — получать
a large fortune — большое состояние
passionate — страстный
dystopian — мрачный
to darken — омрачать
literary successor — литературный преемник
ǵȒȕȖȄȆȠȖȉȆȒȓȔȒȕȟȑȄȎȒȖȒȔȟȉȈȄȑȑȟȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
ȅȗȈȗȖȒȖȆȉȖȄȐȌ
1. John Griffith “Jack” London (born John Griffith Chaney)
was an American author, journalist, and social activist.
2. London’s identification with the wilderness has made him
popular among the Green movement.
3. His literary models were Kipling, Stevenson.
4. He is best remembered as the author of “The Call of the
Wild” and “White Fang”.
5. London was a passionate advocate of unionization,
socialism, and the rights of workers.
6. Debts, alcoholism, illness, and fear of losing his creativity
darkened the author’s last years.
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȜȖȄȖȒȆȕȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȐȌȌșȕȖȒȏȌȚ
Штаты
Столицы
1.
Massachusetts
a.
Carson City
2.
Michigan
b.
Trenton
3.
Minnesota
c.
Concord
4.
Mississippi
d.
Lincoln
5.
Missouri
e.
Helena
6.
Montana
f.
St. Paul
7.
Nebraska
g.
Lansing
8.
Nevada
h.
Boston
9.
New Hampshire
i.
Jackson
New Jersey
j.
Jefferson City
10.
407
America and Americans
2IILFLDO6RQJRIWKH6WDWHRI1HEUDVND
Beautiful Nebraska
408
(written by Jim Fras)
Beautiful Nebraska, peaceful prairieland,
Laced with many rivers, and the hills of sand;
Dark green valleys cradled in the earth,
Rain and sunshine bring abundant birth.
Beautiful Nebraska, as you look around,
You will find a rainbow reaching to the ground;
All these wonders by the Master’s hand;
Beautiful Nebraska land.
We are so proud of this state where we live,
There is no place that has so much to give...
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´-DFN/RQGRQµF
1. Who was John Griffith “Jack” London?
2. What has made him popular among the Green
movement?
3. Who was his literary model?
4. What is he best remembered for?
5. What ideas did Jack London support?
6. What darkened the author’s last years?
409
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Massachusetts — Boston;
2. Michigan — Lansing;
3. Minnesota — St. Paul;
4. Mississippi — Jackson;
410
5. Missouri — Jefferson City;
6. Montana — Helena;
7. Nebraska — Lincoln;
8. Nevada — Carson City;
9. New Hampshire — Concord;
10. New Jersey — Trenton.
America and Americans
Amelia Earhart
Amelia Earhart was born in Kansas, USA, in 1897 and moved
to Chicago in 1914 when her father was fired from the Rock Island
Railroad. After graduating from high school in 1915, she went
to Canada where she trained as a nurse’s aide. In 1919 she attended
Columbia University but gave up after a year to join her parents
in California. In 1920 Earhart went to her first air show and was
hooked. She took flying lessons and bought her first plane, which she
flew to a height of 14,000 feet in October 1922, a women’s world
record. In 1925 she moved to Boston and got a job as a social worker.
Earhart will be principally remembered for being the first woman
to fly solo non-stop across the Atlantic. On May 20th, 1932, she took
off from New Brunswick. She wanted to fly to Paris, but poor weather
conditions and mechanical problems forced her to land in Derry,
Northern Ireland. It was inevitable that Earhart would attempt a roundthe-world flight and she left Miami on June 1st 1937. After stopping
in South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent and south-east
Asia, she arrived in New Guinea on June 29th. She left on July 27th, but
while she was crossing the Pacific, contact was lost. The US government
spent $4 million looking for her, but she was never found.
Earhart published two books about her flying experiences:
“20 Hours 40 Minutes” and “The Fun of It”, but she went missing
before her third book was published. She was awarded the
Distinguished Flying Cross by Congress and the Cross of Knight
of the Legion of Honor by the French government.
411
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
aide — помощник
to give up — бросить
poor weather conditions — плохие погодные условия
to force — заставлять
to look for — искать
distinguished — выдающийся
412
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
poor
2.
honor
3.
to distinguish
4.
to award
5.
government
6.
to attempt
7.
to look for
America and Americans
Native American Proverbs
1. The more you give the more good things come to you.
(Crow)
2. Don’t walk behind me; I may not lead.
(Ute)
3. Ask questions from you heart and you will be answered
from the heart.
(Omaha)
4. No one else can represent your conscience.
(Anishinabe)
5. Do not speak of evil for it creates curiosity in the hearts
of the young.
(Lakota)
413
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
“What State Is It?”
1
2
414
5
3
6
7
8
9
4
America and Americans
$FURVV
5. Where would you find more hotel rooms than in any other
place in the United States? 7. In what state was the first JCPenney
store created? 8. Which state was home to the first professional
baseball team? 9. Which state is home to the only diamond mine
located in the USA?
'RZQ
1. In what state was the first daily newspaper published?
2. In what state would you find the world’s largest bridgetunnel? 3. What state is home to the first revolving restaurant?
4. This state’s motto is “Eureka”. The lowest point in the United
States is in this state. 6. What state’s most abundant mineral is
copper?
415
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Incredible American Scientists and Explorers
416
◆ Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly across the Atlantic
as a passenger in 1928. Within four years, she became the first woman
to pilot a plane across the same ocean. She was in many ways
an inspiration for the women of her times in the sense that she was
a path-breaker.
◆ Meriwether Lewis and William Clark are famous explorers.
An expedition from the Mississippi River to the West Coast and back
is the feat that makes Meriwether Lewis and William Clark well-known.
The expedition began in May 1804 and ended in September 1806.
◆ George Washington Carver is the most famous agriculture
scientist of America. He is popular for his research on peanuts and
the help he rendered to the poor Southern African American farmers.
The first national monument to honor an African American was built
in the honor of Carver.
◆ Thomas Alva Edison was the inventor of more than 1000 things
among which were phonograph and motion picture projector. Edison
also created the first industrial research laboratory.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$PHOLD(DUKDUWµF
1. poor — indigent;
2. honor — respect;
3. to distinguish — to differentiate;
4. to award — to give;
5. government — control;
6. to attempt — to try;
7. to look for — to search.
417
America and Americans
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
µ:KDW6WDWHLVLW"´ȕ
1
P
2
E
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С
A
A
D A
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S
L
S
R
G
H
I
Y
I
I
I
F
Z
N
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O
G
R
T
N
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E
V
A
6
L
7
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W Y
A
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8
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9
4
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418
3
V
O
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A
N
S
A
S
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I
A
O
America and Americans
Kennedy Curse
The Kennedys are often referred to as America’s own royal family.
But also it appears as though they are prone to tragedies — having
to deal with terrible misfortunes throughout their lifetimes. The
Kennedys are said to be cursed.
It all started with the marriage of Irish American descendent Joseph
P. Kennedy and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald. Together, they bore nine
children. Believers in the curse generally cite the following core events
as evidence of the family’s misfortunes:
In 1941 Rosemary Kennedy, who was born with developmental
problems, underwent a lobotomy that resulted in her spending the
rest of her life in institutions. She died in 2005.
Three years later her eldest brother, Joseph Kennedy Jr., died in
a plane crash. In 1948 another plane crash — this time in France —
killed his sister, Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish. She was 28.
John F Kennedy was assassinated as the presidential motorcade
rolled through Dallas in 1963.
In 1968 Kennedy lost another brother to an assassin’s gun when
Robert Kennedy was murdered in Los Angeles, just after his victory
in California’s Democratic presidential primary election. He was 42.
In 1984 David Kennedy, one of Robert Kennedy’s 11 children, died
at the age of 28. Thirteen years after that, Michael, another of Robert’s
sons, was killed in Aspen, Colorado.
In 1999 another of Edward Kennedy’s nephews, John Kennedy Jr.
died with his wife and sister-in-law when the small aeroplane he was
flying crashed into the Atlantic.
http://altrapoint.com
419
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
to be prone to smth — быть подверженным чему-то
evidence — основание
to assassinate — убивать
to roll through — катиться через что-либо
ǫȄȎȒȑțȌȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
420
1. The Kennedys are often referred to as ________________
_______________________________________________
2. The Kennedys were always associated with ____________
_______________________________________________
3. Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald bore ___
_______________________________________________
4. Rosemary Kennedy spent __________________________
_______________________________________________
5. Joseph Kennedy Jr. died ___________________________
_______________________________________________
6. John F. Kennedy was assassinated when ______________
_______________________________________________
7. Robert Kennedy was ______________________________
_______________________________________________
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȌȕȓȔȄȆȠȖȉȒȜȌȅȎȗȆȎȄȊȈȒȐȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȌ
Lyman Frank Baum
How did you first learnt about the story of a cowardly lion,
a scarecrow without a brain and a tin man without a heart? If your
answer was the movie “The Wizard of Oz”, you’d be right. But did
you know there has been a book before there was a movie?
Having born on May 15th, 1856, in Chittenango, New York not
in Kansas, Lyman Frank Baum wrote the book “The Wonderful
Wizard of Oz” and created a story about the adventures of a girl
from Kansas that has delighted kids and grownups for a century.
That’s right, the book published in 1900 and was enormously
popular from the start. In fact, it was so popular that Baum quits
his job as a journalist and wrote thirteen more books about the
Land of Oz. Do you know how old is the movie?
The film version of the book made in 1939 with Judy Garland
as Dorothy, the girl from Kansas who has a wild adventure along
a yellow brick road. The story is still loved all over the world and
has translated into many languages.
421
America and Americans
Most Famous John Fitzgerald Kennedy Quotations
***
And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can
do for you — ask what you can do for your country.
422
***
As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the
highest appreciation is not to utter words, but to live by them.
***
Do not pray for easy lives. Pray to be stronger men.
***
Let us not seek the Republican answer or the Democratic answer,
but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past.
Let us accept our own responsibility for the future.
***
The cost of freedom is always high, but Americans have always
paid it. And one path we shall never choose, and that is the path
of surrender, or submission.
***
There are many people in the world who really don’t
understand — or say they don’t — what is the great issue between
the free world and the Communist world. Let them come to Berlin!
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´.HQQHG\&XUVHµF
1. The Kennedys are often referred to as $PHULFD·VRZQ
royal family.
2. The Kennedys were always associated with DIÁXHQFHDQG
glamour.
3. Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald bore
nine children.
4. Rosemary Kennedy spent the rest of her life
in institutions.
5. Joseph Kennedy Jr. died in a plane crash.
6. John F Kennedy was assassinated when the presidential
motorcade rolled through Dallas in 1963.
7. Robert Kennedy was murdered in Los Angeles.
8. John Kennedy Jr. died with his wife and sister-in-law.
423
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´/\PDQ)UDQN%DXPµȕ
424
How did you first learn about the story of a cowardly lion,
a scarecrow without a brain and a tin man without a heart? If your
answer is the movie “The Wizard of Oz”, you’d be right. But did you
know there was a book before there was a movie?
Born on May 15th, 1856, in Chittenango, New York, not in Kansas,
Lyman Frank Baum wrote the book “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”
and created a story about the adventures of a girl from Kansas that
has delighted kids and grownups for a century. That’s right, the
book was published in 1900 and was enormously popular from
the start. In fact, it was so popular that Baum quit his job as
a journalist and wrote thirteen more books about the Land of Oz.
Do you know how old the movie is?
The film version of the book was made in 1939 with Judy Garland
as Dorothy, the girl from Kansas who has a wild adventure along
a yellow brick road. The story is still loved all over the world and
has been translated into many languages.
America and Americans
America’s Most Expensive Cities
New York tops a recent list of America’s most expensive cities, with
a measured cost of living surpassing that of Houston, Boston and
Washington, D.C. Its rent is $4,300 a month on average for a twobedroom, unfurnished luxury apartment.
Los Angeles comes in at second place. Its residents, who also
endure high housing costs, can partly blame a long, expensive
commute. The sprawling city is home to some of the nation’s worst
traffic, and unleaded gas at a relatively high 63 cents a liter helps raise
transportation costs.
Before the 1970s, New Yorkers were in a sense paid a premium
to live in the Big Apple, due to its reputation for crime and filth. But
when the city began to experience robust economic growth, demand
outweighed supply, and housing prices grew. Though prices are now
dropping, and are largely believed to have yet to hit bottom, the area’s
cost of living remains the nation’s highest.
The city of Angels, like New York, attracts go-getters, as well
as those looking to live in the city’s warm, Mediterranean climate. The
recent housing boom lured scores of would-be homeowners who are
now facing underwater mortgages and high unemployment as well
as footing bills that come with the nation’s second most pricey city.
The top five most expensive U.S cities also saw their worldwide
ranks surge: White Plains, a city located in the state of New York,
a destination for expats, jumped from 89 to 31; San Francisco from
78 to 34; and Honolulu from 77 to 41.
425
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
426
cost of living — стоимость жизни
surpassing — превосходящий
to endure — выдержать
economic growth — экономический рост
demand — спрос
to lure — заманивать
expat — экспат (человек, добровольно покинувший родину
и живущий за границей)
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȄȑȖȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
unemployment
2.
worldwide
3.
expensive
4.
pricey
5.
warm
6.
bottom
7.
crime
America and Americans
427
Cloud Gate, Chicago
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.
2. You can’t get blood out of a stone.
3. You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.
4. Walls have ears.
5. Time is a great healer.
6. You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs.
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
Ȍ ȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐ ȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄș ȣȋȟȎȄ ȓȒ ȖȉȐȉ ´(DWLQJ DQG
)RRGµ
American English
428
British English
1.
check
a.
jam
2.
cookie
b.
jug
3.
French fries
c.
tin
4.
potato chips
d.
whiskey
5.
preserves, jam
e.
maize
6.
pitcher
f.
sweets
7.
corn
g.
chips
8.
candy
h.
biscuit
9.
can
i.
bill
whiskey, Scotch
j.
crisps
10.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$PHULFD·V0RVW([SHQVLYH&LWLHVµF
1. unemployment — work;
2. worldwide — local;
3. expensive — cheap;
4. pricey — inexpensive;
5. warm — cold;
6. bottom — top;
7. crime — law and order.
429
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make
it drink. People will only do what they have a mind to do.
2. You can’t get blood out of a stone. You cannot extract
what isn’t there to begin with.
430
3. You can’t teach an old dog new trick. Old people learn
less well than the young.
4. Walls have ears. Someone may be listening.
5. Time is a great healer. Emotional pain will grow less
as time passes.
6. You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs.
It is difficult to achieve something important without
causing any unpleasant effects.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
´(DWLQJDQG)RRGµȕ
1. Check — bill. 2. Cookie — biscuit. 3. French fries — chips.
4. Potato chips — crisps. 5. Preserves, jam — jam. 6. Pitcher —
jug. 7. Corn — maize. 8. Candy — sweets. 9. Can — tin.
10. Whiskey, Scotch — whiskey.
America and Americans
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. is located in the mid-Atlantic region, about
90 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean. It covers 68 square miles.
It was built on land that was originally part of Maryland and Virginia.
The city is divided into four quadrants, or sections: Northwest,
Southwest, Northeast, Southeast. The U.S. Capitol building marks
the center of the city and is where the four quadrants meet.
Washington takes its name from the first president of the US,
George Washington. “Columbia” in “District of Columbia” stands for
Christopher Columbus.
Washington, D.C. is not a state, nor is it part of any state.
It is a unique, “federal district” created specifically to be the seat
of government.
Just like people who live in states, D.C. residents pay full federal
and local taxes, but they do not have a voting representative
in Congress. D.C. residents do have representation, but the
representative cannot vote and can only sit on committees. When
there’s a presidential election, the Electoral College gives Washington,
D.C. the same number of votes as the smallest state, even if it has
a larger population. Unlike the states, when D.C. receives federal
funding, it also gets special orders on how to spend the money. The
President of the United States appoints local judges. In states, judges
are appointed by state officials. Now there is an elected mayor and
13-member city council. Even though the mayor and city council govern
the city, Congress still reviews and sometimes changes laws and
budget.
431
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
quadrant — квадрант (четверть окружности или круга)
to mark — отмечать, обозначать
seat of government — местопребывание правительства
voting representative — представитель с правом голоса
resident — резидент (местный постоянный житель)
Electoral College — коллегия выборщиков
432
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
2.
3.
4.
Washington, D.C. is a part of the
state of Washington.
Washington, D.C. was created
to be the seat of government.
Residents of Washington, D.C. pay
neither federal nor local taxes.
Washington, D.C. has five voting
representatives in Congress.
5.
The Congress appoints local judges.
6.
Both the mayor and the city council
decide how to spend federal money.
The Congress reviews and has
a right to change laws and budget
of Washington, D.C.
7.
False
America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know about Washington, D.C.?”
ǦȟȅȉȔȌȖȉȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȉȒȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. This monument was built between 1848 and 1884, and
it stands 555 feet tall. It is a tribute to America’s first
president. What monument is it?
a. Washington Monument.
c. The Smithsonian.
b. Lincoln Memorial.
d. Jefferson Memorial.
2. This building is at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, which
is home to the President of the United States. What is it?
a. The White House.
c. Arlington National Cemetery.
b. The Capitol.
d. DC War Memorial.
3. This attraction looks like a long black granite wall; there
are over 58,000 names of Americans who served for the
United States inscribed on the wall. What is it?
a. Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
b. Arlington National Cemetery.
c. The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial.
d. Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove.
4. This place is famous for Lincoln’s assassination. What is it?
a. Jefferson Memorial.
c. The White House.
b. Lincoln Memorial.
d. Ford’s Theatre.
433
America and Americans
Difference between British
and American Spelling
434
British
American
-ogue
-og
analogue
analog
catalogue
catalog
dialogue
dialog
monologue
monolog
Ford's Theatre, the site of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´:DVKLQJWRQ'&µF
1. Washington, D.C. is a part of the state of Washington.
False
2. Washington, D.C. was created to be the seat
of government. True
3. Residents of Washington, D.C. pay neither federal nor
local taxes. False
4. Washington, D.C. has five voting representatives
in Congress. False
5. The Congress appoints local judges. False
6. Both the mayor and the city council decide how to spend
federal money. False
7. The Congress reviews and has a right to change laws and
budget of Washington, D.C. True
435
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
©4XL]µ:KDWGR<RX.QRZDERXW:DVKLQJWRQ'&"´ª
ȕ
1. This monument was built between 1848 and 1884, and
it stands 555 feet tall. It is a tribute to America’s first
president. What monument is it?
a. Washington Monument.
436
2. This building is at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, which
is home to the President of the United States. What is it?
a. The White House.
3. This attraction looks like a long black granite wall; there
are over 58,000 names of Americans who served for the
United States inscribed on the wall. What is it?
a. Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
4. This place is famous for Lincoln’s assassination. What is it?
d. Ford’s Theatre.
America and Americans
New York, New York!
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the
center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous
metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact
upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research etc. The
home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important
center for international diplomacy and has been described as the
cultural capital of the world. The city is also referred to as New York
City or The City of New York to distinguish it from The State of New
York, of which it is a part.
Located on one of the world’s largest natural harbors, New York
City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county.
The five boroughs — The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and
Staten Island — were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With
a 2010 United States Census population of 8,175,133 distributed over
a land area of just 790 square kilometres, New York is the most densely
populated major city in the United States.
Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well
known to its visitors. Times Square, iconified as “The Crossroads
of the World”, is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theater
district, one of the world’s busiest pedestrian intersections, and
a major center of the world’s entertainment industry. New York City’s
financial district, anchored by Wall Street in Lower Manhattan,
functions as the financial capital of the world. Manhattan’s real estate
market is among the most expensive in the world.
437
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
438
metropolitan — относящийся к столице или к большому
городу
to exert — оказывать влияние
to distinguish — различить
borough — район крупного города
county — округ
illuminated hub — освещенный центр
financial district — финансовый район
DzȖȆȉȖȠȖȉȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. What is the most populous city in the United States?
2. What city is considered to be the financial centre of the
USA?
3. What does New York City consist of?
4. What are the names of New York City boroughs?
5. When were boroughs consolidated into a single city?
6. What are the most popular places in New York City?
7. What is one of the most expensive real estate markets
in the world?
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȌȕȓȔȄȆȠȖȉȒȜȌȅȎȗȆȎȄȊȈȒȐȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȌ
Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge
John Augustus Roebling was a great pioneer in the design off
steel suspension bridges.
In 1867 New York legislators approves Roebling’s plan for
a suspension bridge over the East River between Manhattan and
Brooklyn. Just before construction began in 1869, Roebling was
fatally injure. His 32-year-old son, Washington A. Roebling, took
over as chief engineers.
Because of the enormous challenges faced during its
construction, the Brooklyn Bridge has taken over 13 years
to complete. Construction began at January 3rd, 1870. One of
difficulties involved the use of pneumatic caissons to construct the
foundations for the towers. Inside the caissons, air pressure was
used to keeping water out of a bottomless clam shell-shaped
structure used by workers to excavate the river bottom. Men used
shovels, picks, and later blasting to dig out the sand and rocks
below and the caissons gradually descended towards the river
bottom as granite stones were adding to form the towers above.
At the time, little was knowing about decompression sickness.
More than 100 workers suffered from the disease, included
Washington Roebling himself, who remained partially paralyzed
for the rest of his life.
At May 24th, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge over the East River
opened, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn
for the first time in history.
439
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Mall Facts
440
◆ There are 50,000 shopping malls in the United States alone.
◆ Women will buy more if they hear their heels clicking on polished
hard surfaces, so designers often use hard flooring in hallways. Inside
the stores themselves, there is often carpeting or softer surfaces
to lure customers in and make them feel at home.
◆ Places to sit in the common areas of malls are hard to find. People
aren’t shopping when they’re sitting.
◆ Escalators are placed strategically to force shoppers to pass the
maximum number of storefronts.
◆ Most malls have bends and turns as shoppers typically won’t walk
towards something that seems more than one tenth of a mile away.
◆ Floor plans in malls are disorienting for a reason — so shoppers
cannot make a quick exit.
◆ The average mall shopper stays for 80 minutes and spends
$75 each visit.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´1HZ<RUN1HZ<RUNµF
1. New York is the most populous city in the United States.
2. New York City is considered to be the financial centre
of the USA.
3. New York City consists of five boroughs.
4. The names of New York City boroughs are The Bronx,
Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island.
5. Boroughs were consolidated into a single city in 1898.
6. The most popular places in New York City are Times
Square, the Broadway theater district and Wall Street.
7. Manhattan’s real estate market is among the most
expensive in the world.
441
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´5RHEOLQJDQGWKH%URRNO\Q%ULGJHµȕ
John Augustus Roebling was a great pioneer in the design
of steel suspension bridges.
442
In 1867 New York legislators approved Roebling’s plan for
a suspension bridge over the East River between Manhattan and
Brooklyn. Just before construction began in 1869, Roebling was
fatally injured. His 32-year-old son, Washington A. Roebling, took
over as chief engineer.
Because of the enormous challenges faced during its
construction, the Brooklyn Bridge took over 13 years to complete.
Construction began on January 3rd, 1870. One of the difficulties
involved the use of pneumatic caissons to construct the foundations
for the towers. Inside the caissons, air pressure was used to keep
water out of a bottomless clam shell-shaped structure used
by workers to excavate the river bottom. Men used shovels, picks,
and later blasting to dig out the sand and rocks below and the
caissons gradually descended towards the river bottom as granite
stones were added to form the towers above. At the time, little was
known about decompression sickness. More than 100 workers
suffered from the disease, including Washington Roebling himself,
who remained partially paralyzed for the rest of his life.
On May 24th, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge over the East River
opened, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn for
the first time in history.
America and Americans
“The Big Apple”
Why is New York City called the “Big Apple?” As with anything
in New York, there are many opinions and contradictions.
In the early 1920s, “apple” was used in reference to the many racing
courses in and around New York City. Apple referred to the prizes
being awarded for the races — the rewards were substantial.
Based on the research of Barry Popik, the use of “Big Apple” to
refer to New York City became clearer. Popik found that a writer for
the “New York Morning Telegraph”, John Fitzgerald, referred to New
York City’s races “Around the Big Apple”. It is rumored that Fitzgerald
got the term from jockeys and trainers in New Orleans who aspired
to race on New York City tracks, referring to the “Big Apple”.
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, New York City’s jazz musicians
began referring to New York City as the “Big Apple”. An old saying
in show business was “There are many apples on the tree, but only
one Big Apple”.
A 1971 campaign to increase tourism to New York City adopted
the Big Apple as an officially recognized reference to New York City.
The campaign featured red apples in an effort to lure visitors to New
York City. It was hoped that the red apples would serve as a bright
and cheery image of New York City, in contrast to the common belief
that New York City was dark and dangerous. Since then, New York
City has officially been The Big Apple.
In recognition of Fitzgerald, the corner of 54th & Broadway, where
Fitzgerald lived for 30 years, was renamed “Big Apple Corner”
in 1997.
443
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
contradiction — противоречие
substantial — значительный
based on — основанный на чем-либо
to rumor — распространять слухи
officially recognized — официально признанный
444
ǴȄȕȕȖȄȆȠȖȉ ȕȏȒȆȄ Ȇ ȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȐ ȓȒȔȣȈȎȉ Ȍ ȋȄȓȌȜȌȖȉ
ȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. New York City/to/early 1920s/racing/the many/in/the/
used/courses/was/”apple”/around/and/in reference/in.
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2. the/for/apple/to/the/referred/being/races/prizes/
awarded. ________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. as/New York City’s/referring/the/jazz/to/“Big Apple”/
musicians/began/New York City. ____________________
________________________________________________
4. the Big Apple/adopted/a 1971 campaign/as/New York
City/reference/to/officially/an/increase/recognized/
tourism/to. ______________________________________
_______________________________________________
5. to/featured/New York City/to/the/lure/apples/visitors/
red/campaign. ___________________________________
_______________________________________________
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉ ȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌ ȇȏȄȇȒȏȄȐȌ stray, start, sleep, be,
find, wake up.
New York, New York
(а fragment)
(Frank Sinatra)
_________ spreading the news,
I’m leaving today,
I want to _________ a part of it,
New York, New York.
These vagabond shoes
Are longing to _________,
Right through the very heart of it,
New York, New York.
I wanna _________ in a city
That doesn’t _________,
And _________ I’m king of the hill,
Top of the heap!
445
America and Americans
Tongue Twisters
1. Four furious friends fought for the phone.
2. Chester Cheetah chews a chunk of cheep cheddar
cheese.
3. Tommy Tucker tried to tie Tammy’s Turtles tie.
446
4. If two witches were watching two watches, which witch
would watch which watch?
5. I thought a thought, but the thought I thought wasn’t the
thought I thought I thought. If the thought I thought I
thought had been the thought I thought, I wouldn’t have
thought so much.
6. Once a fellow met a fellow in a field of beans. Said
a fellow to a fellow, “If a fellow asks a fellow, can a fellow
tell a fellow what a fellow means?”
7. Do tongue twisters twist your tongue?
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH%LJ$SSOHµF
1. In the early 1920s “apple” was used in reference to the
many racing courses in and around New York City.
2. Apple referred to the prizes being awarded for the races.
3. New York City’s jazz musicians began referring to New
York City as the “Big Apple”.
4. A 1971 campaign to increase tourism to New York
City adopted the Big Apple as an officially recognized
reference.
5. The campaign featured red apples to lure visitors to New
York City.
447
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
µ1HZ<RUN1HZ<RUN´ȕ
Start spreading the news,
I’m leaving today,
I want to be a part of it,
New York, New York.
448
These vagabond shoes
Are longing to stray,
Right through the very heart of it,
New York, New York
I wanna wake up in a city
That doesn’t sleep,
And find I’m king of the hill,
Top of the heap!
America and Americans
I ޹ NY
T-shirts that say I heart NY, read I love New York, definitely stand
out. They have been around for a long time and are still as popular
as ever. Knowing more about the famous I Love New York T-shirt
is something that anyone who has ever visited the state should know.
The logo was originally designed in the mid 1970s for the New
York State tourism department. It is not specifically a logo just for
New York City but for the entire state, even though many people
believe it refers to NYC. It is still used by the state’s tourism department
today in their advertising, print materials and souvenirs. The highly
successful graphic designer Milton Glaser is the person responsible
for designing this popular logo. In fact, he even created it free
of charge for the state. A logo that was expected to be used in short
ad campaign has turned into a pop culture phenomenon.
More than 3 decades later it is still being used and even copied
and parodied. However, the state owns the copyright to the graphic
and so the idea of using “I heart …” on T-shirts, hats, bumper stickers
and other promotional items has caught on like wildfire. Many other
places and companies have tried to use the simple yet effective logo.
Many of those have paid licensing fees to New York State in exchange
for the right to use the logo. However, endless numbers of those
using it have not paid such fees, resulting in trademark objections
from the state’s lawyers. Those lawyers are kept very busy keeping
on top of who is violating the I heart New York trademark, as they
have filed over 3000 such objections.
449
America and Americans
450
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
T-shirt — футболка
logo — логотип
even though — хотя
responsible — ответственный
in exchange for — взамен
endless number — бесконечное множество
objection — возражение
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉțȄȕȖȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȍ
1. It is not specifically a logo
a. the New York State
just for New York City but
tourism department.
b. for the entire state.
2. The logo turned into a
pop culture phenomenon,
but originally it was
3. More than 3 decades later c. for the right to use the
it is not only being used but
logo.
d. also copied and
4. Many companies have
parodied.
tried to use the simple yet
effective logo, but had
e. to pay licensing fees to
5. Those companies who
New York State.
used the logo paid
licensing fees to New York
State in exchange
f. supposed to be used in
6. The logo was originally
short ad campaign.
designed in the mid 1970s
for
America and Americans
Native American Proverbs
1. I have been to the end of the earth.
I have been to the end of the water.
I have been to the end of the sky.
I have been to the end of the mountains.
I have found none that are not my friends.
(Navajo)
451
2. The greatest strength is gentleness.
(Iroquois)
3. You must live your life from beginning to end: no one else
can do it for you.
(Hopi)
4. Don’t let yesterday use up too much of today.
(Cherokee)
5. What is past and cannot be prevented should not
be grieved for.
(Pawnee)
6. Knowledge that is not used is abused.
(Cree)
7. It is easy to be brave from a distance.
(Omaha)
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
“Unusual Names and Nicknames”
1
3
2
4
452
5
6
7
8
9
America and Americans
$FURVV
1. Where is the town of Accident located? 3. Where is the town
of Last Chance? 7. Where would you find the town of Normal?
8. Where is the town of Why located? 9. Where the city named
Santa Claus is located?
'RZQ
1. In which state is the town of Hell? 2. In what state can you
find the town of North Pole? 4. Which state’s nickname is the
“Pelican State” and it was the 18th state of the union? 5. Where
is the town of Happy located? 6. Where in the US can you find the
town of Jupiter?
453
America and Americans
Funny Warnings: Miscellaneous
1. Warning: For indoor or outdoor use only.
(Unknown Christmas Lights)
2. Ignite lighter away from face.
(Bic Lighter)
454
3. This floodlight is capable of illuminating large areas, even
in the dark.
(Komatsu Floodlight)
4. Caution: Non-Flammable.
(Unknown Fire Extinguisher)
5. These ear plugs are nontoxic, but may interfere with
breathing if caught in windpipe.
(Unknown Earplugs)
6. If swallowed, promptly see doctor.
(Energizer AAA 4 Pack)
7. Parents! The door handle can be opened by small
children.
(Summerfield Suites-Near Door)
8. Warning: Do not attempt to swallow.
(Unknown Mattress)
9. Caution: Contents may catch fire.
(Unknown Matches)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
µ, ޹1<´F
1. It is not specifically a logo just for New York City but for
the entire state.
2. The logo turned into a pop culture phenomenon,
but originally it was supposed to be used in short ad
campaign.
3. More than 3 decades later it is not only being used but
also copied and parodied.
4. Many companies have tried to use the simple yet
effective logo, but had to pay licensing fees to New York
State.
5. Those companies who used the logo paid licensing fees
to New York State in exchange for the right to use the
logo.
6. The logo was originally designed in the mid 1970s for the
New York State tourism department.
455
America and Americans
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
´8QXVXDO1DPHVDQG1LFNQDPHVµȕ
1
M
A
R
Y
L
I
3
456
2
A
N
D
D
O
L
4
C
O L
H
O
S
I
U
K
E
G
I
A
X
A
O
6
S
7
N
I
R
L
L
O
N
R
A
R
5
T
A
F
A
8
A
I
I
N
O
I
Z
O
N
A
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A
D
9
I
N
D
I
A
S
America and Americans
Chicago
Chicago is a city in USA, which comes under the state of Illinois.
Poet Carl Sandburg described Chicago as the “City of the Big
Shoulders” in 1916, and the city carries it proudly to this day. With
world-class museums and cultural attractions alongside thriving
commercial and industrial ventures, Chicago hums with energy.
Situated adjacent to Lake Michigan, it was incorporated as a city only
in the year 1837. However, its strategic location, at the site of a portage
between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed,
contributed a lot to its development and the city saw great progress
in the coming years. Today, Chicago has transformed into a leading
global city. In fact, it is now recognized as the business, financial and
even cultural capital of the American Midwest.
There are a lot of interesting facts about this city. For example,
Chicago is known as the “Candy Capital of the World”. This city has
more chocolate manufacturers within a small radius than any other
place in the world. This dates back to the 1800’s when Chicago was
a national hub for transportation and manufacturing, in addition
to being very close to sources for key candy ingredients.
Also it is known as the city where the first American Nobel Prize
for science was received by Albert Michalson. The Art Institute
of Chicago is home to the largest collection of Impressionist paintings
in the world, apart from the Louvre (Paris). World’s largest public
library is located here. The “Harold Washington Library Center” houses
about 2 million books. So this third largest city has a lot to boast
about.
457
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
thriving — процветающий
venture — рискованное предприятие
to hum with — гудеть
portage — транспортировка
chocolate manufacturer — производитель шоколада
458
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉ Ȏ ȕȏȒȆȄȐ Ȍȋ ȏȉȆȒȍ ȎȒȏȒȑȎȌ ȒȓȔȉȈȉȏȉȑȌȣ
ȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
to describe
a.
2.
strategic
b.
3.
to recognize
c.
4.
collection
d.
5.
6.
key
public
e.
f.
7.
radius
g.
a group of similar things that you
have deliberately acquired, usually
over a period of time
a thing that provides a means
of achieving or understanding
something
relating to the identification of longterm or overall aims and interests and
the means of achieving them
a specified distance from a centre in
all directions
to give a detailed account in words
to identify from having encountered
them before
concerning the people as a whole
America and Americans
ǷȓȒȖȔȉȅȌȖȉȇȏȄȇȒȏȟȆȕȎȒȅȎȄșȆȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȍȘȒȔȐȉ
Basketball in the USA
Basketball (invent) _____________ in 1891 by James Naismith,
a teacher at a YMCA (Young Mail Christian Association) training
school in Springfield, Massachusetts. Due to its simple equipment
requirements, indoor play, competitiveness, and easily understood
rules, the game (gain) ________ popularity quickly. Basketball, as
a team sport, (play) ____________ by more than 250 million people
worldwide, as well as by countless others in “pick-up” games.
The National Basketball Association, NBA, (be) ____ the major
professional basketball league in the world, with teams from the
United States and Canada. The NBA now (have) _____ 29 teams
competing in two conferences, the Eastern and Western, in four
separate divisions. In the second week of February, the NBA
(interrupt) ____________ its season to celebrate the annual AllStar game, featuring the game’s best players as selected by fans
throughout the United States and Canada. In a fan poll, Michael
Jordan (vote) ____________ the greatest player in NBA history.
At the end of the season, the champions from the Eastern and
Western conferences (meet) ______ in a best-of-seven series to determine the NBA champion. More than 200 national federations
(belong) ________ to FIBA, the Federation of International
Basketball, an independent organization that (govern) ________
international basketball. In 1992, professional players first (allow)
_______________ to compete in the Olympics, and a Dream Team,
made up of the NBA’s best players, (assemble) _______________.
459
America and Americans
Most Famous Michael Jordan Quotations
***
Always turn a negative situation into a positive situation.
***
I can accept failure, everyone fails at something. But I can’t accept
not trying.
460
***
I never looked at the consequences of missing a big shot... when
you think about the consequences you always think of a negative
result.
***
I play to win, whether during practice or a real game. And I will
not let anything get in the way of me and my competitive
enthusiasm to win.
***
I’ve always believed that if you put in the work, the results will
come.
***
I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life and that
is why I succeed.
***
My heroes are and were my parents. I can’t see having anyone
else as my heroes.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´&KLFDJRµF
1. to describe — to give a detailed account in words;
2. strategic — relating to the identification of long-term
or overall aims and interests and the means of achieving
them;
3. to recognize — to identify from having encountered
them before;
4. collection — a group of similar things that you have
deliberately acquired, usually over a period of time;
5. key — a thing that provides a means of achieving
or understanding something;
6. public — concerning the people as a whole;
7. radius — a specified distance from a centre in all
directions.
461
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´%DVNHWEDOOLQWKH86$µȕ
462
Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a teacher
at a YMCA training school in Springfield, Massachusetts. Due to its
simple equipment requirements, indoor play, competitiveness, and
easily understood rules, the game gained popularity quickly.
Basketball, as a team sport, is now played by more than 250 million
people worldwide, as well as by countless others in “pick-up” games.
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the major
professional basketball league in the world, with teams from the
United States and Canada. The NBA now has 29 teams competing
in two conferences, the Eastern and Western, in four separate
divisions. In the second week of February, the NBA interrupts its
season to celebrate the annual All-Star game, featuring the game’s
best players as selected by fans throughout the United States and
Canada. In a fan poll, Michael Jordan was voted the greatest player
in NBA history. At the end of the season, the champions from the
Eastern and Western conferences meet in a best-of-seven series
to determine the NBA champion.
More than 200 national federations belong to FIBA, the Federation
of International Basketball, an independent organization that
governs international basketball. In 1992, professional players were
first allowed to compete in the Olympics, and a Dream Team, made
up of the NBA’s best players, was assembled.
America and Americans
Las Vegas
Las Vegas is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and
the county seat of Clark County. It is an internationally renowned
major resort city for gambling, shopping, and fine dining. The major
attractions in Las Vegas are the casinos and the hotels. The city got
its start with casinos in 1931 with the opening of the Northern Club
(now the La Bayou). Now there are many hotel casinos in the city’s
downtown area, which was the focal point of the city’s gaming
industry in its early days. The city bills itself as The Entertainment
Capital of the World.
A growing retirement and family city, Las Vegas is the 28th most
populous city in the United States, with a population at the 2010
census of 583,756.
Established in 1905, Las Vegas officially became a city in 1911.
At the close of the 20th century, Las Vegas was the most populous
American city founded in that century (a distinction held by Chicago
in the 19th century). The city’s tolerance for various forms of adult
entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and this image has made
Las Vegas a popular setting for films and television programs. There
are numerous outdoor lighting displays on Fremont Street.
The name Las Vegas is often applied to unincorporated areas that
surround the city, especially the resort areas on and near the Las Vegas
Strip. The gambling and entertainment industry is mostly focused
in this area. The 6,8 km stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard known as the
Strip is mainly in the unincorporated communities of Paradise,
Winchester, and Enterprise.
463
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
resort — курорт
focal point — главная точка
to bill as — подавать себя как
retirement — уход на пенсию
distinction — отличительная особенность
to earn — зарабатывать
entertainment industry — индустрия развлечений
464
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Las Vegas is the most populous city in
the U.S.
The major attractions in Las Vegas are
sandy beaches and the wildlife.
Established in 1905, Las Vegas
officially became a city in 1911.
It was the city’s tolerance for various
forms of adult entertainment that
earned it the title of Sin City.
It is an internationally renowned
major city for family resort, scubadiving, and tourism.
At the close of the 20th century,
Las Vegas was the most populous
American city founded in the 20th
century.
False
America and Americans
465
A casino in Las Vegas
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȜȖȄȖȒȆȕȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȐȌȌșȕȖȒȏȌȚ
466
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Штаты
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Столицы
Columbia
Harrisburg
Providence
Salem
Bismarck
Raleigh
Albany
Santa Fe
Oklahoma City
Columbus
Difference between British and American Spelling
British
American
-ence
-ense
defence (But: defensive)
defense
licence (noun)
license (verb)
offence (But: offensive)
license
(noun and verb)
offense
pretence
pretense
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´/DV9HJDVµF
1. Las Vegas is the most populous city in the U.S. False
2. The major attractions in Las Vegas are sandy beaches and
the wildlife. False
3. Established in 1905, Las Vegas officially became a city in
1911. True
4. It was the city’s tolerance for various forms of adult
entertainment that earned it the title of Sin City. True
5. It is an internationally renowned major city for family
resort, scuba-diving, and tourism. False
6. At the close of the 20th century, Las Vegas was the most
populous American city founded in the 20th century. True
467
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. New Mexico — Santa Fe;
2. New York —Albany;
3. North Carolina — Raleigh;
4. North Dakota — Bismarck;
468
5. Ohio — Columbus;
6. Oklahoma — Oklahoma City;
7. Oregon — Salem;
8. Pennsylvania — Harrisburg;
9. Rhode Island — Providence;
10. South Carolina — Columbia.
America and Americans
San Francisco
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco,
is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco
Bay Area, a region of 7,5 million people which includes San Jose and
Oakland. It is the only consolidated city-county in California. San
Francisco is the most densely settled large city in the state of California
and the second-most densely populated large city in the USA.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate
and a mission named for Francis of Assisi on the site. The California
Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth,
and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast
at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906
earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt. During World
War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service
members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the
confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing
attitudes, and other factors (Vietnam) led to the Summer of Love and
the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center
of liberal activism in the United States.
Today, San Francisco is one of the top tourist destinations in the
world, ranking 35th out of the 100 most visited cities worldwide, and
is renowned for its chilly summer fog, steep rolling hills, eclectic mix
of architecture, and its famous landmarks, including the Golden Gate
Bridge, cable cars, and Chinatown. The city is also a principal banking
and finance center.
469
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
470
consolidated — объединенный
Gold Rush — золотая лихорадка
thus — таким образом
embarkation — посадка
confluence — место слияния
landmark — достопримечательность
cable car — фуникулер
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
officially
2.
liberal
3.
rapid
4.
transportation
5.
large
6.
famous
7.
principal
8.
steep
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȌȕȓȔȄȆȠȖȉȒȜȌȅȎȗȆȎȄȊȈȒȐȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȌ.
Surfing
Hawaiians are the original founders of the “Sport of Kings,”
referred to as he’e nalu in Hawaiian. After the arrival of Englands’
Captain Cook in the Islands, Lieutenant James King was the first
to record accounts of the ancient Hawaiians engaging in this
unusual activity. Captain Cook and other non-Hawaiians observing
the islands for the first time were impressed by the agility and
mastery of Hawaiian waterman. They have used very long boards
carved from tall trees to hook and ride flowing waves inland while
either lying on their bellies or standing upright with one foot
in front of the other.
The ocean with all of it’s mystery, life-giving i’a (fish) and kai
(water), was very revered and respected as a necessary component
of survival for ancient Hawaiians. The ocean carefully studied, its
currents and tides were observed intimately, and fishing, voyaging
and surfing were strategically planned. Surfing was not just a forms
of amusement — it required great skill, stamina, flexibility and
balance. Hawaiian who could master the art of surfing and other
ocean skills was well-respected in society. High ranking ali’i (chiefs)
were privy to best surfing spots on each island, and they surfed
using only the best boards.
471
America and Americans
Tongue Twisters
1.
I cannot bear to see a bear
Bear down upon a hare.
When bare of hair he strips the hare,
Right there I cry, “Forbear!”
472
2.
Of all the felt I ever felt,
I never felt a piece of felt
which felt as fine as that felt felt,
when first I felt that felt hat’s felt.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´6DQ)UDQFLVFRµF
1. officially — formally;
2. liberal — broad-minded;
3. rapid — quick;
4. transportation — transport;
5. large — outsize;
6. famous — notorious;
7. principal — chief;
8. steep — abrupt.
473
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´6XUILQJµȕ
The Hawaiians are the original founders of the “Sport of Kings,”
referred to as he’e nalu in Hawaiian. After the arrival of (QJODQG·V
474
Captain Cook in the Islands, Lieutenant James King was the first
to record accounts of the ancient Hawaiians engaging in this
unusual activity. Captain Cook and other non-Hawaiians observing
the islands for the first time were impressed by the agility and
mastery of Hawaiian watermen. They used very long boards carved
from tall trees to hook and ride flowing waves inland while either
lying on their bellies or standing upright with one foot in front
of the other.
The ocean with all of its mystery, life-giving i’a (fish) and kai
(water), was very revered and respected as a necessary component
of survival for ancient Hawaiians. The ocean was carefully studied,
its currents and tides were observed intimately, and fishing,
voyaging and surfing were strategically planned. Surfing was not
just a form of amusement — it required great skill, stamina,
flexibility and balance. A Hawaiian who could master the art
of surfing and other ocean skills was well-respected in society. High
ranking ali’i (chiefs) were privy to the best surfing spots on each
island, and they surfed using only the best boards.
America and Americans
Hawaii
Hawaii is the most recent of the 50 U.S. States (1959), and is the
only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the island group
in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United
States. Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate,
abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active
volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists,
and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has
many North American and Asian influences along with its own
vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents
along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital
is Honolulu on the island of O’ahu.
It’s easy to feel awed on Hawaii Island. From the molten magma
flowing from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park to the snow-capped
heights of Mauna Kea; from the green rainforests of the Hamakua
Coast to the jet-black sands of Punaluu Beach; Hawaii Island
is an unrivaled expression of the power of nature.
To avoid confusion with the name of the entire state, the Island
of Hawaii is often called the “Big Island”. Nearly twice as big as all
of the other Hawaiian Islands combined, its sheer size can be inspiring.
You’ll find all but two of the world’s climatic zones within this island’s
shores. The dramatic size and scope of the largest Hawaiian Island
create a microcosm of environments and activities. On this island’s
vast tableau, you’ll find everything from extravagant resorts and
incredible golf courses to modest local towns and sacred Hawaiian
historical sites.
475
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
476
the most recent — последний
entirely — вполне
diverse — различный
military personnel — военнослужащие
rainforest — тропический лес
environment — окружающая среда
golf course — поле для гольфа
ǫȄȎȒȑțȌȖȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. Hawaii is the only U.S. state _________________________
2. Hawaii is one of the popular ________________________
3. Hawaii has ______________________________________
4. Hawaii’s capital is _________________________________
5. The Island of Hawaii is often called ___________________
6. The dramatic size of the largest Hawaiian Island creates __
________________________________________________
7. Hawaii is the most ________________________________
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. All cats are grey in the dark.
2. All clouds bring not rain.
3. Still waters run deep.
4. The grass is always greener on the other side.
5. You can’t tell a book by its cover.
6. Punctuality is the soul of business.
7. Stolen fruit is the sweetest.
8. The more haste, the less speed.
477
America and Americans
ǴȄȕȜȌȘȔȗȍȖȉȄȑȄȇȔȄȐȐȟ
“American Mammals”
1. A nocturnal insectivore found in the northern and central
part of the USA.
478
A
R
I
M
O
L
L
A
D
2. The largest land-dwelling species of the weasels found
in the U.S. state of Alaska.
E
O
V
N
E
I
W
L
R
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´+DZDLLµF
1. Hawaii is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands.
2. Hawaii is one of the popular destination for tourists.
3. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents.
4. Hawaii’s capital is +RQROXOXRQWKHLVODQGRI2·DKX.
5. The Island of Hawaii is often called the ”Big Island“.
6. The dramatic size of the largest Hawaiian Island creates
a microcosm of environments and activities.
7. Hawaii is the most recent of the 50 U.S. States.
479
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. All cats are grey in the dark. The implication is that
beauty, or physical appearance, is unimportant.
2. All clouds bring not rain. Don’t judge things
by appearances.
480
3. Still waters run deep. People who are calm and tranquil
on the outside, often have a strong, “deep” personality.
4. The grass is always greener on the other side. What
other people have or do looks preferable to our life.
5. You can’t tell a book by its cover. You cannot judge what
something or someone is like by looking at the exterior.
6. Punctuality is the soul of business. You should always
be on time for your business appointments.
7. Stolen fruit is the sweetest. What is forbidden is the
most tempting.
8. The more haste, the less speed. A person makes more
progress if they do things less quickly.
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
´$PHULFDQ0DPPDOVµȕ
1. Armadillo.
2. Wolverine.
America and Americans
Alaska
Alaska was discovered by Vitus Bering, a Dane working for the
Russians, and Alexei Chirikov in 1741. The area was unexplored in
1867 when Secretary of State William Seward arranged for its purchase
from the Russians for $7,200,000. The first official census (1880)
reported a total of 33,426 Alaskans, all but 430 being of aboriginal
stock. The Gold Rush of 1898 resulted in a mass influx of more than
30,000 people. Since then, Alaska has contributed billions of dollars’
worth of products to the U.S. economy.
In 1968, a large oil and gas reservoir near Prudhoe Bay on the
Arctic Coast was found. The Prudhoe Bay reservoir, with an estimated
recoverable 10 billion barrels of oil and 27 trillion cubic feet of gas,
is twice as large as any other oil field in North America.
Other important industries are fisheries, wood and wood products,
furs, and tourism.
Denali National Park and Mendenhall Glacier in North Tongass
National Forest are of interest, as is the large totem pole collection
at Sitka National Historical Park. The Katmai National Park includes
the “Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes,” an area of active volcanoes.
The Alaska Native population includes Eskimos, Indians, and
Aleuts. About half of all Alaska Natives are Eskimos. The two main
Eskimo groups, Inupiat and Yupik, are distinguished by their language
and geography. The former live in the north and northwest parts of
Alaska and speak Inupiaq, while the latter live in the south and
southwest and speak Yupik.
About a third of Alaska Natives are American Indians. The major
tribes are the Alaskan Athabaskan in the central part of the state, and
the Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Haida in the southeast.
481
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
purchase — покупка, приобритение
census — перепись населения
mass influx — массовый наплыв, приток
to estimate — оценивать
totem pole — тотемный столб
482
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȄȑȖȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
important
2.
active
3.
main
4.
former
5.
major
6.
central
7.
unexplored
8.
purchase
America and Americans
ǷȓȒȖȔȉȅȌȖȉȇȏȄȇȒȏȟȆȕȎȒȅȎȄșȆȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȍȘȒȔȐȉ
The Alaska Purchase
Alaska first (discover) ___________________ by the Europeans
in 1741 when Alexei Chirikof, with the Bering expedition, first set
eyes on Alaska.
However, it (believe) _____________ that humans first crossed
into Alaska 13,000—20,000 years ago via the Bering Land Bridge
that once connected North America with Siberia. The first settlement
by humans in the history of Alaska is believed to have been built
more than 10,000 years ago by ancestors of the Alaska natives of
today. In 1784, the first permanent Russian settlement (establish)
_____________________ on Kodiak Island by Grigory Shelikhov,
a Russian fur trader.
The last Sunday in March (know) __________ as “Seward’s Day”
because it was in March, 1867 that William H. Seward began
working on the Alaska purchase, that took place in 1867. This
purchase sometimes (call) _____________ “Seward’s Folly”
or “Seward’s Icebox”, because Secretary of State William H. Seward
negotiated the purchase of Alaska, and there were many in America
who felt that the land purchase was a mistake.
The United States paid Russia $7,200,000, which amounts
to 2 cents per acre. On October 18th, 1867, Alaska officially became
part of the United States, and the Russian flag (remove)
_____________ and the US flag raised. On January 3rd, 1959, Alaska
officially became the 49th state of the United States of America.
483
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Facts about Alaska
484
◆ The Little Diomede Island of Alaska is separated from Big
Diomede Island, Russia by less than 3 miles.
◆ The Alaska purchase was also known as President Andrew
Johnson’s “Polar Bear Garden” by those who opposed the purchase.
October 18th is known as Alaska Day.
◆ The state capital is Juneau, which is located in the SE region
of Alaska.
◆ The Alaska Highway was built in 1942 as part of the war effort.
◆ For a period in the summer, the sun never completely goes below
the horizon. The sun is visible at midnight, which is where the “Land
of the Midnight Sun” nickname comes from.
◆ Because of the long daylight hours, fruits and vegetables grown
in Alaska often grow to twice their “normal” size.
◆ Alaska has a land mass that is larger than Texas, California and
Montana combined.
◆ Alaska has more than 3 million lakes and over 100,000 glaciers.
◆ Dog mushing is the official state sport.
◆ Alaska accounts for 25 % of the oil produced in the United States.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$ODVNDµF
1. important — insignificant;
2. active — dead;
3. main — secondary;
4. former — latter;
5. major — minor;
6. central — extreme;
7. unexplored — examined;
8. purchase — sale.
485
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH$ODVND3XUFKDVHµȕ
486
Alaska was first discovered by the Europeans in 1741 when Alexei
Chirikof, with the Bering expedition, first set eyes on Alaska.
However, it is believed that humans first crossed into Alaska
13,000-20,000 years ago via the Bering Land Bridge that once
connected North America with Siberia. The first settlement
by humans in the history of Alaska is believed to have been built
more than 10,000 years ago by ancestors of the Alaska natives of
today. In 1784, the first permanent Russian settlement was
established on Kodiak Island by Grigory Shelikhov, a Russian fur
trader.
The last Sunday in March is known as “Seward’s Day” because
it was in March, 1867 that William H. Seward began working
on the Alaska purchase, that took place in 1867. This purchase was
sometimes called “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”, because
Secretary of State William H. Seward negotiated the purchase
of Alaska, and there were many in America who felt that the land
purchase was a mistake.
The United States paid Russia $7,200,000, which amounts
to 2 cents per acre. On October 18th, 1867, Alaska officially became
part of the United States, and the Russian flag was removed and
the US flag raised. On January 3rd, 1959, Alaska officially became
the 49th state of the United States of America.
America and Americans
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located
in northeastern North America, on the Canada—United States border.
Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario,
they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth comprising
21 % of the world’s surface fresh water. The Great Lakes are used to
supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering
areas. The total surface is 94,250 square miles. The lakes are sometimes
referred to as the North Coast or “Third Coast”.
Recreational boating and tourism are major industries on the
Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes
including a couple of sailing ships. Sport fishing, commercial fishing,
and Native American fishing represent a U.S. $4 billion a year industry
with salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout and walleye being major
catches. In addition, all kinds of water sports can be found on the
lakes. Unusually for inland waters, the Great Lakes provide the
possibility of surfing, particularly in winter due to the effect of strong
storms and waves.
The large size of the Great Lakes increases the risk of water travel;
storms and reefs are common threats. The lakes are prone to sudden
and severe storms, in particular in the autumn, from late October
until early December. Hundreds of ships have met their end on the
lakes. The last major shipwreck on the Great Lakes was the
S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald, once the largest ship to travel the lakes.
During a winter storm in November 1975, the ship went down about
30 miles from shore in Lake Superior.
487
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
bordering area — граничащая область
recreational — развлекательный
sailing ship — парусное судно
smelt — корюшка (рыба)
walleye — светлоперый судак
shipwreck — кораблекрушение
488
dzȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȟȏȌȕȏȉȈȗȢȝȌȉȗȖȆȉȔȊȈȉȑȌȣ"
True
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Great Lakes are a collection of
salt lakes.
The Great Lakes form the largest
group of freshwater lakes on Earth.
Major industries on the Great Lakes
are recreational boating and tourism.
Only big ships operate on the Great
Lakes.
There is no possibility of surfing on
the Great Lakes.
The lakes are prone to sudden and
severe storms.
There have been a lot of shipwrecks
on the Great Lakes.
False
America and Americans
Native American Proverbs
1. Don’t be afraid to cry. It will free your mind of sorrowful
thoughts.
(Hopi)
2. Listen to the voice of nature, for it holds treasures for you.
(Huron)
3. When a man moves away from nature his heart becomes
hard.
(Lakota)
4. Take only what you need and leave the land as you found it.
(Arapaho)
5. God gave us each a song.
(Ute)
6. Everyone who is successful must have dreamed
of something.
(Maricopa)
7. Life is not separate from death. It only looks that way.
(Blackfoot)
8. It is no longer good enough to Cry peace, we must Act
peace, live peace and Live In Peace.
(Shenandoah)
489
America and Americans
ǴȄȋȇȄȈȄȍȖȉȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
“State Info”
1
2
3
4
5
490
6
7
8
9
America and Americans
$FURVV
4. Which state has the most counties, with over 200? 6. Which
state has the world’s most active volcano? 8. Which state has
parishes instead of counties? 9. In what state can you find Dry Bay,
the city of Petersburg, and Mt. Edgecumbe?
'RZQ
1. In what state was the first rocket that put men on the moon
built? 2. Which U.S. State is only split into three counties? 3. What
state is the world’s leader in apple production? 5. How many
of the 50 United States begin with the letter “M?” 7. In what state
can you find the Missouri River, Burlington, and the Storm Lake
Parks?
491
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȕșȒȈȑȟȉȓȒȋȑȄțȉȑȌȢȕȏȒȆȄȆȄȐȉȔȌȎȄȑȕȎȒȐ
ȌȅȔȌȖȄȑȕȎȒȐȆȄȔȌȄȑȖȄșȣȋȟȎȄȓȒȖȉȐȉ´7UDYHOLQJDQG
(QWHUWDLQPHQWµ
American English
492
British English
1.
the movies
a.
railway
2.
movie
b.
return (ticket)
3.
tic-tac-toe
c.
pub
4.
bar
d.
reverse charge
5.
television, TV
e.
noughts and crosses
6.
vacation
f.
single
7.
railroad
g.
film
8.
round-trip
h.
cinema
9.
collect call
i.
holiday
one-way (ticket)
j.
telly, TV
10.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´*UHDW/DNHVµF
1. The Great Lakes are a collection of salt lakes. False
2. The Great Lakes form the largest group of freshwater
lakes on Earth. True
3. Major industries on the Great Lakes are recreational
boating and tourism. True
4. Only big ships operate on the Great Lakes. False
5. There is no possibility of surfing on the Great Lakes. False
6. The lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms. True
7. There have been a lot of shipwrecks on the Great Lakes.
True
493
America and Americans
DzȖȆȉȖȟȑȄȎȔȒȕȕȆȒȔȈ
´6WDWH,QIRµȕ
1
2
4
T
3
D
E
X
L
7
8
A
5
B
H
A W A
W
I
M
G
A
N
A
H
R
G
E
T
6
E
I
I
T
O
I
O
L
S
S
A
494
L
W
A
A
U
I
S
I
A
L
A
S
K
A
N
A
W
9
A
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢ
´7UDYHOOLQJDQG(QWHUWDLQPHQWµȕ
1. The movies — cinema. 2. Movie — film. 3. Tic-tac-toe —
noughts and crosses. 4. Bar — pub. 5. Television, TV — telly, TV.
6. Vacation — holiday. 7. Railroad — railway. 8. Round-trip —
return (ticket). 9. Collect call — reverse charge. 10. One-way
(ticket) — single.
America and Americans
Grand Canyon
Many tourists who visit the USA are attracted by pompous view
of natural wonder — The Grand Canyon. The Grand Canyon
is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in the United
States in the state of Arizona. It is contained within and managed by
Grand Canyon National Park, the Hualapai Tribal Nation, and the
Havasupai Tribe. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major
proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area, and visited
it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery.
It is considered one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World.
The Grand Canyon is 446 km long, up to 29 km wide and attains
a depth of over a mile (1,800 metres). Nearly two billion years of the
Earth’s geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River
and its tributaries cut their channels through layer after layer of rock
while the Colorado Plateau was uplifted. While the specific geologic
processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon is the subject
of debate by geologists, recent evidence suggests the Colorado River
established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago.
For thousands of years, the area has been continuously inhabited
by Native Americans who built settlements within the canyon and
its many caves. The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon
(“Ongtupqa” in Hopi language) a holy site and made pilgrimages
to it. The first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon
was Garcia Lopez de Cardenas from Spain, who arrived in 1540.
495
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
496
pompous — великолепный
natural wonder — чудо природы
steep-sided — с крутыми склонами
proponent — сторонник
to hunt — охотиться
the subject of debate — предмет обсуждения
pilgrimage — паломничество
DzȖȆȉȖȠȖȉȑȄȆȒȓȔȒȕȟ
1. Where is The Grand Canyon situated?
2. What is The Grand Canyon managed by?
3. Who was a major proponent of preservation of the Grand
Canyon area?
4. What is the size of The Grand Canyon?
5. When did the Colorado River establish its course through
the canyon?
6. Who inhabits the Grand Canyon area?
7. Who was the first European that viewed the Grand
Canyon?
8. When did Garcia Lopez de Cardenas arrive to view the
Grand Canyon?
America and Americans
497
The Grand Canyon
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȜȖȄȖȒȆȕȑȄȋȆȄȑȌȣȐȌȌșȕȖȒȏȌȚ
Штаты
498
Столицы
1.
South Dakota
a.
Richmond
2.
Tennessee
b.
Olympia
3.
Texas
c.
Charleston
4.
Utah
d.
Madison
5.
Vermont
e.
Cheyenne
6.
Virginia
f.
Montpelier
7.
Washington
g.
Salt Lake City
8.
West Virginia
h.
Nashville
9.
Wisconsin
i.
Pierre
10.
Wyoming
j.
Austin
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´*UDQG&DQ\RQµF
1. The Grand Canyon is situated in the United States in the
state of Arizona.
2. The Grand Canyon is managed by Grand Canyon National
Park, the Hualapai Tribal Nation, and the Havasupai Tribe.
3. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent
of preservation of the Grand Canyon area.
4. The Grand Canyon is 446 km long, up to 29 km wide and
attains a depth of over a mile.
5. The Colorado River established its course through the
canyon at least 17 million years ago.
6. For thousands of years, the area has been continuously
inhabited by Native Americans.
7. The first European known to have viewed the Grand
Canyon was Garcia Lopez de Cardenas from Spain.
8. Garcia Lopez de Cardenas arrived to the Grand Canyon
area in 1540.
499
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. South Dakota — Pierre;
2. Tennessee — Nashville;
3. Texas — Austin;
4. Utah — Salt Lake City;
5. Vermont — Montpelier;
500
6. Virginia — Richmond;
7. Washington — Olympia;
8. West Virginia — Charleston;
9. Wisconsin — Madison;
10. Wyoming — Cheyenne.
America and Americans
Grand Canyon Skywalk
The Grand Canyon Skywalk is a transparent horseshoe-shaped
cantilever bridge and tourist attraction in Arizona near the Colorado
River on the edge of a side canyon in the Grand Canyon West area
of the main canyon. The elevation at the Skywalk’s location is 1,450 m
and the elevation of the Colorado River in the base of the canyon
is 350 m, and the height of the precisely vertical drop directly under
the skywalk is between 150 m and 240 m. David Jin, an entrepreneur
who had been involved with tourism and the Hualapai Nation, had
the idea of extending a platform out over the edge of the Grand
Canyon. With the help of architect Mark Ross Johnson, that idea
evolved into a rectangular walkway and eventually the “U”-shaped
walkway that has now been constructed.
Commissioned and owned by the Hualapai Indian tribe, it was
unveiled in 2007. According to Hualapai officials, the cost of the
Skywalk was $31 million. Future plans for the Grand Canyon Skywalk
complex include a museum, movie theater, VIP lounge, gift shop,
and several restaurants including a high-end restaurant called The
Skywalk Cafe where visitors will be able to dine outdoors at the
canyon’s rim. The Skywalk is the cornerstone of a larger plan by the
Hualapai tribe, which it hopes will be the catalyst for a 36 square
kilometres development to be called Grand Canyon West; it would
open up a 160 km stretch along the canyon’s South Rim and include
hotels, restaurants, a golf course, and a cable car to ferry visitors from
the canyon rim to the Colorado River.
501
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
cantilever — консоль
tourist attraction — туристическая достопримечательность
elevation — высота
skywalk — крытый переход
lounge — комната для отдыха
a high-end restaurant — элитный ресторан
502
ǴȄȕȕȖȄȆȠȖȉ ȕȏȒȆȄ Ȇ ȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȐ ȓȒȔȣȈȎȉ Ȍ ȋȄȓȌȜȌȖȉ
ȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. The Grand Canyon/a/transparent/Skywalk/horseshoeshaped/is/bridge/cantilever. ________________________
_______________________________________________
2. River/is/in/the Colorado/Arizona/near/the Grand Canyon/
situated/Skywalk. _________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. 1,450m/at/the Skywalk’s/is/location/the/elevation. ______
_______________________________________________
4. Had/David Jin/to build/an idea/the platform. __________
_______________________________________________
5. Mark Ross Johnson/walkway/the/help/was/architect/
with/constructed/of. ______________________________
_______________________________________________
America and Americans
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȘȄȐȌȏȌȍȓȔȉȋȌȈȉȑȖȒȆǵǼǤ
Картер, Адамс, Буш, Рейган, Линкольн, Клинтон,
Джефферсон, Обама, Рузвельт, Вашингтон
C
A
R
T
E
R
X
T
K
L
J
Q
R
Y
M
W
P
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G
R
P
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A
F
A
D
A
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S
B
O
Q
F
Z
V
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I
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Q
D
Y
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B
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A
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S
T
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I
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503
America and Americans
Funny Warnings: Toys
1. Warning: This bag is not a toy.
(McDonald’s Power Rangers Toy)
2. This is not a lifesaving device! If used as floatation
support, children must be under adult supervision!
(Inflatable Dolphin)
504
3. This broom does not actually fly.
(Harry Potter Toy Broom)
4. Some assembly required.
(Unknown 500-piece puzzle)
5. Warning! This program should not be used in flight
training! Death or serious injury could result!
(Microsoft Flight Simulator 2000)
6. Note: Game pieces do not actually talk.
(“Guess Who” Game)
7. Warning: do not use as a floatation device. Do not ingest.
(Blow up Figaro toy from Mickey D’s about the size of a CD)
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´*UDQG&DQ\RQ6N\ZDONµF
1. The Grand Canyon Skywalk is a transparent horseshoeshaped cantilever bridge.
2. The Grand Canyon Skywalk is situated in Arizona near the
Colorado River.
3. The elevation at the Skywalk’s location is 1,450 m.
4. David Jin had an idea to build the platform.
5. Walkway was constructed with the help of architect Mark
Ross Johnson.
505
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
Carter, Adams, Bush, Reagan, Lincoln, Clinton, Jefferson,
Obama, Roosevelt, Washington
506
C
A
R
T
E
R
X
T
K
L
J
Q
R
Y
M
W
P
E
G
R
P
E
A
F
A
D
A
M
S
B
O
Q
F
Z
V
H
I
S
Q
D
Y
O
A
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W
B
U
S
H
A
C
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X
America and Americans
Niagara Falls
Straddling the Canadian-United States International Border, Niagara
Falls attracts some 12 Million tourists to her majestic awesome beauty
each year. The birth of Niagara Falls can be traced back more than
12,000 years to the end of the last glacial period. It is comprised of three
waterfalls: American Falls, Bridal Veil Falls and Horseshoe Falls.
The mighty river plunges over a cliff of dolostone and shale.
Niagara Falls is the second largest falls on the globe next to Victoria
Falls in southern Africa.
One fifth of all the fresh water in the world lies in the four Upper
Great Lakes — Michigan, Huron, Superior and Erie. The entire outflow
empties into the Niagara river and eventually cascades over the falls.
Despite myths to the contrary, Niagara Falls does not freeze in the
winter. The tremendous volume of water never stops flowing,
however, the falling water and mist create ice formations along the
banks of the falls and river. This can result in mounds of ice as thick
as fifty feet. If the winter is cold for long enough, the ice will
completely stretch across the river and form what is known as the
“ice bridge”.
Until 1912, visitors were allowed to actually walk out on the ice
bridge and view the Falls from below. February 24th of 1888 the local
newspaper reported that at least 20,000 people watched or tobogganed
on the ice. Shanties selling liquor, photographs and curiosities
abounded. On February 4th 1912 the ice bridge broke up and three
tourists lives were lost.
507
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
508
awesome beauty — потрясающая красота
veil — вуаль
to plunge — погружаться
outflow — сток
the tremendous volume — огромный объем
to stretch — тянуться
curiosity — любознательность
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉțȄȕȖȌȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȍ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The birth of Niagara
Falls
Niagara Falls is
comprised
Niagara Falls is
a.
b.
c.
One fifth of all the fresh
water in the world
Niagara Falls does not
d.
The falling water and
mist create
Visitors were allowed
f.
e.
g.
the second largest falls on
the globe.
freeze in the winter.
ice formations along the
banks of the falls and river.
to actually walk out
on the ice bridge.
lies in the four Upper Great
Lakes.
of three waterfalls.
can be traced back more
than 12,000 years.
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉ ȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌ Ȇ ȖȉȎȕȖȉ ȕȗȝȉȕȖȆȌȖȉȏȠȑȟȐȌ
volleyball, trophy, game, honor, state, basketball, name, basis,
player, spectator, students, sports, year
The History of Volleyball
William Morgan invented ____________ in 1895 at the Holyoke,
Massachusetts, YMCA (Young Mail Christian Association) where he
served as Director of Physical Education. Morgan originally called
his new ______ of Volleyball, Mintonette. The ______ Volleyball
came about after a demonstration game of the sport, when
a ___________ commented that the game involved much
“volleying” and game was renamed Volleyball.
William Morgan was born in the _______ of New York and studied
at Springfield College, Massachusetts. Ironically at Springfield,
Morgan met James Naismith who invented _____________ in 1891.
Morgan was motivated by Naismith’s game of basketball designed
for younger __________ to invent a game suitable for the older
members of the YMCA. William Morgan’s _______ for the new game
of Volleyball was the then popular and similar German game
of Faustball and a few other ________ including: tennis (the net),
basketball, baseball and handball.
The Morgan Trophy Award is presented annually to the most
outstanding male and female collegiate volleyball ________ in the
United States. Established by the William G. Morgan Foundation
in 1995 during the centennial ______ of volleyball, the ________
is named in _______ of William Morgan.
509
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Funny American Laws
510
◆ In Cleveland, Ohio, it is unlawful to leave chewing gum in public
places.
◆ In Virginia, chickens cannot lay eggs before 8:00 a.m., and must
be done before 4:00 p.m.
◆ In New York, it is against the law for children to pick up or collect
cigarette and cigar butts.
◆ In Washington State, you can’t carry a concealed weapon that
is over 6 feet in length.
◆ In San Francisco, there is an ordinance, which bans the picking
up and throwing of used confetti.
◆ In Kentucky, it is illegal for a merchant to force a person into his
place of business for the purpose of making a sale.
◆ It is against the law in Connecticut for a man to write love letters
to a girl whose mother or father has forbidden the relationship.
◆ In Michigan, married couples must live together or be imprisoned.
◆ In the state of Colorado, a pet cat, if loose, must have a tail-light.
◆ In Phoenix, Arizona, you can’t walk through a hotel lobby with
spurs on.
◆ In California, a law created in 1925 makes it illegal to wiggle
while dancing.
◆ In Utah, daylight must be visible between dancing couples.
◆ In Michigan, it is against the law for a lady to lift her skirt more
than 6 inches while walking through a mud puddle.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´1LDJDUD)DOOVµF
1. The birth of Niagara Falls can be traced back more than
12,000 years.
2. Niagara Falls is comprised of three waterfalls.
3. Niagara Falls is the second largest falls on the globe.
4. One fifth of all the fresh water in the world lies in the four
Upper Great Lakes.
5. Niagara Falls does not freeze in the winter.
6. The falling water and mist create ice formations along the
banks of the falls and river.
7. Visitors were allowed to actually walk out on the ice
bridge.
511
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH+LVWRU\RI9ROOH\EDOOµȕ
512
William Morgan invented volleyball in 1895 at the Holyoke,
Massachusetts, YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) where
he served as Director of Physical Education. Morgan originally
called his new game of Volleyball, Mintonette. The name Volleyball
came about after a demonstration game of the sport, when
a spectator commented that the game involved much "volleying"
and game was renamed Volleyball.
William Morgan was born in the state of New York and studied
at Springfield College, Massachusetts. Ironically at Springfield,
Morgan met James Naismith who invented basketball in 1891.
Morgan was motivated by Naismith’s game of basketball designed
for younger students to invent a game suitable for the older
members of the YMCA. William Morgan’s basis for the new game
of Volleyball was the then popular and similar German game
of Faustball and a few other sports including: tennis (the net),
basketball, baseball and handball.
The Morgan Trophy Award is presented annually to the most
outstanding male and female collegiate volleyball player in the
United States. Established by the William G. Morgan Foundation
in 1995 during the centennial year of volleyball, the trophy
is named in honor of William Morgan.
America and Americans
Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone National Park is the largest and best-known park in the
USA. It is located in the Rocky Mountains on the territory of Wyoming,
Idaho and Montana. It is visited by thousands of people every day.
The nature in this park is very diverse. For instance, there is everything
from volcanic activity to a variety of forms of nature beauty. The
geysers called Old Faithful are the biggest one in this park.
Yellowstone National Park is home to some 10,000 thermal features,
over 500 hundred of which are geysers. In fact, Yellowstone contains
the majority of the world’s geysers. Within Yellowstone’s thermal
features can be seen the product of millions of years of geology
at work. Much of Yellowstone sits inside an ancient volcanic caldera
(the exploded crater of a volcano). The last major caldera forming
eruption occurred 600,000 years ago. For hundreds of thousands of
years following that, subsequent lava flows slowly filled in most of the
caldera. Even now, in some places, nearly molten rock resides as little
as 2—5 miles below the surface. Heat from the volcanic activity makes
its presence known by heating ground water and creating the thermal
features we now see. The four basic types of thermal features present
in the Park are geysers, hot springs, fumaroles, and mud pots. Many
of these are concentrated in Yellowstone’s major geyser basins: Upper,
Midway, Lower, Norris, West Thumb, Shoshone and Heart Lake.
513
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
514
on the territory — на территории
thermal features — термальные свойства
exploded — взорванный
caldera — кальдера (круглое или овальное углубление в конце
жерла вулкана)
mud pot — грязевой гейзер
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉ Ȏ ȕȏȒȆȄȐ Ȍȋ ȏȉȆȒȍ ȎȒȏȒȑȎȌ ȒȓȔȉȈȉȏȉȑȌȣ
ȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
2.
territory
surface
a.
b.
3.
4.
5.
subsequent c.
geyser
d.
geology
e.
6.
major
f.
7.
bestknown
g.
coming after something in time
the science that deals with the earth’s
physical structure and substance, its
history, and the processes that act on it
greater or more important
most famous
an area of land under the jurisdiction
of a ruler or state
a hot spring in which water
intermittently boils, sending a tall
column of water and steam into the air
the outside part or uppermost layer of
something
America and Americans
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Unwillingness easily finds an excuse.
2. When the cat’s away, the mice play.
3. You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours.
4. To err is human, to forgive divine.
5. Short reckonings make long friends.
6. Practise what you preach.
7. Man proposes, God disposes.
8. Let bygones be bygones.
515
America and Americans
Difference between British and American
Spelling
British
American
-dge/-gue
-dg/-gu
judgement
judgment
arguement*
argument
British
American
-que
-k/–ck
banque*
bank
cheque (money)
check
516
* устаревшее
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´<HOORZVWRQH1DWLRQDO3DUNµF
1. territory — an area of land under the jurisdiction
of a ruler or state;
2. surface — the outside part or uppermost layer
of something;
3. subsequent — coming after something in time;
4. geyser — a hot spring in which water intermittently boils,
sending a tall column of water and steam into the air;
5. geology — the science that deals with the earth’s physical
structure and substance, its history, and the processes
that act on it;
6. major — greater or more important;
7. best-known — most famous.
517
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Unwillingness easily finds an excuse. A person who
doesn’t want to do something always finds a reason
to avoid it.
2. When the cat’s away, the mice play. People misbehave
when their boss, or the person in authority, is absent.
518
3. You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours. You help
me and I’ll help you.
4. To err is human, to forgive divine. It is human nature
to make mistakes, therefore one should forgive.
5. Short reckonings make long friends. Debts paid quickly
encourage friendship.
6. Practise what you preach. Do yourself what you advise
others to do.
7. Man proposes, God disposes. Our destiny depends
on God’s will.
8. Let bygones be bygones. Let’s forgive and forget past
quarrels.
America and Americans
Alcatraz Island
Alcatraz Island is one of the most popular attractions in the United
States. The former prison turned into national park is located in San
Francisco Bay roughly one and a half miles from the nearest shoreline.
The island has a storied past that includes its transformation from
being the home of a single lighthouse, to the site of a military fortress,
to a federal prison, and then a national park.
Since 1934, when the United States Department of Justice acquired
the 22-acre island to create a federal prison until its closing in 1963,
Alcatraz has made its mark on San Francisco’s history. Today, Alcatraz
Island is operated as a historical site and is maintained by the National
Park Service as a part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.
Each year more than a million visitors take ferry rides to what many
refer to as “The Rock”.
Alcatraz Island has an amazing history that includes a seemingly
unlimited amount of interesting details.
During the 29 years it was used as a federal prison, Alcatraz held
such notable criminals as Al Capone, known as Al “Scarface” Capone,
this legendary inmate was one of Alcatraz’s first prisoners. He was
nicknamed “the wop with the mop” while on cleaning duty. Robert
Franklin Stroud also known as the “Birdman of Alcatraz”. Contrary
to the popular film released in 1962, Stroud never kept any birds, but
he did publish two books on them. Alvin Karpis to this day, Karpis
is known for serving more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate —
26 years.
519
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
520
fortress — крепость
to acquire — приобретать
a federal prison — федеральная тюрьма
to maintain — поддерживать
ferry — паром
unlimited amount — неограниченное количество
inmate — заключенный
ǴȄȕȕȖȄȆȠȖȉ ȕȏȒȆȄ Ȇ ȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȐ ȓȒȔȣȈȎȉ Ȍ ȋȄȓȌȜȌȖȉ
ȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
1. is/in/Alcatraz Island/one of/the USA/attractions/popular/
the/most. _____________________________________
2. a historical site/Alcatraz Island/as/operated/is/today. ____
_______________________________________________
3. to/year/take ferry/”The Rock”/a/each/million/than/more/
visitors. _________________________________________
_______________________________________________
4. details/Alcatraz Island/has/history/interesting/an/a lot of/
amazing/with. ___________________________________
5. as/held/Alcatraz/Al Capone/criminals/notable/such. ____
_______________________________________________
6. Alcatraz/for/Karpis/is/26 years/serving/known/at. ______
_______________________________________________
America and Americans
ǫȄȓȒȏȑȌȖȉ ȓȔȒȓȗȕȎȌ Ȇ ȖȉȎȕȖȉ ȈȄȑȑȟȐȌ ȇȏȄȇȒȏȄȐȌ
ȆȓȔȄȆȌȏȠȑȒȍȘȒȔȐȉ.
Alcatraz Prison
In 1775, Spanish explorer Juan Manuel ________ (map) Alcatraz
Island, christening it “Island of the Pelicans”, due to its large
population of sea birds. During the 1850s, a fortress ___________
(construct) on Alcatraz and some 100 cannons ______________
(install) around the island to protect San Francisco Bay.
Isolated from the mainland by the cold, strong waters of San
Francisco Bay, the island was deemed an ideal location for a prison.
The inmates at Alcatraz ____________ (include) Confederate
sympathizers and citizens accused of treason during the American Civil War.
Among those who ______ (do) time at The Rock was notorious
Al Capone, who spent four-and-a-half years there during the 1930s.
Capone __________ (send) to Alcatraz because his incarceration
in Atlanta had allowed him ________ (run) his criminal operation
in Chicago.
There were 14 known attempts ___________ (escape) from
Alcatraz, involving 36 inmates. The Federal Bureau of Prisons
reports that of these would-be escapees, 23 _______________
(capture), six were killed during their attempted getaways, two
_________ (drown) and five were presumed drowned.
The federal penitentiary at Alcatraz __________ (shut) down in
1963 because of its high operating expenses.
521
America and Americans
Tongue Twisters
1.
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
If a woodchuck could chuck wood?
A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could
If a woodchuck could chuck wood!
522
2.
A playful puppy praises people for popping
popcorn by picking poppies,
A popular purple puppy’s passport picture
has a pair of pants on its head,
These two puppies pick particles of a plant for a party!
3.
If I had a purple penny or a purple nickel,
I’d go down to the purple store and buy a purple pickle.
Purple pickles, purple peas, purple pepperoni, purple pudding,
purple pie, and purple macaroon.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$OFDWUD],VODQGµF
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Alcatraz Island is one of the most popular attractions in the
USA.
Today Alcatraz Island is operated as a historical site.
Each year more than a million visitors take ferry to “The
Rock”.
Alcatraz Island has an amazing history with a lot of interesting details.
Alcatraz held such notable criminals as Al Capone.
Karpis is known for serving 26 years at Alatraz.
523
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´$OFDWUD]3ULVRQµȕ
524
In 1775, Spanish explorer Juan Manuel mapped Alcatraz Island,
christening it “Island of the Pelicans”, due to its large population
of sea birds. During the 1850s, a fortress was constructed
on Alcatraz and some 100 cannons were installed around the island
to protect San Francisco Bay.
Isolated from the mainland by the cold, strong waters of San
Francisco Bay, the island was deemed an ideal location for a prison.
The inmates at Alcatraz included Confederate sympathizers and
citizens accused of treason during the American Civil War.
Among those who did time at The Rock was notorious Al Capone,
who spent four-and-a-half years there during the 1930s. Capone
was sent to Alcatraz because his incarceration in Atlanta had
allowed him to run his criminal operation in Chicago.
There were 14 known attempts to escape from Alcatraz, involving
36 inmates. The Federal Bureau of Prisons reports that of these
would-be escapees, 23 were captured, six were killed during their
attempted getaways, two drowned and five were presumed
drowned.
The federal penitentiary at Alcatraz was shut down in 1963
because of its high operating expenses.
America and Americans
Lituya Bay Megatsunami
On July 9th, 1958, a large earthquake struck Southeastern Alaska.
A combination of disturbances triggered by the earthquake generated
a mega-tsunami wave that rose to a maximum height of 1,720 feet
(516 m) at the head of Lituya Bay. The wave spread across the rest
of the Lituya Bay wiping everything in its path on either side, over
an area of about 4 square miles (10,4 square kilometres).The extreme
height of the wave and the mechanism of its generation were puzzling.
There were questions as to whether there was sufficient water volume
in the inlet at the head of the Bay for such an extreme wave to be
generated and to reach such an enormous height.
Several mechanisms for the extreme wave generation were
proposed but none could be supported conclusively by the data on
hand at the time. Suggested scenarios for the “mega-tsunami” included
a combination of tectonic movements associated with the earthquake
and others.
The subaerial rockfall was considered as the most significant
contributor to the mega-tsunami wave generation. However, a simple
mechanism of mass collapse of a portion of the mountain and water
volume displacement could not account for the extreme wave height.
At the time, there were three fishing boats anchored near the
entrance of the bay. One of these boats sunk and the two people
on board lost their lives. The other two boats were able to ride the wave.
Among the survivors were William A. Swanson and Howard G. Ulrich,
who later provided accounts of their observations.
525
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
526
to trigger — приводить в действие
an enormous height — огромная высота
data — информация
contributor — способствующий фактор
at the time — в то время
to anchor — ставить на якорь
observation — наблюдение
DZȄȍȈȌȖȉȌȒȅȆȉȈȌȖȉȕȏȒȆȄȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȓȉȔȉȆȒȈȎȒȖȒȔȟș
ȈȄȑȑȌȊȉ
землетрясение, приводить в действие, цунами, волна,
распространять, несколько, поддерживать
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America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
in spades
a.
a temperamental outburst;
a tantrum
2.
go haywire
b.
affluent and luxurious
3.
high on the hog
c.
in a carefree, stylish manner
4.
high, wide and
handsome
d.
to go wrong, to become overly
excited or insane
5.
hissy fit
e.
in abundance; very much
The Pacific shore
527
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Weird American Laws
528
◆ In Louisiana, a bill was introduced years ago in the State House
of Representatives that fixed a ceiling on haircuts for bald men
of 25 cents.
◆ In Oklahoma, no baseball team can hit the ball over the fence
or out of a ballpark.
◆ In Rochester, Michigan, the law is that anyone bathing in public
must have the bathing suit inspected by a police officer.
◆ In Kentucky, it’s the law that a person must take a bath once a year.
◆ In Utah, birds have the right of way on any public highway.
◆ In Ohio, one must have a license to keep a bear.
◆ In Tennessee, a law exists which prohibits the sale of bologna,
sandwich meat, on Sunday.
◆ In Virginia, the Code of 1930 has a statute which prohibits corrupt
practices or bribery by any person other than political candidates.
◆ In Providence, Rhode Island, it is against the law to jump off
a bridge.
◆ In the State of Kansas, you’re not allowed to drive a buffalo
through a street.
◆ In Florida, it is against the law to put livestock on a school bus.
◆ In New Jersey, cabbage can’t be sold on Sunday.
◆ In Galveston, Texas, it is illegal to have a camel run loose in the
street!
◆ In North Carolina, it is against the law for dogs and cats to fight.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´/LWX\D%D\0HJDWVXQDPLµF
earthquake, trigger, tsunami, wave, spread,
several, support
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529
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. in spades — in abundance; very much;
2. go haywire — to go wrong, to become overly excited
or insane;
3. high on the hog — affluent and luxurious;
530
4. high, wide and handsome — in a carefree, stylish
manner;
5. hissy fit — a temperamental outburst; a tantrum.
America and Americans
The Apollo Missions
Forty years ago, men from Earth began for the first time to leave
our home planet and journey to the moon.
From 1968 to 1972, NASA’s Apollo astronauts tested out new
spacecraft and journeyed to uncharted destinations. It all started
on May 25, 1961, when President John F. Kennedy announced the
goal of sending astronauts to the moon before the end of the decade.
Coming just three weeks after Mercury astronaut Alan Shepard
became the first American in space, Kennedy’s bold challenge set the
nation on a journey unlike any before in human history.
Eight years of hard work by thousands of Americans came
to fruition on July 20, 1969, when Apollo 11 commander Neil
Armstrong stepped out of the lunar module and took “one small step”
in the Sea of Tranquility, calling it “a giant leap for mankind”.
Six of the missions Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 went
on to land on the moon, studying soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic,
heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields and solar wind.
Apollos 7 and 9 tested spacecraft in Earth orbit; Apollo 10 orbited
the moon as the dress rehearsal for the first landing. An oxygen tank
explosion forced Apollo 13 to scrub its landing, but the “can-do”
problem solving of the crew and mission control turned the mission
into a “successful failure”.
531
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
spacecraft — космический корабль
uncharted destinations — неизведанные места
human — человеческий
heat flow — тепловой поток
explosion — взрыв
532
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȄȑȖȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
hard
2.
unlike
3.
giant
4.
failure
5.
successful
6.
to leave
7.
to start
8.
small
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
2.
in an interesting
condition
heavy metal
a.
hold on; be patient
b.
the use of personal
details of another
in order to use their
identity dishonestly;
for example, in order to
obtain money, credit etc.
fraudulently
pregnant
3.
hold your horses
c.
4.
identity theft
d.
5.
go postal
e.
fly into a violent rage,
especially
when provoked
by workplace stress
hard rock music, usually
electric guitar-based and
always loud
533
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Orphan Trains
534
The term "Orphan Train" refers to a time in American history from
1854-1929. During this time homeless children were placed on trains
and taken to rural areas in the Midwest and West in search of homes
where they could live and work.
These homeless children came mostly from large cities on the east
coast, such as New York and Boston. Most children were poor and
many had been in trouble with the law.
Part of the problem was that there was almost no need for work
in the large cities. Large numbers of immigrants had flooded into the
major Northeast cities, especially New York. Poverty and disease were
common in the crowded areas where these new immigrants lived.
There weren’t any extended families to help out if parents became
sick or died, and thousands of children resorted to theft in order to
survive. These orphaned children were often placed in large institutions.
At the same time, the Midwestern and western farmers suffered
a severe labor shortage. They needed help with the work on their farms
and ranches. The children were accompanied on the train by adults,
often Catholic nuns. The children left the train at each stop and were
chosen or not chosen by the people who came to the station to see them.
Some of the Orphan Train children were eventually adopted and
some were “indentured”, which means their labor was sold to waiting
farmers and were considered to be not much more than slave labor.
Many were taken in as one of the family and raised as if they had
been adopted, whether or not the actual adoption paperwork had
been completed.
www.kidskonnect.com
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH$SROOR0LVVLRQVµF
1. hard — easy;
2. unlike — alike;
3. giant — tiny;
4. failure — win;
5. successful — unfavorable;
6. to leave — to come;
7. to start — to finish;
8. small — enormous.
535
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. in an interesting condition — pregnant;
2. heavy metal — hard rock music, usually electric guitarbased and always loud;
3. hold your horses — hold on; be patient;
536
4. identity theft — the use of personal details of another
in order to use their identity dishonestly; for example,
in order to obtain money, credit etc. fraudulently;
5. go postal — fly into a violent rage, especially when
provoked by workplace stress.
America and Americans
History of American Football
The history of American football, a spectator sport in the United
States, can be traced to early versions of rugby football. Both games
have their origin in varieties of football played in the United Kingdom
in the mid-19th century, in which a ball is kicked at a goal and / or
run over a line.
American football resulted from several major divergences from
rugby, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp,
considered the “Father of American Football”.
The origin of professional football can be traced to 1892, with
William “Pudge” Heffelfinger’s $500 contract to play in a game for
the Allegheny Athletic Association against the Pittsburgh Athletic
Club. In 1920 the American Professional Football Association was
formed. This league changed its name to the National Football League
(NFL) two years later, and eventually became the major league
of American football. Primarily a sport of Midwestern industrial
towns in the United States, professional football eventually became
a national phenomenon. Football’s increasing popularity is usually
traced to the 1958 NFL Championship Game, a contest that has been
dubbed the “Greatest Game Ever Played”. A rival league to the NFL,
the American Football League (AFL), began play in 1960; the pressure
it put on the senior league led to a merger between the two leagues
and the creation of the Super Bowl, which has become the most
watched television event in the United States on an annual basis.
537
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
origin — происхождение
to kick — ударять ногой
divergence — расхождение
to trace to — прослеживать
rival — соперничающий
merger — слияние
538
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉȎȕȏȒȆȄȐȌȋȖȉȎȕȖȄȕȌȑȒȑȌȐȟ
1.
several
2.
major
3.
early
4.
eventually
5.
senior
6.
creation
7.
annual
8.
between
America and Americans
539
American football players
DzȅȞȣȕȑȌȖȉȎȄȎȆȟȓȒȑȌȐȄȉȖȉȡȖȌȓȒȕȏȒȆȌȚȟ
1. Two wrongs don’t make a right.
2. There’s no fool like an old fool.
3. There’s no such thing as a free lunch.
4. There is more than one way to skin a cat.
5. A place for everything and everything in its place.
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
“Al” Capone
540
Alphonse Gabriel “Al” Capone (January 17, 1899 — January 25,
1947), commonly nicknamed Scarface, was an Italian American
gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and
bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition
Era of the 1920s and 1930s.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, to Southwestern Italian emigrants
Gabriele and Teresina Capone, Capone began his career in Brooklyn
before moving to Chicago and becoming the boss of the criminal
organization known as the Chicago Outfit, although his business card
reportedly described him as a used furniture dealer.
By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the
Chicago Crime Commission’s “public enemies” list. Although never
successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone’s criminal
career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the
federal government for income tax evasion.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´+LVWRU\RI$PHULFDQ)RRWEDOOµF
1. several — some;
2. major — chief;
3. early — ancient;
4. eventually — in the end;
5. senior — superior;
6. creation — making;
7. annual — yearly;
8. between — among.
541
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. Two wrongs don’t make a right. A wrongful action
is not a morally appropriate way to correct or cancel
a previous wrongful action.
542
2. There’s no fool like an old fool. Old people are
supposed to be wise, so if an old person behaves
foolishly, it is worse than a young person behaving
foolishly.
3. There’s no such thing as a free lunch. Whatever goods
and services are provided, they must be paid for by
someone.
4. There is more than one way to skin a cat. There is more
than one way of achieving an aim.
5. A place for everything and everything in its place.
Everything should have a place to be stored and that
it should be tidily returned there when not in use.
America and Americans
Harvard University
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research
university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States,
established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the
oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first
corporation chartered in the country. Harvard’s history, influence,
and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities
in the world.
Harvard’s curriculum and students became secular throughout
the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central
cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American
Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot’s forty year tenure transformed
the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized
research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the
Association of American Universities in 1900.
The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977
merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th
president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard
has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution
in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011. 75 Nobel
Laureates have been student, faculty, or staff affiliates. Harvard is also
the alma mater of sixty-two living billionaires, the most in the country.
The Harvard University Library is the largest academic library in the
United States, and one of the largest in the world.
543
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
research — (научное) исследование
legislature — законодательная власть
curriculum — учебный план
tenure — пребывание
financial endowment — финансовый фонд
544
dzȒȈȅȉȔȌȖȉ Ȏ ȕȏȒȆȄȐ Ȍȋ ȏȉȆȒȍ ȎȒȏȒȑȎȌ ȒȓȔȉȈȉȏȉȑȌȣ
ȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
prestigious
a.
a business organization
2.
cultural
b.
3.
establishment
c.
the capacity to have an effect
on the character
in every part
4.
wealth
d.
5.
influence
e.
6.
throughout
f.
7.
library
g.
8.
institution
h.
a building or room containing
collections of books
an organization founded for
a religious, educational,
professional, or social purpose
an abundance of valuable
possessions or money
having high status
relating to the ideas, customs, and
social behavior of a society
America and Americans
545
Students of Harvard University
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋȏȉȆȒȍȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
down the tubes
a.
2.
doom and gloom
b.
3.
a dead ringer
c.
4.
cut to the chase
d.
a feeling of pessimism
and despondency
engage with the basic
facts or realities
wasted and
unrecoverable
an exact duplicate
5.
get down to brass tacks
e.
get to the point
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Funny American Laws
546
◆ In Memphis, Tennessee, a woman is not to drive a car unless
a man warns approaching motorists or pedestrians by walking
in front of the car that is being driven.
◆ In Tennessee, it is against the law to drive a car while sleeping.
◆ In New York, it is against the law for a blind person to drive
an automobile.
◆ In West Virginia, only babies can ride in a baby carriage.
◆ In Georgia, it is against the law to slap a man on the back or
front.
◆ A barber is not to advertise prices in the State of Georgia.
◆ In Texas, it is still a “hanging offense” to steal cattle.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\µF
1. prestigious — having high status;
2. cultural — relating to the ideas, customs, and social
behavior of a society;
3. establishment — a business organization;
4. wealth — an abundance of valuable possessions
or money;
5. influence — the capacity to have an effect on the
character;
6. throughout — in every part;
7. library — a building or room containing collections
of books;
8. institution — an organization founded for a religious,
educational, professional, or social purpose.
547
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. down the tubes — wasted and unrecoverable;
2. doom and gloom — a feeling of pessimism and
despondency;
3. a dead ringer — an exact duplicate;
4. cut to the chase — get to the point;
548
5. get down to brass tacks — engage with the basic facts
or realities.
America and Americans
The First Billionaire in the World
John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 — May 23, 1937) was
an American industrialist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum
industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870,
he founded the Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until
he officially retired in 1897. Standard Oil began as an Ohio partnership
formed by John D. Rockefeller, his brother William Rockefeller, Henry
Flagler, Jabez Bostwick, chemist Samuel Andrews, and a silent partner,
Stephen V. Harkness. As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance,
Rockefeller’s wealth soared, and he became the world’s richest man
and first American worth more than a billion dollars. He is often
regarded as the richest person in history.
Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement. His
fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach
of targeted philanthropy with foundations that had a major effect
on medicine, education, and scientific research.
His foundations pioneered the development of medical research,
and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow
fever. He is also the founder of both the University of Chicago and
Rockefeller University. He was a devoted Northern Baptist and
supported many church-based institutions throughout his life.
Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco
throughout his life.
549
America and Americans
ǵȏȒȆȄȌȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣ
petroleum industry — нефтяная промышленность
partnership — сотрудничество
importance — важность
to regard — расценивать
scientific — научный
to adhere — придерживаться чего-либо
550
ǵȒȕȖȄȆȠȖȉȆȒȓȔȒȕȟȑȄȎȒȖȒȔȟȉȈȄȑȑȟȉȓȔȉȈȏȒȊȉȑȌȣ
ȅȗȈȗȖȒȖȆȉȖȄȐȌ
1. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and
defined the structure of modern philanthropy.
2. Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and
aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897.
3. Kerosene and gasoline grew in importance and
Rockefeller became the world’s richest man and first
American worth more than a billion dollars.
4. Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement.
5. Rockefeller’s fortune was mainly used to create the
modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy
with foundations that had a major effect on medicine,
education, and scientific research.
6. Rockefeller’s foundations pioneered the development
of medical research, and were instrumental in the
eradication of hookworm and yellow fever.
America and Americans
ǵȒȉȈȌȑȌȖȉȌȈȌȒȐȄȖȌțȉȕȎȌȉȆȟȔȄȊȉȑȌȣȌȋ ȏȉȆȒȍ ȎȒ
ȏȒȑȎȌȕȕȒȒȖȆȉȖȕȖȆȗȢȝȌȐȌȌȐȋȑȄțȉȑȌȣȐȌȌȋȓȔȄȆȒȍ
1.
a.
very cold weather conditions
2.
jump on the
bandwagon
close, but no cigar
b.
3.
coin a phrase
c.
4.
cold enough to
freeze the balls off
a brass monkey
an arm and a leg
d.
a large, possibly exorbitant,
amount of money
fall just short of a successful
outcome and get nothing for
your efforts
to create a new phrase
5.
e.
join a growing movement in
support of someone
or something, often
in an opportunist way, when
that movement is seen
to have become successful
551
America and Americans
Most Famous Ernest Hemingway Quotations
***
The first panacea for a mismanaged nation is inflation of the
currency; the second is war. Both bring a temporary prosperity;
both bring a permanent ruin. But both are the refuge of political
and economic opportunists.
552
***
The shortest answer is doing the thing.
***
There is no friend as loyal as a book.
***
To be a successful father... there’s one absolute rule: when you
have a kid, don’t look at it for the first two years.
***
What is moral is what you feel good after, and what is immoral
is what you feel bad after.
***
When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen.
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Fun Armadillo Facts
◆ The armadillo is the state small mammal of Texas.
◆ Armadillo comes from the Spanish, meaning “little armored one”.
◆ Armadillos are one of the few animals who consume fire ants
as part of their diet. Such an ability can make armadillos very
beneficial to humans.
◆ Besides being excellent diggers, armadillos are also good
swimmers. Armadillos can hold their breath for up to 6 minutes.
◆ Armadillos have poor eyesight and so can be easily startled while
foraging.
◆ If they can’t dig under it, armadillos will climb over it and are
quite capable of scaling fences and trees.
553
America and Americans
ǫȑȄȉȖȉȏȌȆȟțȖȒ«"
Disneyland
554
Walt Disney came up with the idea of a theme park when he was
visiting Griffith Park with his daughters Diane and Sharon. He
thought of an idea of building a place where both adults and children
could enjoy and appreciate the games and rides.
Building Disneyland took a long time with the services of many
highly skilled and creative people. A press conference was held on
the day before the opening day. However the event did not go as
smoothly as it had been planned.
The problem of counterfeit tickets caused the crowd to swell. The
freshly poured blacktop was still soft and the women’s high-heeled
shoes sank into soft park grounds. Food vendors ran out of food,
a gas leak in Fantasyland caused theme park management to close
down Adventureland, Frontierland and Fantasyland for the afternoon.
The unusual hot temperature made the people thirsty but since
Walt Disney had running toilets instead of fountains there was no
option but to buy Pepsi which was one of the sponsors. People were
enraged and blamed Pepsi for deliberately taking advantage of the
dry drinking fountains to sell more soda.
Because of all the problems that were encountered on that fateful
Sunday, it will be forever referred as “Black Sunday” by Walt and his
executives. Since that day, Disney has referred July 18th as Dedication
Day and never mentioned July 18th as the opening day, even in the
park’s publications.
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȓȒȖȉȎȕȖȗ
´7KH)LUVW%LOOLRQDLUHLQWKH:RUOGµF
1. What was John Davison Rockefeller famous for?
2. What was his reference to Standard Oil Company?
3. What tendencies made Rockefeller’s wealth soar?
4. What did Rockefeller do during his last 40 years of life?
5. What did he use his fortune for?
6. What was the main target of Rockefeller’s foundations?
555
America and Americans
ǮȏȢțȎȋȄȈȄȑȌȢȕ
1. jump on the bandwagon — join a growing movement
in support of someone or something, often
in an opportunist way, when that movement is seen
to have become successful;
2. close, but no cigar — fall just short of a successful
outcome and get nothing for your efforts;
556
3. coin a phrase — to create a new phrase;
4. cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey —
very cold weather conditions;
5. an arm and a leg — a large, possibly exorbitant, amount
of money. Rum site nonsequi desequae vellupt asperum
sae volorem facessunt harisqui as endit que autatem
poribus;
6. Vitate nimus, te et, sus estorpos di core netur, et, conet
evelestibus doles comnis expe culla ne vent alis aut
alique perro occabor asi tem atum et alitatiunto corendic
tection sequibus et essecus cipit, cusa sequatiusam,
nosam esciunt facil molupis et pori arcipid etur
sitassitenis modiciantur accum debitis aliquasimi, que vel
magnimendant ullam quam facesequae si del moluptur
sitis et venihitiat opta neceatur, ulparcit aut que omnis
eati quundit, toreniet voluptatem autempor Runt am.
America and Americans
Англо-русский словарь
А
ability [ǨɎEǹOǨWL@ n способность
abundance [ǨɎEțQGǨQV@ n изобилие
access [Ɏ NVHV@ n подход; доступ
acclaim [ǨɎNOHǹP@ v объявлять,
провозглашать
acorn [ɎHǹNǣɕQ@ n желудь
acquire [ǨɎNZDǹǨ@ v приобретать
actually [Ɏ NWȒXǨOL@ adv фактически
adoption [ǨɎGǡSȒ Ǩ Q@ n усыновление
adult [Ɏ GțOW@ n взрослый
affluent [Ɏ IOXɕǨQW@ adj изобильный, богатый
ahead [ǨɎKHG@ a предстоящий
aisle [DǹO@ n проход
alter [ɎǣɕOWǨ@ v изменять
amendment [ǨɎPHQ G PǨQW@
n поправка (к законопроекту)
anniversary [ɑ QǹɎYǫɕV Ǩ UL@
n годовщина
annual [Ɏ QMXǨO@ a ежегодный
appear [ǨɎSǹǨ@ v появляться
appetite [Ɏ SǨWDǹW@ n аппетит
appetizer [Ɏ SǨɑWDǹ]Ǩ@ n закуска
appreciation [ǨɑSULɕȒLɎHǹȒ Ǩ Q@
n оценка; признательность
armadillo [ɑǠɕPǨɎGǹOǨș@ n армадилл, броненосец
arrangement [ǨɎUHǹQGȡPǨQW@
n соглашение
arranger [Ǩ·UHǹQȳǨ@ n аранжировщик
arrival [ǨɎUDǹY Ǩ O@ n прибытие
aspire [ǨɎVSDǹǨ@ v сильно желать
assassinate [ǨɎV VǹQHǹW@ v совершать убийство по политическим мотивам
assembly [ǨɎVHPEOL@ n собрание
assistance [ǨɎVǹVW Ǩ QV@ n помощь
assume [ǨɎVMXɕP@ v предполaгать
astonish [ǨɎVWǡQǹȒ@ v изумлять,
поражать
attain [ǨɎWHǹQ@ v достигать
attempt [ǨɎWHPSW@ 1. n попытка;
2. v пытаться
attend [ǨɎWHQG@ v посещать
attraction [ǨɎWU NȒ Ǩ Q@ n достопримечательность
aubergine [ɎǨșEǨɑȡLɕQ@ n баклажан
availability [ǨɑYHǹOǨɎEǹOǨWL@ n наличие
available [ǨɎYHǹOǨE Ǩ O@ a доступный
avoid [ǨɎYǣǹG@ v избегать
557
America and Americans
558
B
C
background [ɎE NɑǰUDșQG@ n задний план
backyard [ɑE NɎMǠɕG@ n задний
двор
band [E QG@ n группа
музыкантов, оркестр
bandleader [ɎE QGOLɕGǨ@ n руководитель группы музыкантов
barn [EǠɕQ@ n амбар
beak [ELɕN@ n клюв
beef [ELɕI@ n говядина
bell [EHO@ n колокол
beverage [ɎEHY Ǩ UǹGȡ@ n напиток
bloody [ɎEOțGL@ a окровавленный
bold [EǨșOG@ a сильный,
энергичный
brainchild [ɎEUHǹQɑWȒDǹOG@ n замысел, идея; изобретение
brand [EU QG@ n торговая марка
breathless [ɎEUHˠOǨV@ a бездыханный
bribe [EUDǹE@ n взятка, подкуп
broom [EUXɕP@ n веник, метла
burgeon [ɎEǫɕGȡ Ǩ Q@ v пышно
расти, распускаться
burn out [ɎbǫɕQ ɎRXW@ v исчерпывать; истощать
campaign [N PɎSHǹQ@ n кампания
canton [ɎN QWǡQ@ n округ
cape [NHǹS@ n плащ, накидка;
пелерина
cattle [ɎN W Ǩ O@ n крупный рогатый
скот
caution [ɎNǣɕȒ Ǩ Q@ n предупреждение
celebrate [ɎVHOǨɑEUHǹW@ v праздновать
century [ɎVHQWȒǨUL@ n столетие
changeover [ɎWȒHǹQGȡɑǨșYǨ@ n полное изменение
chart [WȒǠɕW@ n схема, чертеж,
таблица
chastise [WȒ ɎVWDǹ]@ v бить, пороть
cheap [WȒLɕS@ a дешевый
chicken pox [·ȶǹNǹQɑSǣNV@ n ветряная оспа
christen [ɎNUǹV Ǩ Q@ v нарекать,
давать название
circulation [ɑVǫɕNMșɎOHǹȒ Ǩ Q@ n круговорот
circumstance [ɎVǫɕNǨPVWǨQV@ n обстоятельство, случай; условие
cite [VDǹW@ v ссылаться
citizenship [ɎVǹWǹ] Ǩ QȒǹS@ n гражданство
America and Americans
claim [NOHǹP@ v заявлять,
утверждать
clamor [ɎNO PǨ@ n возмущение
cleanliness [ɎNOHQOLQǨV@ n чистота
closure [ɎNOǨșȡǨ@ n завершение
commemorate [NǨɎPHPǨUHǹW@ v почтить чью-либо память
commercial [NǨɎPǫɕȒ Ǩ O@ a торговый
committee [NǨɎPǹWL@ n комитет
compel [NǨPɎSHO@ v заставлять, вынуждать
complete [NǨPɎSOLɕW@ v завершать
comprise [NǨPɎSUDǹ]@ v заключать
в себе; вмещать
computing [NǨPɎSMXɕWǹń@ a вычислительный
conceive [NǨQɎVLɕY@ v постигать
concern [NǨQɎVǫɕQ@ n проблема,
беспокойство
conclusively [NǨQ·NOXɕVǹYOǹ@ adv решительно
configuration [NǨQɑIǹǰMǨɎUHǹȒ Ǩ Q@
n очертание
confuse [NǨQɎIMXɕ]@ v путать
confusion [NǨQɎIMXɕȡ Ǩ Q@ n замешательство
convict [NǨQɎYǹNW@ v признавать виновным, осуждать
convince [NǨQɎYǹQV@ v убеждать
copper [ɎNǡSǨ@ n медь
correspond [ɑNǡUǹɎVSǡQG@ v соответствовать
country [ɎNțQWUL@ n страна
courgette [NǣɕɎȡHW@ n цуккини
court [NǣɕW@ n суд
create [NULɎHǹW@ v создавать
credit [ɎNUHGǹW@ v приписывать
(кому-либо совершение какоголибо действия)
criminal [ɎNUǹPǹQ Ǩ O@ a преступный
cripple [ɎNUǹS Ǩ O@ v калечить
crop [NUǡS@ n урожай
currency [ɎNțUǨQVL@ n валюта
currently [ɎNțUǨQWOL@ adv на данный
момент
D
daily [ɎGHǹOL@ adj ежедневный,
повседневный
daunting [ɎGǣɕQWǹń@ a обескураживающий, пугающий
decade [ɎGHNHǹG@ n десятилетие
definition [ɑGHIǨɎQǹȒ Ǩ Q@ n определение
delivery [GǹɎOǹY Ǩ UL@ n доставка
559
America and Americans
560
densely [ɎGHQVOǹ@ adv плотно
deposit [GǹɎSǡ]ǹW@ v отдавать на
хранение
derelict [ɎGHUǨOǹNW@ a покинутый
descriptive [GǹɎVNUǹSWǹY@ a описательный, наглядный
designate [ɎGH]ǹǰQHǹW@ v объявлять,
называть
despite [GǹɎVSDǹW@ prep несмотря на
despondency [GǹɎVSǡQGǨQVL@ n отчаяние, уныние
destitute [ɎGHVWǹWMXɕW@ а очень бедный, сильно нуждающийся
devastate [ɎGHYǨɑVWHǹW@ v опустошать, разорять
developed [GǹɎYHOǨSW@ a промышленно развитый
development [GǹɎYHOǨSPǨQW@ n развитие
difference [ɎGǹIUǨQV@ n разница
discover [GǹɎVNțYǨ@ v обнаружить
disease [GǹɎ]Lɕ]@ n болезнь
dissolve [GǹɎ]ǡOY@ v растворять(-ся)
diverse [GDǹɎYǫɕV@ a многообразный
divulge [GDǹɎYțOGȡ@ v разглашать,
раскрывать
dominance [ɎGǡPǹQǨQV@ n преобладание
donkey [ɎGǡńNL@ n осел
dough [GǨș@ n тесто
drain [GUHǹQ@ v истощать
during [ɎGMșǨUǹń@ prep в течение,
во время
dust [GțVW@ n пыль
E
ear [ǹǨ@ n (здесь) кукурузный початок
eavesdropper [ɎLɕY]ɑGUǣSǨ@ n подслушивающий
edge [Hȳ@ n край, грань
effort [ɎHIǨW@ n попытка
eggplant [ɎHǰɑSOǠɕQW@ n баклажан
emerge [ǹɎPǫɕGȡ@ v появляться,
возникать
enormous [ǹɎQǣɕ U PǨV@ a громадный
enough [ǹɎQțI@ a достаточный
enroll [ǹQɎUǨșO@ v записывать(-ся),
вносить в список
enter [ɎHQWǨ@ v входить
entertainment [ɑHQWǨɎWHǹQPǨQW@
n развлечение
entire [ǹQɎWDǹǨ@ a полный
equip [ǹɎNZǹS@ v снаряжать, оснащать
equipment [ǹɎNZǹSPǨQW@ n оборудование
America and Americans
erect [ǹɎUHNW@ v сооружать
error [ɎHUǨ@ n ошибка
especially [ǹɎVSHȒ Ǩ OL@ adv в особенности
establish [ǹɎVW EOǹȒ@ v устанавливать, учреждать
estimate [ɎHVWǹPHǹW@ v оценивать
eventually [ǹɎYHQWȒXǨOL@ adv в конечном счете
exact [ǹǰɎ] NW@ a точный
exclaim [ǹNɎVNOHǹP@ v восклицать
executive [ǹǰɎ]HNMșWǹY@ a исполнительный
extend [ǹNɎVWHQG@ v простираться
F
failure [ɎIHǹOMǨ@ n неудавшееся
дело
fair [IHǨ@ a справедливый
famous [ɎIHǹPǨV@ a выдающийся,
знаменитый
fascinating [ɎI VǹQHǹWǹń@ a обворожительный
favorable [ɎIHǹY Ǩ UǨE Ǩ O@ a благоприятный
fearsome [ɎIǹǨV Ǩ P@ a страшный
firework [ɎIDǹǨɑZǫɕ U N@ n фейерверк
fist [IǹVW@ n кулак
flammable [ɎIO PǨE Ǩ O@ adj огнеопасный, легковоспламеняющийся
fleet [IOLɕW@ n флот
flour [IODșǨ@ n мука
flunk [IOțńN@ v провалиться на экзамене
folk [IǨșN@ a народный
footing [ɎIșWǹń@ n устойчивое положение
formal education
[·IǣɕPOɑHȳX·NHǹȒ Ǩ Q@ n официальное образование
former [ɎIǣɕPǨ@ a бывший
formerly [ɎIǣɕ U PǨOL@ adv когда-то
frame [IUHǹP@ n рамка
franchisee [ɑIU QWȒDǹɎ]Lɕ@ n франшизополучатель
freshman [ɎIUHȒPǨQ@ n студент первого курса
future [ɎIMXɕWȒǨ@ n будущее
G
gain [JHǹQ@ v добывать
garment [ɎǰǠɕ U PǨQW@ n предмет
одежды
generation [ɑGȡHQǨɎUHǹȒ Ǩ Q@ n поколение
561
America and Americans
562
glorify [ɎǰOǣɕUǹIDǹ@ v восхвалять
government [ɎǰțYǨQPǨQW@ n правительство
graphite [ɎǰU IDǹW@ n графит
gratify [ɎǰU WǹIDǹ@ v доставлять
удовольствие, радовать
groundbreaking [ɎǰUDșQGɑEUHǹNǹń@
a новаторский, революционный
groundhog [ɎǰUDșQGɑKǡǰ@ n лесной
сурок
hook [KșN@ v зацеплять
however [KDșɎHYǨ@ adv однако
hub [KțE@ n центр
huge [KMXɕGȡ@ a большой
humble [ɎKțPE Ǩ O@ a скромный
humidity [KMXɕɎPǹGǨWL@ n влажность
humility [KMXɕɎPǹOǨWL@ n покорность, смирение
H
I
haberdasher [ɎK EǨG ȒǨ@ n галантерейщик
habitually [KǨɎEǹWȒXǨO@ adv обычно,
привычно
handout [ɎK QGDșW@ n милостыня,
подаяние
hayloft [ɎKHǹɑOǡIW@ n сеновал
heart [KǠɕW@ n сердце
heart attack [ɎKǠɕWǨɎW N@ n сердечный приступ
hibernate [ɎKDǹEǨQHǹW@ v находиться
в зимней спячке
hole [KǨșO@ n дыра
homeowner [ɎKǨșPɑǨșQǨ@ n домовладелец
honest [ɎǡQǹVW@ a честный
icon [ɎDǹNǡQ@ n символ
ignite [ǹǰɎQDǹW@ v зажигать(-ся),
воспламеняться
imagery [ɎǹPǹGȡǨUL@ n группа изображений
immediately [ǹɎPLɕGLǨWOL@ adv немедленно
important [ǹPɎSǣɕ U W Ǩ QW@
a важный
imposing [ǹPɎSǨș]ǹń@ a грандиозный
inadvertently [ɑǹQǨGɎYǫɕW Ǩ QWOL@
adv невнимательно; небрежно,
неосторожно
include [ǹQɎNOXɕG@ v включать
America and Americans
incontestable [ɑǹQNǨQɎWHVWǨE Ǩ O@
adj неопровержимый, неоспоримый
incur [ǹQɎNǫɕ@ v вытекать, следовать из
indicate [ɎǹQGǹNHǹW@ v показывать,
указывать
indulgence [ǹQɎGțOGȡ Ǩ QV@ n снисходительность, терпимость
inequality [ɑǹQǹɎNZǡOǨWL@ n неравенство
inflation [ǹQɎIOHǹȒ Ǩ Q@ n инфляция
influence [ɎǹQIOXǨQV@ v влиять
injure [ɎǹQGȡǨ@ v повреждать
inmate [ɎǹQɑPHǹW@ n жилец, житель
insignia [ǹQɎVǹǰQLǨ@n орден
inspiring [ǹQɎVSDǹǨUǹń@ a вдохновляющий
instance [ɎǹQVWǨQV@ n пример,
случай
interchangeable
[ɑǹQWǨ U ɎWȒHǹQGȡǨE Ǩ O@ a равноценный
issue [·ǹVMXɕ@ n спорный вопрос
J
jockey [ɎGȡǡNL@ n жокей
journalist [ɎGȡǫǹQǨOLVW@журналист
K
keystone [ɎNLɕɑVWǨșQ@ n краеугольный камень, основа
kneel [QLɕO@ v становиться на колени
L
launch [OǣɕQWȒ@ n запуск
law [Oǣɕ@ n закон
lawless [·OǣɕOǨV@ a беззаконный
lawsuit [ɎOǣɕɑVXɕW@ n судебный процесс
lawyer [ɎOǣɕMǨ@ n юрист
leave [OLɕY@ v покидать
legally [ɎOLɕǰǨOL@ adv законно, легально
legislature [ɎOHGȡǹVOǨWȒǨ@ n законодательная власть
level [ɎOHY Ǩ O@ v выравнивать
liable [ɎODǹǨE Ǩ O@ adj подверженный, склонный
lighthouse [ɎODǹWɑKDșV@ n маяк
limestone [ɎODǹPɑVWǨșQ@ n известняк
liquid [ɎOǹNZǹG@ n жидкость
loan [OǨșQ@ n заем, ссуда
local [ɎOǨșN Ǩ O@ a местный
logo [ɎOǨșǰǨș@ n логотип
lure [OMșǨ@ v завлекать, соблазнять
563
America and Americans
M
564
major [ɎPHǹGȡǨ@ a более важный,
основной
majority [PǨɎGȡǡUǨWL@ n большинство
mall [PǣɕO@ n крупный торговый
центр
marble [ɎPǠɕE Ǩ O@ n мрамор
marketplace [ɎPǠɕNǹWɑSOHǹV@ n рынок
marrow [ɎP UǨș@ n кабачок
masterpiece [ɎPǠɕVWǨɑSLɕV@ n шедевр
means [PLɕQ]@ n средство; способ
medieval [ɑPHGLɎLɕY Ǩ O@ a средневековый
memorable [ɎPHP Ǩ UǨE Ǩ O@ a незабываемый
mental illness [ɎPHQWO·ǹOQǨV@ психическое расстройство
metropolitan [ɑPHWUǨɎSǡOǹW Ǩ Q@
a столичный
military [ɎPǹOǹW Ǩ UL@ a военный
mismanagement
[PǹVɎP QǹGȡPǨQW@ n плохое
управление
missile [ɎPǹVDǹO@ n реактивный
снаряд, ракета
movement [ɎPXɕYPǨQW@ n движение
movie [ɎPXɕYL@ n кинофильм
murderer [ɎPǫɕGǨUǨ@ n убийца
N
nature [ɎQHǹWȒǨ@ n природа
neighbor [ɎQHǹEǨ@ n сосед
neither [ɎQLɕçǨ@ a никакой
nephew [ɎQHIMXɕ@ n племянник
nervous breakdown
[ɎQǫɕYǨVɎEUHǹNGDXQ@
нервное расстройство
nourishing [ɎQțUǹȒǹń@ adj питательный
novel [ɎQǡYO@ n роман
nuclear [ɎQMXɕNOLǨ@ a ядерный
numerous [ɎQMXɕPǨUǨV@ a многочисленный
O
occasionally [ǨɎNHǹȡ Ǩ QǨOL@
adv иногда
occur [ǨɎNǫɕ@ v происходить,
случаться
often [ɎǡI Ǩ Q@ adv часто
orphan [ɎǣɕI Ǩ Q@ n сирота
America and Americans
outdoor [ɑDșWɎGǣɕ@ a находящийся
вне помещения, на открытом
воздухе
outweigh [ɑDșWɎZHǹ@ v перевешивать
overall [ɑǨșYǨUɎǣɕO@ a полный,
от начала до конца
overseas [ɎǨșYǨVLɕ]@ adv за границей
P
particular [SǨ U ɎWǹNMșOǨ@ a особенный
pavement [ɎSHǹYPǨQW@ n тротуар
percentage [SǨ U ɎVHQWǹGȡ@ n процентное отношение
perform [SǨɎIǣɕP@ v исполнять,
выполнять
performance [SǨɎIǣɕPǨQV@ n исполнение, выполнение
phenomenon [IǨɎQǡPǹQǨQ@ n явление
pick [SǹN@ n кирка, лом
pie [SDǹ@ n пирог
pliers [ɎSODǹǨ]@ n щипчики, клещи,
плоскогубцы
pneumatic caisson
[QMXɕɎP WǹNɎNHǹVǣQ@ n кессон
point out [ɎSǣǹQWɎDXW@ v отмечать,
обращать внимание на чтолибо
ponderosa pine
[ɑSǣQGǨɎUǨș]ǨSDǹQ@ n желтая
сосна
popsicle [ɎSǡSVǹN Ǩ O@ n фруктовое
мороженое на палочке
popular [ɎSǡSMșOǨ@ a популярный
population [ɑSǡSMșɎOHǹȒ Ǩ Q@ n население
preamble [SULɎ PE Ǩ O@ n преамбула, вводная часть
preservation [ɑSUH]Ǩ U ɎYHǹȒ Ǩ Q@
n сохранение
preserve [SUǹɎ]ǫɕY@ v сохранять
prestigious [SUHɎVWǹGȡǨV@ a престижный
proclamation [ɑSUǡNOǨɎPHǹȒ Ǩ Q@
n декларация
produce [SUǨɎGMXɕV@ v производить
promote [SUǨɎPǨșW@ v продвигать
(по служебной лестнице)
property [ɎSUǡSǨWL@ n имущество
prosperous [ɎSUǡVS Ǩ UǨV@ a преуспевающий, состоятельный
protection [SUǨɎWHNȒ Ǩ Q@ n защита
proudly [ɎSUDșGOǹ@ adv гордо
565
America and Americans
purchase [ɎSǫɕWȒǨV@ v покупать
puzzling [ɎSț] Ǩ Oǹń@ a приводящий в замешательство
Q
quickly [ɎNZǹNOL@ adv поспешно
566
R
railroad [ɎUHǹOɑUǨșG@ n железная дорога
ram [U P@ n баран
rasher [ɎU ȒǨ@ n тонкий ломтик бекона
raw material [UǣɕPǨ·WǹǨUǹǨO@
n сырье
reach [ULɕWȒ@ v достигать
recovery [UǹɎNțY Ǩ UL@ n восстановление
refer [UǹɎIǫɕ@ v иметь отношение
reference [ɎUHI Ǩ UǨQV@ n отношение, связь
release [UǹɎOLɕV@ v освобождать
religious [UǨɎOǹGȡǨV@ a религиозный
repercussion [ɑULɕSǨɎNțȒ Ǩ Q@ v последствие
representation [ɑUHSUǹ]HQɎWHǹȒ Ǩ Q@
n изображение
require [UǹɎNZDǹǨ@ v требовать
resemble [UǹɎ]HPE Ǩ O@ v походить
resounding [UǹɎ]DșQGǹń@ a звучный
resourceful [UǹɎ]ǣɕVI Ǩ O@ a изобретательный, находчивый
restaurant [ɎUHVW Ǩ UǡQW@ n ресторан
retailing [ɎULɕɑWHǹOǹń@ n розничная
торговля
retribution [ɑUHWUǹɎEMXɕȒ Ǩ Q@ n возмездие
reward [UǹɎZǣɕG@ n награда
robust [UǨșɎEțVW@ a крепкий
rockfall [ɎUǡNIǣɕO@ n камнепад
rot [UǡW@ v гнить, портиться
roughly [ɎUțIOL@ adv приблизительно
run [UțQ@ v руководить, организовать
rural [ɎUșǨUǨO@ a деревенский
ruthless [ɎUXɕˠOǨV@ adj безжалостный, беспощадный
S
scarecrow [ɎVNHǨɑNUǨș@ n пугало
scholarship [ɎVNǡOǨȒǹS@ n стипендия
screenwriter [ɎVNULɕQɑUDǹWǨ@ киносценарист
America and Americans
segregation [ɑVHǰUǹɎǰHǹȒ Ǩ Q@
n отделение, изоляция,
разъединение
separate [ɎVHSǨUǨW@ a отдельный
serviceman [ɎVǫɕYǹVPǨQ@ n военнослужащий
settlement [ɎVHW Ǩ OPǨQW@ n поселение
several [ɎVHY Ǩ UǨO@ a несколько
share [ȒHǨ U @ v делить
shellfish [ɎȒHOɑIǹȒ@ n моллюск; ракообразное
shore [Ȓǣɕ@ n берег
shortage [ɎȒǣɕWǹGȡ@ n недостаток
shortly [ɎȒǣɕWOL@ adv вскоре
shrub [ȒUțE@ n куст
sidelines [ɎVDǹGɑODǹQ]@ n задний
(второй) план
sign [VDǹQ@ v подписывать
significant [VǹǰɎQǹIǹNǨQW@ а значительный
significantly [VǹǰɎQǹIǹNǨQWOL@
adv многозначительно
sincere [VǹQɎVǹǨ@ a искренний
slavery [ɎVOHǹYǨUL@ n рабство
smuggler [ɎVPțǰ Ǩ OǨ@ n контрабандист
sneakers [ɎVQLɕNǨ]@ n кроссовки
snore [VQǣɕ@ v храпеть
soap [VǨșS@ n мыло
sophisticated [VǨɎIǹVWǹɑNHǹWǹG@
a изысканный, утонченный
southwest [VDșˠɎZHVW@ n югозападное направление
spark [VSǠɕN@ v искриться
specifically [VSǨɎVǹIǹNOL@ adv в особенности
spur [VSǫɕ@ n шпора
squalid [ɎVNZǡOǹG@ adj неопрятный,
неряшливый
squash [VNZǡȒ@ n цуккини
stampede [VW PɎSLɕG@ n паническое бегство
starter [ɎVWǠɕWǨ@ n закуска
station [ɎVWHǹȒ Ǩ Q@ v размещать,
располагать
stirring stick [ɎVWǫɕUǹńVWLN@ n палочка для перемешивания
straw [VWUǣɕ@ n соломинка, солома
strength [VWUHńˠ@ n сила
stripe [VWUDǹS@ n полоса
strive [VWUDǹY@ v стремиться,
прилагать большие усилия
struggling [ɎVWUțJOǹń@ a в бедственном положении
subcontinent [ɑVțEɎNǡQWǹQǨQW@
n субконтинент
567
America and Americans
568
subscription [VǨEɎVNUǹSȒ Ǩ Q@
n пожертвование
subsequent [ɎVțEVǹNZǨQW@ a последующий
substantial [VǨEɎVW QȒ Ǩ O@ a большой, значительный
successor [VǨNɎVHVǨ@ n преемник,
наследник, правопреемник
suffering [ɎVțIǨUǹń@ n страдание
suggestion [VǨɎGȡHVWȒ Ǩ Q@ n предложение
summary [ɎVțPǨUL@ n краткое изложение
summon [ɎVțPǨQ@ v вызвать
superiority [VșɑSǹǨULɎǡUǨWL@ n превосходство
superstition [ɑVXɕSǨɎVWǹȒ Ǩ Q@ n
суеверие
surface [ɎVǫɕIǹV@ v обнаруживаться, проявляться
suspension bridge
[VǨɎVSHQȒQEUǹȳ@ n висячий
мост
sustain [VǨɎVWHǹQ@ v поддерживать
swallow [ɎVZǡOǨș@ v глотать, проглатывать
swear [VZHǨ@ v клясться,
присягать
swill [VZǹO@ n полоскание, обливание водой
T
tackle [ɎW N Ǩ O@ v решать; заниматься
tax [W NV@ n налог
tectonic [WHNɎWǡQǹN@ a тектонический
temperate [ɎWHPS Ǩ UǨW@ a умеренный
tempt [WHPSW@ v соблазнять, искушать
thereafter [ɑçHǨUɎǠɕIWǨ@ adv впоследствии
therefore [ɎçHǨIǣɕ@ adv вследствие
этого
throughout [ˠUXɕɎDșW@ adv повсюду
ties [WDǹV@ n связи
tomb [WXɕP@ n могила
track [WU N@ n курс
traffic [ɎWU IǹN@ n дорожное движение
trained [WUHǹQG@ a обученный
transaction [WU QɎ] NȒ Ǩ Q@ n
сделка
America and Americans
transparency [WU QVɎS UǨQVL@ n
прозрачность, ясность
transportation [ɑWU QVSǣɕɎWHǹȒ Ǩ Q@n
перевозка
try [WUDǹ@ v подвергать испытанию;
судить
T-shirt [ɎWLɕȒǫɕW@ n футболка
tuition [WMXɕɎǹȒ Ǩ Q@ n обучение
tune [WMXɕQ@ n мелодия
U
ultimately [ɎțOWǹPǨWOL@ adv в конце
концов
unclench [țQɎNOHQ W Ȓ@ v разжимать
undertake [ɑțQGǨɎWHǹN@ v предпринимать, совершать
unwavering [țQɎZHǹY Ǩ Uǹń@ a стойкий, решительный
usher [ɎțȒǨ@ v проводить, вводить
utterance [ɎțW Ǩ UǨQV@ n высказывание, выступление
V
valuable [ɎY OMșE Ǩ O@ a ценный
venture [ɎYHQWȒǨ@ n рискованное
предприятие
viewer [ɎYMXɕǨ@ n зритель
village [ɎYǹOǹGȡ@ n деревня
voice [YǣǹV@ v заявлять, провозглашать
volcanic [YǡOɎN QǹN@ a вулканический
W
waltz [ZǣɕOV@ n вальс
watershed [ɎZǣɕWǨɑȒHG@ n водораздел
western [ɎZHVWǨQ@ a западный
wheat [ZLɕW@ n пшеница
widespread [ɎZDǹGɑVSUHG@ a широко распространенный
wig [ZǹJ@ n парик
wild [ZDǹOG@ a дикий
wire [ɎZDǹǨ@ n проволока
wolverine [·ZXOY Ǩ ULɕQ@ n росомаха
wrench [UHQWȒ@ n рывок, дерганье
569
America and Americans
Contents
570
The Land of Contrasts .................3
The Pearl Harbor Day ..................5
Lincoln and Kennedy
Coincidences .............................6
Weather and Climate of the
USA.............................................9
Most Famous Harry Truman,
the 33th President of the USA
Quotations ...............................12
Tornado Alley .............................15
Murphy ’s Law .............................18
The Political System
of the USA................................21
Luau ..............................................23
History Trivia ..............................24
Political Parties of the USA .......27
“Important Dates and
Events” ......................................30
Tongue Twisters ..........................32
Donkey and Elephant ...............35
Fountain Pen ...............................38
Lobbyism .....................................41
Quiz “What Do You Know
about Cities of the USA?” ......43
Most Famous Mark Twain
Quotations ...............................44
President of the USA ..................47
President Barack Obama ...........49
Difference between British
and American Spelling ...........50
The Most Influential
Presidents of the USA.............53
Sugar.............................................55
Funny Warnings: Clothes ..........56
Fun Presidential Facts ................59
History of the chewing
gum ...........................................62
Abraham Lincoln........................65
Most Famous Abraham
Lincoln Quotations .................68
George Washington ....................71
Facts about George
Washington ..............................74
The American Revolutionary
War............................................77
Famous George Orwell
Quotes ......................................80
The American Civil War ...........83
America and Americans
Quiz “What Do You Know
about Connecticut?” ...............85
Hail Minnesota ...........................86
Native Americans .......................89
American Indians — Plains
Tribes ........................................91
Honoring Native American
Culture and Traditions ...........92
The California Gold Rush,
1849...........................................95
Native American Proverbs ........97
“American Flora and Fauna” .....98
Tongue Twisters ........................100
The History of American
Cowboys .................................103
Cowboy Killers .........................106
Ku Klux Klan.............................109
Funny Warnings: Signs ...........112
Uncle Sam ..................................115
Origin and History of the
Word “Yankee” ......................117
Most Famous Ernest
Hemingway Quotations .......118
The History of American
Flag..........................................121
Funny Warnings: Drinks .........123
The Star-Spangled Banner.......127
The Star-Spangled Banner
Lyrics.......................................130
National Flag .............................133
Roaring Twenties ......................135
Native American Proverbs ......136
The Great Seal ...........................139
Quiz “What Do You Know
about California?” .................141
Most Famous Mark Twain
Quotations .............................142
The National Bird
of the USA..............................145
The History of Pizza
in the USA..............................147
Difference between British
and American Spelling .........148
The History of the Statue
of Liberty ................................151
Incredible American
Leaders ...................................154
The White House......................157
The Family Life of the White
House ......................................159
Tongue Twisters ........................160
The Capitol ................................163
Most Famous Quotes about
America ..................................165
571
America and Americans
572
“White House Pets” ..................166
The Library of Congress ..........168
The Lincoln Memorial
Myths ......................................171
Most Famous Frank Sinatra
Quotations .............................174
Washington Monument ...........177
Francis Scott Fitzgerald ...........179
Oregon, My Oregon .................180
The Liberty Bell ........................183
Incredible American
Musicians ...............................186
The US National Flower ..........189
Funny Warnings: Electronics ....192
Mount Rushmore......................195
Mount Rushmore......................197
State Fruit ..................................198
Education...................................201
The Gap Year .............................203
Most Famous Barack Obama
Quotes ....................................204
American Higher Education ...207
Quiz “What Do You Know
about Alabama?” ...................209
Cowboy boots ...........................210
Peculiarities of American
English ....................................213
Difference between British
and American Spelling .........216
Communication Styles
and Business Meetings .........219
American Sign Language.........221
Tongue Twisters ........................222
Clothing in the USA.................225
“States Trivia” ............................228
Great Depression ......................230
The History of Hollywood ......233
Tobacco ......................................235
Most Famous Walt Disney
Quotations .............................236
New Hollywood ........................239
Marilyn Monroe .......................245
Most Famous Marilyn
Monroe Quotations ..............248
Festivals of the USA .................251
Quiz “What Do You Know
about Interesting USA
Facts?” ....................................253
The Pioneers..............................254
Thanksgiving Day ....................257
The History of the
Thanksgiving Day .................259
Funny Warnings: Food ............260
4th of July ....................................263
America and Americans
Native American Proverbs ......265
“Facts about States” ..................266
Most Famous Frank Sinatra
Quotations .............................268
New Year in the USA ...............271
Favorite Fruit.............................274
Christmas ..................................277
Cheerleading in the USA.........279
Difference between British
and American Spelling .........280
Halloween Superstitions ..........283
Facts about Halloween and
Halloween History ................286
National Garlic Day .................289
The Groundhog Day ................291
North Dakota Hymn ................292
Religion ......................................295
Youth and Family Life ..............301
Adoption in the United
States .......................................303
Most Famous Hillary
Clinton Quotations ...............304
Food ...........................................307
What a Wonderful World ........309
(а fragment)...............................309
Brief History of Cooking
Inventions ..............................310
Weird, Funny and Strange
Laws in the United States .....313
Crime and Justice .....................319
Quiz “What Do You Know
about Weird Things
in the USA?” ..........................321
Dumb Warnings:
Household ..............................322
Science and Technology ..........325
Samuel Morse ............................327
Carolina .....................................328
NASA .........................................331
“Native American Power
Animals”.................................334
John Davison Rockefeller ........336
Microsoft ...................................339
American Food .........................342
Apple ..........................................345
Google ........................................351
The Invention of the
Internet ...................................353
Georgia on My Mind ...............354
The First Skyscraper in the
World ......................................357
American Subway .....................360
Economy of the USA................363
Difference Between British
573
America and Americans
574
and American Spelling .........366
The History of American
Dollar ......................................369
Thomas Jefferson Inventions ....371
Most Famous Malcolm
Forbes Quotations ................372
The Story of McDonald’s .........375
Funny Warnings: Hygiene .......378
The Story of Coca-Cola ...........381
The History of Sneakers ..........383
Coca-Cola ..................................384
Henry Ford ...............................387
Quiz “What Do You Know
about American Writers?” ...389
Tongue Twisters ........................390
The US Press .............................393
National Book Festival and
Library Bicentennial .............396
Attitude toward Foreign
Media .....................................399
Ernest Hemingway ...................402
Jack London ..............................405
Beautiful Nebraska ...................408
Amelia Earhart..........................411
Native American Proverbs ......413
“What State is it?” .....................414
Incredible American
Scientists and Explorers .......416
Kennedy Curse..........................419
Lyman Frank Baum ..................421
Most Famous John Fitzgerald
Kennedy Quotations.............422
America’s Most Expensive
Cities .......................................425
Washington, D.C. .....................431
Quiz “What Do You Know
about Washington, D.C.?”.....433
Difference between British
and American Spelling .........434
New York, New York! ...............437
Roebling and the Brooklyn
Bridge .....................................439
Mall Facts...................................440
“The Big Apple” ........................443
New York, New York
(а fragment) ...........................445
Tongue Twisters ........................446
I ޹ NY.......................................449
Native American Proverbs ......451
“Unusual Names and
Nicknames” ............................452
Funny Warnings:
Miscellaneous ........................454
Chicago ......................................457
America and Americans
Basketball in the USA ..............459
Most Famous Michael
Jordan Quotations.................460
Las Vegas ...................................463
Difference between British
and American Spelling .........466
San Francisco ...........................469
Surfing........................................471
Tongue Twisters ........................472
Hawaii ........................................475
American Mammals.................478
Alaska .........................................481
The Alaska Purchase ................483
Facts about Alaska ....................484
Great Lakes ................................487
Native American Proverbs ......489
“State Info” .................................490
Grand Canyon...........................495
Alabama .....................................498
Grand Canyon Skywalk ...........501
Funny Warnings: Toys .............504
Niagara Falls ..............................507
The History of Volleyball ........509
Funny American Laws .............510
Yellowstone National Park.......513
Difference between
British and American
Spelling ...................................516
Alcatraz Island ..........................519
Alcatraz Prison .........................521
Tongue Twisters ........................522
Lituya Bay Megatsunami .........525
Weird American Laws .............528
The Apollo Missions ................531
Orphan Trains ...........................534
History of American
Football...................................537
“Al” Capone ...............................540
Harvard University ...................543
Funny American Laws .............546
The First Billionaire
in the World ...........................549
Most Famous Ernest
Hemingway Quotations .......552
Fun Armadillo Facts ................553
Disneyland.................................554
Англо-русский словарь .........557
575