0610 IGCSE
BIOLOGY NOTES
CATTAYSTU D I E S
1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
and define the 7
characteristics
"
Movement
of living things
lace
"
Respiration
the difference
egestion and
by
an
organism
or
part of
an
organism causing
a
change d- position
the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release
between
for
or
"
metabolism
energy
"
excretion
"
sensitivity
-
the
appropriate
make
Growth
"
-
permanent
or
"
Reproduction
-
to detector
ability
both
increase
sense
responses
in size
stimuli in the
and dry
mass
by
"
processes that make
more
internal
"
of
the
same
or
external environment and to
an increase
kind of
in cell number
organism
Excretion
"
-
from
removal
in excess
Nutrition
"
taking
in
of
organisms
d- requirements
waste
products d-
or
cell size
"
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Explain
action
an
IES
state
metabolism toxic materials
,
,
and substances
"
"
of materials for energy growth and development
plants
,
:
animals
organic compounds
✓
light
✓
✓
coz
✓ ions
✓ water
✓ ions
✓ (water)
Excretion
removal
=/ Egestion
of
metabolic waste
removal
of food
passed through
gut (faeces)
the
1.2 CONCEPT AND USE OF A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
name
Genus
species
+
W
is the
scientific
name
ioweriase
capitalised
for
internationally agreed system of naming species in which the scientific
"
name d- an
organism is made d- two parts showing the genus and species
An
E. g. Homo
first letter
humans ?
sapiens
f- Humans)
undtrinedtmi-t.nl
typed)
IES
↳ scientific
system
What
"
Binomial system
Define and describe the binomial
italics (
what
traditional classification
is
based
?
on
carlbinnaeus
-
-
traditional classification
( ✗ accurate)
time
to show
and how
"" "d
"
List the
groups
today aim
can
this be
classification Now
sequences d-
↳
?
classification system
in
'
order
Anatomy
(shape / structure)
( internal structure)
:
bases in DNA
-1
amino acids in
Kingdom
proteins
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
what do classification
}
morphology
More accurate & reflect
" "" " ^
*
evolutionary relationships
shown
(
in
phylogenetic tree )
class
order
Family
Genus
Define species
species
1
"
group
to
* Trant
ancestor
( Tdosely related/
T similar base
of
|
V
organisms
that
can
produce fertile offspring
sequences
in
DNA
reproduce
"
1.3 FEATURES OF ORGANISMS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
:
IT Enzymes
cell
DNA
list the 5
state the
kingdoms
and for each
an
Kingdoms
example
(thin tiny worms)
Animal
state the four groups of invertebrates
Fungi
""" "
" " " ""
" " "" "
""
"" "
"
and describe the features " " "
Ferns
•
vertebrates
state the five
groups of
:
a) describe the features
crustaceans
Yeast
" ""
" "" "
single .eu ,
-
amoeba
or
Ferns
reproduce by spores
→
no
→
www.emsanafeatnen,
flowers
or
give examples
Flowering Plants
-
Number of
legs
8
10-14
> 20
Fish
wet
reptiles
dms.ae,
Birds
Feathers
" ""
,
Describe the characteristics of
viruses
Have flowers
,
produce seeds
Dicotyledons
,
State the two types of
flowering plants
longnarrowleaf-Broadleaf-Parallelveinsnetworkedve.in#Vascular Bundles
vascular bundles in
scaH-ered
Compare monocotyledons and
E.
dicotyledons
Give
an
example d-
Flower parts
a
d) monocotyledon
b) dicotyledon
g. grass
✗3
Flower
E. g.
. .
)
✓
jointed legs
✓
segmented body
d ""
'9 " "
crocodile
sparrow
¥÷ii
seeds
Singlecotyledonyd
Describe the characteristics of ferns
{
.
✓ " " " " etm
beaks
Viruses
↳
Protein coat and genes
✗ mitochondria
+
✗ ribosomes
Ntconsidered
Monocotyledons
,
Mammafurlhair.mn#eatrabbit
→
•
•
( snails clams
( earthworm )
""""
""
"""""""""""""
|
,e a u e É É ¥ É ¥ É ¥ É
Bacteria
Colonies
Define Vertebrate
/
6
myriapods
"
"
" ""
"°
""" """
protons ,
b)
' " " "s
Chitin cell wall
"
molluscs
annelids
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
for each
" "
9
chloroplasts
-
-
Arthropod
Arachnids
cellulose cell wall
-
Example
multicellular
-
Plant
give an example
" "" Wa "
'
Define invertebrates
and
Feature
animals without a backbone
arthropods
nematodes
features
b)
-
( respiration)
material
genetic
:
"
Invertebrates
membrane
1
cytoplasm
,
synthesis)
( protein
,
a)
and
Ribosomes
-
IES
All cells have
features in all cells
?⃝
?⃝
I
List the
parts X4orX5
roses
living
vertebrates
"
animals with
backbone
"
a
1.4 DICHOTOMOUS KEYS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Define dichotomous
Dichotomous
keys
keys
"
series
-
to the
constructing
a
identification of
an
leading
organism
"
good feature for
dichotomous
keys ?
•
Features
-
must be
↳
e.
g-
easily
No
No
.
.
identifiable
of
legs
d- body segments
DO NOT
CHOOSE size
IES
is not
statements
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
what
of paired
2.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
| 0µ÷u
g
•=÷:÷÷¥%
ANIMAL
List the
c)
an
animal cell
.
"
"
"" "
a
prokaryotic
"
Dq µÉ ③
cell
Which structures
present
animal and plant cells ?
are
Give the function for
a)
in both
'
:
i'
-
cell membrane
" """ " +
-
ji
i.
T.FI?omsIYons
.
(free)
:
nucleus
b)
cytoplasm
c)
cell membrane
structure
Nucleus
d) mitochondria
e)
ribosomes
f)
cell wall
contains
genetic
material
-
Cytoplasmwherechemicalreactionstakeplace
-
-
Cellmembranecontrolmovementinloutofcell
::÷÷÷÷:÷:÷
vacuole
Protein
Ribosomes
it Rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER)
G- vacuole
Prokaryotes
function
controlsactivitiesofthecell
g) chloroplasts
h)
" " ""
-
IES
"
:
NO
Mitochondria
NO
rough endoplasmic
metabolism need
a
rates
lot
of
of
mitochondria?
what
are
found and
vesicles
,
what
where
is their
are
ceuwau
function
?
•
RER
manufacture and
Cells that have
Tmetabolism need
Ribosomes
( peptidoglycan)
transport proteins
occurs
a
-
+
membrane
:
release T
Vested small vacuoles surrounded by membrane
↳ found in
store
transport products
cytoplasm
-
Plasmid
synthesis
tmitochandria-taeror.ie respiration
they
reticulum
NO nucleus
chloroplastscontainschlorophyfwpF-ynthesiwhydoallsm.
tn
vacuoiecellsaplIIrgid.cat
high
:
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
a)
of
organelles
energy
Flagella
cytoplasm
Genetic material
2.2 LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
state and define the
of organisation
cell
"
"
function and
adaptations of
ciliated cell
b)
root hair cell
c)
Xylem
d)
Palisade
e)
neurons
f)
red blood cells
h)
it
blocks of life
group of cells
structures
perform
a
,
→
/
|
group of tissues
working together
"
to
together
working
perform
to
"
functions
"
→
organ system
"
"
with similar
shared function
→
organ
specific
\
group of
organs with
working together
to
organism
related functions
perform body functions
,
:
a)
g) sperm
Building
tissue
"
speoialisedcdldiagrampugmmommyygAdaptatif-k-ciu.ae
Function
ciliated cells
vessel
mesophyll
cells
ovum
lymphocytes
IES
Describe the
→
cilia beat
is
&
↳ Contai
trapped dust
all
Ii
:÷÷::=
÷:÷:±¥÷:"""":÷:÷÷÷:÷÷÷
Transport
water in
plants dead & hollow cells with NO end walls
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
levels
different
Palisade
cells
Mesophyll
•
ttchloroplasts
photosynthesis
-
absorb
sunlight
RedB1oodceusdd£hhBÑT°É^""si
9
hdsMYel
inatedsheath-insulatestheaxfBI.co
Transport
electrical
concave
Fertilise the
Flagellum
egg
-
t surface
to swim
Tmitochondria
Half of the
Ovum
-
release 4 energy
genetic
material
( Haploid
nucleus )
*"②. ...÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷
To be
sperm
"
area
fertilised by
the
large
-
easily found
Half of the
genetic material
( Haploid
nucleus )
Irregular shaped
produceanhbodiescant.mn#
"
2.3 SIZE OF SPECIMENS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
the
1-
magnification
Describe the steps to
answer
-
A
approach and
Magnification
=
Image
Actual size
M
magnification questions
✗ 10
steps
convert
:
①
write
equation
1mm to µm
②
convert units
b)
1cm to
mm
③
substitute in values
c)
1m
cm
③
state
✗
1000
✓I ✓
:-/ ooo
lwithunits.IO
(with correct units
:-/ ooo
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
answer
✗ 1000
→ → ~
centimetre
micrometre
nano metre
millimetre
km)
(mm)
( Nm)
(nm )
:
a)
to
size
IES
Give the equation to calculate
E.
g.
Find the
magnification
if the actual
size of a
bacterial cell is 4 micrometres and the
5 centimetres
① Magnification _-lma9es1
②
③ Magnification
④ Magnification
Actual
=
5cm
=
50mm
=
50,000µm
size
50,000min
4mm
-_✗s✓
image size
is
3.1 DIFFUSION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
diffusion
Diffusion
Give examples of diffusion
|
"
-
/
net movement
their lower
obtained
list the
rate
the
energy for diffusion
kinetic energy
of random movement
d- diffusion
,
down
Energy/for diffusion
-
by ?
factors
.
Moves
a
|
conc
a
.
region of
gradient
increase the
How to T
rate of
①
t
surface
②
t
temperature
③ steeper
diffusion
:
area
concentration
gradient
higher
as a
④
distance
.
to
a
region
coz diffuse
into
bloodstream
into alveoli
through partially permeable
cell membrane
✓ small molecules (e. water)
gX
of
result of their random movement
.
{
conc
"
,
Eg Oxygen diffuse
(
to
their
larger
molecules (e.g.
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
is
conc
particles from
lPasf
-
Where
of
IES
Define
proteins)
3.2 OSMOSIS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
/Osmosis
osmosis
-
"
net movement of water molecules
region of lower
Describe the water
a)
Hypertonic
b)
Isotonic
potential
of
Describe and
a
a
plant / animal
a)
hypertonic
b)
isotonic
c)
to
a
potential
(dilute ) to
partially permeable
a
membrane
"
µn. ÷ €÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷¥i÷ ÷¥
the water
cell
explain
through
.
water
ÉEÉ
" ""
"
compared
(concentrated )
potential
higher
of
.
0°C 0
solution
region
a
°
I
what
cell in
a
happens
y
°
•
☐
o
4
normal
to
I
:
☒
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
"
potential d- a-
water
from
IES
Define
am.mayflaca.cl/plasmolysisturof
hypotonic
solution
normal
plant cells turgid
why
are
why
is osmosis
?
shrink.li/sis-burf
( no cell wall
-
and animals ?
important
in
plants
-
Plants
↳
supported by turgor pressure
are
water pressure
important
osmosis is
•
Plants
acting against
to be loss
-
Animals
body cells
:
↳
Experiment
in :
water
as
can
controlled
Estimating
:
by
prepared by
:
be
damaged
by
osmosis
↳
CV :
% change
-3
=
in
mass
Final
if gain
[ 0.0 ,
mass
-
potato
Initial
safety
:
,
0-8,1<0 mold m
distilled
tuber tissue
mass
✗
3)
water
( units in
potato
100%
-
%)
cylinders
sucrose solution
mass
cylinders ( 2cm
in
length
-
measured
use Cork borer to
( keep
using
ruler)
keep the radius the
the potato cylinders are kept in the sucrose solution ( 1- hour
of
potato ( use potato s from 1 species only maybe collected from
species
o
sucrose
solution
in
)
same
water bath set to 30°C)
Same
0
?⃝
,
temperature of
same
0
0.4 0.6
Same
duration
-
-
cut the
potato cylinders
potato allergies
-
with
a
scalpel carefully
do not
carry out the
?⃝
°
,
solution with
sucrose
(
0
loss too much water
or
02
of the potato
Initial
same dimensions of
o
during transpiration
Osmolarity
mixing tomoldm
Percentage change
osmosis
vapour
N : Concentration of sucrose solution
DV
inelastic cell wall
an
water enter root hair cells
:
within cells
and
experiment
cut
away from
fingers
use
stopwatch)
same store
/ bag)
,
3.3 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Active
Transport
"
-
movement of
to a
active
Give
transport
examples dhow
Explain
across
requirements for
a
transport
1agsn1a
✓
active
proteins
membrane
transport
more
during
ions
active
✓
.
carrier
conc
.
gradient
region of higher
a
cell membrane from
-É
energy from respiration
.
'
carrier
:
Glucose
in
small intestine taken up
region of lower
concentration using energy from respiration
proteins
Examples
a
proteins
by epithelial cells
mineral ions from soil to root hair cells
concentration
"
-
¥
④
villi
proteins
use
energy from respiration
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
stale the two
particles through
IES
Define active transport
change shape of proteins
through
the
ions
pump
protein against a
cone
to
.
gradient
4.1 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
examples of
a)
monosaccharides
large
•
:
amino
state the elements it
b)
c)
molecule
is
made of
describe the chemical test
state the
positive
&
negative
results
/
→
What determines the function of
a
proteinmeue
Give
examples d- proteins that
" """ "
"
have
acids
fatty
1.
acids and
( disaccharide)
starch , cellulose , glycogen
( polysaccharides)
proteins
( polymers)
fats and
glycerol
oils
I
B.io/ogicalmoleculeChemica1elementsTestPositiveandNegativeresult
Iodine solution
starch
①
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
|adeÉm
a)
sucrose ,
(monomers)
|smadeA?p
biological
made from smaller molecules
Glucose
polysaccharides
For each
are
( monosaccharide)
b) disaccharides
c)
molecules
IES
Give
stay
Benedict 's solution
Heat to 70C
Fats
-0
shake
vitamin C
DCPIP solution
#
①
same
Biuret solution
•
Different sequence d- amino acids → different
↳ shape and structure determines function
[
{
e.
g.
active site
birding
shapes of protein
(enzymes)
site
/
( antibodies)
①
same
molecules
⑦
blue
-
i ÷.
④
cloudy
④
clear
④
purple
|
4.1 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
what
is
a
for ?
stand
DNA
→
Deoxyribose
phdsp
d-
}
④
nucleotide made of ?
Describe the structure
Nucleic Acid
base
¥
DNA
single
complementary
base
( DNA
complementary
monomer
What is the chemical
d-
formula for
Explain the importance of
water
( T)
Thymine
* cross
pairings
links between
strands
are
formed by pair of
Adenine (a)
: :: : : :
glen bonds
Hydro
¥ Cytosine a)
Guanine (G)
Water
[
solvent
>
:-.
H2O
:
"
liquid
Important for
•
•
that dissolves solutes
"
:
/ igestion
D
•
lTranspoAI
E
/ xcretion
together
double helix
DNA ?
water ?
coiled
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
what is the
Base
DNA
has 2 nucleotides
pentose sugar
pairing
of
nucleotide
deoxyribose
Describe
(
monomer
IES
What does DNA
food broken down by digestive enzymes dissolved in water
dissolved substances transported
.
excess
waste
dissolved
in
luring
in
Ib
. lood
bases
5.1 ENZYMES
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
a)
Catalyst
e- 9-
b) Enzymes
c)
Denature
why
are
"
catalyst
t
"
enzymes
important
substance that increases the rate
reaction
EMM
"
proteins
-
that
a
chemical reaction and
function
to
speedup
reactions to sustain
biological catalysts
as
②
③
a
Enzyme
process d- enzymes
catalyse
one
can
only
•
reaction
key model
is
unchanged
explain
a)
temperature
b)
pH
affects enzyme
how
and
can
substrate has
complementary shape
with active site
"
Optempin
-
body
~_
37°C
tttemperattre
Tttemp
/
denature
Infrequent effective
collisions between
enzyme 's -1s and substrate
Tenzyme activity
pH
when
:
(
pHt- optimum pH
t
Hydrogen
with low
a
stomach
enzyme
optimum pH d- PHI -2
bonds broken
Iv
Active site
shape
Example 9-
change
(Denature)
t
substrate cannot
bind
to
✗ enzyme substrate
-
complex formed
Iv
✗ reaction
catalysed
completely
denatured
completely denatured
.
shape preventing
the substrate from
human
itkinetic energy
activity
be reused
Active sited enzyme
changed
•
Describe and
the
.
TEMPERATURE :
Describe the lock and
changed by
LOCK AND KEY MODEL
reaction
Explain why enzymes
life
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
catalysing
NOT
"
to
Describe the
is
"
Important
①
?
of
IES
Define
binding
"
6.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
?⃝
I
Define
/Photosynthesis
photosynthesis
"
-
by
process
which
plants
tffrom
manufacture
using #erg from light
materials
raw
↳{iañiEÑ+Ta+eiTiÉTiifÑgei}
Give the word and balanced
symbol equation for photosynthesis
chlorophyll
602
61-1<0
+
602
cothzoot
-
"
-
cumming
|Éhmphy
(
-htÉiteM
/
①
investigate
→
light intensity
b)
carbon dioxide concentration
c)
temperature
__
/ Light
②
putin sunlight
Iv
test for starch
② CARBON
d-
carbonate indicator
hydrogen
-
-
coz
""
-
in the environment in
such short
that it restricts life
dull day
sunny
+
"""P
DIOXIDE CONC
in summer
day
in
winter
LF=
Light
LF=
Temp
Varying light intensity /cozconc / temp
I
'
☒
Iv
for starch
NQOH
Bicarbonate Sodium Hydroxide } ABSORB
NQHCO
,
Sodium
CO2
I
"
" "" "
Bakingoda
soda
factors
cex / ight
.
.
.
.
" " ""
flight !
=
other
factors
'" " "'
'
tr.o.pl
'
;
'
!
TEMPERATURE
temp
;
1
,
i
carbonate indicator
:
shows the coz
conc
.
lopestl-E-jh-i.net
Purple
:$ optimum temp
i
i
Hydrogen
Magenta
Red
'
i
Ttemp
trop
)
"
,
LF=
other
of photosynthesis
N
¥
¥ N
puttin sunlight
Lftcoz
=
rate
m
n
pntinbelljab
③
on
carbon Dioxide
pRo☐ucE{
.
supply
"
:
"" " "
Iv
+
t
the
something present
a.**** .
go.la, sunlight,
LF
use
y
,
using iodine
✓ photosynthesis)
aluminimum
Éoythi
→
test
" "" "
effect d-
a)
Describe the
→
for starch
[✓ starch
the
Examples
,
,
Chlorophyll
Test
"" " """"
to
energy storage
Iv
"" " " " " " "
"
-
processes
:
putin sunlight
iight
Factors
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
,
-
proteins fats sugars
make
Iv
chlorophyll
of carbohydrates
cellulose cell wall
-
b) carbon dioxide
c
starch
de starch
:
limiting
energy
for synthesis
Respiration
t
the
chemical
Investigation Necessity of chlorophyll / co
i{ y③*+
investigate
→
chloroplasts
" " " "d " "
"" " "" " " """ " """ "
a)
in
\
GifhÉf|
photosiidf
necessity of
pigments
green
usesofgt.ua#.-
Define limiting factors
and conclusion) to
light energy
chlorophyll
•
IES
-
Orange
Yellow
enzymes
denature
Lime
CO2
6.2 LEAF STRUCTURE
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Describe and label the features
For each
section d-
a
leaf
of the below describe
function /
,
adaptation
of
its
:
IES
the cross
-
a) chloroplasts
b) waxy cuticle
c)
guard
cells
e)
upper / lower epidermis
f)
palisade mesophyll
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
d) stomata
mesophylpartofaleaft-I-daptat.hn
9)
)
spongy
chlomplastscontainsc-Ephy-lphotosynth-e.fi
xylem
)
vascular bundle
waxyculidestopslwr-ate-evaporat.info
guard
phloem
cells
Open / close It#ma→ /diffusion
-
cain
Oz
out
containschtowp-asfstomataallowldiI-f.si/ofgasesin&Iupper / lower epi
,vasculspongymesophyl
marbundl""µn,
gyµmµ,
yspaced-al
lowldi-T-siemtransport.
-ynotµ,
gf.nSuI
econtl-aioosel
nslµxTM-el
lphm-e-vesfxyl
Protect inner cells
No
chloroplasts
demesophyHman
sucre from
source
typa¥
to sink
6.3 MINERAL REQUIREMENTS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
2 mineral ions
magnesium
important
use
for plant growth
make
in
Explain
the
effect of
nitrate
ion
deficiency
(yellow
make
acids
proteins
chlorosis
)
leaves
glasshouses
0
:
assist crops
↳ ✓
✓
co.
plant growing
enrichment
light
optimum temperature
optimum
growth
Healthy
plant
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
features d-
make amino
stunted
plant growth
Glasshouses
Describe the
chloroplasts for
chlorosis
Deficiency
on
chlorophyll
Nitrate ions
photosynthesis
:
a) magnesium
b)
ions
✓
Plant with
nitrate deficiency
IES
stale the
7.1 DIET
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
"
Balanced Diet
Diet
A diet
containing proper proportions of carbohydrates
minerals and water to maintain
For each of the
the
body needs
defiency
a)
carbohydrate
Fats & Oils
e)
f)
vitamin A
g)
calcium
b)
iron
i
saturated fats
animal
products
t saturated
insulation , storage,
unsaturated fats plant
products
cholesterol
-
-
fats
__
nlblood
protectionoforgans.i.coronarytlear-tdis.ec#
Energy ( if in
Proteins
excess
/ Eggs / Beans
Meat / Fish
)
kwashiorkor swollen abdomen
-
nyam.no?!d??!!?*Marasmus-Thin.oid.iook#g
C
vitamin D
Energy thermal
,
disease
protein
d) vitamin
body
carbohydrateenergypas.la/Rice/Pot-at-oKetosis-Tbloodacidit
contain it
b) fats and oils
c)
health and sustain the
,
NEntwhybdyneedsit.IE/ampeso-IeiciencyDisease
it ?
examples of food that
Iii )
,
"
nutrients ,
:
ii )
fats , proteins vitamins
vitamin C
collagen
,
resistance
Citrius
Fruits , lemon
scurvy
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
explain
D why
following
good
,
IES
Define Balanced
strengthens
bones
Eggs fish
,
Rickets
oil
-
Bleeding
-52
-
gums
children
dteethosteomalaciaadults
÷
:÷:::÷:÷...÷::÷÷→
) fibre
bones
strengthens
calcium
j ) water
Milk
,
Rickets
Fish
-
weak / brittle bones
Haemoglobin 02
,
#
(
|
thatditayita
Name and
explain
the 3
.
Fibreaddbulkstofoodarainssweetcornconstipation
factors
water
cucumber Water
solvent
constipation
.
,
dehydration
Exercise
Explain
the
diseases
Lifestyle
4 malnutrition
.
Dietary
Intake
Pregnancy /menstruating / breast-feeding
/
Age
depends
Gender
-1
child 1^1^1
Adult TT
Elderly T
AKTT
-1M
Female
T
Diseases :
•
•
•
•
obesity
-
Energy
starvation
constipation
Coronary
-
-
IN
Lack
Lack
>
Energy
9- fat
d-
,
muscle
water
Heart Disease
-
OUT
,
Too little exercise ,
wasting
,
Tintake d-
fatty
lack of resistance to diseases
/fibre
T saturated
fat
block arteries
✗ Oz
&
sugary foods
7.2 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
?⃝
I
-
•
:
•
b)
Mechanical
chemical
digestion
digestion
d)
absorption
e)
assimilation
•
.
•
Ingestion
"
-
IMecham.cat#estion/-
khemicaldigesh.co#-
"
"
substances
,
food and drinks into the
e. g.
,
"
1 ssimilation
A
Egestion
-
"
breakdown of
movement of
passing
the mouth "
body through
breakdown of food into smaller pieces with T
/ OI chemica / change
large, insoluble
molecules to small , soluble molecules
www.o#-..moemen+ofsma,,,oodmaeanes+nrougn+newanof
-
-
taking _iof
out of
digested food
.me#ne;mo+neb,ood
molecules into the cells where used
food that has not been
digested
or
to the
-
molecules
"
"
become
"
part of the cell
"
IES
Define
absorbed ,
as
faeces through the
,
anus
"
"""""""""""""""""""
÷÷"÷⇐f÷÷H÷÷⇐
-
"
" "" " "
it
type of enzyme
in
where it is
iiil
substrate
in
where it works
a)
amylase
b)
c)
d)
e)
"
produced
and
products
maltase
sucrase
pepsin
trypsin
fse
" " " "" "
" " ""
" "" "
"
""
"
" " " " ""
Pancreas
ileum
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
" "" "
sucrase
Protease
ileum
→
Glucose
-1 Fructose
Pepsin
pancreas
""
sucrose
Pancreas
Proteins
→
ileum
h
amino acids
gjyumlipids-fattyacidstglycero.iq
Lipase
7.3 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
a
diagram d- a
a) tooth
b)
the
Describe
by
alimentary
digestion
in
=
not part of
A.
c)
{Y
canal
the mouth
(*
ALIMENTARY CANAL
and
Incisors
bite
canine
pierce & tear
& cut
} grind
Ps_
molars
the teeth
-1
teeth
chew
IES
Draw and label
MECHANICAL
-_
DIGESTION
Describe what
happens
a)
oesophagus
b)
stomach
c)
liver
*
:
INGESTION \
PERISTALSIS
( saliva
( contains
circular muscles contract -1 relax
food
pancreas
•
e)
small intestine
f)
large
intestine
Produces Bile
① emulsifies fats lipase
TSA for chemical
digestion
② alkaline neutralise acid
Describe tooth
decay
function of
optimum pH for
bile
enzymes
in
ileum
adapted for
its
digested
and
how the small intestine is
food
.
pdenalnre
HCL
→
kills
low
enzymes
pathogens
optimum pH
lpepsin
*
'
.
absorption d- watery
glucose
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
/ ↳
-
Describe the
→
charging
/
*
starch
walls contract,
food
bolus
-
Explain
amylase
↳
←y
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
d)
in the
Amylase
Tripsin
Lipase
( reabsorbs
water
function
water absorbed in
small intestine)
( most
↳ store faeces
Tooth
Fat
absorption
Transport glucose
+
decay
-
Adaptation d-
Plague
small intestine
Villi & microvilli
exchange pathway
Good blood
0
lacteal ,
0
:
1 surface
thin lining (one cell thick)
°
in
-
area
short
to blood and
supply
help transport fats and
Mitochondria
lymph
for
active
fatty
transport
acids
-
layer that
on
teeth
breaks down enamel
sticks to teeth &
strengthens
EGESTION
plaque respire using sugars
③ produce acid
Fluoride
0
① Food remains
② Bacteria
amino acids AWAY
0
-
-
enamel
gums
dentine
7.4 CHOLERA
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
how vibrio cholera
cause
Vibrio cholerae
-
bacteria
/
cholera
dehydration &
Explain
therapy
can
"
symptoms d- cholera
how the oral
rehydration
treat cholera
.
[
twp
lost of watery faeces
a-
"
a-
H .w.p=
1
lower water
potential
higher
potential
=
water
fcl-CLL.w.pk
¥ci
Ct
a-
-1
1
Ct
( 1-
LUMEN
[[
jj
H2O
d-
INTESTINE
a-
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Describe the
diarrhoea
IES
Explain
1
I
1
Treatment
for diarrhoea
:
Oral
:
{ sodiumi0ns|twaterP°+ehtid"
water
solution contains
Rehydration Therapy
glucose
rehydrate
provide energy
CELLS
H.w.pt/zO
Cholera
①
:
Vibrio cholera ( bacterium ) releases
of small intestine
into walls
②
otherionsreplacelosl.io#
toxins
secretion
of
chloride ions into the
small intestine lumen
③
LOWERS water
④
osmosis
-
loss
=
water
of small intestine
moves
into small
lumen
intestine
⑤
potential
of
water and mineral ions
diarrhoea
,
dehydration
,
loss
of salts
8.1 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
functions d-
Function of the xylem
:
① transport water and mineral ions
xylem
② support
Identify the positions of xylem
phloem
in
roots
,
leaf and
and
stems
adaptations
+
①
transport
sucrose
source
keep
it
up
plant
Root
:
upright
:
&
amino acids
to sink
of the
/±
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Describe the
the stem
Function of the Phloem
from
xylem
:
IES
(a)
stale the
Adaptations of xylem
°
0
°
0
dead
lignin
no
and
-
hollow
:
( ✗ living)
provide support to xylem
end walls
walls are
waterproof ( water doesn't flow out
8.2 WATER UPTAKE
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
#
-hefuncHÉai/
absorb water I mineral
Root hair cells
osmosis
Describe how root hair cells
to increase rate
are
area
outline
a
an
pathway of
water
soil
→
water in
root hair cell
plants
→
:
root cortex cells
→
xylem
plant
investigation
the pathway of
plant
transport
water
to
investigate
through
a
→
spongy
mesophyll
cells
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
through
active
of absorption
T rate
of absorption
pathway of
Describe the
=
from soil
IES
adapted
T surface
ions
Investigating pathway of
①
dye
②
water
f÷-f- µi
water
~
up xylem
celery ③
8.3 TRANSPIRATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
transpiration
Transpiration
"
-
loss
of
water
mesophyll
Explain why wilting
how water
a
moves
occurs
OUT
Rate of
>
rate d-
transpiration
factors
affecting
on
rate
the stomata
through
d- transpiration
pressure
flaccid
leaves
=
droop
Pathway of
water
Explaining
:
Transpiration
process of
define
occurs
① cohesion between
water molecules and
adhesion between
transpiration
:
.
cohesion between water
•
evaporates
transpiration
}
""
"
a
continuous
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
investigation to investigate
effect d- humidity or temperature
an
water
the
①
Outline
absorption of
IN
>
trcellsap.lv turgor
the
water vapour
of the
"
:
d- transpiration
Rate
through
because
plant
Explain
followed by diffusion of
cells
water at the surfaces
occurs
Willing
Explain
vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of
IES
Define
side of
① Water
molecules
and
water molecules
molecules & side of
xylem
pulled
column (
adhesion between water
.
up xylem
transpiration
water
Factors
from
soil
→
root hair cells
transpiration
rate
column
stream)
affecting transpiration
Factor T
in
continuous
in
i. up
④ lump of xylem
explain osmosis
⑤ lvwp of root hair cells
explain osmosis
of
xylem
rate
ii. wp
.
(osmosis)
:
Explanation
T temp
T kinetic
T
remove
H2O
to
of 1-1,0 molecules outside
air movement ( wind )
'
t
humidity
T
light intensity
conc
.
stomata
Hemp
Energy
of H2O molecules
molecules to maintain
open
=
-
a
steep
steeper
conc
conc
.
.
gradient
gradient
A water loss
"
;§É
É
^
1
É¥É
T rate
T
humidity
=
=
T water
vapour
t water
potential
ate
Investigating Transpiration
Parmeter
-
measure
rate
of water uptake
↳ ✗ accurate
as some
water
used for
photosynthesis
8.4 TRANSLOCATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Define translocation
Translocation
"
-
lmoentm-elofsmselaminoaa.cl#inph1oembyacIransport
-
plant for different
FROM
TO
regions of production Csouire)
regions of storage
OR where
they are
used
in
respiration/growth kik )
"
weather conditions
•
Some
↳
parts
can
act
E. g. summer
as
source
source
sink
=
=
OR sink
leaf
flowers
Jf
IES
source
-
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
state the
and sink for the
:
9.1 TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Def
A)
circulatory system
a1p# and 1v
to ensure
one
-
way flow of
circulation
examples of
single
with
"
single
:
circulation
y
circulation
"
-
Blood flow
through
the heart
End every complete
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
circulation
"
g. Fish
tsdoublecirculation
|Giretheadvantagesofdou
circuit
IES
Give
system of µosod_
blood
e.
a)
a
circulatory system
b) single
/
"
-
Double Circulation
"
Blood flows
through
the heart
/twice every complete
Advantages
'
Oxygen
"
of double circulation
T pressure
•
circuit
=
:
T speed of blood circulation
rich blood
=
separates oxygenated
deoxygenated
blood
&
9.2 HEART
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
I
and label the structures of
Draw
① deoxygenated
blood from
"
body
*
"
veiiacavat
the heart
-
/
ea-th
function d-
lungs
=
④ oxygenated blood IWAI
Aorta
-
all the
④semi
-
/
lunar valves
backflow of
Pulmonary artery
② right atrium
heart ?
-
heart
lungs
Pulmonary vein⑦
-
oxygenated
blood
"
twoneart
"
contracts
no ,
the
AKAI from
gyI-n.tn?-.riunmm..u;. ,.Ygom
↳ prevent
* oodanundeneboa,
of
blood
deoxygenated
-
Descn.be#wtheheartpumpwhere is the thickest wall
body
to
IES
stale the
Pulmonary
↳ prevents
backflow
of blood
-
contracts
④
left ventricle
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
-
contracts
why
is the
than the
left ventricle
③
thicker
atrioventricular valves
④
stop backflow
How
can
you
monitor the heart ?
right
ventricle
-
heart
the
effect d-
exercise
of blood
Coronary
↳
Atrial R.rentriclecl.ventn.de
on
the
Arteries
Heart's
own
blood
supply
T force
investigation
effect d-
exercise
on
to
investigate
heart rate
AWAY
↳ separate oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
:
I
rate
an
-
-
septum
"
T distance Cto
outline
|
contracts
Muscle wall :( Thickness )
Explain
/veinns-TOWARDS.HN#
Arteries
/
right ?
-
-
.
body )
'"
-
§
Exercise
°
0
Monitor
heart rate
④
⑤
by
¥-0
:
ECG
,
stethoscope
sound of
,
measure
measure
resting
heart rate
jumping jacks
heart
rate
N
so
closing
intensity of
:
DV
:
cv
:
\
-
og;;;g,jh
change in
dietary
exercise
heart rate ( %)
intake , time
temperature
rest
3. ✗
-
ÉÉ
pulse rate
valves
100
:
② do 10
③
*
:
Texerciset respiration T cellular demand for 02T heart rate
Investigation
①
Heart Rate
on
repeat
with 20,30
.
.
-60
jumping jacks
.
period
,
time 1min )
9.3 BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
of
arteries
,
reins and
capillaries
state the major blood vessels to
and from the
a)
heart
"
un "
c)
kidneys
f"•""""""""""m
.ie#n:.na. .Bd&sm-an.stm-h. µm 0dt- e r-
ÉPÉES
Diagrams
'
*.
Describe the functions of :
venules
c)
shunt vessels
/aHcsystm/
b)
lymph
c)
lymph
How
is
valves
blood vessels
Lungs
around the
body ?
→
(betiaiadfuid|
Describe the transfer of materials
cava ,
Aorta
,
pulmonary artery
& vein
vein
Renal artery & Renal vein
:
↳
fluid
-
.
-
:
Plasmon
&
Wbcn leaked from capillaries
surrounds tissues
lymph tissue fhtid that
↳ Drains into base of
-
(
'
move
lymph
by
nodes
-
muscles
Twbc
has drained into
neck
contracting
.
☒
Capillary
tissue
②→
c-
DIFFUSION
fluid
cells
→
coz
-
semi
1Iymphress
-
lunar valves
:
:
② Intention from infections
Tissue
too small
Anrtennhe artery
•
Circulation of body fluids
①
:
as
Blood vessels
,
lymphatic system
Functions
NO valves
:
Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary
:
Kidney
nodes
Vena
:
T pressure
NO valves
present ?
thank
fluid
lymph moved
ventricles contract
diameier,SM°agm
Major
/
is are
tissue
↳ muscular
Internal
Describe the main functions of the
a)
on
. . .ws .ua ,
wallthicknethiIE-hikh.ws
→
What
.
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
b)
..
. .. .
wallstmctunemuscularlelast-ictissuessinglelaye.ro/-ce1Thi#s
arterioles
at
IES
Describe and compare the structures
to
Lenders capillaries
:
shutters
:
capillaries
to veins
artery
to
vein
present
9.2 BlOOD
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Name 4
components
of blood
chemicals released by
is
the function of
a)
red blood cells
b)
plasma
c)
white blood cells
d)
platelets
:
haemoglobin
-1
oxygen
=
oxy haemoglobin
fibrinogen
/
that blood clots ?
?
coronary heart disease
transport
factors associated
with
coronary heart disease
can someone
can
pathogens
Phagocytosis
-
phagocytes
-
reduce the risk
heart disease ?
CHD be treated ?
,
ions
/
mostly thot dissolved
Coronary
How
①
✗
blood cells
,
of coronary
✓
②
blood clot
-
② antibody production
nutrients , hormones coz
How
mesh
① ✗ blood loss
↳ lymphocytes
important
list the risk
,
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
What is
(
fibrin
Mood clotting
transport oxygen
clotting
it
platelets
form
Describe the process of blood
why is
to
IES
what
convert
Heart Disease
"
:
-
substances
blockage of coronary
arteries
"
Preventing
✓
Good Diet
✗
smoking
✓
Exercise
Treating
o
0
CHD
Aspirin
CHD
-
surgery
:
drug
{
Iv blood clots
-
stents
a)
-
Diet
Stress
-
'
-
keep
b)
Angioplasty
c)
By pass
Possible Risk Factors
'
:
-
insert
replace
inflated
with another
artery
:
Genetic
Age
-
-
capillary open
Predisposition
.
'
Smoking
Gender
Q
10.1 DISEASES AND IMMUNITY
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
smib|
→
Define
c)
"
Pathogen
literal causing organism
-
-
pathogen
pransmissibiea.se#-aadiseaseinwnich+hepa--hogenycanbe passed
↳
it
/
How
/
can we
List the
control
immunity
control the
spread
|
of
|
body defences against
Body
Body
Fluids
Defences
Droplet
spread
•
White blood cells
Mechanical
\
|
skin
Barriers
Nose hair
:
/
What
is
the function of the
two
JDescn.be/-heimmuneresponsewhe#pathogen infects
/
Describe how
/
Explain
(
a
body
vaccine
what
Explain what
the
is
is
makes
meant
meant
|
you
by passive
by
autoimmune diseases and
give
an
/
exampte
waste
•
Hygienic food prep
mucus
chemical Barriers
stomach
"
Lex
"
Immunity
Active
.
-
infections by
↳
Trapid production
achfolanti.ge#
engulf
pathogens together
✗
immunity
memory
infant
I
leg
-
type
*
"
:
-
1- diabetes
"
,
control
spread
of disease
⑤ If
①
inject
②
Antigens trigger
③
lymphocytes produce antibodies
Cbreqst
cells
Autoimmune Diseases
pathogen by antibody production
-
harmless
memory
short-term defence
"
-
e. g. mom to
a
vaccinations
,
④
Passive
specific shape
detectfanT-igensreteaselanT-tbd.es ]
-
defence against
pathogens
disposal
sewage treatment
.
reproduce
phqgocytes
Acid
Phagocytosis
cells
NO
another
memory cells form after 1st infection
lympycytes
Antibody production
/
fto
:
Good Hygiene
•
infection
:
of disease by
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
d) passive
one
Directcontactindirectcontact
I ::÷
.im/:: : : : : :I-#towmightpathogensbe
immunity
active
from
-
IES
a)
:
immune
a
pathogen by
immune
-
babies
are
are
antibodies
vulnerable
system targets &
destroy body
pathogen
infect
tconc.at
correct antibodies
feeding )
important
same
again
response
longterm immunity
cells
against
pathogens
cells
"
produced
acquired
.
from another
individual
"
11.1 GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
MovelmutuslldusI Iaway
P-ath-ge.nl
from the
,gasgesurfaces-
Drawelthgahang
|
Describe the functions of the
①
TSA
-
T
alveoli
②
thin surface
③
✓ blood supply
④ ✓
"
1- cell thick
-
"" " " " "
↳
lungs I
:
close to
-
"
"
lungs by
exhalation"
cartilage
infer,,gya , muggy, , n.gg and
& " ""
" " """
"
environment &
,,
capillaries
↳ steep
movement of air between
:
a)
diffusion distance
-
conc
.
gradient
inhibition &
secretes
mucus
-
goblet cells
|
and
&h chan€
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Describe the role of
Describe and
explain
the
effects
thorax
internal /external
/
an
effect of
investigation investigating
physical activity
on
the
breathing
/
Itstdioxide-orarbon-sn.be
" ""
of
"
"
"
"" " "
"
:
a)
oxygen
b)
carbon dioxide
c)
water vapour
"""""
|
""""
"
"
{baHm/expi¥
Describe the
inhalation
/ inspiration
T exercise
cartilage
keeps
tubes open
Lflexible
detected by
:
①
measure
②
exercise
③
measure
t
deoxygenated
blood IN
Tres piration-TCOaconc.in blood
-_
Investigation
breathing
lmedu#
in brain
}T
Testforcoz
breathing
rate /depth of
breathing
rate
rate
every
2min
:
I
red blood
cells
limewater
↳
↳
oxygenated
blood
④ cloudy
① stay same
Air :
" "" " "
" " " """
Oz
IN > OUT
02 diffuse
CO2
OUT > IN
CO, diffuse
water vapour
OUT >
Waste
IN
blood cellular aerobic
,
respiration
lot blood , cellular aerobic
product of
cellular aerobic
(reactant )
respiration
( waste
product)
respiration
µ ⑦.,,µµ
""""""""""""""""°
①
②
Diaphragm
( internal
③
⑤
⑥
⑦
contracts &
flattens
Diaphragm
②
intercostal muscles relax )
Ribs move up and out
in
Atmospheric
thorax
pressure
Air moves into the
lungs
>
pressure
in thorax
-
pressure
muscles
③
w.m.r.a.wnan.in
④
t
⑤
T
⑥
up
from organs below
Internal intercostal muscles contract
(external intercostal
.name .mn. .
t Pressure
relaxes and curves
↳ dome-shaped
External intercostal muscles contract
,
relax )
volume in thorax
pressure in thorax
Atmospheric
pressure
<
pressure
in
thorax
.
I­
a)
process of
:
& dust
7.
leads to
Physical Activity
Plan
trap pathogens
"
ventilation
1.
{
-
↳ swallowed at
back of throat
diaphragm
/
(
Exchange surfaces
IES
DesandexplaithatuDf|
Gas
OUT
12.1 RESPIRATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Uses of
energy
of energy
-
Dipiaimm?
-
-
-
'
muscle
contractions
protein synthesis for making enzymes and
passage of
maintenance
nerve
d-
absorption of
making
Espitia
new
-
impulses
constant
body temp
nutrients in the
cell membranes
involves
antibodies
guy by
during growth
enzymes
stpeed up
active
reaction
transport
IES
uses
:
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
List the
-
12.2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
A)
word
b)
balanced symbol equation
g, ,
equation
a , , , ,,
mgpimy.am
{
:
{respirati
"
I
uptake
on
on
""
" ""
""
" "" " " " "" ""
"
energy
CGH host 602 → 6 coz + 61-120
hmmmmwent
manga, , oxygen up ,,, ,,
in
,
my nng organism,
respiring
temperature
"" "
①
measure
②
leave
③
measure
position of fluid
for 1hr
final
reading
in manometer
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
effect of
""
""
{ÑEEFoTygeTn-TirÑÑÉde+wa¥+AtpTf
organisms
the
"
"
release
"
the oxygen
"" ""
IES
{\""""""""""|
Give the
" " " " "" " " " " " ""
t
Investigate temp
.
on
respiration
respiration
1^02 used
=
=
To gas volume =D pressure
=
0
reading
:
^
①
②
"
"
③
leave
④
measure
for
T respiration
""
" ""
"
reading
initial
measure
1-
"
"
""
day
final
=
"" ""
reading
TCO,
produced
=
TO
reading
¥É§
,
12.3 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
""d"""°^t""|
respiration
a)
in
:
muscles
b)yeast-
Giaadymbeqan
foranaerobicrspirationforyea
Anaerobic
/
respiration
/
fwhatistheeff-ec.to/-anaerob#respirationonthebody?-
|Howcanoxygendebtberemoved
in cells that break
down nutrient molecules to release energy without
"
↳ Hizob
}
2102
fgfuiosem-Tactitaci.dz ÉÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
" "" " "
" ""
→
ummm
241-15011-1
↳
Debt
"
-
amount of Oz
Removed by
'
AEROBIC
>
-
##
""" d "
ANAEROBIC
respiration
respiration
ummmm
builds up in muscles and blood
from rigorous exercise
t
Oxygen
"" " d "
"
Aerobic
Higher
needed to
break down lactic acid
:
respiration of
heart rate
produced
"
lactic acid in the liver
transport
lactic acid
in
blood
from
muscles to liver
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
faerobicandanaerobicrespirati.co#
chemical reactions
using oxygen
-
comparetheenergyreleasedfrom
"
-
IES
Definea-erb.CM#spiratin
Deeper and faster breathing
-
supply
02
for
aerobic
respiration
of lactic acid
13.1 EXCRETION IN HUMANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
µasteproductProductfrom:
Whyexcreted?Excretedb÷
CO-faerobieuarresp.am/1nTconc.
,toxic/Exha1ation-TgsT#
listthema.in#owastepmduts
yµ←,y,|
a) what
b)
why
,
explain
:
product
is it
a
is it
excreted ?
vrealt-xcacid-m.no#totheboIidney--rmI
↳
CNH
from ?
formed
d)amination/
↳
assimilation of
Wheaformedandwhat|
/
liver
in
amino acids
into
"
acids
amino
removal of the
nitrogen containing
-
part of amino
proteins y
acids to form
urea
"
eg plasma proteins (fibrinogen)
isitmm?
.
tfth
bloqd
kidney
Descn.be/-hef#thataf ect/
the volume
and
concentration of
Ammonia
,
Urethra
,
)
ammonia
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Whatisad
-1
,
,
carries urine
to
bluff
glomerulus
①
-
bowman 's
③
capsule
Filtration
I!"m¥!
✓ mineral ions
✓
acids
glucose
✓ urea
✗
}
diffusion
-
✓
↳ tootled
Urine
_-
meat excess water + excess mineral ions
Glucose
✓ amino acids
B" "
selective
>
stored
}
active
in
bladder → excreted
through
transport
reabsorption
✓ water
✓
mineral
ions
fll-THzoinbloodilvreabsorbed.tt/z0inun#lt1vHz0in
blood T reabsorbed
.tt/zOinurineVoltconc.ofurineaffectedby
,
:
① H2O intake -1^1-120=4 volume
② temp
③ exercise
.
-
+
lvconc
temp -_Tsweat=b volume
7-
-
texercise-tsweat.lv volume
.
is
artery
② Reabsorption
proteins
y,
receives blood
from renal
bladder
↳ ureter
-
,y
/ filtered
ureter
Bladder
bl0#
fat
where
blood
IN
blogfyfdetineanddescn.be/-heprocessof-fdeaminalI
Descn~ehowthekidneys.tw/
OR
(carbohydrate
→
IES
and for each
urethra
13.1 EXCRETION IN HUMANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
I
Descn.be#iaysisIf
Dialysis
:
Diaysisfid
Descn.be#atadiaysisfuid
•
contains
SAME conc
.
:
glucose
+
mineralionsm
↳ INI net movement
•
LOWER conc
.
salt -1 urea
more
↳
dialysis
"
µ
b)kiÉt
"""""""""""""""|
""""""""""
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
(a)
"" "
fluid
blood to
Describetheadvantagesand
""" "
IES
lalongconc.TW#s
Deswakidmapat|
↳
•
•
Energy
not
needed
as
molecules diffuse
prevent surgery
•
•
t
✗
quality of
dialysis
-
life
time
consuming
Disadvantages.timeconsumingo.trdietrestric.fi#
•
•
•
•
strict diet
$$$
only
in
work
•
long
time
•
•
-
infection
Rejection
(
run
for limited
Risk
-
system destroys
immune
↳ recognizes
antigens determine
shortage of
Need
as non
tissue
-
self
type
donors
to take Immuno
-
suppresant drugs
ÉtÉif
14.1 NERVOUS CONTROL IN HUMANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
I
Define
reflex actions
central
•
)
chesimiaad
between
voluntary
and
intonations
D
a)
b)
sensory
relay
neuron
neuron
ya
b)tana
Describe the
,
an
փiga that
along
passes
lneurone#
called
cells
nerve
process of acn )
:
www.ama.n.cn
Descn.be#athappensatthef
§
system
n.mu,
coordination &
gyg ,,m
regulation
-
brain
spinaord
&
anne , ,
,
ay, ,
y, ,
,
of body functions
"""""""""""""
✓ stimulus
similarities
✓
receptors
,
sensory & motor
✓ effecter &
✓
Differences
sensory
neurons
response
neurons
✓
CNS
-
Relay
neuron
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
IDescn.be/-hehumannervoussyst#-
nervous
pen.pne.ua ,
.
differences
"
-
impulse
nervous
•
(
impulse
IES
(b)
a)
Nerve
-
bypass brain
slowerauicker
cell
SENSORY
egg
-02
body
now
-
, ,mpµ,
pÑÑKKg
¥ €µ
,
RELAY
Voluntaryltctions
egg
① gwen
② ""
" """"" " "" "" " "
③ summers
Sensory neuron
Dendrites
=
can
.
MOTOR
gy.mu , , ,
,
⑤ Make
WEB
°\"SsEfgyg
anna ,
.
nervous
actor
=
⑥ Everyone
system
Neuron
Effector
=
⑦ Remember
Response
=
fimp°
t.Relayne-uronfstateanexampleofadmg.thatact-onsynapsestre.fi
Involuntary Response
exactions
"
-
"
-
junction
impulse
rapidly integrating
of effectors (muscles &
responses
synapse
L> ensures
and
automatically
between two
travel in
"
neurone s
direction
one
&
✗ CNS
-
coordinating
stimuli with the
glands )
Drugs
-
eg heroin
.
↳
only
T
dopamine
i. T
Neurotransmitters
neurotransmitter
/1
.
÷¥Ér
molecules
①
'YAP
gendn
C.
Axon terminal
i
.
/
vesicles
-
}
POSTS
NEURON
,,
>ynaptic cleft
impulse triggers
It
excitement
release
of neurotransmitters
-
PRESYNAPTIC
=
②
③
Vesicles to
④ Binds
⑤
synaptic gap
neurotransmitter diffuses
impulse
with
receptors
continues
|
14.2 SENSE ORGANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
É:|
%accomodationcones.ec
sense
organs
refracts
the eye
.
stating
the
|
functions of
responding
group of receptor cells
touch
nddraw)thdiagamf
{
-
,
temperature and chemicals
bright light
yn.ewmgoy.eu faraway
,
hole
enters the
-
fight
whaiamad|
,
,
more
sensitive to
light
enters
/ Carries
-
:
-
brain
impulses to
the
involuntary response
antagonistic muscles
,
radiance
rods
Contains light receptors
pupil
pupil reflex
É
,
different colours of
light
|
light sound,
/ some
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
④
light
:
I
controls how much
dim
stimuli
-
what~peo-rspmseisapyiffocus.es/igntontotheretina.refrex?a)
specific
"
light
differnts1,
Dpupirfexi:
to
IES
a)
sense
"
organs
y
""ɧ^"
,ngµ,,nwaµµ,a×smaner +
mÉ|
Contract
Relax
Dim
relaxed
.iargerÉ#
contracted
smaller
less
'
JDescn.be/-hedensityofrodsand-fAccomodati
on"""
"
:
#÷ :=
"" "
"" "" "
°"
.
"+""""¥
"""°""""""""""""""""""
11 |
" ""
"
"" "
Tight
Relax
Elliptical
f-
thin )
Nearcontractslacksphen.ca#
÷¥
CONES
3
Rods
.
RODS
↳
primary
-
↳
?⃝
?⃝
colours
:
lbtacklwhitef
T sensitivity
Angular separation from fovea
?⃝
"
" ""
↳
f- fatter)
night
to
light
vision
red blue green
,
,
.
14.3 HORMONES
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
I
:¥÷: :÷:÷:-,
"" "" " "" "
a)
specific
endocrine
b) target organ
gland
Hormone
"
-
chemical substance
alters the
produced by
of
activity
one
or
agland
more
carried by the dI which
specific target
organs
"
inweron-|
Hormone
Adrenal
gland
Respiratory I
circulatory
systems
•
•
•
•
Iifightorflightt
IES
D
That
&
Tpulserate
Iwidenedpupilsf
chemical control of metabolic
activity
pancreasbtbloodglucoseconc.IN/pu1ser#andenaocn-ness-em
Testes
Reproductive
•
T muscle
mass
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Testosterone
organs
•
T
body
hair
OFnovan-esrepmducy.mil/s9wth&d*Growth of breasts
organs
•
•
T
body
hair
Menstrual
cycle
!i*t%ss*em"÷÷:
÷÷÷÷÷ment
taenas•"""d"""""•s#
" " " " ""
"""
•
•
•
•
"
"" " "
Rapid
short
lived
Travel
along
small
target
•
neurons
area
°
•
Longer lived
Travel in the
large target
blood
area
-
whole organ
oowiredsystemoowirelesssystem
14.4 HOMEOSTASIS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
ast
Define
b)negadback_
"
Homeostasis
:
(
↳
s
"
-
maintenance
of
a
constant internal environment
control of internal conditions within set limits
Negative Feedback change
:
causes
a
response
"
"
that reverses the
change
J-sx temdet of-i .ie?- itm,.u+ae. .+Hea+ener#
a)
being
Too Hot
:
too hot
IES
Desc-bethebodysrspnsesandsituationdetectt-f.FR#
b)d_
Descn.be#hathappenswhenthey
bshiven.no#dfWoskinsurfaa
effects to
sweatglandsproducesweattvaporatescoddown
dilate
arterioles
=
T blood flow to skin surface
Vasodilation
:
Thermoregulatory
heat loss
=
by radiation
redder
insulation
a)
too
is
:
high
b)tool#
otemp
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
blood sugar level
Too cold
OR
Blood
respiration
contract
temp receptors
arterioles constrict
0netheyP-t.IN#entofype-diabetes-HairerFctogesontrat-r.payerofinsuatingair
Vasoconstriction
1
it pull
hair
to heat loss
:
up
by radiation
,
,
JNameandidenh.fi/onadiagram-f--theskinBl#EHGHBoodf
:IPah""d""+s""9É
::::÷:÷l:÷÷:
Insulin travels to the liver
Glucagon
travels to the
liver
Type
1 diabetes
symptoms
Treatments
:
:
:
✗
T thirst
insulin
,
insulin
urine
injection
,
Diet, exercises
14.5 TROPIC RESPONSES
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
D:|
a)
•
t.GR#iropism-
"
a
gravi tropism
response
parts
which
in
of the plant
grow towards
or
away from
gravity
tphototropism
/Phototropism
"
a
-
Descn.be#hathappensogrowth|
in the
a)
roots
and snoots for
the
response
in
which
direction from which
light
plant grow towards
the
parts of
is
coming
:
gravitropism
•
Gran tropism &
'
blphototropism.AM/
Phototropism
ex
-
of chemical of
.
or
away from
"
IES
•
plant growth
t.ir#-psofshoots/roots/Describetheuseofweedki1ler-finvestigate phototropism
-
controls shoot /root
growth
-
made
in
go.p.in.mg#..nm..m. a
µ"i"Éi+i|
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
OUHineTW-iganf-an.in
in
Shoot
Negative
Positive
sunlight
.
breaks down auxin
Tconc
:
auxin
↳
-
.
shaded side
on
cell
elongation
bend towards
auxin troll
:
.
light
growth
root bends down
#
/
Auxin in
-
weedkillers
↳
shoots
:
-
roots
-
T cell
growth
tr cell
growth
synthetic plant Mormont
2,4 D
-
↳
affects Dad leaves
↳
-
causes
Ct
rapid growth
death )
15.1 DRUGS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
"
-
any substance
what~ambisusedwand-Antibioh.es
I
how does it do this ?
whyareantibioticsnoteffech.ve
against
?
viruses
I
inside
bacteria
kill
↳ Items of
WHY
a)
Hminimtld
development of
resistant bacteria ?
What
is
a) Penicillin
✗
(
cell membrane
✗ carryout same chemical
reactions
(
bacteria
as
①
-
mutation
c)
=
1Fadv→
may give
variation
gives
finishing
Passon alleles
to
complete full
-
offspring
-1
☒
& clinics
development
avoid unnecessary
MRSA
→
g-
use
resistant to
=
course
many
☒ ☒
staphylococaesaureus
antibiotics
a
selective
advantage
☒ ☒☒☒☒
☒☒
f
③ Iv competition
↳ food
←
,
space etc
☒
NATURAL SELECTION
of resistant bacteria :
of antibiotics
methicillin-resistant
Rleproduce
④ ☒ ☒
ienin
✓
④
reproduce
How to minimize the
↳
⑤
course
hospitals
"
② Antibiotics kill bacteria
without changed genes
binary fission (x2)
antibiotics
not
body
adv /dis
00
patients
✓
008
☐
antibiotics
:
overdose of
the
in
wall formation
✗ cell wall
hostel \
=
(
disrupt cell
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
form ?
↳
to -1
viruses
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
oHc-msitantbaena
affects Ñama
Kill bacterial cells
bacteria
↳ target virus
target host cell
become
or
\
I
to
do
that modifies
body
bac infections
ability
anhc-msitaMbaena
Describe how
treat
:
taken into the
IES
Drug
Penicillin
-
1st antibiotic
↳ discovered
by
Alexander
Fleming
. .
.
15.2 MISUSED DRUGS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Descn.be/-heeffectofheninn
synapses
Wtfinjgw?
Heroin
opioid painkiller
-
↳
injecting
heroin
+
Heroin has similar structure
→
/↳
stimulate
HIV
cause
can
depressant
CNS
release of
↳
↳
recreational
-
excessive alcohol
drug
consumption
can cause
endorphin receptors
↳
produce relief from pain
entering receptor site
in
depressant
+
endorphins
block neurotransmitter
+
dopamine
Alcohol
binds to
to
to
:<
ldamage
pain
alcohol
consumption ?
IES
wnathappensdueoexass.to
Effectsofexcessivealcoholconsumptiontheroinabusei
addich.cn#-Whereisalcoholbrokendoun?I
of
site
breakdown
of
alcohol + other toxins
?!¥?!!?"÷÷m.romµoµr
m
(
PaverfuldepressantfelingsofweÉhenfee1ingsota☒im
i-neea-ea.sn
excessive
unneasonaaeaea.si#aaa,,n.m
+ control
can
make
aag.cn,
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
akoholcmsumptimandher
Describe
-
socialimplicationsosty-tcn.
name/-hediseasescausedbyW
SM0Kin9smokingimtatestinHame#É
abuse
smoking
and
y
Name and describe the effect
different components
µgcanar
, m•d"""""É; I
chronic obstructive
describe each
of
in tobacco
Pulmonary
Disease
( COPD)
to walls
damage
ig
(
→
cancer
emphysemic
causing
chemicals in
onang.in.mg
promo ,
andlungcan ,mmyµµ,,,a,;;;ggyqgq÷µm
☐
www.u.nnmnmngma.mg
stthfthawh
Give
an
example of an anabolic
consumed
tobacco
=
Ñi- on
the walls
i{namw,
omponenta. tn,?Y.num, e,.,+oa.+,pa m=,as *aiµomµµ,ear#|
Carbon monoxide
ps gas
-
T taken
up
by
r
-
b. c than
Oz
TheartrateJW.yn.a.ua
T absorbed
Nicotine
gang ,
-
i
-
ya .
www.anairn-t#aesUg+Tmucus--smoker'sc@f
Anabolic steroids
↳
•
•
•
-
ex
.
testosterone
Negative effects
:
mimickspntein@idingeffecto.T risk of hetdi
EH
TmÑ
•
•
Tt+
•
beef
•
°
ngg
impotence
behaviours
( in
men )
iÉp ( in
women )
16.1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
I
DÉMODÉ
Gipawh
(
Reproduction
"
process resulting
-
La
ex
.
plants
,
bacteria
,
yeast ,
in the
production
of
oɥda offspring from
"
starfish
Giresomeadvantagesa①
disadvantages
reproduction
of
for
IES
asexually
asexual
:
a)
wild species
b)
crop production
t.FI?pnaeu.iamt/o.nciganmeroyf spri.ng/.wn.,e,npan.em.peam+a+ona""°"""""?%Ñ%%""#
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
reproduce
Asexual
-
-
'
-
no
nodirer
mates required
higher ec gains
farmers
can
keep desired
characteristics
16.2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
bjam
Define
:
a) sexual
Sexual
Reproduction
reproduction
"
-
process
and the
a
from
the
involving
each other
☒in
of the
n
production of offspring
nuclei of
gamete
bsotygformed
nuclei of
haploid
gamete
b)diplo
it
mean
by
Howisazygotetorme
di"d"M^%s
advantages
reproduction
a)
of zygote
for
:
wild species
n.n.pn.u.mn
and
-
/
:
a) haploid
Give some
nucleus
diploid ?
or
What does
fusion of gamete nuclei
•
haploid
-
diploid
-
42
no
.
of chromosomes
full set of chromosomes
IES
a)
Fertilisation
:
"
-
When nucleus
of egg
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Is the
"
are
.
•
-
ga@tex to form
that
geneticallyditterent
of two
-1
sperm fuse
§pna*m|
•"ed"""×im÷÷?µ
""""""""""-÷?÷#
-
genetic variation
.
-
va in yield
.
"
'
☒+
resources
required
1owery
less
economic gains
offspring pnenotypesccharacten.sn#
16.3 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
"°"""""
a)
stigma
b)
ovary
c)
petals
d)
sepals
e)
anthers ?
{
style
"" "
gravy
into
petal
/
brightly
sepal
-
coloured
to attract insects
pollinated
c)
Pollination
:
Self
pollination
a)
Pollinated
-
"
-
transfer
pollinated
Wind
Pollination
"
-
otpollengrainsfromthe anther to
cross-Pollination
from the
transfer of
flower
cross-pollination
d)
"
-
or
flower
a. iffenent
on
the
a☒
same
of
b)
respond
to
of
reliance on
changes
in
the
reliance
flower
h*hMsa""
pollen
to the
of
a
flower
on a
""
" "" " " " "" " ""
"°
"""
"" "
✓ suitable
temp
✓
oxygen
on
pgw
.my#
pollinators
Describe how the
①
tube
T⑨%"¥h ②
stigma
fertilisation
③
Hliamu?
T.FI#spYr0mnuaei
on
?⃝
.
stigma
⑤ QQ
After Fertilisation :
②⑥
°mkovary
→
fruit
'
Embryo
Food store
seed coat
±
listth~ondiimsrqui-do.ms
pollen lands
germination
a
"
"
Trariation
•
flower to the stigma of the same☐
oranges
environment
c)
a
the #plant
species
WIND
"
to
respond
ran.an.cn
tr variation
•
:
a)
.gma_*W¢¥°
stigma
;n+nmentne| a."e|nu#y•adaPt
mp.u.naMb
"""""""""" enn."""^•nt
pollination and cross-pollination
of
growing flower
INJECT
transfer of gs from the
dif¥ plant of the
germination
in terms
protect
anthltsfirm.insideflowerloose.outsideflowe.rs
flowers and
b pouiam
Define
part
Ne:#É¥
it
|c÷ta:rcm÷ta÷:insn÷ec¥:tarN: On|:e*d-÷÷arf.¥I"¥¥
they ?
structural difference
between insect
/ reproductive
-
Insect
windpollinatedflostigmastickyiinsideflowernet-likelfeathery.IM
Describe the
^^ "
stamen
ovule
containers
seeds
develop
when fertilised
{
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
what are
carpet
part
ystammit
and
-
1
Anther
IES
reproductive
produce plant gametes ( pollen )
lgfigma
a
Female
?⃝
?⃝
I
sticky surface toitrap pollen
-
Draw and label the structures of
P° " " tube
"
nucleus travel
down to
↳
egg
enter
Fertilisation
through micropyle
-
tÉÉ fuses
with
a
in the
""
16.4 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
÷¥ ¥ ¥ ¥:÷:÷
seminal
DrwandlabftspermtHuid=semen☐
§
÷:÷÷÷÷÷t¥¥,#±÷÷
y,w
reproductive system
a) front view
b)
side view
duct
of the
female reproductive
a) front
system
:
Penis
-
partmaadma functions of the different
tissue to
"°""^""d&^
of
in terms
:
gland
-
-
enable sper☐mto
scrotum
sac
/
of
µ,
, anne , ,
em@ae.iopsjut.!I
produce
cells
/
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
u
gametes
a) size
\
/
-
reproductive systems
stern
Perris
organ made of I-
-
.
state the
#to nourish
tubewhereun.ee
foreskin
view
secretes
urethra
-
Urethra
Draw and label the
/
prostate
- gland -
:
IES
male
orang
C- want
-
-
-
V99
receives
!!!
/ cervix
- where
Which separates the
a & uterus
'M
sperm☐
during
sexualintercoursf.im
mobility
d) numbers
isadaptedforitsfunct
Describe how acn)
a)
sperm cell
b)
egg cell
:
sizesmallerlarger
elongated -1 streamlined
structure
spherical
enerogystoreforsfngprotein-fatincytopla.ME
f1 to
mobility
swim
m
SPERM
releases
CELL
Aoosome
don't
move
OVUM
:
↳ digest jet psperm
☒*
I
nydeus
contains
hs
by itself
☒ per month
digestiveenzymes
I
?⃝
.
c)
from
around
a
1
mitochondria
(
respiration
↳ release
¢
±ÉD
to swim
:
contains
chromosome
in
"" "
enlergystores
nua.is
-
jelly
coat
changes at fertilisation
16.4 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
D
(
lÉÉamayu?
f④ of
"
Fertilisation
-
( egg cell / ovum)
usually
occurs in
the fetus
during
a)
early stages
b)
later
the
Growth &
""°"""""""
b)
placenta
c)
amniotic
sac
fluid
d) amniotic
hire xamplesofsometoxinsandJpathoge.ms
that
the
can
pass
across
placenta
b)boeedigfmuami
Discuss the
advantages
disadvantages
a)
of
and
:
breastfeeding
pregnantwom
Describe the antenatal
care
for
(
(
egg cell
after fertilisation
☒ baby -1
(
site of
makes
and
childbirth
:
T complexity
T
:
ball
of cells
implant
that
into the
wall of the uterus
" " " "" d
↳ surrounds -1
amniotic
exchange by diffusion
0
fetus
receive
Oz
°
" ">
^^ "
"
1
☒fetus
↳ actas
sac
-1
dissolved nutrients
+ ""
/
"" "
"" "" "
& pathogens
some toxins
a
↳
affect fetus
↳
( attaches
1- contains
to
H-sa vam-ao.es/i Foie :i iYnar enoaige.#
✓ balance of nutrients
.
able to monitor amount
consumed
.ve#B
-
g. nicotine
rubella virus
transport blood
.
'
e.
to placenta
bloodves.se#
adf.gg#steedingBotteeeding-muamik
-
& pathogens
placenta -1
some toxins
pass across
snocicabsorber
-
amount consumed
0utWfabu
:
of Fetus
zygote-embryo-fe.TT
aln )
a) umbilical cord
development
later stages
stages
zygote
afemalegamete
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
a)
and
Early stages
:
b)embr
what is
mt (sperm )
a
"
oviduct
DethgnwthaddWM
of
nuclei from
the
IES
eraHm
only
mother can
-
feed
.
anyone
needs
can
feed
Antenatal care
'
.
-
-
:
healthy balanced
vitamin
diet
supplements
fish
uncooked eggs
✗
raw
✗
smoking / alcohol
,
warming
expensive
medicatimsldiet
affectbreastmihk
labour & Childbirth
① Breaking
of
:
omonia
② Contras
of
③ i of
cervix
uterus
④ Passage
( head first)
of baby through
⑤ Tying & cutting the
forms bellybutton
⑥ Delivery of afterbirthlplacental
-
16.5 SEX HORMONES IN HUMANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
I
b
a)
testosterone
b)
oestrogen
'
the
-
on
the
changes
in
the ovaries
and
inwwedini-nemensimaias.ie
where it
describe
is
-
"
making sperm&semf
☒ enlarges
•
voiadeepens
"
-
growth of
start
br
ofmen#stma
cycle
sexual characteristics
of breasts
growth
-
hipsm
-
/
Menstrual
"
tween regulating secondary
:
②
ffgfÑÑÑfÉy
,m hTÉÉr§ÑÉooo
Describe each of the 4 hormones
a)
'
in
ÉeÉ
and for each ,
b
in terms
start
testes
•
sexual characteristics
:
produced
⑧
⑤
0
26
Corpus
ngHUiu
luteum
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
of
cycle
Fair
development ofm
oestrogen
tgtwu
Describe the menstrual
Mateen regulating secondary
growth d-
.
body
-
IES
tWff
"
testosterone
D
,
:
I
①
'
0°
☐
00
o
1
880000000800¢01
,
ygumn.mi.u.am#anmggggay
to
14
116
18
122
112
1
10
8
2
14
20
24
É"Émaintaid
ovulation
starts to mature
breaks down
•
uterus
builds up
lining
|
so
fertilised egg
can
implant
,
T
Period
starts
I
uterus
lining
"**÷;m*,"
Egg
'
released from
ovary
o.clhom..de/ovsaa#.#.gm,n.em/.,naeaseae.
e.n,m. ,n.u, .nu.mm.,imn. nnia,. mn*u,. m+.-/ng
Hormone
Produced by
FSH
pituitary gland
oestrogen
ovary / follicle
:
1•
•
to
cause
egg
causes
lining
grow / mature
of uterus to
into follicle
develop & thicken
Ltlpituitaryglandocausesovulationtooccureggreheasedfromf
,
mm,
.µµ , .gg
am, ,
,
,mµ,
,
pregnant
FOLLICULAR PHASE
menstruation
LUTEAL PHASE
ovulation
1#
.
progesterone
16.6 METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL IN HUMANS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
a,
natural
b)
chemical
4
barrier
categories
" "" "" "
:
monitoring body
peak,
+
IES
in the four
"
;y;""""""¥÷"""""""""""
gyµnpµµa*%µm→⇐→n|
%11.is?i: n:t: : : a+mem-s
ND (intrauterine
device)Makespermlesslikelytosurnve+Wohanceotimptatir
makes mucus more y to
Releases pwg
IUS C intrauterine
tmo of sperm
-
b1iea1m
a.
use
µ, ,a ,
of
:
m.mm.mn
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
outline the
,,,,
cmtraceptimandfertilitytreatm
Discuss the
ÉPÉE
plant
releases
inserted
LET →
under skin
makes
in the
upper
arm
mthi-✗fertilisatiaI
ilniectimadministersprog.es#f
social implications of
.
B.IM?a?I+h'mtNYn+:?a.ns.aeap-aueasspermO-semiso
tpermeamo+ra•
;Fema1esteri
:÷:÷U:is÷atim÷:sealswi:ducts-stopeggsreachi
÷: ÷÷÷.nguter=
*""""÷÷÷ **m*
-
surgicalBirthControlDetaf
Contraceptive
oestrogen
•
Fertility
•
hormones
FSH
•
inhibit production of ☒
-
hormones
-
Artificial Insemination (A1 )
:
inhibit production of
-
progesterone
•
social
implications
religions
some
•
contraception
Fertility
:
introduced
in
woman's
uterus
.
:
stimulate
•
semen
:
OR
main of eggs
In Vitro Fertilisation
•
•
:
do not
limits
treatments
:
•
accept
LH &
FSH
Embryo
some
eggs
to
discarded/used
for resea③
geneticscreening
( NF )
injected
eggs fertilised
populationgrowth
can lead
?⃝
?⃝
I
÷÷÷ empJom1ation.bodyxmp eaksDsoara@in.ermreunenx.mp
.us?:::::::::i::::::..a.......a.a*....#|""""""""°"É
,avoii
µµg
"" " " " " " ° "
returned
-
release
with sperm in
to
.
:
several eggs
a
laboratory
woman 's uterus
16.6 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
pkofast
tamiHdby?
sexually
↳
ex
.
transmitted infection
Human
/
transmitted
by
we can
sharing needles
blood
system
•
|
\
virus
-
attacks /kills
Iv
no
.
Loftis through sexualcontac.FI
via
(HN )
may lead to AIDS
control
°
system
:
lymphocytes (T
-
cells
=tyopnduaµg }
°
DescribewhenHNKadstoAl
Virus
transmitted
is
of lymphocytes
)
body
spread
of
STIs
☒ unprotected
lead to AIDS when :
likely
to
die
:
sex
cannot defend itself
from regular illness
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
immune
transfusions
infection that
HIV & the Immune
=
Destaffh
sex
mane , , µ ,
control the
t
-
Immunodeficiency
unprotected
spreadof5
Describe how
:
"
:
IES
PÉTAIN
from infection that
is
not
normally life threatening
17.1 INHERITANCE
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
"
inheritance
:
transmission of
-
at
inheritance
b)
Chromosomes
Ifs
gene
④ length of
c)
haploid
thread
a
"
A
d) alleles
e)
"
-
"
version
like structure
-
DNA that codes for
of
gene
a
of DNA
a
,
set of
, , ,,
|××
,.mmm
unpaired
nucleus
" " " "" " " "
"
"
Contains
°
Female
✗✗
Male
a
"
gametes
two sets
containing
""
single
"
"
"" "
""
" " " some'
23pa
°
.
base determine ?
Base
sequence ( DNA)
4 bases
sitdit?
What does DNA control and
Desm.be/-kp@ssofpntein
synthesis
WhatmRNA?
expressed ?
adenine
:
Yentas
Gene
Expression :
AÑ contain genes
°
.
many ,,
,
DNA controls
↳
cell
thymine (7) guanine (G)
,
synthesis
③
mRNA passes
④
ribosome
•
proteins (
some are
:
mRNA :
amino acid :
amino acids in
it needs
the
correct order
to make
enzymes )
•
antibodies
•
receptors for neurotransmitters
a
remains in
copy of
the
nucleus
gene
into
T
C
C
G
A
Y a'
'"
"
a
al
"
d
I
A
G
G
C
U
A
'
U
☒
am
to the
cytoplasm
messenger RNA
I
ribosomes
amino acids
protein
order of amino acids determined
complementary
strand
man,
cytosine (c)
&
for putting together
code
:
through
assembles
:
my
:
mRNA molecules carry
DNA
,
function
① genetic coding for protein
⑤ specific
,
specific protein
production of
controls
Protein
,
genetic
-
, ,
µ
:
(A)
a
D0deHscoMaig2O
are some not
"
:
tHlsppn
why
containing
"
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Female
④
XY
nucleus
chromosomes , e. g. in
Diploids
t÷di.
Ragam
M a g p a n t ay
/
Descn.be/-@nheritanaofsex
¥
FTMtfqq.MBqqq.gg
Descn.be#%baseseqnenUs
in humans
"
-
-
✗
form of genes
in the
"
H⑤ideu
XX
"
protein
Male
50% Female
generation
to
carrying genetic information
"
nucleus
,
genetic information from generation
IES
,,µmm se
Define
by
molecules
sequences of bases
in
mRNA
A
-
4 bases
//
u
trail
/ \c
G
17.2 MITOSIS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Mitosis
↳
escn.be#ofFis
role
b)duringmit
:
before mitosis
What?
rise
to
genetically
identical cells
"
:
repair of damaged
°
replacement of
°
asexual
Stages
0
of mitosis
giving
tissues
cells
reproduction
:
Before mitosis
:
HEY of
chromosomes
occur
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
a)
happens
nuclear division
growth
°
°
Describe what
"
-
IES
De
0
During
mitosis :
copies of
chromosomes
separate maintaining
,
Big
the chromosome number
^
t
"
←
stem cells
"
-
inspected cells that divide by ms to produce
become spfeciaisedforspecific.tn#ions
"
Ete that
can
17.3 MEIOSIS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Meiosis
whatismeiosisinwlvedin2.TL
>
ra
Describe
how meiosis
results in
reduction division in which the
resulting
involved
in
the
in
chromosome number is halved from diploid
genetically different
production
of
cells
to
haploid
"
gametes
o|
t
crossover
of
genetic info
/
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Descn.be/-heprocessotmeios#
"
-
IES
D
f,
" " sdin.ae twice
T÷::÷÷
'
contain
new
maternal &
an .cn
."
as
cells
combinations of
paternal
chromosomes
17.4 MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
I
a)
Genotype
b)
Phenotype
d)
Heterozygous
e)
Dominant
"
-
Homozygous
Dominant
a)
Recessive
individuals that
breed
together
Descn.be#seofpediYts
Descn.be#-estnssesfsed?
having
"
two
of
organism
two
in terms
organism
an
;aue.es
of
of the
"
an
-
die
"
-
allele that
allele
an
is
apaniauargene
alleles of
ed if
Pedigree
charts
it
is
present
when there is
①①
☐
☐
co
-
dominance by
explaining
#
☐f ① ☐
0
C)
#
affected
°
male
°
affected female
① ① ☐
Defifex-inedharau-en.sc
exÉNag
, ,aum,, ,ma
Draw
a)
2
punnett squares
for :
heterologous parents
b) female
normal
carrier
-
and
sighted
a
male
,
Group
IBIB
AB
IAIB
or
of §
§
11310
(
characteristic
/
•
"
-
A
of
gene , ,
sex
linkage
:
unknown
homozygous
with
parent
cross unknown
1^-113
1
1A 10
B
1A /
characteristic in which the
than
.
of
parent
:
1^-10 PP 1010
:
1
:
:
1
:
I
:
"% "
""
25% A
25%0
-
chromosome
ex
genotype
work out
can
±
O
Sex-linked
crosses :
Blood group B
Genotype
B
characteristics
recessive
[÷|;÷¥.fm#
Blood
in
colourblinduss
the
-
gene responsible
and that this
other
more
makes it more
is
located
on
in one
common
sex
a
sex
"
prevalent inmates
gagmmg.punnyyggu.am,
✗ by
heterozygous large Bb
-sightdma\B×b ✗ By
:
:
✗
bxb
:
✗
by
:#÷÷:÷
:¥
.IE#..t=::.:::::::::::::bBbbb
1
1
B
÷
BB
:
2
:
1
Bb
%
¥
25%
-
small
✗
B
"
parent
female
normal
is ,o
groups
"
Écf the gene present
Test
normal male
tpft_⇐t
Explain
"
"
interpret the inheritance of
allow you to
-
"
"
particular gene
a
only expressed
that is
present
"
homozygous individuals breed together
two identical
:
having
-
an
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
homozygous
up of
Xpurebreeding
Can two
b) heterozygous
"
↳ herding
↳
-
ÉÉm
-
Heterozygous
make
genetic
-
Phenotype
f) Recessive
,,pmyygn
"
Genotype
IES
ygou,
Define :
✗ Bxb
✗ By
25%
25%
:
-
-
1
:
1
normal
normal
:
I
sighted
sighted
female
male
18.1 VARIATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
variation and
genetic
variation
omimaam
µ,u,,,µµ
Describe and
a)
compare
'M" 'm" "
between
Variation
"
Variation
-
Phenotypic
differences
variation
Genetic variation
-
-
between individuals
differences
in
genes
same
species
"
& environmental factors
by genetic
caused
of the
and alleles between individuals
| g
f{ .g.ynguen.am#ganmnewaue,
CmtinuousVaria*mDiscontinuousVariatio
"
" " " i"
Phenotypes
" " "si" "
2
between
of
" " " Mb "
phenotypes
with no☐
IES
Distinguishing
e.g.heighthtte.me#&
mostly
↳
caused
by genes
" " ""
←"
Mutation
"
-
°
alone
" " doom"
genetic change
"
y
iami@ngradi
a
i
m
|
im Isomechemica1s_dhMMd.J
penne
b)
on continuous
and
°
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
investigations
" " "" "
gene mutation
tÉWm?
symptoms
°
t,!mtamb
°
listmsi
anaemia
""
"
id
asitamo?
Draw a
punnett square showing
how sickle cell
What are
anaemia is
people
heterozygous
who are
for the sickle cell
t-xpla.in#istnbuf-sike
cell anaemia and malaria
" " """
-
guang
,
;n+ne base
sequence of ☒A
"
and Base substitution :
"""""°
YImo.o.in/:. :-. : . sn#-
shortness of breath
Amino acid
"" " "
glutamic acid
valine
Phenotype
Inheritance of
sickle-cell anaemia
①②
:
Re condition
iapdsick6
""
Sickle cell Anaemia
sickle cell Anaemia :
" ""
""
°
""
of
heart palpitations
°
°
""d
"
gene mutation
,
?⃝
?⃝
I
Dan
-
cell trait
§
¥
"
Hb
"
"
Hb Hb
①
Hbatlbs
Hb
"
Hbs
"
:
2
:
,o%
came ,
sickle cell disease
ñ
ppl
who
are
Heterozygous (Hbs Hb ?)
have resistance to
I
25% normal
Hbs ftp.nf/bsHbsHbs -25%
°
"""""^"""""
" " "" " " " "" " " " "
1
malaria
¥÷÷:÷÷¥f÷÷÷÷÷
¥;÷" " "
Falciparum
.
⑤
%
malaria in
Africa
5%
☐
1-
☐
10 -20%
)
18.2 ADAPTIVE FEATURES
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
adaptive
maquinna
a) polar
b)
:
bears
a)
are
:
hydrophytes
b)xeroph
Give
an
example of
a
:
a) hydrophyte
b
Describe
and
features of
explain
:
hydrophytes
yt
the
adaptive
inherited
environment
"
the
functional features of
inherited
organism
an
/
ears
heat insulation
absorb
solar
radiation to
white fur
keep warm
swim
camlouflage
I
Fitness
"
-
-
catch
the
-
hump
"
found
of
through icy
an
provide energy
gym, ,
1
-
long
water
organism surviving and
reabsorb
water from
food
reproducing
muscular
legs
longiyitestines
fast
storetoodl
-
can walk
-
padded feet
1
prevent sinking
prey
probability
it is
fitness
.
/
strong legs
-
sand
/
,
\
skin
sharp claws
in its
reproduce
that increase its
/
long eyelashes
thick layer of fat
I
-1
to survive and
organism
protect from blowing
/\
nose
an
"
reduce heat loss
round
black
feature that helps
into sand
in an environment in which
"
osm.nam#. /-h.of1ayerofhumidQ-trwaer
.FI/::::--::÷:÷
°
plants
that grow in
or
on
°
water
plants
that need
IB
ÉÉÑ÷¥
11①
==¥÷÷¥ ÷
°
TSA
=
ÉmphoyntWi
aes(coz
=a
atmosphere
roots
of
doz )
°
little water
spines / needles
rolled leaves
°
inside
few roots
stomata
on
__vossby
thick
by transpiration
__wwaterl
.nu#..........mn*i """
°
wide
spreading
waxy
shallow -1
cuticle
deep
nfedloabsorbwaimaximisewaterabsorptiaf.li/-tle/no
°
-1
--
transpiration
loss
→*=*
°
very
°
;
ۤ"""
roots
-_
=
waxy cuticle
=no#
°
vertical stem _-adsunon
largest
l1w
atÉ
?⃝
a)
small
(
camels
phyt?
what
[
features
Describe and explain how
"
-
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
a)
Features
Adaptive
IES
ness
Define :
18.3 SELECTION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Natural selection
①
se1ech
Give
an
example of
that has evolved
an
organism
natural
by
:
ex
→
.
antibiotic resistant bacteria
Mu
⑤
②
Varian
⑥
better
③
Production of many
⑦
pass
④
offspring ÉF
⑧
over
Evolution
"
within populations
change
-
ofg
in
for survival
adjei seen
adapted
to
on
time
=
,
reproduction
offspring
populationchange
within a
IES
Outline the process of natural
population
overtime as
a
result of
b)im
m.
gaugenaturalselectionartificialselech.IS
naturalselectiori
Define :
a)
evolution
Adaptation
"
-
process ,
resulting from nat@raseeHon.by
Describe the differences between
over
many generations
populations become
more
suited
"
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
to their environment
which
µagm,y, ,u,ny|y,nanaµgnm,a, npnau,g µy mmg,
ywnum.mµg/
fpeedofchangeswwH.am
and artificial
natural selection
Environmenttlumans
, , ,µ
µ,
pm, , ,
,
,
,, ,, ,,,
Effectmfithlsstfitnessloftenllvfi.tn#
ngi
Give
examples of
where selective
Breeding
① selection
by humanos of
selective
②
③
Ex
:
:
c these
selection
of
individuals
individuals to produce
ffsp
shows
next
generation
desirab.ie/eaturI
improve crop plants
domesticated animals
wdesirableleatures
(e. g. dogs )
19.1 ENERGY FLOW
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
WtWpnnipkfWgy
to
"
-
principle
source
of energy input to biological systems
"
biological systems ?
In
:$
DescribehowenergyfromthesunisJE.IE
}n,§
:÷¥¥É¥¥:÷÷ .E*E#;.?zg
:
÷
captured by
along food
chain
to consumers
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
transferred to the environment
IES
input
sun
store light energy
as
chemical
energy
through photosynthesis
energy transferred
°
lost
°
waste
°
When
as
to
.
environment
by
heat
products ( urine faeces )
organism
,
dies
:
17.2 FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Descn.be#weTgyismnsemd
between
levels
trophic
Def1evels
1notWiffiint?
Why
is
energy transfer from
one
Food chain
"
producer
supply
one
organism
energy transferred by ingestion
€ÉW¥
the
°
/
position of an organism
food web ,
biomass
"
pyramid
¥Éi§ÉIi=
It
°
|¥ ¥ f¥ ¥
ifp
chain ,
pyramid
or
M tertiary
③ # secondary
② # primary
bat
°
no
consume
.
of
consumer
consumer
producer
tropic level , energy lost
each
of trophic levels
energy lost
'
'
so
< 5
top
consumers consume
Torganisms
plants
µ%→*→¥É¥¥%iI i¥¥¥÷É|
pos twmehhÑ
producers
a
energy transfer is inefficient
4
.{④,w←*¥¥¥¥II→
b)
of numbers
food
a
-
①
☒I
for humans to
with
consumer
:
Inefficiency
in
④
:
M
Enno
a) ioodueb
beginning
between trophic levels
secondary
consumer
Vegetarianism
Define :
to the next ,
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
efficient to
of energy from
=
producer
it more
transfer
"
Explain~yoodha.nu#amsumery
_fMFmrw
p1amanfood?
why is
"
Food chains :
primary
have fewer than five trophic levels
the
showing
-
IES
DÉÉin
not
enough organisms
on
be
groups
classed into
can consumers
according
to their
€⑦§→ #
→
100%101.1%0.1%2
Food webs
Producer
"
-
network
"
-
an
of interconnected food
organism
that makes its
through photosynthesis
consumer
"
-
an
organism
ptimarylsecondanfterh.am
?⃝
Into which
chains
own
"
organic
nutrients
,
usually using energy
"
that gets its energy by
feeding
on
other
organisms
"
from
sunlight
,
17.2 FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
primary
consumers
consumers
,
secondary
and tertiary
consumers
of numbers
b) pyramid
of biomass
pyfbim
Describe the
advantages of
D
a) herbivore
b) carnivore
c)
decomposer
Descñbehuman'simpao①
natural
ecosystems
101000
Advantages
consumer
consumer
consumer
primary
10091m
consumer
pyramids
°
more accurate
0
represents dry
°
almost
mass
of biomass
'
mary
consumer
producer
producer
of
"
:
instead of numbers
always pyramid shaped
.
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
pyramid
" " ""
biomassdrymassxnooforganisms
Emf tertiary
# secondary
tiayisumer
secondary
on :
a)
" " ""
" " "" "
IES
" " "" "
"
Herbivore
carnivore
-
animal that
gets
its
an
animal that
gets
its energy
"
-
Decomposer
energy by eating plants
an
"
an
-
organism
that
gets
its
°
°
°
over
-
have sting
introducing foreign species
removing
habitats
extinctions
to
a
other animals
energy from dead
Human impact:
°
by eating
habitat
"
or
"
waste
organic
material
"
19.3 NUTRIENT CYCLE
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
Émy
*m""mR
fawg;¥:÷;¥ij;:÷÷:¥ÉÉ÷:¥÷¥÷:÷f
carbondioxi.de/eve1sareJFossi1FuekCoiiÉ:÷÷*
.coal.REresePasReAfoY
reasons
why global
increasing
" ""
PHa%%Yd¥¥Esm%
-
" ""
compounds
①
in
fossil fuels
05TH
in
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
07
millions of years
over
de composers
Tndsi
FOSS / LISA -110N
plants
use
dead plants and
mim
°
Burning fossil fuels
°
Deforestation
released
T coz
=
TCO ,
=
(store carbon )
are carbon sinks
because trees
""""
sT&uÉJT
I \
I
1
I
'
1
1
11
'
l
l l
1
11
1
I 1
11
1
ii. iii. Hiiiii Hiiiii:
,
I
11
!
I
1
I
1
,
11
1
,
I
1
,
I/
ii. It
1 ,
'
iii
Ii
'
[
'
-
-
-
-
-
in
i !
-
-
,
,
,
,
:
,
,
,
"
1
,
,
,
'
,
,
-
-
-
-
,
1
-
!
'
"
!
SUN
-
-
-
-
:*
,
'
I
1
,
,
" "
f
animals breathe
l
l
,
'
i
,
:
!
!
y
"
I
.
.
RESPIRATION
i
"
!
EVAPORATION
"
;)
¥'
*
"
H
-
-
-
i
ii.
-
-
"
i =/ossot water vapour
i:iiiiii÷i÷÷:÷?E
tf
,
y , :p :
forms clouds
iitraivspiration
I
!
-
"
I
lit
PRECIPITATION
1,1111
I
-
,
111111 RAIN
CONDENSATION
I
1
'
i
I
1
i
1
-
i-e-e-YN-D-ERGR-O-ND-P-ER-OAT-N-n-e-n.SE#i
-
-
-
- -
?⃝
Desoribethewatercyc.LI
÷
releases coz
IES
Give 2
-
-
-
-
-
-
=
.
19.3 NUTRIENT CYCLE
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
NitrogencydeiFenix@mWhatiypeotbacteriais.J
b)
excess amino
nitrification
carried out
air
makes Nzcombinewithoa
to form
oxides
nitrogen
acids broken down to
ammonia , .me .mn#a.aand
excreted in urine )
by ?
State the role of the
my
i
→§
÷
:
÷
÷
÷
:
¥a% !"%
..µ,
>
nitrogen fixation
lightning
Deamination
microorganisms
occurs
/
¥fj¥*
animal waste
soil
¥'¥
t.%aa.it
nitrogen gas
to form
proteins
*iniT:¥
bacteria in soil
bacteria in
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
to
only in
bacteria in soil
pecomp
a
" ""
also break
"
donnureain
urine into NHI
=
wasne.in#.....m
IES
a)
.
nitrate
""""
fungi) breakdown dead
remains -1 release
convert
nitrogen gas
ions
to ammonia
which mixes with
active
"
arty
ammonium
ions
change
nitrogen gas
to ammonia
" "" "
to make amino
acids
.
.
Ammonificalion
they absorb energy from
this oxidation reaction
changed NHI
-
ions (NHI )
into
Noj
1
soil
°
decomposition
°
nitrification
o
nitrogen
fixation
by lightning
↳
energy
causes
absorption
of nitrate
0
production
of amino acids & proteins
0
feeding
°
°
by plants
digestion of proteins
deamination
denitrification
Role of
°
&
ions
.
microorganisms
:
decomposition
nitrification
0
nitrogen fixation
°
denitrification
to
ammonium ions
and bacteria
°
°
?⃝
of plant & animal protein
nitrogen gas
to combine with
Oz
=
nitrogen
oxide
Nitrificatimbynitn.fi/ingbacteri#
Nitrogen
Fixation
by nitrogen fixing
bacteria
19.4 POPULATION SIZE
CATTAYSTU D I E S
?⃝
I
a)
population
b)
community
community
Ecosystem
pmgrwth
:÷::::::::
Draw
a
a
limiting
curve
population growth
over
the human
the
past
qq.de?einc@asein-mppaim
Describe the environmental
the
actors
affecting
food
°
predation
supply
disease
-
rate of
T
-
-
t
T
=
predators
__
e.
g.
population
food
disease
,
of
Iv
=
decomposing log
a
growth
:
population growth
Iv
impacts
Sigmoid
curve
population growth
population growth
of population
growth
:
in
an
organisms
of
factor affect
graph showing
populations of different species
containing
unit
a
in the
,
or a
,
s-meama.at/-hesa-meime
ecosystem
and their
lake
( environment with limited
environments
resources)
e t-xponentialphofstationaryphas.ee Deathp
§§µ
a
few organisms 1 population T rapidly
,
NO limiting factors
reproducing
,
E
E.
'
death
,
rate
,
¥
=
birth
1
death rate
rate
I
due to lack of food etc
,
1
I
-8
>
birthrate
present
limiting
I
,
ime
Human
I
population growth
:
9-
¥
Environmental
°
°
-
¥§E§3
factors
:
stop
predators
spread of
°
impacts
:
clearing of naturalhabitatsn
tr
biodiversity
"" "
"" " "
globalwarming
0
0
-
°
-
Year
diseases
1
6-
8
..
population increasing
↳
e. ampen.mn
1
1
,
.
limiting factor
t
I
I
É
"
"
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
How does
sigmoid
all of the
"
°
°
"
phases
"
organisms of-espea.es living
group of
interacting together
population growth
of the
a
-
-
Desm.be#hetatwsthatafettl-rate of
"
-
IES
stm
Population
Define :
Twat used
overfishing
invasive
foreignspec.ie#-
=
"
20.1 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
biotechnology
genetic
°
0
.
°
bacteria useful
rapid reproduction
ability
to
make
lack of ethical
0
genetic
°
presence of
code
in biotech &
genetic engineering ?
rate
complex
molecules
considerations
shared
plasmids
with all
-
easy
over
manipulation
other
organisms
insertion of DNA
&
growth
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
engineering
and
is
IES
Describewhybaena.su
in
why
20.2 BIOTECHNOLOGY
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
for biofuels
Descn.be#d-makingusingyeast-
①
microorganisms /yeast anaerobically
②
ethanol &
③
ethanol is distilled
Desm.be/-@le9-tmenzylBreadpectinase
fruit juice
in
①
production
②
:
making
coz
↳
produced
ferment sugar ( carbohydrate )
( anaerobic respiration
occurs
(i.e sugarcane )
biomass
C6HnO6CzH,OHt2C0z
:
Fermentation
in
in
yeast )
Produces coz & ethanol
o1
Ll
IES
Deducñmttha
Production of ethanol for biofuels
theertham
µ
www.naainbiologicawasmngpmdeb
andetwhatah2
§É
§
iawanigpÑ13io
outline an
investigation
to
investigate
③ coz
ethanol
produced
of juice
evaporates
yeast
rise
when cooked
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
volume
bread to
cause
fruit juice Production :
list the
4
types of enzymes used
↳
investigation
For each
enzyme describe
①
its uses
,
breaks down
B
③
an
investigation
the effect of
biological
to
investigate
versus non
④
:
put
put
found
in
so
cell walls break
plant cell walls
apples ( A and
identical portions of
in
bearer of water
in
After 5min
( control )
bearer of water
,
Record volume
+
B)
§§
contd
pectin age
filter
produced
(s )
time
-
easily
more
:
cut two
A:
outline
(enzyme) breaks down pectin (sugar)
Pectin ase
logical washing
Powders
:
f%+""""d""P"""""""
-mms.MY?m;:.; :hie-anam- aeneato a#cel1ulases
EnzymeÑ
"" " "
IV
"" "
-
Lipasesbreakdownfatsceigibuttenlipstickl
break down
cellulose fibres ( e. g. outside of cotton fabrics)
DV
Biological
non
-
or
biological
washing powder
-
scale of whiteness
20.2 BIOTECHNOLOGY
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
lactose :
°
( milk sugar )
lactose
cause
allergies
be
NO lactase
ethpnduls
lactose
-
Production of lactose
free milk
miM
outline
the
an
investigation
to
investigate
effectiveness of lactose free
-
①
lactase
penicillin
free
Tage
to lactase
=
milk
W
②
lactase bound to surface of alginate beads
milk
④
lactose
passed
beads
down
broken down to
glucose
&
galactose
Alginate
beads
w
€
immobilized
enzymes
immobilized enzyme is reused
:
f.
lactose
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Investigation
①
②
measure
A
:
B
:
lactose
made from yeast
produced
Descn.be#pwduc1im-peniiMn
produced
milk :
③
⑤
what is antibiotic
-
enzyme
IES
whycanfactseauseaerg.es?
identical volumes of
normal milk
G- & B)
-
free milk
add lactase
cmciaclactasel-vglucoftf-FM-erseriu.se?
control
③
leave
④
use
( no lactase )
BC control )
overnight
Benedict's
solution & test
for
glucose
produced by
the
fungus
=
✗
glucose
penicillin :
0
Antibiotic Penicillin
↳
produced
① fermenter
② Oz
,
ammonia / area
④
⑤
penicillium fungus
w
(sugar ) , nutrients ,
added
and
pH 6<5
penicillin after
6
days
sterilise fermenter
↳
⑥
at 30°C
Extract
:
inoculated
carbohydrate
③ keep
fermenter
in a
Production of Penicillin
( by
repeat
Penicillin
radiation , T pressure , T temps)
Batch Process
20.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
engineering
examples of genetic
iaymdiyigm
Describe the
a)
b)
I
Engineering
"
-
changing
the
individual
inserting
Examples
genetic material of
genes
pnAahumanpmin
Outline the process of
engineering using
genetic
bacterial
organism by removing changing
,
or
:
0
insertion of human
genes
0
insertion of
into
genes
into
bacteria
crop plants
-
-
:
advantages
disadvantages
an
"
Genetically modifying
crops :(ex soya maize &
.
,
-
produce
insulin
confer resistance to herbicides / insect
provide additional
pests
rice )
vitamins
-weed&
÷÷÷°"""Mr/taa%nw,
" emimmenta1{saHM-Cherbiciae-°res%%"'#
istani
Adv
0
:
environmental
friendly
T expensive seeds
°
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Describe
Genetic
IES
Denginaig
0
consumer
benefits
Bacterial Production of
①
a
human
¥É÷DNA
protein
Sticky
⑤
gene
is
_
when
expressed
plasmid
DNA
Same Restriction
Enzyme
sticky
ycomplementary
ends
E-
←
to make
protein
②
→
→
④
Be
human
:
Ends
e
Replication
biodiversity 1^1614=4 variety )
of human gene
f. Restriction Enzyme
I
v1
°
*
insert
plasmid
into bacteria
←③
I
'
+
Bacteria
piasmid
DNA
1
human DNA
⑤
Recombinant
Plasmid
21.1 FOOD SUPPLY
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
to
increase
food
production
DeÉtu
agricultural machinery
to use
°
chemical fertilisers
T
°
insecticides
°
herbicides
°
selective
0
T
=
Iv
=
=
quality
=
T
areas of
land
=
T
efficiency
yields
&
competition
breeding
larger
T yields
weeds
with
production of crop plants
IES
DthUfmd
technology
Moderntechnologylfoodproductionit
& Ufestock
( e. g. cattle fish & poultry )
,
blintensiD-estpwduilsnegativeimpacts.in
Describe the
a)
large
-
negative impacts
of
scale monocultures
Monocultures
increasing food production
terms
of
in
:
a) social
b)
environmental
c) ethical
De
land clearance
°
loss
°
of
soil
Iv variation
a
single
species
by
/ deforestation
habitats
=
a
=
farmer
"
Intensive livestock Production:
extinction
/ nutrients
°
deforestation
°
T risk of diseases
o
prone to diseases
=
=
to natural selection
°
Tweeter & pesticides needed
°
°
biodiversity
=
°
to natural predators
large corporations
0
=
T pests
=
tr
quality product
ethical
concerns
greenhouse gases
T pesticides used
benefit
"°""""""°d^""""""É⇐|
{
|
|
social
°
Whataud
of
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
,mµ,m,
implications of
production
::÷÷:÷÷÷:÷÷÷
0
Describe the
"
-
""" " " " " " " " " " d
°
needed
.
" "" "" "+
from "" "
fuels
ymea.name ,
workers
"
=
farming
,
,
unemployment
contamination
°
" food
Md "" " "
corporations
,
, , and
w
communities
,
not
=
local
,
pony,
pesticides
lo
Tlanddearf
Famine
↳
extreme
:
caused by
°
0
shortage
of food
:
unequal distribution
drought
&
flooding
0
T
population
0
T
poverty
of food
21.2 HABITAT DESTRUCTION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
destruction
°
°
foodcha
Describe the
impacts
of
altering
tam
list the
undesirable effects of
°
T size of
marine
,
,
livestock
production
&
housing
chains
:
°
predictors
:
=
T consumers
pwd☒ceB/cms☒meB=
lvtood
Undesirable effects of deforestation
-
-
T competition for
:
predators
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
deforestation
food crops growth
pollution
negative impact
0
Explaintheundesirab.be/-fecBof@
for
extraction of natural resources
Altering food
°
area
IES
Dtfhabitat
Causes of Habitat destruction :
e.in#m:::-:::::-.::::--f
"*.É÷÷÷*iLoss
of
soil
Plant roots
prevent soil
lost in wet weather
FIoodingWtrees=twateruptakebytrees=f1oodinf
21.3 POLLUTION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
land
b)insec,
a) herbicides
on
nuclear
the
fall
out
pollution of land
b)ddmbbi
c)
chemical
untreated
waste
sewage
d) fertilisers
on
the
pollution of
water
Plants
"s harmless
arable
agriculture
atomic bomb
fallout
high exposure death
naf
ileakageatpomerstationsicancerchumanslmutationscnomhui
nuclear
=
,
"""""""
aP""d""
raedmb isniandMsimb isndumpsB"m" "
Pollutant
Describe the sources and effects of
a)
sources
insecticides
Describe the sources and effects of
c)
µdeslkidaabeagta¥÷
{
Pollutant
fatal
factories
chemical waste
wildlife & humans
to
release waste into water
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
a)
:
IES
÷;:÷↳m
Pollution of land
=
leakage of
toxic chemicals
if burned
release
,
poisonous
greenhouse gases
Fdsewagehumancmmumieswi-N-unpm.am
sewage
treatment
harmful bacteria
contains
useo.tordecay-lvozforaquaticorganisbescn.be#ahf
Fertilisersiarablelandlagriculturetutrophication
non
-
biodegradable
plastics
on
the
-erÑW
Describe how
female contraceptive
Describe the effects of female
contraceptive hormones
in water
Eutrophication
Effects of
:
①
T availability of nitrates & other
②
T
growth
of
producers
( algae
bloom )
④ T aerobic
⑤ to
⑥
dissolved
death of
Female
enter
0
remain
0
present
in
landfill
as
release
hormones -
water courses
drinking
female 's
via
(e. g.
water
lakes
urine
.
-
.
)
in
some
entangled
harmful chemicals
water
Effects
°
0
:
feminization of aquatic organisms
sperm
count in
:
site space
food by
animals become
°
0
organisms requiring dissolved Oz
water courses
in
biodegradable plastic
Oz
contraceptive
0
-
identified
0
respiration by decomposer
non
take up
°
ions
③ T decomposition after death of producers
?⃝
en
Describe the effects of
men
organisms
21.3 POLLUTION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
mµµ,µm, ÷÷ ×i÷;÷É÷*|
a)
sulfur dioxide
b)
carbon dioxide
"
methane
a,
nitrogen oxide
ofi
a)
:
acid rain
fossil fuels
sulfur dioxide
burn
methane
came , me
paaayg.eu,
enhance ,
lnitrogenoxidesmotorvehicles.fr/ilisersacidrain-
:
causes
b) effects
Acid Rain :
causes
Effects
:
o
power stations
o
oxidation in
:
o
Descn.be/-@snMstaenco
prevent acid rain
°
0
water
greenhouse
0
climate
?⃝
release
clouds
droplets
kills trees
Iv
pH
sulfur dioxides
produces
&
nitrogen
dioxides
sulfuric acid & nitric acid
erodes
teach
change
:
contain
nitric &
sulfuric acid
/ aquatic organisms
of lakes
effect1eads1oclimaHchange@Measurestakeni.o
Describe how enhanced
greenhouse effect
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
Describe the
Pollution of air
IES
Describe the sources and effects of
limestone / chalk
nutrients
buildings
out of soil
limit combustion of fossil
°
treat
0
catalytic
gas
with
limestone
converters
(
fuels
to neutralise
reduce nitrogen
acid
oxides
( flue gas desulfurisalion)
in exhaust
fumes of
)
cars
21.4 CONSERVATION
CATTAYSTU D I E S
I
biabdHpmt
Define :
sustainable
produced rapidly
-
resource
run
sustainable
Development
"
-
out
development providing for
without
Describe
that it does not
so
the needs of an
the environment
harming
human
increasing
population
"
non-renewable resources
why
such as fossil fuels must be
conservation of
↳
aid
non
Fossil fuels
☐
renewable
-
resources :
non-renewable
=
finite
=
resource
conserved be when combusted , releases
=
will
they
Products that
Resources
recycled/ reused
be maintained
to
}
forests
0
fish stocks
°
stattthatab
out
greenhouse gas
resources that must be
maintained and describe how
run
:
" stained using
Requirements of
0
restocking
developments
sustainable
recycled
paper
glass
0
legal quotas
0
:
0
Education
o
be reused /
can
CA
TT
AY
ST
UD
suggests
removed from the environment
as it is
"
IES
at
"
Sustainable Resource
0
plastic
°
metal
:
①
Descn.be/-@rquimmewof
sustainable
development
cms
Describe how
sewage
make the waters
is
treated
to
safe for human
management of conflicting demands
② planning and co-operation at local
sewage
sewage
xñnt
why organisms
become
s?
How can we conserve
endangered
Descn.be#etets-Nduad
population
size
to
species
treatment
Remove
②
sedimentation
large
liquid
from
activated
"
-
waste
sludge
de composers
↳
use
⑤ sludge
⑥
pass
:
aerobically respire
&
digest
decompose☐
/ozone
to kill
How
0
change
conserve
monitoring
&
hunting
°
introduced species
to
pollution
°
=
T
0
endangered species
protecting species
0
education
captive
breeding
seed banks
fats
°
.
methane ( burned to
produce
provide energy )
microorganisms
to
=
population
difficult
-
-
to
population
tr
size to
gene pool
adapt
=
=
species
:
to variation
harder to survive
competition
and habitats
°
to
Effect of reduced
habitat destruction
Dpesncnjbeamt@mRasnswnseraio.i
processed
sludge out
→
insoluble substances to soluble substances
,
Reasons for extinction :
°
tank
4-
proteins carbohydrates,
breakdown
to
treated with anaerobic
climate
#
( contains bacteria /fungi )
air
eram
anaerobic
aeration tanks
in
enzymes
g
☒ Pump
"
Treat water with chlorine
°
aeration
tank
☒
by filtering through screens
organic solids Csludge ) separated
solids
through sludge
④
sedimentation
t
:
→
①
③
Describe
national and international levels
,
:
Reasons
conservation
0
Iv extinction
°
protect
°
programmes
for
vulnerable
programmes
environments
maintain ecosystem functions
°
°
nutrient
resource
:
:
cycling
provision of food / drugs / fuel /genes