D2 Year D2 Spring Term 6571 Pharmacology Unit 4

#separator:tab #html:true "[Restrictive or obstructive] Respiratory conditions have a disturbance of ventilation due to increased resistance to airflow""Obstructive Respiratory conditions have a disturbance of ventilation due to increased resistance to airflow <div id=extra> Ex) 1. Asthma (reversible) 2. COPD (irreversible) <img src=""paste-51ca51dc8a863e53cb56aaa158b1e005fa0b7d77.jpg"">" "Restrictive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Restrictive or obstructive] Respiratory conditions have a disturbance of ventilation due to decreased chest wall or lung movement""Restrictive Respiratory conditions have a disturbance of ventilation due to decreased chest wall or lung movement <div id=extra> Ex) Pulmonary fibrosis **Decreased lung volumes! <img src=""paste-51ca51dc8a863e53cb56aaa158b1e005fa0b7d77.jpg"">" "Th2 cells recruit [...]""Th2 cells recruit eosinophils <div id=extra> Th2/ Th1 imbalance is indicative of asthma Th17 + neutrophils = COPD Th2 + esoinophils = Asthma <img src=""paste-4bdeea0719d03b2cc09071f2f87a32b891b3cf2a.jpg""><img src=""paste-f3587e5a50bc9addeb4e2ed1cf13e09824fa7da6.jpg"">" "Th17 cells recruit [...]""Th17 cells recruit neutrophils <div id=extra> Th2/ Th1 imbalance is indicative of asthma Th17 + neutrophils = COPD Th2 + esoinophils = Asthma <img src=""paste-4bdeea0719d03b2cc09071f2f87a32b891b3cf2a.jpg""><img src=""paste-f3587e5a50bc9addeb4e2ed1cf13e09824fa7da6.jpg"">" "[...] is the cytokine responsible for activating eosinophils""IL-5 is the cytokine responsible for activating eosinophils <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-1efc8c93b20f46ead9c4649ae59c2a21fa167856.jpg"">" "Activated Eosinophils produce: 1. Leukotrienes & Platelet activating factor which mediate smooth muscle contraction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] 2. Toxic granule products that damage airway epithelium & nerves 3. Cytokines which are involved in airway remodeling and fibrosis""Activated Eosinophils produce: 1. Leukotrienes & Platelet activating factor which mediate smooth muscle contraction 2. Toxic granule products that damage airway epithelium & nerves 3. Cytokines which are involved in airway remodeling and fibrosis <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-bd52c8348135b8d5c195c1f70d94def781377e22.jpg"">" "Activated Eosinophils produce: 1. Leukotrienes & Platelet activating factor which mediate smooth muscle contraction 2. Toxic granule products that damage"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] airway epithelium & nerves 3. Cytokines which are involved in airway remodeling and fibrosis""Activated Eosinophils produce: 1. Leukotrienes & Platelet activating factor which mediate smooth muscle contraction 2. Toxic granule products that damage airway epithelium & nerves 3. Cytokines which are involved in airway remodeling and fibrosis <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-bd52c8348135b8d5c195c1f70d94def781377e22.jpg"">" "Activated Eosinophils produce: 1. Leukotrienes & Platelet activating factor which mediate smooth muscle contraction 2. Toxic granule products that damage airway epithelium & nerves 3. Cytokines which are involved in airway emodeling and fibrosis"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]""Activated Eosinophils produce: 1. Leukotrienes & Platelet activating factor which mediate smooth muscle contraction 2. Toxic granule products that damage airway epithelium & nerves 3. Cytokines which are involved in airway remodeling and fibrosis <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-bd52c8348135b8d5c195c1f70d94def781377e22.jpg"">" "[...] are the most characteristic cell that accumulates in asthma & allergic inflammation""Eosinophils are the most characteristic cell that accumulates in asthma & allergic inflammation <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-129284b2a2051f634234000d14452df9f3d7d182.jpg"">" "Anti-[...] monoclonal antibodies are often used to treat eosinophilic asthma""Anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies are often used to treat eosinophilic asthma <div id=extra> *IL-5 is responsible for maturation & response of eosinophils <img src=""paste-413c025529fc5833f37d6f9504f14a6432a8bba6.jpg"">" "Neutrophilic asthma has predominately Th17"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] and is resistant to glucorticoid therapy""Neutrophilic asthma has predominately Th17 and is resistant to glucorticoid therapy <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-48de2edcfeb00fffa9d197f41c96c54c7db0536a.jpg""><img src=""paste-2b3f2a7fc3116ef4efeb48d04379cc46676cef34.jpg"">" "Neutrophilic asthma has predominately Th17 and is resistant"" data-ordinal=""2"">[responsive or resistant] to glucorticoid therapy""Neutrophilic asthma has predominately Th17 and is resistant to glucorticoid therapy <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-48de2edcfeb00fffa9d197f41c96c54c7db0536a.jpg""><img src=""paste-2b3f2a7fc3116ef4efeb48d04379cc46676cef34.jpg"">" "COPD describes progressive lung diseases most commonly including [...] & [...]""COPD describes progressive lung diseases most commonly including emphysema & chronic bronchitis <div id=extra> • Airways narrowed limiting airflow in lungs • Shortness of breath <img src=""paste-d7a7a5dc315f52b5f543b3d0d673d778e38545ea.jpg"">" "An Increase in [...] Contributes to Bronchoconstriction in COPD""An Increase in Vagal Tone Contributes to Bronchoconstriction in COPD <div id=extra> *Parasympathetic system <img src=""paste-669f51e6df0eb1b5588d731cf33a25832fe4959c.jpg""><img src=""paste-fdf8f492c3baeec59b62788d72d5a7775f58b51c.jpg"">" "Asthma"" data-ordinal=""1"">[COPD or asthma] is characterized by a eosinophil response while COPD"" data-ordinal=""1"">[COPD or asthma] is characterized by a neutrophil response""Asthma is characterized by a eosinophil response while COPD is characterized by a neutrophil response <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-7b6bb90cbf57ed6a12dbccf639ca3efb59cfca2e.jpg""><img src=""paste-52be72900c24d8581aa5f9c577a993248381850d.jpg"">" "β2 stimulation is responsible for bronchodilation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""β2 stimulation is responsible for bronchodilation <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-e9e3ae06717f52705386cdb4eedbf937c2205dcd.jpg"">" "[...] are the first line agents for treatment of acute asthma & COPD""β2 Receptor Agonists are the first line agents for treatment of acute asthma & COPD <div id=extra> *Prevent bronchospasms *Prophylaxis of EIB (Exercise-induced bronchospasm) <img src=""paste-43807e7607f03c020825ae665f39edc4bbb0452e.jpg"">" "Albuterol is a(n) [...]""Albuterol is a(n) Short-Acting g β2 Agonist (SABA) <div id=extra> **Used for acute relief or prophylaxis for exercise-induced asthma *Lasts 4-6 hours **Does NOT relieve inflammation NOT to be used chronically <img src=""paste-985445b5e31697d454394d35393c9190bc9d2eb0.jpg""><img src=""paste-1c7edb71ded47c55445348785665f4c1942173b7.jpg"">" "Levalbuterol (Xopenex) is a(n)  [...]""Levalbuterol (Xopenex) is a(n)  short acting β2 Agonists (SABA) <div id=extra> **Used for acute relief or prophylaxis for exercise-induced asthma *Lasts 4-6 hours **Does NOT relieve inflammation NOT to be used chronically <img src=""paste-985445b5e31697d454394d35393c9190bc9d2eb0.jpg""><img src=""paste-1c7edb71ded47c55445348785665f4c1942173b7.jpg"">" "Levalbuterol (Xopenex) is similar to Albuterol but has higher"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] β2 selectivity""Levalbuterol (Xopenex) is similar to Albuterol but has higher β2 selectivity <div id=extra> *More expensive because it is a specific R-enantiomer <img src=""paste-985445b5e31697d454394d35393c9190bc9d2eb0.jpg""><img src=""paste-1c7edb71ded47c55445348785665f4c1942173b7.jpg"">" "Salmeterol (Servant) is a(n) [...]""Salmeterol (Servant) is a(n) Long-Acting β2 Agonist (LABA) <div id=extra> **NOT for acute treatment **Longer duration becuase it binds to β2 receptors for longer (lipophilic side chain) **Delayed onset **Given every 12 hours <img src=""paste-2f08b46bd4862cbad50c081de7628ac369947583.jpg""><img src=""paste-a1f32ea8ca29eeca16ee55a310d6af167d758ec3.jpg"">" "Formoterol (Foradil) is a(n) [...]""Formoterol (Foradil) is a(n) Long-Acting β2 Agonist (LABA) <div id=extra> **NOT for acute treatment **Longer duration becuase it binds to β2 receptors for longer (lipophilic side chain) **Delayed onset **Given every 12 hours <img src=""paste-2f08b46bd4862cbad50c081de7628ac369947583.jpg""><img src=""paste-a1f32ea8ca29eeca16ee55a310d6af167d758ec3.jpg"">" "[...] are typically used as the ""rescue medication"" for asthma""SABAs are typically used as the ""rescue medication"" for asthma <div id=extra> Ex) Albuterole, Levalbuterol *Fast onset  <img src=""paste-38318a260874db1d2bac3f2d5916a945c1bb61a9.jpg"">" "Indacaterol (Arcapta Neohaler) is a(n) [...]""Indacaterol (Arcapta Neohaler) is a(n) Ultra Long Acting β2 Agonist (ULABA) <div id=extra> **Given once daily Maintenance treatment" "General Adverse Effects of β2 Agonists: *Muscle tremor  *Tachycardia/ palpitations *[...]""General Adverse Effects of β2 Agonists: *Muscle tremor  *Tachycardia/ palpitations *Headache, restlessness, nervousness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-0c279e1babfc18e6c0501d2b2c236c5a9490c390.jpg"">" "General Adverse Effects of β2 Agonists: *Muscle tremor  *[...] *Headache, restlessness, nervousness""General Adverse Effects of β2 Agonists: *Muscle tremor  *Tachycardia/ palpitations *Headache, restlessness, nervousness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-0c279e1babfc18e6c0501d2b2c236c5a9490c390.jpg"">" "General Adverse Effects of β2 Agonists: *[...] *Tachycardia/ palpitations *Headache, restlessness, nervousness""General Adverse Effects of β2 Agonists: *Muscle tremor  *Tachycardia/ palpitations *Headache, restlessness, nervousness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-0c279e1babfc18e6c0501d2b2c236c5a9490c390.jpg"">" "What is the blackbox warning for Salmeterol? LABAs should NOT be used as monotherapy and should be given with inhaled corticosteroids"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""What is the blackbox warning for Salmeterol? LABAs should NOT be used as monotherapy and should be given with inhaled corticosteroids <div id=extra> ICS-LABA combinations remain the most effective strategy for preventing severe asthma exacerbations <img src=""paste-dc93207aba75711d58dbfd38c8f9a40bacf1ac7f.jpg"">" "Methylxanthines are [...] inhibitors""Methylxanthines are phosphodiesterase inhibitors <div id=extra> **Methylxanthines increase cAMP *Bronchodilate Ex) Theophylline, Aminophylline <img src=""paste-4e9647e16c5044b0e550241a023d2421ae329626.jpg"">" "Theophylline (Elixophylln) is a(n) [...]""Theophylline (Elixophylln) is a(n) Methylxanthine <div id=extra> **Methylxanthines increase cAMP *Bronchodilate **Given orally **MANY SIDE EFFECTS! *tachycardia *arrhythmias *seizures *cardiac arrest *death <img src=""paste-4e9647e16c5044b0e550241a023d2421ae329626.jpg""><img src=""paste-dd7392e586d1b18b0bbab4a44e86661a0129f3f0.jpg"">" "Aminophylline (Pharmafil) is a(n) [...]""Aminophylline (Pharmafil) is a(n) Methylxanthine <div id=extra> **Methylxanthines increase cAMP *Bronchodilate **Given via IV <img src=""paste-4e9647e16c5044b0e550241a023d2421ae329626.jpg""><img src=""paste-5984d39c0e55046eac54f6f3bb35067acddc1d12.jpg"">" "Theophylline MOAs: 1. Inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP 2. [...] receptor antagonist to decrease leukotriene production 3. Activate histone deacetylase""Theophylline MOAs: 1. Inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP 2. Adenosine receptor antagonist to decrease leukotriene production 3. Activate histone deacetylase <div id=extra> MANY MOAs = MANY SIDE EFFECTS **Narrow therapeutic window <img src=""paste-865dc05848eb49448843b91353bb035c256b616b.jpg""><img src=""paste-71dfcff91959f6fb5ed27a4739af9d6101942d0b.jpg""><img src=""paste-59b7029110ec1d35a623f1aea0926bf26661f331.jpg""><img src=""paste-b507c3606a7d75ea4aa38789650a86c8f23b1623.jpg"">" "Theophylline MOAs: 1. Inhibit [...] to increase cAMP 2. Adenosine receptor antagonist to decrease leukotriene production 3. Activate histone deacetylase""Theophylline MOAs: 1. Inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP 2. Adenosine receptor antagonist to decrease leukotriene production 3. Activate histone deacetylase <div id=extra> MANY MOAs = MANY SIDE EFFECTS **Narrow therapeutic window <img src=""paste-865dc05848eb49448843b91353bb035c256b616b.jpg""><img src=""paste-71dfcff91959f6fb5ed27a4739af9d6101942d0b.jpg""><img src=""paste-59b7029110ec1d35a623f1aea0926bf26661f331.jpg""><img src=""paste-b507c3606a7d75ea4aa38789650a86c8f23b1623.jpg"">" "Theophylline MOAs: 1. Inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP 2. Adenosine receptor antagonist to decrease leukotriene production 3. Activate [...]""Theophylline MOAs: 1. Inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP 2. Adenosine receptor antagonist to decrease leukotriene production 3. Activate histone deacetylase <div id=extra> MANY MOAs = MANY SIDE EFFECTS **Narrow therapeutic window <img src=""paste-865dc05848eb49448843b91353bb035c256b616b.jpg""><img src=""paste-71dfcff91959f6fb5ed27a4739af9d6101942d0b.jpg""><img src=""paste-59b7029110ec1d35a623f1aea0926bf26661f331.jpg""><img src=""paste-b507c3606a7d75ea4aa38789650a86c8f23b1623.jpg"">" "PDE4 metabolizes [...] & regulates [...] cells""PDE4 metabolizes cAMP & regulates immune cells <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d8706a238473bedfe37564a15f0520cab30a2533.jpg"">" "Roflumilast (Daliresp) is a(n) 4&nbsp;inhibitor"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Roflumilast (Daliresp) is a(n) PDE4 inhibitor <div id=extra> *Used to treat COPD <img src=""paste-101bf10c3f4935be0251ba3cf86df25f7a9dd316.jpg""><img src=""paste-9cef795d13b6830ec4c2b1d3803ec629ac598957.jpg"">" "Combivent = [...] + Albuterol""Combivent = Ipratropium + Albuterol <div id=extra> Ipratoperium = SAMA Albuterol = SABA <img src=""paste-9b65118f525aa0928c488e07710beb973f62027b.jpg""><img src=""paste-4d3386169526038aff0485f36dbea13a758ef1e2.jpg"">" "Combivent = Ipratropium + [...]""Combivent = Ipratropium + Albuterol <div id=extra> Ipratoperium = SAMA Albuterol = SABA <img src=""paste-9b65118f525aa0928c488e07710beb973f62027b.jpg""><img src=""paste-4d3386169526038aff0485f36dbea13a758ef1e2.jpg"">" "[...] = Ipratropium + Albuterol""Combivent = Ipratropium + Albuterol <div id=extra> Ipratoperium = SAMA Albuterol = SABA <img src=""paste-9b65118f525aa0928c488e07710beb973f62027b.jpg""><img src=""paste-4d3386169526038aff0485f36dbea13a758ef1e2.jpg"">" "There is no"" data-ordinal=""1"">[is or is not] CNS penetration with SAMAs""There is no CNS penetration with SAMAs <div id=extra> SAMA: short acting antimuscarinic **MDI: metered dose inhaler <img src=""paste-8fb0c5aef7e028ccba56c1c09bc6571e92c82c6f.jpg"">" "Ipratoprium bromide (Atrovent) is a(n) [...]""Ipratoprium bromide (Atrovent) is a(n) Short Acting Antimuscarinic <div id=extra> *Block muscarinic receptor to prevent bronchoconstriction <img src=""paste-6713f217b04906c59771566d0f39e1c7fbae6596.jpg"">" "Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) is a(n) [...]""Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) is a(n) Long Acting Antimuscarinic <div id=extra> LAMA *Dissociation from M3 & M1 much slower than from M2 Adverse effects: *Dry mouth *Blurred vision <img src=""paste-b5453ab0bf11dd50a3e52955050e7de9bfce8b63.jpg"">" "Uneclidinium  is a(n) [...]""Uneclidinium  is a(n) Long Acting Antimuscarinic <div id=extra> LAMA *Dissociation from M3 & M1 much slower than from M2 Adverse effects: *Dry mouth *Blurred vision <img src=""paste-b5453ab0bf11dd50a3e52955050e7de9bfce8b63.jpg"">" "Telegy Ellipta is composed of an ICS, a [...], and a LAMA""Telegy Ellipta is composed of an ICS, a LABA, and a LAMA <div id=extra> Fluticasone, Vilanterol, & Uneclidinium **Only FDA-approved product combining 3 separate, long-acting COPD medicines <img src=""paste-26b5a2c0d729d140f96226c90e03ea04833367cc.jpg"">" "Telegy Ellipta is composed of an ICS, a LABA, and a [...]""Telegy Ellipta is composed of an ICS, a LABA, and a LAMA <div id=extra> Fluticasone, Vilanterol, & Uneclidinium **Only FDA-approved product combining 3 separate, long-acting COPD medicines <img src=""paste-26b5a2c0d729d140f96226c90e03ea04833367cc.jpg"">" "Telegy Ellipta is composed of an [...], a LABA, and a LAMA""Telegy Ellipta is composed of an ICS, a LABA, and a LAMA <div id=extra> Fluticasone, Vilanterol, & Uneclidinium **Only FDA-approved product combining 3 separate, long-acting COPD medicines <img src=""paste-26b5a2c0d729d140f96226c90e03ea04833367cc.jpg"">" "Prednisone is a(n) [...] for acute asthma""Prednisone is a(n) systemic corticosteroid for acute asthma <div id=extra> **Given via IV after major attack <img src=""paste-5ccbff4378f51f8678e25d39e68d4bc2f6e0a0d6.jpg"">" "Methylprenisolone is a(n) [...] for acute asthma""Methylprenisolone is a(n) systemic corticosteroid for acute asthma <div id=extra> **Given via IV after major attack <img src=""paste-5ccbff4378f51f8678e25d39e68d4bc2f6e0a0d6.jpg"">" "Prednisolone is a(n) [...] for acute asthma""Prednisolone is a(n) systemic corticosteroid for acute asthma <div id=extra> **Given via IV after major attack <img src=""paste-5ccbff4378f51f8678e25d39e68d4bc2f6e0a0d6.jpg"">" "Budesonide (Pulmicort) is a(n) [...]""Budesonide (Pulmicort) is a(n) inhalational corticosteriod <div id=extra> For Long Term Management <img src=""paste-3b53ea08a3586d9e5cddf4ec27cc28e37c4ef1e4.jpg"">" "Flunisolide (AeroBid) is a(n) [...]""Flunisolide (AeroBid) is a(n) inhalational corticosteriod <div id=extra> For Long Term Management <img src=""paste-3b53ea08a3586d9e5cddf4ec27cc28e37c4ef1e4.jpg"">" "Fluticasone propionate (Flovent) is a(n) [...]""Fluticasone propionate (Flovent) is a(n) inhalational corticosteriod <div id=extra> For Long Term Management <img src=""paste-3b53ea08a3586d9e5cddf4ec27cc28e37c4ef1e4.jpg"">" "Triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort) is a(n) [...]""Triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort) is a(n) inhalational corticosteriod <div id=extra> For Long Term Management <img src=""paste-3b53ea08a3586d9e5cddf4ec27cc28e37c4ef1e4.jpg"">" "Corticosteroids increase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] β2 receptor gene transcription""Corticosteroids increase β2 receptor gene transcription <div id=extra> *Why corticosteroids and β2 agonists are given together <img src=""paste-7fad46c54f6384ccfbd5dc7cecee8f6785d616d2.jpg"">" "Symbicort = Budesonide + [...]""Symbicort = Budesonide + Formoterol <div id=extra> Corticosteroids  + β2 agonist <img src=""paste-6867dbdf8d2616595d17b18f3e091b3e48766433.jpg"">" "Symbicort = [...] + Formoterol""Symbicort = Budesonide + Formoterol <div id=extra> Corticosteroids  + β2 agonist <img src=""paste-6867dbdf8d2616595d17b18f3e091b3e48766433.jpg"">" "Mouth rinses are recommended after inhaling corticosteroids due to risk of thrush"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Mouth rinses are recommended after inhaling corticosteroids due to risk of thrush <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-3866ee362f4c06f6be5db52ac1c1531b92cfe4e1.jpg"">" "Cromolyn sulfate inhibits  [...]""Cromolyn sulfate inhibits  mast cell degranulation <div id=extra> **Prevents release of histamine <img src=""paste-9108d95f2d210395c7cbc744effbf4085c682ea1.jpg""><img src=""paste-f95b30a6e2480a6a97f6c7409b5114804881183c.jpg""><img src=""paste-bacde501ffe5ea57f9572d14ed6d2d9c92734ec2.jpg"">" "Cromolyn sulfate"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] inhibits  mast cell degranulation""Cromolyn sulfate inhibits  mast cell degranulation <div id=extra> **Prevents release of histamine <img src=""paste-9108d95f2d210395c7cbc744effbf4085c682ea1.jpg""><img src=""paste-f95b30a6e2480a6a97f6c7409b5114804881183c.jpg""><img src=""paste-bacde501ffe5ea57f9572d14ed6d2d9c92734ec2.jpg"">" "LTC4, LTD4, & LTE4 are all [...]""LTC4, LTD4, & LTE4 are all cysteinyl leukotrienes <div id=extra> *Can block receptor which inhibits bronchoconstriction <img src=""paste-efa52f2eae672b5ad809892ed00c0f486f0b2564.jpg""><img src=""paste-73418037a45b318e2c377ac6351132dad545faa0.jpg"">" "Montelukast and Zafirlukast"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] are CysLT1R anatognists""Montelukast and Zafirlukast are CysLT1R anatognists <div id=extra> CysLT1R is the receptor for LTD4 <img src=""paste-3e06158e984819985863d8ff83d3e51f19df3237.jpg""> <img src=""paste-34b96f1154f42ed5a9da59bbcbeaf67d3d42a3c6.jpg""> <img src=""paste-191a35afac2c46c01c7e61a5fedcb15d216eeb1e.jpg""> " "Montelukast"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] and Zafirlukast are CysLT1R anatognists""Montelukast and Zafirlukast are CysLT1R anatognists <div id=extra> CysLT1R is the receptor for LTD4 <img src=""paste-3e06158e984819985863d8ff83d3e51f19df3237.jpg""> <img src=""paste-34b96f1154f42ed5a9da59bbcbeaf67d3d42a3c6.jpg""> <img src=""paste-191a35afac2c46c01c7e61a5fedcb15d216eeb1e.jpg""> " "Montelukast and Zafirlukast are CysLT1R anatognists"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Montelukast and Zafirlukast are CysLT1R anatognists <div id=extra> CysLT1R is the receptor for LTD4 <img src=""paste-3e06158e984819985863d8ff83d3e51f19df3237.jpg""> <img src=""paste-34b96f1154f42ed5a9da59bbcbeaf67d3d42a3c6.jpg""> <img src=""paste-191a35afac2c46c01c7e61a5fedcb15d216eeb1e.jpg""> " "Zileuton (Zyflo) is a(n) [...]""Zileuton (Zyflo) is a(n) 5'lipooxygenase inhibitor <div id=extra> **Inhibits synthesis of leukotrienes <img src=""paste-57ec303f8706c298b3a1e894383d8eb9a4dc8210.jpg""><img src=""paste-d0a3b5a76e5137e841e6c1919896777407e69102.jpg""> <img src=""paste-d5203440dc07e617e8c5dddeb239e0346d84ee5e.jpg""><img src=""paste-89b5c05ff4513e6de6affb8dc46bb17dc40c53eb.jpg"">" "Montelukast & Zafirlukast are effective for [...]""Montelukast & Zafirlukast are effective for mild persistant asthma <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-67493b77f6271c2cc5ce07429c263fd972ac0b33.jpg"">" "[...] intereferes with the rate of Montelukast and the extent of Zafirlukast absorption""Food intereferes with the rate of Montelukast and the extent of Zafirlukast absorption <div id=extra> SE: *Headache *GI disturban <img src=""paste-8b07f88272c338531edf0578a4ead2d8a9cacd53.jpg"">" "Zafirlukast inhibits"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] CYP2C9""Zafirlukast inhibits CYP2C9 <div id=extra> **Can increase warfarin levels <img src=""paste-badf48e4516f2e0e5630520d37f2caa4aa64d492.jpg"">" "CysLT1 antagonists generally less"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] effective than inhaled corticosteroids""CysLT1 antagonists generally less effective than inhaled corticosteroids <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d5dee1e52182b584c097ac885d4ec2487066e054.jpg"">" "What is the MOA of Ziluton? [...]""What is the MOA of Ziluton? Block 5'lipooxygenase to inhibit synthesis of leukotrienes <div id=extra>" "Zilueton can [...] levels of warfarin, theophylline, and propranolol""Zilueton can increase levels of warfarin, theophylline, and propranolol <div id=extra> **CYP substrate" "NSAIDs block [...], decreasing the production of thromboxane and anti-inflammatory prostaglandins""NSAIDs block COX-1, decreasing the production of thromboxane and anti-inflammatory prostaglandins <div id=extra> **Can induce Aspirin sensitive asthma <img src=""paste-4f8bf99ce1bc3fb94c9d8c0495523a13f42f21af.jpg"">" "Omalizumab (Xolair)"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] is a humanized mAb against IgE""Omalizumab (Xolair) is a humanized mAb against IgE <div id=extra> SE: *sinusitis *Pharyngitis *need IgE for cancer and/or parasites *Expensive! <img src=""paste-3725ee0089125e6983ff22842dd4001158e70e59.jpg""><img src=""paste-23d5dc073ecb715fd9e707c1ce8bba6976f2a11d.jpg"">" "Omalizumab (Xolair) is a humanized mAb against IgE"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Omalizumab (Xolair) is a humanized mAb against IgE <div id=extra> SE: *sinusitis *Pharyngitis *need IgE for cancer and/or parasites *Expensive! <img src=""paste-3725ee0089125e6983ff22842dd4001158e70e59.jpg""><img src=""paste-23d5dc073ecb715fd9e707c1ce8bba6976f2a11d.jpg"">" "Heartburn is a [disease or symptom]""Heartburn is a symptom <div id=extra> **Heartburn is the symptom; GERD is the disease <img src=""paste-7e01d4c0e70851ebfe53c56b1b3f8ec54a04eb09.jpg"">" "90% of peptic ulcers are caused by  Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAIDs"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] use""90% of peptic ulcers are caused by  Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAIDs use <div id=extra> *H. pylori Ulcers are treated with antibiotic <img src=""paste-bc4783e6a3ec90decc70fd85c2e8af23a4710815.jpg"">" "90% of peptic ulcers are caused by  Helicobacter pylori"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] infection or NSAIDs use""90% of peptic ulcers are caused by  Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAIDs use <div id=extra> *H. pylori Ulcers are treated with antibiotic <img src=""paste-bc4783e6a3ec90decc70fd85c2e8af23a4710815.jpg"">" "[...] are the most effective agent to reduce gastric acidity""PPI's are the most effective agent to reduce gastric acidity <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-c409726e419baa458e5871132f35d7aca995a36d.jpg"">" "Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, Alka Seltzer) is a(n) [...]""Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, Alka Seltzer) is a(n) antacid <div id=extra> **Changing pH can alter absorption of drugs! Use: reduce acid content in stomach <img src=""paste-1485daba132536f5da63031313ea239eb3fd4564.jpg""> " "Calcium carbonate (Tums) is a(n) [...]""Calcium carbonate (Tums) is a(n) antacid <div id=extra> **Changing pH can alter absorption of drugs! Use: reduce acid content in stomach <img src=""paste-1485daba132536f5da63031313ea239eb3fd4564.jpg""> " "Magnesium hydroxide & Aluminum hydroxide (Maalox Plus, Mylanta) is a combination [...]""Magnesium hydroxide & Aluminum hydroxide (Maalox Plus, Mylanta) is a combination antacid <div id=extra> Mg = laxative effect Al = Constipation **Al & Mg together lower stomach acid w/o producing undesirable constipation or diarrhea **Changing pH can alter absorption of drugs! Use: reduce acid content in stomach <img src=""paste-1485daba132536f5da63031313ea239eb3fd4564.jpg""><img src=""paste-a40a4094446222927ee1e1bb8bb4f9b79e414947.jpg""> " "Antacids containing Magnesium can cause diarrhea"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] while Antacids containing Aluminum can cause constipation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Antacids containing Magnesium can cause diarrhea while Antacids containing Aluminum can cause constipation <div id=extra> **Al & Mg together lower stomach acid w/o producing undesirable constipation or diarrhea **Changing pH can alter absorption of drugs! Use: reduce acid content in stomach <img src=""paste-1485daba132536f5da63031313ea239eb3fd4564.jpg""><img src=""paste-a40a4094446222927ee1e1bb8bb4f9b79e414947.jpg""> " "How can antacids affect the absorption of other drugs? [...]""How can antacids affect the absorption of other drugs? Altering pH can affect drug solubility/ absorption <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-3741db37e3157380d7d7706a9aa2f457327e34cb.jpg"">" "Histamine (H2) promotes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[promotes or inhibits] acid secretion""Histamine (H2) promotes acid secretion <div id=extra> **Can block H2 receptor to decrease acid secretion <img src=""paste-1f826e0a8ab39cb2114076da73b2fe78bfeec65b.jpg"">" "Cimetidine (Tagamet) is a(n) 2-Receptor Antagonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Cimetidine (Tagamet) is a(n) H2-Receptor Antagonist <div id=extra> ""-tidine"" = H2 receptor antagonist Use: short term treatment of reflux/ulcer <img src=""paste-45b3e4143023ad5ffb2da6af64d34d910bc2108e.jpg"">" "Famotidine (Pepcid AC) is a(n) 2-Receptor Antagonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Famotidine (Pepcid AC) is a(n) H2-Receptor Antagonist <div id=extra> ""-tidine"" = H2 receptor antagonist Use: short term treatment of reflux/ulcer <img src=""paste-45b3e4143023ad5ffb2da6af64d34d910bc2108e.jpg"">" "Omeprazole (Prilosec) is a(n) [...]""Omeprazole (Prilosec) is a(n) PPI <div id=extra> ""-prazole"" = PPI *Given as a prodrug *Forms covalent disulfide bond with H+/K+-ATPase pump to inactivate it SE: *Diarrhea *Abdominal Pain *Disrupt nutrition absorption *Osteoporosis <img src=""paste-a9ba9c0d97a752573db4100b650672cf25c81090.jpg""><img src=""paste-5c458dc7ea00ced555546add90b593e73772ad1f.jpg"">" "Esomeprazole (Nexium) is a(n) [...]""Esomeprazole (Nexium) is a(n) PPI <div id=extra> ""-prazole"" = PPI *Given as a prodrug *Forms covalent disulfide bond with H+/K+-ATPase pump to inactivate it SE: *Diarrhea *Abdominal Pain *Disrupt nutrition absorption *Osteoporosis <img src=""paste-a9ba9c0d97a752573db4100b650672cf25c81090.jpg""><img src=""paste-5c458dc7ea00ced555546add90b593e73772ad1f.jpg"">" "Lansoprazole (Nexium) is a(n) [...]""Lansoprazole (Nexium) is a(n) PPI <div id=extra> ""-prazole"" = PPI *Given as a prodrug *Forms covalent disulfide bond with H+/K+-ATPase pump to inactivate it SE: *Diarrhea *Abdominal Pain *Disrupt nutrition absorption *Osteoporosis <img src=""paste-a9ba9c0d97a752573db4100b650672cf25c81090.jpg""><img src=""paste-5c458dc7ea00ced555546add90b593e73772ad1f.jpg"">" "PPI's are administered as [...]""PPI's are administered as prodrugs <div id=extra> ""-prazole"" = PPI *Given as a prodrug *Forms covalent disulfide bond with H+/K+-ATPase pump to inactivate it SE: *Diarrhea *Abdominal Pain *Disrupt nutrition absorption *Osteoporosis <img src=""paste-a9ba9c0d97a752573db4100b650672cf25c81090.jpg""><img src=""paste-5c458dc7ea00ced555546add90b593e73772ad1f.jpg"">" "PPIs work by forming a covalent disulfide"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] bond with the H+/K+-ATPase pump""PPIs work by forming a covalent disulfide bond with the H+/K+-ATPase pump <div id=extra> SE: *Diarrhea *Abdominal Pain *Disrupt nutrition absorption *Osteoporosis <img src=""paste-a9ba9c0d97a752573db4100b650672cf25c81090.jpg""><img src=""paste-5c458dc7ea00ced555546add90b593e73772ad1f.jpg"">" "PPIs work by forming a covalent disulfide bond with the H+/K+-ATPase"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] pump""PPIs work by forming a covalent disulfide bond with the H+/K+-ATPase pump <div id=extra> SE: *Diarrhea *Abdominal Pain *Disrupt nutrition absorption *Osteoporosis <img src=""paste-a9ba9c0d97a752573db4100b650672cf25c81090.jpg""><img src=""paste-5c458dc7ea00ced555546add90b593e73772ad1f.jpg"">" "[...] can be affected by PPI's due to acid functioning in the release/ absorption of vitamins from food""Nutriton can be affected by PPI's due to acid functioning in the release/ absorption of vitamins from food <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-2a1c620b8350e0955a4a9e7932ba54ecfde69437.jpg"">" "Sucralfate (Carafate)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is a salt of sucrose that forms a viscous paste to protect stomach mucosa""Sucralfate (Carafate) is a salt of sucrose that forms a viscous paste to protect stomach mucosa <div id=extra> SE: *Constipation *Inhibit absorption of other meds <img src=""paste-7f31ee9a0221bfa4e9644cf888bdd8d6b25c7040.jpg"">" "Misoprostol (Cytotec)"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] is a prostaglandin analog used to treat NSAID-induced ulcers""Misoprostol (Cytotec) is a prostaglandin analog used to treat NSAID-induced ulcers <div id=extra> Prostaglandins promote mucus production from epithelial cells & inhibit acid secretion from parietal cells Use: NSAID ulcers <img src=""paste-7206f6d2e601af458048aa0dc17ec895291657c2.jpg"">" "Misoprostol (Cytotec) is a prostaglandin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] analog used to treat NSAID-induced ulcers""Misoprostol (Cytotec) is a prostaglandin analog used to treat NSAID-induced ulcers <div id=extra> Prostaglandins promote mucus production from epithelial cells & inhibit acid secretion from parietal cells Use: NSAID ulcers <img src=""paste-7206f6d2e601af458048aa0dc17ec895291657c2.jpg"">" "Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) coats ulcers & erosions and has [...] & antimicrobial effects""Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) coats ulcers & erosions and has anti-inflammatory & antimicrobial effects <div id=extra> **Anti-inflammatory effects due to salicyclic acid <img src=""paste-a7ee4bda5bfbf8c771cbd959ea6e7fc51402bacb.jpg"">" "[...] refers to delayed gastric emptying""Gastroparesis refers to delayed gastric emptying <div id=extra> *Usually caused by diabetes mellitus <img src=""paste-988635b6e534d475485ff5a84de68b2ecc5d07f4.jpg"">" "Neostigmine (Bloxiverz) is a(n) [...]""Neostigmine (Bloxiverz) is a(n) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor <div id=extra> *Enhances gastric, small intestinne, and colonic emptying SE:  *Salivation *N/V/D *Bradycardia <img src=""paste-8a5aa03119a6bd2d33a9835ec54a1b386c644172.jpg"">" "Metoclopramide (Reglan) is a(n) 2-receptor antagonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Metoclopramide (Reglan) is a(n) D2-receptor antagonist <div id=extra> *Decreasing dopamine increases release of acetylcholine to increase GI motility SE: *Restlessness, drowsiness, insomnia, anxiety *Antinausea/ Antiemetic *Tardive dyskinesia <img src=""paste-23f1a78adb043bc6c39f82453bdd3f4a8b0f6d11.jpg"">" "Neostigmine & Metoclopramide both increase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] GI motility ""Neostigmine & Metoclopramide both increase GI motility  <div id=extra> Metoclopramide: D2 receptor antagonist Neostigmine: anticholinesterase <img src=""paste-217b28359f13c13a62f8932fc63c831e1bc0fa74.jpg""><img src=""paste-b963d5ea20ed9673994fbbb9df9a06e4c39a9e6b.jpg"">" "Psyllium (Metamucil) is a [...]""Psyllium (Metamucil) is a bulk-forming laxative <div id=extra> *Indigestible hydrophilic colloid *Distends colon to promote peristalsis <img src=""paste-f1b69b688e5c5101ccd6404b710853806375abd7.jpg"">" "Methylcellulose (Citrucel) is a(n) [...]""Methylcellulose (Citrucel) is a(n) bulk-forming laxative <div id=extra> *Indigestible hydrophilic colloid *Distends colon to promote peristalsis <img src=""paste-f1b69b688e5c5101ccd6404b710853806375abd7.jpg"">" "Docusate Sodium (Colace) is a [...]""Docusate Sodium (Colace) is a stool softener <div id=extra> **Is a Anionic detergent that reduces surface tension <img src=""paste-9e769b300c8efb4a1bd0713fd2952a495eaf5bac.jpg"">" "Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), Sennosides (Ex-Lax)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...], and Senna (Senokot) are all stimulant laxative""Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), Sennosides (Ex-Lax), and Senna (Senokot) are all stimulant laxative <div id=extra> *Increases peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation *Also inncreases accumulation of water <img src=""paste-9448b93449b8ad60f5029251e4bc7bf4d048aaf6.jpg"">" "Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), Sennosides (Ex-Lax), and Senna (Senokot) are all [...]""Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), Sennosides (Ex-Lax), and Senna (Senokot) are all stimulant laxative <div id=extra> *Increases peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation *Also inncreases accumulation of water <img src=""paste-9448b93449b8ad60f5029251e4bc7bf4d048aaf6.jpg"">" "Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...], Sennosides (Ex-Lax), and Senna (Senokot) are all stimulant laxative""Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), Sennosides (Ex-Lax), and Senna (Senokot) are all stimulant laxative <div id=extra> *Increases peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation *Also inncreases accumulation of water <img src=""paste-9448b93449b8ad60f5029251e4bc7bf4d048aaf6.jpg"">" "Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), Sennosides (Ex-Lax), and Senna (Senokot)"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...] are all stimulant laxative""Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), Sennosides (Ex-Lax), and Senna (Senokot) are all stimulant laxative <div id=extra> *Increases peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation *Also inncreases accumulation of water <img src=""paste-9448b93449b8ad60f5029251e4bc7bf4d048aaf6.jpg"">" "Activating Cl- channels in intestine increases"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] secretion of intestinal fluid""Activating Cl- channels in intestine increases secretion of intestinal fluid <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-2e73726e2ff5ec2a5b0ee398efb42f81f1056621.jpg"">" "Chloride Channel Activators are particularly good for [...] patients who get little benefit from softeners/ laxatives""Chloride Channel Activators are particularly good for IBS patients who get little benefit from softeners/ laxatives <div id=extra> Ex) Lubiprostone (Amitza), Linaclotide (Linzess) SE: diarrhea <img src=""paste-f117bcbc8991ff74349f2a59b8a09505bf040457.jpg"">" "Lubiprostone (Amitza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride Channel Activators"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Lubiprostone (Amitza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride Channel Activators <div id=extra> *Good for IBS SE: diarrhea <img src=""paste-f117bcbc8991ff74349f2a59b8a09505bf040457.jpg"">" "Lubiprostone (Amitza) and Linaclotide (Linzess)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] are Chloride Channel Activators""Lubiprostone (Amitza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride Channel Activators <div id=extra> *Good for IBS SE: diarrhea <img src=""paste-f117bcbc8991ff74349f2a59b8a09505bf040457.jpg"">" "Lubiprostone (Amitza)"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride Channel Activators""Lubiprostone (Amitza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride Channel Activators <div id=extra> *Good for IBS SE: diarrhea <img src=""paste-f117bcbc8991ff74349f2a59b8a09505bf040457.jpg"">" "Opioids can cause constipation by decreasing intestinal [...]""Opioids can cause constipation by decreasing intestinal motility <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-91bce0e249a93995d3d7262144382881385f6bfa.jpg""><img src=""paste-20e59c9ab87bb71de878068ba5ad83efc307263d.jpg"">" "Alvimopan (Entereg) is a(n) [...]""Alvimopan (Entereg) is a(n) Opioid Receptor Antagonist <div id=extra> *Cannot cross BBB or inhibit analgesic effects <img src=""paste-91bce0e249a93995d3d7262144382881385f6bfa.jpg""><img src=""paste-20e59c9ab87bb71de878068ba5ad83efc307263d.jpg"">" "Tegaserod (Zelnorm) is a(n) 4&nbsp;receptor agonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Tegaserod (Zelnorm) is a(n) Serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist <div id=extra> Stimulate enteric nerves to promote peristaltic reflex <img src=""paste-91f5d62b125ebc69a9e34246550494f0f97df602.jpg"">" "What is the MOA of Tegaserod (Zelnorm)? 4&nbsp;to simulate enteric nerves and promote peristalsis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""What is the MOA of Tegaserod (Zelnorm)? Stimulates 5-HT4 to simulate enteric nerves and promote peristalsis <div id=extra> Stimulate enteric nerves to promote peristaltic reflex <img src=""paste-91f5d62b125ebc69a9e34246550494f0f97df602.jpg"">" "Antidiarrheal Agent Goals: 1. Decrease"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] Water ([...] viscosity) 2. Inhibit secretions 3. Decrease Intestinal motility""Antidiarrheal Agent Goals: 1. Decrease Water (increase viscosity) 2. Inhibit secretions 3. Decrease Intestinal motility <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-9f088106ab461ea88ba628632d20dc1c702b75cc.jpg"">" "Antidiarrheal Agent Goals: 1. Decrease Water (increase viscosity) 2. Inhibit"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] secretions 3. Decrease Intestinal motility""Antidiarrheal Agent Goals: 1. Decrease Water (increase viscosity) 2. Inhibit secretions 3. Decrease Intestinal motility <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-9f088106ab461ea88ba628632d20dc1c702b75cc.jpg"">" "Antidiarrheal Agent Goals: 1. Decrease Water (increase viscosity) 2. Inhibit secretions 3. Decrease"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] Intestinal motility""Antidiarrheal Agent Goals: 1. Decrease Water (increase viscosity) 2. Inhibit secretions 3. Decrease Intestinal motility <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-9f088106ab461ea88ba628632d20dc1c702b75cc.jpg"">" "Why do Opioid agonist Loperamide & Diphenoxylate stay mainly in GI tract? [...]""Why do Opioid agonist Loperamide & Diphenoxylate stay mainly in GI tract? Pgp effluxes them from BBB <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-28b81c620ada676fe556cee3aea71e24af83a69f.jpg""><img src=""paste-a7d9e17f02ef89247f9b5a42ad95b17ca4d41736.jpg"">" "Loperamide (Imodium)"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] & Diphenoxylate (Lotomil) are Opioid Agonists""Loperamide (Imodium) & Diphenoxylate (Lotomil) are Opioid Agonists <div id=extra> MOA: *Inhibit cholinergic nerves *Increase colonic transit *Increase water absorption *Decrease motility  <img src=""paste-aa7ebbc3a5087363ef07d204e15bf37b5b3a2158.jpg""><img src=""paste-9bbf9c09789f17c1139659d7d1f2fbaee5d4bf31.jpg"">" "Loperamide (Imodium) & Diphenoxylate (Lotomil) are Opioid Agonists"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Loperamide (Imodium) & Diphenoxylate (Lotomil) are Opioid Agonists <div id=extra> MOA: *Inhibit cholinergic nerves *Increase colonic transit *Increase water absorption *Decrease motility  <img src=""paste-aa7ebbc3a5087363ef07d204e15bf37b5b3a2158.jpg""><img src=""paste-9bbf9c09789f17c1139659d7d1f2fbaee5d4bf31.jpg"">" "Loperamide (Imodium) & Diphenoxylate (Lotomil)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] are Opioid Agonists""Loperamide (Imodium) & Diphenoxylate (Lotomil) are Opioid Agonists <div id=extra> MOA: *Inhibit cholinergic nerves *Increase colonic transit *Increase water absorption *Decrease motility  <img src=""paste-aa7ebbc3a5087363ef07d204e15bf37b5b3a2158.jpg""><img src=""paste-9bbf9c09789f17c1139659d7d1f2fbaee5d4bf31.jpg"">" "Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol) can be used to treat [constipation or diarrhea]""Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol) can be used to treat diarrhea <div id=extra> MOA: stops secretions <img src=""paste-212c6dc49354485b226ea05004c82012bc04c24a.jpg"">" "Malabsorption of bile salts can lead to [constipation or diarrhea]""Malabsorption of bile salts can lead to diarrhea <div id=extra>" "Colestipol (Colestid) can treat diarrhea by binding bile salts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Colestipol (Colestid) can treat diarrhea by binding bile salts <div id=extra> SE: *Bloating *Fatulence *Constipation *Fat malabsorption <img src=""paste-1f80d0d405d121f3768fb243068878294f228e08.jpg"">" "Octreotide (SandoSTATIN) treats diarrhea by decreasing"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] motility, decreasing"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] secretions, and inhibiting anterior pituitary hormones""Octreotide (SandoSTATIN) treats diarrhea by decreasing motility, decreasing secretions, and inhibiting anterior pituitary hormones <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-5d9d34674ee050a80f29b28336f921d019eaf440.jpg"">" "Serotonin activates 5HT-3 receptors on [...] afferents to induce vomitting""Serotonin activates 5HT-3 receptors on vagal afferents to induce vomitting <div id=extra> *Blocking 5-HT3 can prevent emesis Ex) Ondansetron (Zofran) <img src=""paste-984aa7d3e812e84003cb20215a1c00ae86de0f3b.jpg"">" "Ondansetron (Zofran) is a(n) Antagonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Ondansetron (Zofran) is a(n) Serotonin 5-HT3 Antagonist <div id=extra> *Blocking 5-HT3 can prevent emesis DOES NOT control motion sickness <img src=""paste-984aa7d3e812e84003cb20215a1c00ae86de0f3b.jpg"">" "T/F: Ondansetron (Zofran) is helpful in treating motion sickness False; no action on vestibular system, just vagal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""T/F: Ondansetron (Zofran) is helpful in treating motion sickness False; no action on vestibular system, just vagal <div id=extra> *Blocking 5-HT3 can prevent emesis DOES NOT control motion sickness <img src=""paste-984aa7d3e812e84003cb20215a1c00ae86de0f3b.jpg"">" "Aprepitant (Emend) is a(n) Antagonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Aprepitant (Emend) is a(n) Neurokinin Receptor Antagonist <div id=extra> Use: Chemotherapy-induced N/V <img src=""paste-1e40759892731fdd8e0411bc762140280d49738e.jpg"">" "Droperidol is useful in treating [...]""Droperidol is useful in treating postoperative N/V <div id=extra> *Sedating & can block central dopamine <img src=""paste-e934d37fc2ef0d65c75dc6fa54ccd453bba47949.jpg"">" "Droperidol is an anti[...] drug used as an antiemetic & antipsychotic""Droperidol is an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic & antipsychotic <div id=extra> *Sedating & can block central dopamine <img src=""paste-e934d37fc2ef0d65c75dc6fa54ccd453bba47949.jpg"">" "Droperidol is an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] & antipsychotic""Droperidol is an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic & antipsychotic <div id=extra> *Sedating & can block central dopamine <img src=""paste-e934d37fc2ef0d65c75dc6fa54ccd453bba47949.jpg"">" "Promethazine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is an antiemetic by inhibiting dopamine & muscarinic receptors and it is an antihistamine""Promethazine is an antiemetic by inhibiting dopamine & muscarinic receptors and it is an antihistamine <div id=extra> *Originally was used as an antipsychotic <img src=""paste-88aadf2ff93241396b7e75e82cfdcc98c36d4abb.jpg"">" "Promethazine is an antiemetic by inhibiting dopamine"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] & muscarinic"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] receptors and it is an antihistamine""Promethazine is an antiemetic by inhibiting dopamine & muscarinic receptors and it is an antihistamine <div id=extra> *Originally was used as an antipsychotic <img src=""paste-88aadf2ff93241396b7e75e82cfdcc98c36d4abb.jpg"">" "Promethazine is an antiemetic by inhibiting dopamine & muscarinic receptors and it is an antihistamine"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]""Promethazine is an antiemetic by inhibiting dopamine & muscarinic receptors and it is an antihistamine <div id=extra> *Originally was used as an antipsychotic <img src=""paste-88aadf2ff93241396b7e75e82cfdcc98c36d4abb.jpg"">" "Diphenhydramine (Bennadryl)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] and Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) are H1 Antihistamines used to treat motion sickness""Diphenhydramine (Bennadryl) and Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) are H1 Antihistamines used to treat motion sickness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d8eb99b3644de8a66d7279272c6d97339e1fdcfb.jpg"">" "Diphenhydramine (Bennadryl) and Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) are H1 Antihistamines used to treat motion sickness"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Diphenhydramine (Bennadryl) and Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) are H1 Antihistamines used to treat motion sickness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d8eb99b3644de8a66d7279272c6d97339e1fdcfb.jpg"">" "Diphenhydramine (Bennadryl) and Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...] are H1 Antihistamines used to treat motion sickness""Diphenhydramine (Bennadryl) and Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) are H1 Antihistamines used to treat motion sickness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d8eb99b3644de8a66d7279272c6d97339e1fdcfb.jpg"">" "Diphenhydramine (Bennadryl) and Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) are H1&nbsp;Antihistamines"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] used to treat motion sickness""Diphenhydramine (Bennadryl) and Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) are H1 Antihistamines used to treat motion sickness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d8eb99b3644de8a66d7279272c6d97339e1fdcfb.jpg"">" "Scopolamine (Scopace) is a(n) anticholinergic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] used to treat motion sickness""Scopolamine (Scopace) is a(n) anticholinergic used to treat motion sickness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-87240dae19c1e69ca4a682a0cd5a38c1b37e6738.jpg"">" "Scopolamine (Scopace) is a(n) anticholinergic used to treat motion sickness"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Scopolamine (Scopace) is a(n) anticholinergic used to treat motion sickness <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-87240dae19c1e69ca4a682a0cd5a38c1b37e6738.jpg"">" "Dronabinol (Marinol) and Nabilone (Cesamet)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] are Cannabinoids""Dronabinol (Marinol) and Nabilone (Cesamet) are Cannabinoids <div id=extra> Use: N/V SE: *euphoria *dysphoria *sedation *dry mouth *increased appetite <img src=""paste-f5d16c5208b51b9843301dc1182fbd45444f7a7f.jpg"">" "Dronabinol (Marinol)"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] and Nabilone (Cesamet) are Cannabinoids""Dronabinol (Marinol) and Nabilone (Cesamet) are Cannabinoids <div id=extra> Use: N/V SE: *euphoria *dysphoria *sedation *dry mouth *increased appetite <img src=""paste-f5d16c5208b51b9843301dc1182fbd45444f7a7f.jpg"">" "Dronabinol (Marinol) and Nabilone (Cesamet) are [...]""Dronabinol (Marinol) and Nabilone (Cesamet) are Cannabinoids <div id=extra> Use: N/V SE: *euphoria *dysphoria *sedation *dry mouth *increased appetite <img src=""paste-f5d16c5208b51b9843301dc1182fbd45444f7a7f.jpg"">" "[IBD or IBS] is a functional gastrointestinal disorder while [IBD or IBS] is a destructive inflammatory disorder""IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder while IBD is a destructive inflammatory disorder <div id=extra> Treating differently because the causes are different IBS drugs: antispasmodics, serotonin antagonists, chloride channel activators IBD drugs: Aminosalicyclates, glucocorticoids <img src=""paste-ee6ce03261b94b76350facc57b7fd7dae0cae120.jpg""><img src=""paste-60559a8e2eadebec94b9d7806445952b25020e54.jpg"">" "Antispasmodics, serotonin receptor antagonists, chloride channel activators are all drugs useful in treating [...]""Antispasmodics, serotonin receptor antagonists, chloride channel activators are all drugs useful in treating IBS <div id=extra> Treating differently because the causes are different IBS drugs: antispasmodics, serotonin antagonists, chloride channel activators IBD drugs: Aminosalicyclates, glucocorticoids <img src=""paste-ee6ce03261b94b76350facc57b7fd7dae0cae120.jpg""><img src=""paste-60559a8e2eadebec94b9d7806445952b25020e54.jpg"">" "Aminosalicyclates and glucocorticoids are useful in treating [IBS or IBD]""Aminosalicyclates and glucocorticoids are useful in treating IBD <div id=extra> Treating differently because the causes are different IBS drugs: antispasmodics, serotonin antagonists, chloride channel activators IBD drugs: Aminosalicyclates, glucocorticoids <img src=""paste-ee6ce03261b94b76350facc57b7fd7dae0cae120.jpg""><img src=""paste-60559a8e2eadebec94b9d7806445952b25020e54.jpg"">" "T/F: SSRIs and TCAs can treat pain in IBS [...]""T/F: SSRIs and TCAs can treat pain in IBS True <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-abb3408da49fb19041ea8b5fccd678607795fd9d.jpg"">" "Loperamide can treat [...] in IBS""Loperamide can treat diarrhea in IBS <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-70caa9c7e032bf267f8bafbbf8cfdd3a00a0cc17.jpg"">" "Dicyclomine (Bentyl)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] is a(n) anticholinergic used to treat IBS""Dicyclomine (Bentyl) is a(n) anticholinergic used to treat IBS <div id=extra> MOA: inhibit muscarinic cholinergic receptors in enteric plexus and on smooth muscle SE: *dry mouth *visual disturbances *urinary retention *constipation <img src=""paste-321f57505ad15750b895e28ae41b365edb151955.jpg"">" "Dicyclomine (Bentyl) is a(n) anticholinergic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] used to treat IBS""Dicyclomine (Bentyl) is a(n) anticholinergic used to treat IBS <div id=extra> MOA: inhibit muscarinic cholinergic receptors in enteric plexus and on smooth muscle SE: *dry mouth *visual disturbances *urinary retention *constipation <img src=""paste-321f57505ad15750b895e28ae41b365edb151955.jpg"">" "Dicyclomine (Bentyl) is a(n) anticholinergic used to treat IBS"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Dicyclomine (Bentyl) is a(n) anticholinergic used to treat IBS <div id=extra> MOA: inhibit muscarinic cholinergic receptors in enteric plexus and on smooth muscle SE: *dry mouth *visual disturbances *urinary retention *constipation <img src=""paste-321f57505ad15750b895e28ae41b365edb151955.jpg"">" "Alosetron (Lotronex) is a(n) 3&nbsp;receptor antagonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] used to treat IBS diarrhea""Alosetron (Lotronex) is a(n) 5HT3 receptor antagonist used to treat IBS diarrhea <div id=extra> MOA: 5-HT3 receptors in GI activate pain, so blocking the pain reduces central response to visceral afferent stimulation <img src=""paste-7d5884160460381f0271b8b925a330d5f5e29733.jpg"">" "Alosetron (Lotronex)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] is a(n) 5HT3 receptor antagonist used to treat IBS diarrhea""Alosetron (Lotronex) is a(n) 5HT3 receptor antagonist used to treat IBS diarrhea <div id=extra> MOA: 5-HT3 receptors in GI activate pain, so blocking the pain reduces central response to visceral afferent stimulation <img src=""paste-7d5884160460381f0271b8b925a330d5f5e29733.jpg"">" "Alosetron (Lotronex) is a(n) 5HT3 receptor antagonist used to treat [...]""Alosetron (Lotronex) is a(n) 5HT3 receptor antagonist used to treat IBS diarrhea <div id=extra> MOA: 5-HT3 receptors in GI activate pain, so blocking the pain reduces central response to visceral afferent stimulation <img src=""paste-7d5884160460381f0271b8b925a330d5f5e29733.jpg"">" "Lubiprostone (Amitiza) and Linaclotide (Linzess)"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...] are Chloride channel activators used to treat IBS constipation""Lubiprostone (Amitiza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride channel activators used to treat IBS constipation <div id=extra> *Increase water content in GI tract  <img src=""paste-3cb3677fbbfc2d327035480d3bd5dc513b19eaf3.jpg"">" "Lubiprostone (Amitiza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride channel activators"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] used to treat IBS constipation""Lubiprostone (Amitiza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride channel activators used to treat IBS constipation <div id=extra> *Increase water content in GI tract  <img src=""paste-3cb3677fbbfc2d327035480d3bd5dc513b19eaf3.jpg"">" "Lubiprostone (Amitiza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride channel activators used to treat IBS constipation"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Lubiprostone (Amitiza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride channel activators used to treat IBS constipation <div id=extra> *Increase water content in GI tract  <img src=""paste-3cb3677fbbfc2d327035480d3bd5dc513b19eaf3.jpg"">" "Lubiprostone (Amitiza)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride channel activators used to treat IBS constipation""Lubiprostone (Amitiza) and Linaclotide (Linzess) are Chloride channel activators used to treat IBS constipation <div id=extra> *Increase water content in GI tract  <img src=""paste-3cb3677fbbfc2d327035480d3bd5dc513b19eaf3.jpg"">" "Ulcerative colitis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] and Crohn's disease are both IBDs""Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are both IBDs <div id=extra> UC: superficial Crohns: deep into tissues <img src=""paste-8f97bf7f0c78af1548a57eb4a1b8af7c36dd2f7b.jpg"">" "Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] are both IBDs""Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are both IBDs <div id=extra> UC: superficial Crohns: deep into tissues <img src=""paste-8f97bf7f0c78af1548a57eb4a1b8af7c36dd2f7b.jpg"">" "Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) is a(n) Aminosalcyclate"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] to treat IBD inflammation""Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) is a(n) Aminosalcyclate to treat IBD inflammation <div id=extra> *Shape is specific to stay in GI tract MOA: moduate inflammaotry mediators from cyclooxygenase & lipoxygenase pathways <img src=""paste-58d91a3766505e28f137e6d2e2895b6bf2281337.jpg"">" "Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) is a(n) Aminosalcyclate to treat IBD inflammation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) is a(n) Aminosalcyclate to treat IBD inflammation <div id=extra> *Shape is specific to stay in GI tract MOA: moduate inflammaotry mediators from cyclooxygenase & lipoxygenase pathways <img src=""paste-58d91a3766505e28f137e6d2e2895b6bf2281337.jpg"">" "Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] is a(n) Aminosalcyclate to treat IBD inflammation""Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) is a(n) Aminosalcyclate to treat IBD inflammation <div id=extra> *Shape is specific to stay in GI tract MOA: moduate inflammaotry mediators from cyclooxygenase & lipoxygenase pathways <img src=""paste-58d91a3766505e28f137e6d2e2895b6bf2281337.jpg"">" "Predisone, Prednisolone, and Budesonide are all glucocorticoids used to treat IBD"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Predisone, Prednisolone, and Budesonide are all glucocorticoids used to treat IBD <div id=extra> IBD: inflammatory bowel diseasse MOA: inhibit inflammatory cytokines and chemokines <img src=""paste-29ae779dd8c999c045e50e5f0583f0c20ea8f06e.jpg"">" "Predisone, Prednisolone, and Budesonide are all glucocorticoids"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] used to treat IBD""Predisone, Prednisolone, and Budesonide are all glucocorticoids used to treat IBD <div id=extra> IBD: inflammatory bowel diseasse MOA: inhibit inflammatory cytokines and chemokines <img src=""paste-29ae779dd8c999c045e50e5f0583f0c20ea8f06e.jpg"">" "Adalimumab (Humira) is a(n) [...]""Adalimumab (Humira) is a(n) monoclonal ab against TNF-a <div id=extra> Can treat inflammation in IBD <img src=""paste-d8779b4203e1aa5329d3ef63becc49cda3c815f9.jpg"">" "Sildenafil, Verdenafil, and Tadalafil"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation in ED pts""Sildenafil, Verdenafil, and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation in ED pts <div id=extra> Duration: Sildenafil < Verdenafil < Tadalafil SE: *Flushing *headaches *GI disturbances *Nasal congestion Contrinidcated in pts taking nitrates or α blockers <img src=""paste-475a0e98b08a008aaeff1d2f8eb8f9c8414be3de.jpg""><img src=""paste-b45c4e4d42358bd46a217f00c690d69632cb2cf8.jpg"">" "Sildenafil, Verdenafil, and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...] in ED pts""Sildenafil, Verdenafil, and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation in ED pts <div id=extra> Duration: Sildenafil < Verdenafil < Tadalafil SE: *Flushing *headaches *GI disturbances *Nasal congestion Contrinidcated in pts taking nitrates or α blockers <img src=""paste-475a0e98b08a008aaeff1d2f8eb8f9c8414be3de.jpg""><img src=""paste-b45c4e4d42358bd46a217f00c690d69632cb2cf8.jpg"">" "Sildenafil, Verdenafil"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...], and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation in ED pts""Sildenafil, Verdenafil, and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation in ED pts <div id=extra> Duration: Sildenafil < Verdenafil < Tadalafil SE: *Flushing *headaches *GI disturbances *Nasal congestion Contrinidcated in pts taking nitrates or α blockers <img src=""paste-475a0e98b08a008aaeff1d2f8eb8f9c8414be3de.jpg""><img src=""paste-b45c4e4d42358bd46a217f00c690d69632cb2cf8.jpg"">" "Sildenafil"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...], Verdenafil, and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation in ED pts""Sildenafil, Verdenafil, and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation in ED pts <div id=extra> Duration: Sildenafil < Verdenafil < Tadalafil SE: *Flushing *headaches *GI disturbances *Nasal congestion Contrinidcated in pts taking nitrates or α blockers <img src=""paste-475a0e98b08a008aaeff1d2f8eb8f9c8414be3de.jpg""><img src=""paste-b45c4e4d42358bd46a217f00c690d69632cb2cf8.jpg"">" "Sildenafil, Verdenafil, and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...] which increase vasodilation in ED pts""Sildenafil, Verdenafil, and Tadalafil are phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors which increase vasodilation in ED pts <div id=extra> Duration: Sildenafil < Verdenafil < Tadalafil SE: *Flushing *headaches *GI disturbances *Nasal congestion Contrinidcated in pts taking nitrates or α blockers <img src=""paste-475a0e98b08a008aaeff1d2f8eb8f9c8414be3de.jpg""><img src=""paste-b45c4e4d42358bd46a217f00c690d69632cb2cf8.jpg"">" "PDE5 inhibitors are contraindicated in patients taking [...]""PDE5 inhibitors are contraindicated in patients taking nitrates or α blockers <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-7140111d3d2eb662c7a870afe655275c143057ca.jpg"">" "Terazosin (Hytrin), Prazosin&nbsp;(Minipress)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...], and Tamulosin (Flomax) are α antagonists that relax prostate muscles and bladder neck""Terazosin (Hytrin), Prazosin (Minipress), and Tamulosin (Flomax) are α antagonists that relax prostate muscles and bladder neck <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-222035a99700153b0c71375729b10cdbd5e06ab6.jpg"">" "Terazosin (Hytrin), Prazosin (Minipress), and Tamulosin (Flomax)"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...] are α antagonists that relax prostate muscles and bladder neck""Terazosin (Hytrin), Prazosin (Minipress), and Tamulosin (Flomax) are α antagonists that relax prostate muscles and bladder neck <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-222035a99700153b0c71375729b10cdbd5e06ab6.jpg"">" "Terazosin (Hytrin), Prazosin (Minipress), and Tamulosin (Flomax) are α&nbsp;antagonists"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] that relax prostate muscles and bladder neck""Terazosin (Hytrin), Prazosin (Minipress), and Tamulosin (Flomax) are α antagonists that relax prostate muscles and bladder neck <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-222035a99700153b0c71375729b10cdbd5e06ab6.jpg"">" "Terazosin&nbsp;(Hytrin)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...], Prazosin (Minipress), and Tamulosin (Flomax) are α antagonists that relax prostate muscles and bladder neck""Terazosin (Hytrin), Prazosin (Minipress), and Tamulosin (Flomax) are α antagonists that relax prostate muscles and bladder neck <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-222035a99700153b0c71375729b10cdbd5e06ab6.jpg"">" "5-α-Reductase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] Inhibitors block the conversion of testosterone to DHT""5-α-Reductase Inhibitors block the conversion of testosterone to DHT <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-1842ee8f750a2036fca15d43f8dee5d2fa8f055b.jpg"">" "Urinary Incontinence Causes can be remembered by: D: [...] R: Restricted mobility I: Infection, Impaction P: Polyuria""Urinary Incontinence Causes can be remembered by: D: Delerium or drugs R: Restricted mobility I: Infection, Impaction P: Polyuria <div id=extra> Parasympathetic: pee Sympathetic: store <img src=""paste-c70b02a8befdc0aead36e3fbeb0f2691b2870a92.jpg""><img src=""paste-a749fdaca380022b5ebaa1eb23700f50fad31103.jpg"">" "Urinary Incontinence Causes can be remembered by: D: Delerium or drugs R: Restricted mobility I: Infection, Impaction P: [...]""Urinary Incontinence Causes can be remembered by: D: Delerium or drugs R: Restricted mobility I: Infection, Impaction P: Polyuria <div id=extra> Parasympathetic: pee Sympathetic: store <img src=""paste-c70b02a8befdc0aead36e3fbeb0f2691b2870a92.jpg""><img src=""paste-a749fdaca380022b5ebaa1eb23700f50fad31103.jpg"">" "Urinary Incontinence Causes can be remembered by: D: Delerium or drugs R: Restricted mobility I: [...] P: Polyuria""Urinary Incontinence Causes can be remembered by: D: Delerium or drugs R: Restricted mobility I: Infection, Impaction P: Polyuria <div id=extra> Parasympathetic: pee Sympathetic: store <img src=""paste-c70b02a8befdc0aead36e3fbeb0f2691b2870a92.jpg""><img src=""paste-a749fdaca380022b5ebaa1eb23700f50fad31103.jpg"">" "Urinary Incontinence Causes can be remembered by: D: Delerium or drugs R: [...] I: Infection, Impaction P: Polyuria""Urinary Incontinence Causes can be remembered by: D: Delerium or drugs R: Restricted mobility I: Infection, Impaction P: Polyuria <div id=extra> Parasympathetic: pee Sympathetic: store <img src=""paste-c70b02a8befdc0aead36e3fbeb0f2691b2870a92.jpg""><img src=""paste-a749fdaca380022b5ebaa1eb23700f50fad31103.jpg"">" "Tolterodine (Detrol)"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...], Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence""Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence <div id=extra> MOA: decrease smooth muscle contraction; decrease urine flow SE: *Tachycardia *Hallucinations *Dementia *Exacerbation <img src=""paste-614f7f0fb83708b194aab90dbfb4176d08710d55.jpg"">" "Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan)"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...], and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence""Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence <div id=extra> MOA: decrease smooth muscle contraction; decrease urine flow SE: *Tachycardia *Hallucinations *Dementia *Exacerbation <img src=""paste-614f7f0fb83708b194aab90dbfb4176d08710d55.jpg"">" "Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence <div id=extra> MOA: decrease smooth muscle contraction; decrease urine flow SE: *Tachycardia *Hallucinations *Dementia *Exacerbation <img src=""paste-614f7f0fb83708b194aab90dbfb4176d08710d55.jpg"">" "Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare)"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...] are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence""Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence <div id=extra> MOA: decrease smooth muscle contraction; decrease urine flow SE: *Tachycardia *Hallucinations *Dementia *Exacerbation <img src=""paste-614f7f0fb83708b194aab90dbfb4176d08710d55.jpg"">" "Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] used to treat incontinence""Tolterodine (Detrol), Oxybutynin (Ditropan), and Solifenacin (Vesicare) are all anticholinergics used to treat incontinence <div id=extra> MOA: decrease smooth muscle contraction; decrease urine flow SE: *Tachycardia *Hallucinations *Dementia *Exacerbation <img src=""paste-614f7f0fb83708b194aab90dbfb4176d08710d55.jpg"">" "Bethanecole chloride (Urecholine) is a(n) nonselective muscarinic agonist"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] use to treat urinary retention""Bethanecole chloride (Urecholine) is a(n) nonselective muscarinic agonist use to treat urinary retention <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-9f35ff6587e56089b2259671738a8a5d1781263f.jpg"">" "Bethanecole chloride (Urecholine) is a(n) nonselective muscarinic agonist use to treat urinary retention"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Bethanecole chloride (Urecholine) is a(n) nonselective muscarinic agonist use to treat urinary retention <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-9f35ff6587e56089b2259671738a8a5d1781263f.jpg"">" "Neostigmine is anticholinesterase that can be used to which bladder disorder? [...]""Neostigmine is anticholinesterase that can be used to which bladder disorder? Urinary retention <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-9f35ff6587e56089b2259671738a8a5d1781263f.jpg"">" "Phenazopyridine (Azo) is used to treat [...]""Phenazopyridine (Azo) is used to treat dysuria <div id=extra> Use: treat pain from UTI MOA: produces topical analgesia on bladder smooth muscle <img src=""paste-b80b7f2b605a3aadf3de4e50deb6705346b2c115.jpg"">" "[...] is the 1st line tx for UTIs due to its ability to be filtered from the body quickly""Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) is the 1st line tx for UTIs due to its ability to be filtered from the body quickly <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-ed617fb0dcd64f42a496df7d7ca90e6bf9dfd088.jpg"">" "Fosfomycin inhibits bacterial [...]""Fosfomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis <div id=extra> *Reduces adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells of urinary tract <img src=""paste-00ecba34e7afee302be5e1f9ad8a916c426b0f12.jpg"">" "[...] are used for complicated UTI or kidney infections""Quinolones are used for complicated UTI or kidney infections <div id=extra> *Cover both gram+ and gram- <img src=""paste-188fce36b753f70e620f93f9536385f8e35bb391.jpg"">" "Methenamine (Hiprex)"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] is used to prevent UTI's by acidifying urine""Methenamine (Hiprex) is used to prevent UTI's by acidifying urine <div id=extra> DOES NOT TREAT ACTIVE UTI  Acidic urine turns Methenamine into formaldehyde to kill bacteria <img src=""paste-105721304fa8a7d384ce1b38449cc317b61b8a34.jpg""> " "Methenamine (Hiprex) is used to prevent UTI's by acidifying"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] urine""Methenamine (Hiprex) is used to prevent UTI's by acidifying urine <div id=extra> DOES NOT TREAT ACTIVE UTI  Acidic urine turns Methenamine into formaldehyde to kill bacteria <img src=""paste-105721304fa8a7d384ce1b38449cc317b61b8a34.jpg""> " "Anti-inflammatory drugs work by decreasing production of [...]""Anti-inflammatory drugs work by decreasing production of prostaglandins <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-35c9f1379a5eb688c419d7da12dece9d17c1c156.jpg"">" "COX-[...] is constitutively expressed""COX-1 is constitutively expressed <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-341dc546addd97dc5bdb4d308f8e3ca6c1a41855.jpg"">" "COX-[...] expression is induced by inflammation""COX-2 expression is induced by inflammation <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-8ef2572781ccdd603153123ec5de7c58e2624967.jpg"">" "COX-1 synthesizes protective gastric"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] prostaglandins and prostaglandins that dilate the afferent arteriole (kidney)""COX-1 synthesizes protective gastric prostaglandins and prostaglandins that dilate the afferent arteriole (kidney) <div id=extra> COX1 = maintenance COX2 = inflammation <img src=""paste-8ef2572781ccdd603153123ec5de7c58e2624967.jpg"">" "COX-1"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] synthesizes protective gastric prostaglandins and prostaglandins that dilate the afferent arteriole (kidney)""COX-1 synthesizes protective gastric prostaglandins and prostaglandins that dilate the afferent arteriole (kidney) <div id=extra> COX1 = maintenance COX2 = inflammation <img src=""paste-8ef2572781ccdd603153123ec5de7c58e2624967.jpg"">" "COX-1 synthesizes protective gastric prostaglandins and prostaglandins that dilate the afferent arteriole"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] (kidney)""COX-1 synthesizes protective gastric prostaglandins and prostaglandins that dilate the afferent arteriole (kidney) <div id=extra> COX1 = maintenance COX2 = inflammation <img src=""paste-8ef2572781ccdd603153123ec5de7c58e2624967.jpg"">" "Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) irreversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) irreversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 <div id=extra> MOA: acetylates COX-1/2 resulting in inhibition <img src=""paste-410ff5ba4591fb4f7197d1b46e21363841047e82.jpg""><img src=""paste-4fabda8e84d063b55d122b382a555d4e7ac25a90.jpg""> <img src=""paste-19fbe0c1e9c4edbd7d03310c20f36060263e0078.jpg""><img src=""paste-83587c59a2197c2baa7210d4631aa43eea975688.jpg"">" "Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) works by acetylating"" data-ordinal=""1"">[MOA?] COX1 and COX2""Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) works by acetylating COX1 and COX2 <div id=extra> *Can change catalytic activity of COX 2 <img src=""paste-410ff5ba4591fb4f7197d1b46e21363841047e82.jpg""><img src=""paste-4fabda8e84d063b55d122b382a555d4e7ac25a90.jpg""> <img src=""paste-19fbe0c1e9c4edbd7d03310c20f36060263e0078.jpg""><img src=""paste-83587c59a2197c2baa7210d4631aa43eea975688.jpg"">" "The antiplatelet effects of Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) last [...]""The antiplatelet effects of Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) last 8-10 days <div id=extra> *Why it is rarely used as an anti-inflammtory now *Mainly used for TIAs, Unstable angina, coronary artery thrombosis, MI <img src=""paste-410ff5ba4591fb4f7197d1b46e21363841047e82.jpg""><img src=""paste-4fabda8e84d063b55d122b382a555d4e7ac25a90.jpg""> <img src=""paste-19fbe0c1e9c4edbd7d03310c20f36060263e0078.jpg""><img src=""paste-83587c59a2197c2baa7210d4631aa43eea975688.jpg"">" "What is the gastric effect for NSAIDs that block COX-1? [...]""What is the gastric effect for NSAIDs that block COX-1? GI upset with risk of ulcers/ gastritis <div id=extra> COX-1 produces protective prostaglandins in the stomach <img src=""paste-50993c4c956c9a95232340fd8f4600ca94038c4b.jpg"">" "Aspirin is contraindicated in patients with [...] due to anti-platelet effects""Aspirin is contraindicated in patients with hemophilia due to anti-platelet effects <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-7627c63a25750c601fc4767314b7e5ffe52da4c6.jpg"">" "The antiplatelet effects of asiprin require a low"" data-ordinal=""1"">[high or low] dose""The antiplatelet effects of asiprin require a low dose <div id=extra> **Aspirin effects are dependent on dosage <img src=""paste-6a7cd64e01e1db80f8977ed852858fce248e503b.jpg""> " "Reye's Syndrome"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] occurs when a child is given aspirin in the setting of a viral illness""Reye's Syndrome occurs when a child is given aspirin in the setting of a viral illness <div id=extra> Symptoms: *mitocondrial damage *hepatitis <img src=""paste-0b0b2a1108b91685c13ddd0a00e4a6ce4b5a8bbe.jpg""> <img src=""paste-adf6eba4684874332cbde7deb547d8119246b7f0.jpg"">" "Reye's Syndrome occurs when a child is given aspirin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] in the setting of a viral illness""Reye's Syndrome occurs when a child is given aspirin in the setting of a viral illness <div id=extra> Symptoms: *mitocondrial damage *hepatitis <img src=""paste-0b0b2a1108b91685c13ddd0a00e4a6ce4b5a8bbe.jpg""> <img src=""paste-adf6eba4684874332cbde7deb547d8119246b7f0.jpg"">" "Ibuprofen"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] and Naproxen are propionic acid derivatives that are nonselective COX inhibitors""Ibuprofen and Naproxen are propionic acid derivatives that are nonselective COX inhibitors <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-ca4605f0302c3aaa1372fd9f820bc3a6e1bd5c90.jpg"">" "Ibuprofen and Naproxen"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...] are propionic acid derivatives that are nonselective COX inhibitors""Ibuprofen and Naproxen are propionic acid derivatives that are nonselective COX inhibitors <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-ca4605f0302c3aaa1372fd9f820bc3a6e1bd5c90.jpg"">" "Ibuprofen and Naproxen are propionic acid derivatives that are nonselective&nbsp;COX"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] inhibitors""Ibuprofen and Naproxen are propionic acid derivatives that are nonselective COX inhibitors <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-ca4605f0302c3aaa1372fd9f820bc3a6e1bd5c90.jpg"">" "Ibuprofen and Naproxen are propionic acid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] derivatives that are nonselective COX inhibitors""Ibuprofen and Naproxen are propionic acid derivatives that are nonselective COX inhibitors <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-ca4605f0302c3aaa1372fd9f820bc3a6e1bd5c90.jpg"">" "Indomethacin (Indocin) is a nonselective COX"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] inhibtior""Indomethacin (Indocin) is a nonselective COX inhibtior <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-ca4605f0302c3aaa1372fd9f820bc3a6e1bd5c90.jpg"">" "There are less"" data-ordinal=""1"">[less or more] antiplatelet effects with nonselective COX inhibtors""There are less antiplatelet effects with nonselective COX inhibtors <div id=extra> EX) Ibuprofen, naproxen, Indomethacin <img src=""paste-bea6fa2e763cfbc4d04671a956d8299cdcc5dd09.jpg"">" "T/F: Acetaminophen has anti-inflammatory effects False"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""T/F: Acetaminophen has anti-inflammatory effects False <div id=extra> Weak COX 1 inhibitor <img src=""paste-0d36219cfd3ca9476c94240201cb002c746b90de.jpg""> <img src=""paste-d17c2fce3faba5e05221911a055b8d9d4c9639f7.jpg""><img src=""paste-a625898e620d56bd1365e85695ccc518ca4532f9.jpg""><img src=""paste-324adc12960fd1812ac4084f6febc24d5ed8da39.jpg"">" "Acetaminophen weakly inhibits COX1 & inhibis [...]""Acetaminophen weakly inhibits COX1 & inhibis COX2 <div id=extra> No antiinflammatory effects <img src=""paste-0d36219cfd3ca9476c94240201cb002c746b90de.jpg""> <img src=""paste-d17c2fce3faba5e05221911a055b8d9d4c9639f7.jpg""><img src=""paste-a625898e620d56bd1365e85695ccc518ca4532f9.jpg""><img src=""paste-324adc12960fd1812ac4084f6febc24d5ed8da39.jpg"">" "Acetaminophen weakly inhibits [...] & inhibis COX2""Acetaminophen weakly inhibits COX1 & inhibis COX2 <div id=extra> No antiinflammatory effects <img src=""paste-0d36219cfd3ca9476c94240201cb002c746b90de.jpg""> <img src=""paste-d17c2fce3faba5e05221911a055b8d9d4c9639f7.jpg""><img src=""paste-a625898e620d56bd1365e85695ccc518ca4532f9.jpg""><img src=""paste-324adc12960fd1812ac4084f6febc24d5ed8da39.jpg"">" "[...] consumption should be avoided when taking Acetaminophen""Alcohol consumption should be avoided when taking Acetaminophen <div id=extra> Toxic product: NAPQI <img src=""paste-0d36219cfd3ca9476c94240201cb002c746b90de.jpg""><img src=""paste-b235c785fa1f043fdefa5f8e09162d927501b97d.jpg""> <img src=""paste-d17c2fce3faba5e05221911a055b8d9d4c9639f7.jpg""><img src=""paste-a625898e620d56bd1365e85695ccc518ca4532f9.jpg""><img src=""paste-324adc12960fd1812ac4084f6febc24d5ed8da39.jpg"">" "Describe the effects achieved by Acetaminophen. A. Decrease fever B. Pain relief C. Decrease inflammation D. All of the above E. Two of the above [...]""Describe the effects achieved by Acetaminophen. A. Decrease fever B. Pain relief C. Decrease inflammation D. All of the above E. Two of the above E <div id=extra> Antipyretic & analgesic (B &C) <img src=""paste-bcebe356c458dbceb9d94d20dbbfee1cda1558bf.jpg""> <img src=""paste-0d36219cfd3ca9476c94240201cb002c746b90de.jpg""><img src=""paste-b235c785fa1f043fdefa5f8e09162d927501b97d.jpg""> <img src=""paste-d17c2fce3faba5e05221911a055b8d9d4c9639f7.jpg""><img src=""paste-a625898e620d56bd1365e85695ccc518ca4532f9.jpg""><img src=""paste-324adc12960fd1812ac4084f6febc24d5ed8da39.jpg"">" "Acetaminophen can cause [...]totoxcity due to NAPQI buildup ""Acetaminophen can cause heptatotoxcity due to NAPQI buildup  <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-5813c02a99a9783d9eed402eae005656e4c6cc45.jpg"">" "Celecoxib (Celebrex) inhibits [...] ""Celecoxib (Celebrex) inhibits COX2  <div id=extra> Selective! Use: Arthritis <img src=""paste-21e22f80282b1da9bf1b7dc1c7af60d088206c43.jpg"">" "Meloxicam (Mobic) inhibits [...] ""Meloxicam (Mobic) inhibits COX2  <div id=extra> Selective! Use: Arthritis <img src=""paste-21e22f80282b1da9bf1b7dc1c7af60d088206c43.jpg"">" "Celecoxib"" data-ordinal=""1"">[NSAID?] should be avoided in patients with CV disease""Celecoxib should be avoided in patients with CV disease <div id=extra> COX2 selective inhibitor <img src=""paste-675ef255bd0640f2796262fe7ea549d1dcd13aaf.jpg""><img src=""paste-64379a65b1cddf8830d1d59bca985a2803c8839d.jpg""><img src=""paste-717000342d39a309b8f853515850e22ee0e88cc4.jpg""> <img src=""paste-05c00ca94cbe02f941f23609bd371948fcc90153.jpg"">" "Celecoxib should be avoided in patients with CV"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] disease""Celecoxib should be avoided in patients with CV disease <div id=extra> COX2 selective inhibitor <img src=""paste-675ef255bd0640f2796262fe7ea549d1dcd13aaf.jpg""><img src=""paste-64379a65b1cddf8830d1d59bca985a2803c8839d.jpg""><img src=""paste-717000342d39a309b8f853515850e22ee0e88cc4.jpg""> <img src=""paste-05c00ca94cbe02f941f23609bd371948fcc90153.jpg"">" "[...] are disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs""DMARDs are disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs <div id=extra> For Rhematoid arthritis <img src=""paste-96ec132d8cab5edd1b6e8988071533b1bdce03ff.jpg"">" "Methotrexate is a(n) [...] drug ""Methotrexate is a(n) immunosuppresive drug  <div id=extra> Example of a DMARD MOA: inhibits T cell activation <img src=""paste-d84be074af5c8aff4e16d3cc8c209f3c8238b34a.jpg"">" "[...] are a group of medications commonly used in people with rheumatoid arthritis""DMARDs are a group of medications commonly used in people with rheumatoid arthritis <div id=extra> Disease Modifying AntiRheumatic Drugs <img src=""paste-7e193f53155112fd517ca61bd2ce0b1eac84d309.jpg"">" "Abatacept"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is an immunosuppressant that binds to APCs""Abatacept is an immunosuppressant that binds to APCs <div id=extra> bDMARD <img src=""paste-ff0361c4bddfb98d8483882c4e1340249a5dd7e1.jpg"">" "Abatacept is an immunosuppressant that binds to APCs"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Abatacept is an immunosuppressant that binds to APCs <div id=extra> bDMARD <img src=""paste-ff0361c4bddfb98d8483882c4e1340249a5dd7e1.jpg"">" "Rituximab (Rituxan)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is an immunosuppressant that depletes CD20 B lymphocytes""Rituximab (Rituxan) is an immunosuppressant that depletes CD20 B lymphocytes <div id=extra> bDMARD <img src=""paste-ff0361c4bddfb98d8483882c4e1340249a5dd7e1.jpg"">" "Rituximab (Rituxan) is an immunosuppressant that depletes CD20 B lymphocytes"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Rituximab (Rituxan) is an immunosuppressant that depletes CD20 B lymphocytes <div id=extra> bDMARD <img src=""paste-ff0361c4bddfb98d8483882c4e1340249a5dd7e1.jpg"">" "Tocilizumab (Actemra)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is an immunosuppressant that inhibits IL-6 signaling""Tocilizumab (Actemra) is an immunosuppressant that inhibits IL-6 signaling <div id=extra> bDMARD <img src=""paste-ff0361c4bddfb98d8483882c4e1340249a5dd7e1.jpg"">" "Tocilizumab (Actemra) is an immunosuppressant that inhibits IL-6 signaling"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Tocilizumab (Actemra) is an immunosuppressant that inhibits IL-6 signaling <div id=extra> bDMARD <img src=""paste-ff0361c4bddfb98d8483882c4e1340249a5dd7e1.jpg"">" "Adalimumab is an immunosuppressant drug that blocks [...]""Adalimumab is an immunosuppressant drug that blocks TNF-alpha <div id=extra> bDMARD SE: Increased risk of infection <img src=""paste-3ebacb655e7c01349b5bb3c7ef8e472d2415b1ec.jpg"">" "Tofacitinib"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is a tsDMARD that inhibits Janus kinase signaling pathway for interleukins""Tofacitinib is a tsDMARD that inhibits Janus kinase signaling pathway for interleukins <div id=extra> tsDMARD Use: RA SE: Infections <img src=""paste-51a05b4ef6e599cf78fc8c8276637d04632298f5.jpg"">" "Tofacitinib is a tsDMARD that inhibits Janus kinase"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] signaling pathway for interleukins"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Tofacitinib is a tsDMARD that inhibits Janus kinase signaling pathway for interleukins <div id=extra> tsDMARD Use: RA SE: Infections <img src=""paste-51a05b4ef6e599cf78fc8c8276637d04632298f5.jpg"">" "[...] gout involves producing excessive uric acid; [...] gout involves impaired excretion of uric acid""Metabolic gout involves producing excessive uric acid; Renal gout involves impaired excretion of uric acid <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-77dd4eb83a40790893040d6f98b2f99d703810ac.jpg""><img src=""paste-5ea73bd125406560fe5e49220e558af062aa2b52.jpg"">" "Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is a purine analog that inhibits xanthine oxidase"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] to prevent uric acid production""Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is a purine analog that inhibits xanthine oxidase to prevent uric acid production <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-9430aa605c173352f32a85dee472763d2ad3f808.jpg"">" "Allopurinol (Zyloprim)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is a purine analog that inhibits xanthine oxidase to prevent uric acid production""Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is a purine analog that inhibits xanthine oxidase to prevent uric acid production <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-9430aa605c173352f32a85dee472763d2ad3f808.jpg"">" "Febuxostat (Uloric)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is a non-purine that inhibits xanthine oxidase to prevent uric acid production""Febuxostat (Uloric) is a non-purine that inhibits xanthine oxidase to prevent uric acid production <div id=extra> SE: liver function abnormalities, diarrhea <img src=""paste-9430aa605c173352f32a85dee472763d2ad3f808.jpg"">" "Febuxostat (Uloric) is a non-purine that inhibits xanthine oxidase"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] to prevent uric acid production""Febuxostat (Uloric) is a non-purine that inhibits xanthine oxidase to prevent uric acid production <div id=extra> SE: liver function abnormalities, diarrhea <img src=""paste-9430aa605c173352f32a85dee472763d2ad3f808.jpg"">" "Pegloticase (Krystexxa)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] converts uric acid to allantoin so it can be excreted by the kidney""Pegloticase (Krystexxa) converts uric acid to allantoin so it can be excreted by the kidney <div id=extra> Use: gout <img src=""paste-9430aa605c173352f32a85dee472763d2ad3f808.jpg"">" "Pegloticase (Krystexxa) converts uric acid to allantoin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] so it can be excreted by the kidney""Pegloticase (Krystexxa) converts uric acid to allantoin so it can be excreted by the kidney <div id=extra> Use: gout <img src=""paste-9430aa605c173352f32a85dee472763d2ad3f808.jpg"">" "Probenacid prevents"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] tubular reabsorption of uric acid""Probenacid prevents tubular reabsorption of uric acid <div id=extra> Use: gout <img src=""paste-9430aa605c173352f32a85dee472763d2ad3f808.jpg"">" "Fexofenadine (Allegra) is a(n) 1&nbsp;Antagonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Fexofenadine (Allegra) is a(n) 2nd Gen H1 Antagonist <div id=extra> Does not cross BBB = less drowsiness Use: Allergies <img src=""paste-2886e937a7ffdcf378d7f659755a06d3d111e7ea.jpg"">" "Cetirizine (Zyrtec) is a(n) 1&nbsp;Antagonist"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""Cetirizine (Zyrtec) is a(n) 2nd Gen H1 Antagonist <div id=extra> Does not cross BBB = less drowsiness Use: Allergies <img src=""paste-2886e937a7ffdcf378d7f659755a06d3d111e7ea.jpg"">" "What effect does agonizing Serotonin receptors in the respiratory system have? [...]""What effect does agonizing Serotonin receptors in the respiratory system have? Bronchoconstriction & Hyperventilation <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d88c99f1ee55a3036dc737e3220cc7d625fb787b.jpg"">" "What effect does agonizing Serotonin receptors in the Cardiovascular system have? [...]""What effect does agonizing Serotonin receptors in the Cardiovascular system have? Bradycardia, hypotension <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d88c99f1ee55a3036dc737e3220cc7d625fb787b.jpg"">" "What effect does agonizing Serotonin receptors in the GI tract have? [...]""What effect does agonizing Serotonin receptors in the GI tract have? stimulate peristalsis <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-d88c99f1ee55a3036dc737e3220cc7d625fb787b.jpg"">" "Sumatriptan"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] treats migraine headaches by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT1D/1B receptor""Sumatriptan treats migraine headaches by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT1D/1B receptor <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-2f2e799fab56d5f18b68be1b77f8339a0744e5c1.jpg"">" "Sumatriptan treats migraine headaches by stimulating the serotonin 1D/1B&nbsp;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]receptor""Sumatriptan treats migraine headaches by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT1D/1B receptor <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-2f2e799fab56d5f18b68be1b77f8339a0744e5c1.jpg"">" "Sumatriptan treats migraine headaches"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...] by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT1D/1B receptor""Sumatriptan treats migraine headaches by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT1D/1B receptor <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-2f2e799fab56d5f18b68be1b77f8339a0744e5c1.jpg"">" "What are the effects of stimulating the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor? [...]""What are the effects of stimulating the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor? Appetite suppression; weight loss <div id=extra> Ex) Lorcaserin <img src=""paste-8ec0767d1d496ce593bf2cbe2944d380c228e143.jpg"">" "Tegaserod treats IBS by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT4"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] receptor""Tegaserod treats IBS by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor <div id=extra> Increases GI motility <img src=""paste-3a1199059aafca084d4c3881fa77b40962120bd3.jpg"">" "Tegaserod"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...] treats IBS by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor""Tegaserod treats IBS by stimulating the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor <div id=extra> Increases GI motility <img src=""paste-3a1199059aafca084d4c3881fa77b40962120bd3.jpg"">" "[...] is a fungus that grows on rye""Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye <div id=extra> Can produce alkaloids and cause Erogtism: <ul><li>dementia</li><li>hallucinations</li><li>vasospasm</li><li>headache</li><li>vomting</li><li>diarrhea</li></ul> <img src=""paste-c6f22cbfc54961b90a9a3f865dff664956dc5eab.jpg""><img src=""paste-da4dfd3f6278fde49745c617de76c5727e35e276.jpg""> " "Egotamine (Cafergot) is an Ergot alkaloid used to treat migraines &amp; cluster headaches"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Egotamine (Cafergot) is an Ergot alkaloid used to treat migraines & cluster headaches <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-a9d10654d6ad9e0657f912a8fb7863b29a556b13.jpg""><img src=""paste-a0254a05300283d81523db3e0460ce163140d5b4.jpg"">" "Egotamine (Cafergot)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is an Ergot alkaloid used to treat migraines & cluster headaches""Egotamine (Cafergot) is an Ergot alkaloid used to treat migraines & cluster headaches <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-a9d10654d6ad9e0657f912a8fb7863b29a556b13.jpg""><img src=""paste-a0254a05300283d81523db3e0460ce163140d5b4.jpg"">" "Ergonovine (Ergostat) is an Ergot alkaloid used to treat postpartum bleeding"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]""Ergonovine (Ergostat) is an Ergot alkaloid used to treat postpartum bleeding <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-a9d10654d6ad9e0657f912a8fb7863b29a556b13.jpg""><img src=""paste-a0254a05300283d81523db3e0460ce163140d5b4.jpg"">" "Ergonovine (Ergostat)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] is an Ergot alkaloid used to treat postpartum bleeding""Ergonovine (Ergostat) is an Ergot alkaloid used to treat postpartum bleeding <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-a9d10654d6ad9e0657f912a8fb7863b29a556b13.jpg""><img src=""paste-a0254a05300283d81523db3e0460ce163140d5b4.jpg"">" "For healthy patients with a localized infection, antibiotics are not"" data-ordinal=""1"">[are or are not] indicated""For healthy patients with a localized infection, antibiotics are not indicated <div id=extra> If patient is immunocompromised/has systemic infection, antibiotics are indicated <img src=""paste-8d3902772b96073d9aab5e7918bbc55cd477d748.jpg"">" "[...] is the 1st choice antibiotic in dentistry""Amoxicillin is the 1st choice antibiotic in dentistry <div id=extra> Downside: pencillin allergy Use Azithromycin if patient is allergic to penicilin <img src=""paste-0af19e7a1bce080f01233b987f8a040be86e1e8c.jpg"">" "[...] is the alternative antibiotic for a patient with a β-lactam hypersensitivity""Azithromycin is the alternative antibiotic for a patient with a β-lactam hypersensitivity <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-65469129ecf8b10e3ff51b29143146b41d699843.jpg"">" "Amoxicillin can increase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...] the effects of methotrexate and warfarin""Amoxicillin can increase the effects of methotrexate and warfarin <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-91e60dda44844547ead6c224f6d37cebe264aea1.jpg"">" "[...] is the recommended antifungal for a localized fungal infection""Clotrimazole (Mycelex) is the recommended antifungal for a localized fungal infection <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-90c441884631d5b0afe37de91b26e2b0deaa50bc.jpg"">" "[...] is the recommended antifungal for systemic candidiasis""Fluconazole (Diflucan) is the recommended antifungal for systemic candidiasis <div id=extra> *be mindful fo drug-drug interactions due to azoles being a CYP34A substrate" "[...] is a topical antiviral recommended for a HSV outbreak""Docosanol (Abreva) is a topical antiviral recommended for a HSV outbreak <div id=extra> Acyclovir for systemic HSV or VZV infections <img src=""paste-51da18ab45ca714effd3d5d5eadfa4d7149d8b8f.jpg"">" "A Patient comes in complaining of dry mouth and is on numerous drugs including a Tricyclic Antidepressant, a β blocker, and an anticholinergic. What are some treatment options to combat the xerostomia? A. Recommend dosing the anticholinergic in the morning B. Recommend switching from a TCA to a SSRI C. Split the drug dosage throughout the day D. Consider prescribing the muscarinic agonist Pilocarpine E. All of the above are acceptable options [...]""A Patient comes in complaining of dry mouth and is on numerous drugs including a Tricyclic Antidepressant, a β blocker, and an anticholinergic. What are some treatment options to combat the xerostomia? A. Recommend dosing the anticholinergic in the morning B. Recommend switching from a TCA to a SSRI C. Split the drug dosage throughout the day D. Consider prescribing the muscarinic agonist Pilocarpine E. All of the above are acceptable options E <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-1298b506c0660bd0d1e66effa594bff3f4e52597.jpg"">" "Cholinergic agonists, Nicotine supplements, Cholinesterase inhibitors, and GERD cann all contribute to hyper"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]salivation""Cholinergic agonists, Nicotine supplements, Cholinesterase inhibitors, and GERD cann all contribute to hypersalivation <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-4f1f1915b07e1712c4fabcd8b3854bbf65f16123.jpg"">" "Glypyrrolate and Ipratropium are anticholinergics that can work to decrease"" data-ordinal=""1"">[increase or decrease] salivation""Glypyrrolate and Ipratropium are anticholinergics that can work to decrease salivation <div id=extra> Use: treat sialorrhea Decrease PNS results in less secretions <img src=""paste-64d5eb7b951862fca5d3f23be82a296e8d1ab477.jpg"">" "T/F: It is recommended to tell your patient to stop taking their anticoagulant before an invasive dental procedure (i.e. extraction) False"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""T/F: It is recommended to tell your patient to stop taking their anticoagulant before an invasive dental procedure (i.e. extraction) False <div id=extra> If they are high risk for bleeding, consult physician <img src=""paste-e8d1137aa022fd2f396afd88e48039401322bc1e.jpg"">" "Limit dose of [...] in LA for hypertensive patients if possible""Limit dose of epinephrine in LA for hypertensive patients if possible <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-bfc0e8217db0f926dda804a1c5834f0a7e8baae0.jpg"">" "Ibuprofen should be avoided in pregnant women in the [...] trimester""Ibuprofen should be avoided in pregnant women in the third trimester <div id=extra> There are levels of safety that drugs have when prescribed to a pregnant/ breastfeeding patient Always check categories before prescribing! <img src=""paste-11e4a69e5067b3666325c28d13c6e1cf09eb4a18.jpg""><img src=""paste-a4f6ab361f6c36560af00ec6d23767e14d5284ea.jpg""> " "The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor Simvastatin is contraindicated to be prescribed with the macrolide antibiotic [...]""The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor Simvastatin is contraindicated to be prescribed with the macrolide antibiotic Erythromcyin <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-4682418ba9e8f4e869b0d02f95715e07c73bce09.jpg"">" "For a patient experiencing a rash, characteristic of an allergic reaction without throat swelling, what would be recommended? [...]""For a patient experiencing a rash, characteristic of an allergic reaction without throat swelling, what would be recommended? Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-66cd07181e2413e45f9798b9a0f8ab0a90419b55.jpg"">" "For a patient experiencing hives and throat swelling, characteristic of anaphylaxis, what is recommended? [...] ""For a patient experiencing hives and throat swelling, characteristic of anaphylaxis, what is recommended? Epinephrine  <div id=extra> Alpha and beta agonist <img src=""paste-deb294d75c76ee087a691cbdb52e9f50a8730f7d.jpg"">" "What is recommended for a patient experiencing an asthma attack? [...]""What is recommended for a patient experiencing an asthma attack? Albuterol <div id=extra> Beta 2 agonist (bronchodilator) <img src=""paste-33257b072b4395536866dc19d6d731087a146e55.jpg"">" "What is recommended for a patient experiencing a benzodiazepine overdose? [...]""What is recommended for a patient experiencing a benzodiazepine overdose? Flumazenil <div id=extra> Benzo antagonist Symptoms: *deep sedation *blurred vision *slow breathinng  <img src=""paste-d956b368b924425c0c8db3b7c785597e032188d6.jpg"">" "What is recommended in patients experiencing an opioid overdose? [...]""What is recommended in patients experiencing an opioid overdose? Naloxone (narcan) <div id=extra> Symptoms: *pinpoint pupils *slow, irregular breathing *blue lips & fingernails <img src=""paste-ab887bb7a67a71f3166f28f75a7bea502fd79005.jpg"">" "What is recommended in patients experiencing Angina? Nitroglycerin (vasodilator), then aspirin (blood thinner)"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]""What is recommended in patients experiencing Angina? Nitroglycerin (vasodilator), then aspirin (blood thinner) <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-f37b95672c6b435571c7275e4bcac8f3899dc108.jpg"">" "What is recommennded in patients experiencing hypoglycemia (i.e. tachycardia, shakiness, sweating)? [...]""What is recommennded in patients experiencing hypoglycemia (i.e. tachycardia, shakiness, sweating)? Glucose <div id=extra> <img src=""paste-ec106192eb076bfb61a4a0a2df20f975c5cffffe.jpg"">" "What is recommended in patients experiencing hypotension without bradycardia? [...]""What is recommended in patients experiencing hypotension without bradycardia? Ephedrine <div id=extra> alpha and beta-adrenergic agonist <img src=""paste-1d00d29c5e04e3085af2da4eb75d2911a3d7f4f7.jpg"">" "What is recommended in patients experiencing hypotension with bradycardia? [...]""What is recommended in patients experiencing hypotension with bradycardia? Atropine <div id=extra> antimuscarinic <img src=""paste-f4a7ae268410b9d90c9fc2bcfffca4a45442ede4.jpg"">" "What should be given to a patient that has a seizure? [...]""What should be given to a patient that has a seizure? Lorazepam (Ativan) <div id=extra> Benzodiazepine <img src=""paste-3a9bc6244e475343c4f52a54f002049e552b6bb5.jpg"">"

D2 Year D2 Spring Term 6571 Pharmacology Unit 4

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D2 Year D2 Spring Term 6571 Pharmacology Unit 4

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