HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL TIME PERIOD PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD MEGALITHS (Ancient Stone Monuments); MONUMENTAL; EARLY SETTLEMENTS STONE AGE 46,000 YA 10,000 YA PALEOLITHIC Period Old Stone Age; Nomadic; Hunting & Gathering; Cro-Magnons Cave Painting MESOLITHIC Period Mid-Stone Age NEOLITHIC Period New Stone Age; Agriculture, domestication BRONZE AGE MINOAN Period – Crete & Greek IRON AGE Use of Iron; Development of written language 40,000 BCE UBBIR ABORIGINAL ROCK PAINTINGS 30,000 BCE LASCAUX, FRANCE ANIMAL CAVE PAINTINGS 22,000 – 14,000 BCE PEAK & DECLINE OF ICE AGE NEW LAND RIDGES; MIGRATION 12,000 BCE CAVES NEAR WATER PROLIFERATION OF HUMANS ACROSS GLOBE 10,000 – 5,000 BCE EARLY NEOLITHIC PERIOD 1ST STRUCTURE BUILT; RELIGIOUS CENTERS 9,000 BCE GOBLEKI TEPE, TURKEY 3m HIGH MONOLITH LIMESTONE PILLARS; RELIEFS PRE-EXIST 6,000 BCE NABTA PLAYA, S. EGYPT 4m DIAMETER STONE CIRCLE, 4,500 YRS EARLIER 3,500 – 3,000 BCE NIUHELIANG RITUAL CENTER, MONGOLIA 2,600 BCE STONEHENGE, SALISBURY, WILTSHIRE, ENGLAND 14 (40x60m) BURIAL MOUNDS & ALTARS OVER RIDGES MODIFIED BY THE BEAKER PEOPLE (THEORY) “SARCEN CIRCLE;”CONTEMPORARY W/ UR &THE END OF PYRAMID AGE; BUILT & MODIFIED IN PHASES CALLANISH STONES, Scotland – Prehistoric Stones, Circular, Ritual Purpose TEMPLE OF TARXIEN, Malta – Famous for its Carved Stones UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS MENHIR MONOLITH THAT MARKS A BURIAL MOUND; Single / Parallel Rows, Upright Monolith, memorial or tribe victory Monoliths or Menhirs – prototypes of EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS DOLMEN tomb, standing stone capped with stone slab COVE 3 standing stones (2 at sides, 1 at rear) TRILITHON 2 upright stones with a lintel on top CROMLECH circular MEGALITH stone enclosure (e.g. Stonehenge, England) BURIAL MONUMENT TUMULUS PASSAGE GRAVE / BARROW; PREHISTORIC BURIAL MOUND (e.g. Treasury of Atreus, Greece) EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS The 1st Architectural Developments were TOMBS to preserve the memory of CLAN LINEAGES BARROW TOMBS SLAB STONE CHAMBER; narrow passage, artificial earth mound cover or BARROW 1ST HOUSES – TENT LIKE STRUCTURES AMERICAN INDIAN TEEPEE cooler climate; conical tent, wood poles as framework& animal skins; portable Indian shelter WIGWAM forest area; round/oval shape; tree bark as wood framework HOGAN drier area; logs as wood framework & mud; Navaho Indian dwelling SOUTH ITALY TRULLO stonework; square chambers, conical vaulted roof (e.g. Apulia, Italy | Alberobello, Bari Province) MONGOLIA YURTS circular tent made of wool felt stretched over a wooden frame OTHER PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS BEEHIVE HUT CLOCHAN; dry wall stone shelter, corbelled roof IGLOO Inuit (Eskimo) snow block dome house NIGERIAN HUT mud walls, roof of palm leaves IRAQI MUDHIF made of Reed mats and Reed platform SUMATRAN HOUSE multi-family house, made of Timber & Palm leaves, has fenced pen & livestock underneath EARLY CITIES (e.g. Kerry, Ireland) hunters started farming communities, permanent settlements JERICHO Oldest continually-inhabited city, hilltop city with stone houses KHIROKITIA (Cyprus) Earliest Neolithic Village, hilltop city, circular limestone houses (2-9m diameter), plastered floors (e.g. Tell Es-Sultan, Jordan) Page 1 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS 5,000 BCE MESOPOTAMIA (now IRAQ) MONUMENTAL; ARCTUATED Structures; Conglomeration of Babylonian & Assyrian AR Fertile Crescent; Between TIGRIS & EUPHATES RIVER Largest network of village & cities in the world Reunited Kingdom under the Kings of UR – King UR-NAMMU UBAID – Prehistoric Period of Mesopotamia FALL OF MESOPOTAMIA – DEFORESTATION & MINING – Changed region’s microclimate & caused desertification SUMERIAN (5000 – 2000 BC) Monumental Temples of Sun-dried bricks, CUNEIFORM AKKADIAN (5000 – 2000 BC) With Sumerians BABYLON (2000 – 1600 BC) or CHALDEA; Lower Mesopotamia ASSYRIAN (900 – 700 BC) City of ASHUR– Now SYRIA PERSIAN & MEDIAN (500 – 331 BC) PERSEPOLIS ORIENTATION 4 CORNERS TOWARDS CARDINAL POINTS (2) TWO ECONOMIC ORIENTATIONS UPHILL – Mining Region DOWNHILL – Agriculture Region DWELLINGS known as MEGARON, Early GREEK Dwelling; Entrance at end rather than on the long sides TELL HILLROCK; MOUND W/ MUD-BRICK HOUSE REMAINS CATAL HUYUK KONYA PROVINCE, TURKEY Largest & most preserved Neolithic Village; One of the earliest towns recorded; central of metal trade Cluster / architectural mass of rectangular, flat roof, mud houses; no streets/passageways Belief: stacked houses; build new house over old house where family member is to be buried 5,000 – 2,000 BC SUMERIANS & AKKADIANS SUMERIAN Monumental Temples of Sun-dried bricks North; Agriculture & Mining First to develop societal system / class hierarchy; alongside Ubaids CUNEIFORM 1ST Recorded Writing System ZIGGURAT, UR Stepped structure for worship (Fire Altar at the Top); 7-Storey, 21m High, 65 x 100m, 3 monumental staircases Also called “SOURCE OF LIFE” Painted Terraces – Depicts Myth – EA defeating APSU West – White – Symbolizes Mesopotamian Deity APSU; Highest – Red – Symbolizes Sun Burnt Air; AKKADIAN Middle – Black – Symbolizes Mesopotamian Deity EA Topmost – Blue –Symbolizes Heavens Under the rule of SARGON; joined & dominated Sumerians; Mountain Tribes; Metalwork; Changed Village-Based Civilization to Royalty/Ruler Concept ASSYRIAN City of ASHUR – Now SYRIA; War-like; Military Superiority (Manifested in buildings); control over Nile River & Egypt Built City Palaces and Interior Courts; took precedence over Religious Structures; Apartments in an Assyrian Palace: SERAGLIO Palace Proper HAREM for Private Family / Private Chamber KHAN Service Chamber RELIGION POLYTHEISM – worship heavenly bodies, deities CONSTRUCTION ARCH & VAULT; BATTLEMENTED CRESTINGS on top of walls VENTILATION TERRA COTTA PIPES in Assyrian palaces DECORATION Colossal Winged Bulls – low relief sculpture in stone murals, guarding chief portals LAMASSU (Bull-Man) Mythical Beast on Doorway; Protective Spirit APSASU (Female); SHEDU (Male) has 5TH Leg DUK–SHARRUKIN PALACE OF SARGON, Khorsabad, Iraq, Sargon II Squarish Parallelogram City within Walls with a 7-staged Ziggurat Palaces, temples, government bldgs., harem, stables, & public reception rooms Page 2 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BABYLONIAN or CHALDEA Decline on Assyrian Empire under NEBUCHADNEZZAR Last great Mesopotamian City before falling into the PERSIAN EMPIRE FLOODS & HEAVY RAINS in ASSYRIA & BABYLON; Hence, the use of BRICKS than earthen clay Floods & Heavy Rains = “ZIGGURATS” (2) TWO Residential Districts Adjacent to Shore Palace Compound & Ziggurat Compound RELIGION MARDUK – God of BABYLON; POLYTHEISM DECORATION Bull & Lion idols LAW OF HAMMURABI / HAMMURABI’S CODE 282 Rules written by the KING HAMMURABI First list of laws carved onto a black stone STELE (pillar) ETEMENANKI Candidate for the TOWER OF BABEL; Made to worship Babylonian god Marduk Described in the Bible, built in Babylon, by King Nebuchadnezzar II to “rival Heaven” CORNERS face the CARDINAL POINTS HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON SUMMER PALACE COMPLEX; Irrigated by Chain Pumps One of the “7 WONDERS OF ANCIENT WORLD” ISHTAR GATE Icon of Mesopotamian Architecture; 4-STOREY Portal gate, glazed brick, colorful tiles, bull & dragon décor ZIGGURAT AT BORSIPPA INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Rebuilt by NEBUCHADBEZZAR First PROTO-URBAN ENVIRONMENT; Associated themselves with their trade No ritual sites and No burial cults Mastered GRAIN CULTIVATION – Multi-room Granaries or Silos Masters of Manipulating Water– Man-Made Lakes (4) FOUR RIVER VALLEY SYSTEM Nile River – Egypt Indus River – INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION OR HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Yellow River – Chinese Civilization Meso River CONSTRUCTION Drainage System Defensive Walls; Road Networks; Uptown and Downtown DHOLAVIRA Reverse HYDRO-ENGINEERING problem; retain water from man-made lakes for irrigation, etc. MOHENJO DARO Dominant South Indus City; prone to Flash floods Culverts & Raised Brick Platforms; Drains which lead to Settling Tanks MOHENJO DARO, RAKHIGARHI, GANWERIWALA Rebuilt 7 times; series of flash floods THE GREAT BATH City Social Center; BITUMEN WATERPROOFING; 12x7x3 pool accessed by stairs HARAPPA One of the Dominant Cities GHAGGAR HAKRA RIVER MESO AMERICA CIVILIZATION MIDDLE AMERICAN PERIOD Fall of Civilization – Wipeout via Disease from Europeans OLMECS LA VENTA PYRAMID; COLLOSAL HEAD SCULPTURES, MEXICO MAYANS TIKAL AND PALENQUE – Similar to Ziggurat AZTECS TEMPLO MAYOR – main temple in the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan INCANS MACCU PICCHU – Most Famous; Elevated/Mounted; Large Materials; Level of Accuracy; Cyclopean Walls HITTITE ARCHITECTURE 1400 – 1190 BC HITTITE EMPIRE (ANCIENT ANATOLIA) – Present-day TURKEY Located at Asia minor & Northern Syria – in a rocky land with limestone cliffs; The Hittites had plentiful natural resources for building Remains of heavy stone construction shows its architecture with a clear defensive purpose. CONSTRUCTION ROCK RELIEFS; Fortifications of CYCLOPEAN STONE MASONRY& PORTAL GATEWAYS Page 3 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (April 2021) Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) / Giza Museum 3050 BC - 900 BC; 3200 BC – 1st Cen. AD SIMPLICITY, MASSIVENESS, MONUMENTALITY; GRANEUR MONARCHY – Form of Government 30 dynasties (3rd Millennium BC to Roman Period) Egypt was Part of Persian Empire for 2 Centuries before invasion of Alexander the Great OSIRIS PILLARS – Forerunners of the Caryatids of Greece ROSETTA STONE – Granodiorite Stele; Key to Deciphering Egyptian Writing (Hieroglyphs); Decree by PTOLEMY V Contains Hieroglyphic Script (top); Demotic Script (middle), and Ancient Greek (bottom) PYLONS – Monumental Gateway to Temple, Slanting Walls, Flanking to Entry Portal (Temple of Isis, Philae) FORTRESSES – located at West bank of Nile or on Islands FORTRESS OF BUHEN– Largest Fortified town near Nubia, from here they could trade & invade lands to the South Stone; Mud bricks – for houses, palaces; Sand-Dried Bricks – clay& stone for pyramids & temples; MATERIALS Date Palm & Palm Leaves – for Roofing; Acacia – boats; Sycamore – Mummy Cases; Soft Stones ( Limestone; Sandstone; Alabaster ) & Hard Stones ( Granite; Basalt; Quartzite ) Other materials, metals and timber were imported ORIENTATION Faces Toward CARDINAL POINTS CONSTRUCTION NOT CORNERS its SIDES face towards Cardinal Points Post & Lintel; Columnar or Trabeated HYPOSTYLE HALL HYPAETHRAL Row of Columns supporting Flat Roof or KIOSK – Classical Temple; wholly / partly open to the sky; Freestanding stone canopy Flat Roofs –Due to absence of Rain; No Windows – to cut heat penetration and sandstorm BATTERED WALL Inclination from base to top of façade; Unbroken Massive Walls – Protects interior from heat DECORATION Gorge, Hollow, Bead, Roll, & Torus Moulding (inspired by reeds); Lotus, Papyrus, Palm Capitals (inspired by plants, fertility symbol) ANCIENT / OLD KINGDOM (1ST to 10TH Dynasty) – Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt CONSTRUCTION Scale Difference; imposing human scale, to separate divine & mortal world 3RD DYNASTY KING ZOSER – Politically Stable Egyptian BURIAL MOUND; 1st Type of Egypt Tomb,Tomb means “House of Eternity” MASTABA Rectangular, flat-top, Battered sides, Tomb made for the Nobility or Royal family Parts: 1) SERDAB – Inner Secret Chamber, Has Statue Of Deceased Narrow Chamber with STELAE – deceased name inscribed and an offering table 2) OFFERING CHAPEL 3) SARCOPHAGUS CHAMBER STEPPED PYRAMID of Zoser, Saqqara 1st Large-Scale Monument in Stone; Oldest Surviving Masonry Building Designed By IMHOTEP (1st Architect) MORTUARY TEMPLE OF ZOSER MEMPHIS Geographic Term: HUT–KA–PTAH / HAYKUPTAH; means “MANSION OF PTAH;” “Ptah” as Origin of the word, “EGYPT” TH 4 DYNASTY SNEFRU Built a Stepped-Faced Pyramid at MEIDUM Unfinished & Abandoned BENT PYRAMID SENEFERU (2600 BC) 54 to 43 degree inclination; 150m High 1ST TRUE PYRAMID; Red Cast Stone – His Actual Burial Place RED PYRAMID Perfect System of Tomb Chambers; Model of Subsequent Pyramids PYRAMIDS OF GIZA Most magnificent of Pyramids SIDES (NOTCORNERS i.e. Ziggurats) face towards Cardinal Points THI – Architect-In-Charge / Supervisor of Pyramid Complex Pyramid of CHEOPS KHUFU (Tallest; equated to the St. Peter Cathedral) Pyramid of CHEPREN KHAFRA or KHAFRE Great Sphinx Pyramid of MYKERINOS King CHEPREN as a Man-Lion (Represents Horus) MENKAURE (Smallest) PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX: (1) PYRAMID – Massive Funerary Structure of Stone or Brick, came in Complexes (2) MORTUARY CHAPEL; (3) VALLEY BUILDING; (4) ELEVATED & ENCLOSED CAUSEWAYS Page 4 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MIDDLE KINGDOM (11TH to 17TH Dynasty) Shifted from PYRAMIDS to TOMB TEMPLES TEMPLE TYPES: 1) MORTUARY TEMPLES – Worship, in honor of Pharoahs 2) CULT TEMPLES – Worship, in honor of god 3) ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMB – for Nobles Tomb of The Kings, Thebes; OBELISK, HELIOPOLIS, by SENUSRET 1ST Temple of Khons – Has Avenue of Sphinx, Typical Hypostyle Hall MENTUHETEP II – 1ST to Develop Rock-Cut Tombs Tombs at Beni Hasan upright square stone; electrum-capped pyramidion; hieroglyphics on 4-sides, usually in pairs, height of 9-10 times the diameter at the base, symbolizes sun-god Heliopolis VALLEY BUILDING NEW EMPIRE(18TH to 30TH Dynasty) COLUMNS & CAPITALS Where EMBALMENT & RITES TOOK PLACE AMUN–RE – (Sun/Heaven god) became National Deity of the new kingdom; dozens of temple built in his honor 1st to develop columns as more than just a load-bearing device Archetype of a DJED PILLAR (Ancient Egypt) – placing a capital ORNAMENTS Scarab Beetle – Resurrection; Solar Discs & Wings – Protection; Lotus, Papyrus Palm – Fertility; Spirals & Feathers – Eternity OBELISK, PIAZZA OF S. GIOVANNI– 4-sided monolith w/ Pyramidion cap; originally from TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK DER–EL–BAHARI( MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT) Most Impressive Rock-Cut Temple in Size; Carved off a Cliff Dedicated to Hathor, does not contain her tomb; ANUBIS SHRINE SENMUT – Built DER–EL–BAHARI GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK GRANDEST FREESTANDING STRUCTURE of all Egyptian temples built AMENEMHAT 1ST– founded Great Temple of KARNAK (Grandest of all temples) THOTMES 1ST – ADDITIONS to KARNAK temple INENI – Architect of KARNAK Temple RAMESES 1ST –began construction of the HYPOSTYLE HALL RAMESES 2ND – finished construction of the HYPOSTYLE HALL; great builder, fascinated w/ AR TEMPLE OF LUXOR, KARNAK Has AVENUE OF THESPHINX; Cult Temple Alternating Sphinxes – Androsphinx (man); Hieracosphinx (Falcon); Criosphinx (Ram) TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL, by RAMESES 3RD Pinnacle of Egyptian Rock-Cut Temple RAMESES II – Constructed by Most STUPENDOUS (INTRICATE) Rock-cut Temple; 22m Tall 4 rock-cut colossal statues of RAMESES 3RDwith Queen & Children at foot; has Baboon Sculptures MAMMISI TEMPLE Became the prototype of Greek Doric Temples RAMESSEUM, by RAMESES 2ND Funerary Temple, Dedicated to Rameses 2ND& Amon, Also has 4 Colossal Figures COLOSSI OF MEMNON One of the Wonders of the Ancient World; Erected by AMENOPHIS 3RD PTOLEMAIC PERIOD PTOLEMY 2ND Built the ancient lighthouse “LIGHT HOUSE, PHAROS” or “LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA” In honor of Alexander the Great PTOLEMY 3RD Architect SOSTRATUS OF CINDUS Founded the “GREAT SERAPEUM, OF ALEXANDRIA” – Housed the LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA Dedicated to SERAPIS, Largest of all Serapa in Alexandria PERSIAN EMPIRE: PALACE COMPLEX OF PERSEPOLIS Architect PARMENISKOS EGYPTIAN GODS RA, RE – sun OSIRIS – death, judgement ISIS – motherhood, protection HORUS – falcon, royalty SETH, SET – storms, chaos, evil ATUM, TUM – sun, creator of all things MIN – fertility MAAT – order AMUN, AMEN, AMON – 'the unseen one' MUT – mistress of heaven KHONSU – moon 'the traveller' HAPI – the Nile's fertility NUT – the firmament SHU – air GEB – earth PTAH – creation, craftsmanship Page 5 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PERSIAN EMPIRE (500–550 BCE Achaemenid Dynasty to 331 BCE conquest by ALEXANDER THE GREAT – looted & burned the city after) Major influence on Western & Central Asia – took advantage & expanded after the collapse of EGYPT, ASSYRIAN, & BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Characterized by a SYNTHESIS OF ARCHL ELEMENTS of surrounding countries, such as Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece CLIMATE Dry & Hot Climate = Open Column-Type Temples; MATERIALS Rarely rains in Persia, hence the use of TIMBER & COLORED LIMESTONE RELIGION MONOTHEISM – believers of good & evil, ethical forces MATERIALS Greek + Egyptian influence; Stone mostly for fire-temples & palace platforms due to scarcity CONSTRUCTION Massive stone or marble blocks WALLS Double mud-brick walls for stability COLUMNAR &TRABEATED with Flat Roof Timbers rather than vaults, sometimes domed CLERESTORY LIGHTING of Temples ARCHES Circular & Pointed Arch PERSIAN TILES World famous for their texture & colors MOULDINGS Ogee, Bead, & Hollow molding COLUMNATION &CAPITALS Introduced the use of columns; DOUBLE-BULL / GRIFFIN / HORSE Capitals & Ionic Scroll SASSANIAN Link between older Mesopotamia & Byzantine; Palaces with elliptical vaults & domes set on Squinches & stuccoed masonry walls PERSEPOLIS Fars Province, Iran, Darius; Not war but negotiation, Multi-cultural; Dynastic Burial Site; Hillside Tombs City of Persians; Built an extensive ROAD NETWORK, Drainage & Water System on its Complex PALACE COMPLEX OF PERSEPOLIS (300m x 45m) BIGGEST PALACE IN MESOPOTAMIA Eight (8) Parts of the Palace Complex: 1.) PALACE OF DARIUS 2.) TREASURY ARMORY & ROYAL STOREHOUSE; Former Reception Hall before the Throne Hall was finished has reliefs Started & Finished by DARIUS 3.) APADANA Grand columnar AUDIENCE HALL in a Persian Palace 4.) GATE OF XERXES Only access to Throne Started & Finished by XERXES 5.) PALACE OF XERXES Twice bigger than the Palace of Darius Started & Finished by XERXES 6.) COUNCIL HALL Three (3) entries to the Royal Apartments; one led to the Harem 7.) HAREM ROYAL LADIES’ RESIDENCE 8.) THRONE HALL 2nd Largest; HALL OF 100 COLUMNS Started & Finished by DARIUS HYPOSTYLE HALL OF XERXES 850 BC - 476 AD Started & Finished by XERXES Started & Finished by XERXES Started by XERXES ; Finished by ARTAXERXES the 1st 72 black marble columns supports flat roof PALACE PLATFORM OF PERSEPOLIS GREEK ARCHITECTURE Started by DARIUS ; Finished by XERXES Grand Steps leading to Apadana (Audience Hall) of Persepolis REFINEMENT OF LINE & SIMPLICITY OF DETAIL; CLARITY, STRENGTH & REPOSE Mainland Greece, Cyclades, & Crete Island, Italy & Sicily; Archipelago & Islands: Sea as means of Trade Rugged Mountains Made Communication Difficult; Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans, states Destroyed by Volcanic Eruptions & Fire; Sea Trade takeover by Mycenaean CLIMATE Rigorous cold to relaxing heat; Clear atmosphere & intense light – conducive to create precise forms RELIGION Nature worship; Greek gods & Roman counterparts, deities Religious rites; Ritual dances; Sacred games; Sacrifices; Greeks sought advice from oracles – oracle at Delphi ORIENTATION Entrances& Temples faced EAST Greek Architecture has Spiritual Appeal; Judicial activities, dramatic presentations, public ceremonies took place in the open air Perfected Proportions In Construction Systems; Sophisticated Optical Corrections Mathematical Ratios CONSTRUCTION First Evidence of WOODEN STRUCTURE Upright Posts, Supporting Beams & Sloping Rafters POST & LINTEL Construction Roof Truss – made large spaces to be unhindered by columns COLUMNAR &TRABEATED Major Public Bldgs. – Built with Limestone & Marbles held in Doric, Ionic, & Corinthian Orders place by Bronze/Iron Pins set into molten lead MATERIAL MARBLE main material DECORATION MOULDINGS; Refined & delicate in contour, due to fineness of marble and the clarity of atmosphere and light METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING No windows CLERESTORY – At roof & upper portion of wall; &SKYLIGHT – Made of thin, translucent marble Page 6 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREECE: Now TURKEY (3000 BC - 1100 BC)AEGEAN CIVILIZATION also called, ANCIENT ATHENS– Refers to BRONZE AGE; Greek Civilization around Aegean Sea Consists of MINOAN AND MYCANAEAN Flourished in Crete, after King Minos of Knossos – Knossos was the largest city Trade and communications produced a unity of culture and economic stability ORIENTATION Temples- Facade at EAST RELIGION Primitive stage of nature worship; Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games, ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars MATERIALS Terracotta, Limestone & Marble, Timber, Stone PLAN HIPPODAMIAN GRID SYSTEM; Rectilinear Town Layout By: Ionian Hippodamus of Miletus (5th Cen. BC) CONSTRUCTION Trabeation; Corbelled Arch; Bulbous Echinus & Square Abacus Capitals CYCLOPEAN WALLS Large Stones w/o Mortar On Clay Bedding Types of Wall Construction CYCLOPEAN BLOCKS; POLYGONAL; RECTANGULAR / DOWELED DECORATION (1800 BC – 1300 BC) Plastered Walls with Colored Frescoes (Early Bronze Age) – HELLADIC PERIOD MINOAN PERIOD GRACEFUL, BEAUTIFUL, &COLORFUL Grand Palaces & “Court-Centered Bldgs.”; More of Traders than Warriors. Hence, palaces had no fortification walls Centered in Crete; famous for PALACE COMPLEX, KNOSSOS; named after King Minos of Knossos PALACE COMPLEX, KNOSSOS Largest 3-Acre Complex; Largest Palace built by Minoans Contained residences kitchens, storage rooms, bathrooms, ceremonial rooms, workshops & sanctuaries Drainage System, Baths, Toilets, 16 Storage Rooms (for oil, wool, & grain) Theatres & Ritual Centers Decorated with FRESCOES; Tapered down CYPRESS COLUMNS PALACE OF KING MINOS (1550 to 1100 BC) Labyrinth Construction to retain Minotaur Son; Created by DAEDALUS (Late Bronze Age) – LATE HELLADIC PERIOD MYCANAEAN PERIOD Sea-faring people, city was close to the sea; Pirates; active in Sea Trading; became a unified social order; building techniques from Minoans; Architecture centered on MEGARON (Great Hall) Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans built more fortresses (cyclopean walls) With CITADELS than religious shrines; has LION GATE ENTRANCE MEGARON (HOUSE) Single-storey, central room, portico entry, columns, support roof; has THALAMUS (BEDROOM) THOLOS or BEEHIVE TOMBS – “false dome” construction with inner chambers Large Circular Burial TOMB OF AGAMEMNON / TREASURY OF ATREUS Tholos; Most Finely Built BEEHIVE TOMB; made of Fine-cut Ashlar Blocks Has 2 half column at Entry with chevrons & spirals; Six (6) Chamber Tomb; 15m Circular Chamber; 36m X 6m DROMOS / Passageway to Tholos (650 / 480 BC – 323 BC) CLASSICAL PERIOD HELLENIC PERIOD Emergence of DORIC, IONIC, & CORINTHIAN ORDERS Greek Enterprise relied on SEA TRADE; Persians relied on Road Networks; Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan The "polis" emerged – City-states developed on the plains between mountains Sparta and Athens; different forms of government: Oligarchic, Tyrannic, Democratic; MATERIALS Marble Carpentry, Terracotta, stone, & timber CONSTRUCTION TEMPLE Chief building type; Columnar & Trabeated ENTASIS Optical Illusion, Swelling Columns Perfected Corrections LACUNARIA Sunk Panels at ceilings of Temples DECORATION Sculptures, Ornamented Buildings with Color & Murals Page 7 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE GREEK ORDERS Capital – Latin: “Caput”; came from Greek: “Kranion,” means “Skull”; inspired from Egypt Tomb Columns DORIC Top square abacus, bottom round echinus, oldest & massive of the orders; widely used Order IONIC Formalization of PROPORTION SYSTEM from Spiral volutes, made in ionian islands, for smaller bldgs. & interiors; Derived from symbolic headdress/poles with vegetation; Has Dentils, Egg-&-Dart and Bead-&-Reel Moulding; Three-Fasciae Architrave; Fluted Column Shaft; Torus with Horizontal flutes; PINACOTHECA Gallery of Paintings; 1st Acropolis Temple built in Ionic Order& in Pentelic Marble CORINTHIAN – city of Corinth, Callimachus (inventor), 2 tiers of Acanthus leaves, similar to Ionic but more slender & ornate TEMPLE OF APOLLO EPICURIUS – Ictinus, Bassae (Corinthian Order 1st used) PARTHENON, Athens, Greece (447 – 438 BC) Also called, HEKATOMPEDOS; Rebuilt after Persians Ionic Capital – Temple in honor of Athena (Nike), the city patron goddess NOT FLAT – Curved, Large Sphere (20mm Entasis) 2n+1 proportion used – to determine number of columns on sides Designed by ICTINUS & CALLICRATES Sculptures by PHIDIAS Restoration made by drawings of JACQUES CARREY PLAN OR PARTS OF THE PARTHENON: NAOS or CELLA Enclosed Principal Chamber, Cult Image kept here ADYTON Innermost Chamber in Cella; Reserved for Priests or Oracles PRONAOS or ANTICUM Open Vestibule before Cella EPINAOS or POSTICUM Rear Vestibule OPISTHODOMOS Small Room in Cella as for a Treasury Notable Architects PARTHENON & TEMPLE OF APOLLO ICTINUS PARTHENON also; TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE PARTS OF A TEMPLE CALLICRATES Sculpting Works of PARTHENON PHIDIAS & SCOPAS PROPYLEA & ERECTHEUM / ERECHTHEION MNESICLES TEMPLE OF ZEUS, OLYMPIA LIBON OF ELIS Basic element of a temple is its colonnade PROSTYLE PORTICO Has Columns across the entire front of Temple AMPHIPROSTYLE Temple with Prostyle Porticoes at both ends ANTA Refers to the thickening of the projecting end of one of the lateral walls; And if columns are set between them / Column in Antis TRYGLYPH One Triglyph per column and per intercolumnation METOPE Decorated with Paintings / Relief; depicts story on local heroes / myths CREPIDOMA Podium, Also called, STEREOBATE; Building Foundation & Platform STYLOBATE top portion of Stereobate / Crepidoma; TYPES OF COLONNADE SURROUNDING NAOS PERIPTERAL One row of Columns; DIPTERAL – 2 Rows; TRIPTERAL – 3 Rows PSEUDOPERIPTERAL Colonnade at one/each end; Columns engaged/attached at sides PSEUDODIPTERAL Dipteral but without inner colonnade NUMBER OF COLUMNS at Entry of Greek Temple HENOSTYLE One Column HEXASTYLE 6 Columns DISTYLE 2 Columns HEPTASTYLE 7 Columns TRISTYLE 3 Columns OCTASTYLE 8 Columns TETRASTYLE 4 Columns ENNEASTYLE 9 Columns PENTASTYLE 5 Columns DECASTYLE 10 Columns Page 8 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ACROPOLIS TEMENOS; Upper City; Citadel; City on a Height Elevated land on Hill; Multiple Buildings; Sacred enclosure at highest part of a Greek city (Research Parts of Acropolis) ERECTHEUM Named after ERECTHEUS: Mythical Founder of Attica; Earth-born King of Athens; Has Human-Like Columns GREEK LEGEND: Founding Myth of Athens; Erectheus selects patron god for city; Athena vs. Poseidon; Athena gifted city the 1st Olive Tree- for food, oil, & firewood; Poseidon gifted Saltwater Spring from Rock- promising no drought TYPICAL STRUCTURES PROPYLEA Entry Gateway TEMPLES RELIGIOUS Architecture mostly; Early Temples made of Mud Brick with Thatched Roof AGORA Market or Meeting Place; Main Square ( ROMAN: FORUM ) STOA Long Colonnaded Building; Portico, used as promenade or meeting place around public places STOA OF ATTALOS, In the Agora of Athens, Greece – Used both Doric & Ionic PRYTANEION Senate House; Executive House; Seat of Prytaneis; Public Town Hall, Assembly Hall ( ROMAN: CURIA ) BOULEUTERION Council House with Stepped Benches Surrounding Central Platform STADION Elongated Sports Venue, for Foot Race HIPPODROME Open or Roofed Track, for Chariot & Horse Race PALAESTRA Wrestling School/House & Athletics, can be inside a Gymnasium& Thermae GYMNASION Centre for PHYSICAL EXERCISE, Sports, Playing Areas & Baths ODEION Roofed Musical Theatre; for vocal and instrumental music performance THEATRON Open-air theatre where plays, choral & dance presentation Parts of a Theatre (323 BC - 30 BC) HELLENISTIC ORCHESTRA Stage CAVEA Seating Area SKENE Stage Bldg PARADOS Side Passage DIAZOMA Aisles CERCIS Wedge Sections PARASCENIUM Wings slowly transcend to Roman Period DIGNIFIED & GRACIOUS STRUCTURES; SYMMETRICAL, ORDERLY CIVIC STRUCTURES – With Roman Architecture inspiration ORIENTATION Entrances faced EAST DECORATION Mouldings PROSTAS or ANTEROOM – Greek Dwelling from Street Via Passage or Courtyard PASTAS – Dwelling Type, Courtyard at Center Of South Side, Columned Veranda PERISTYLE – Dwelling Type, Open Courtyard Surrounded by Columns on all Sides More Luxurious then Prostas or Pastas House INTERCOLUMNATION Applies mainly to Hellenistic and Roman Temples PYCNOSTYLE 1.5 Diameters SYSTYLE 2 Diameters EUSTYLE 2.25 Diameters DIASTYLE 3Diameters ARAEOSTYLE 3.5 Diameters PSEDA Page 9 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 750 BC - 100 BC / 300 BC - 365 AD / 2nd Cen. - 4th Cen. PRETENTIOUS (of EXAGGERATED WORTH & STATURE)richly ornate but less fundamental (as oppose to Greeks) Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization in Europe, West Asia and North Africa Roman Empire were tagged as engineers than architects; Provinces run by governors; Applied roman system of laws Not sea-faring people – Depended on conquest by land to extend their power Ostentatious Interiors –(300 BC – 365 AD) Elaborately Ornamented, Exteriors Unadorned Emphasis on Monumental Public buildings; Developed complex, of several stories; Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials Large-scale undertakings, like city walls and sewers, Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by using channels 800 -300 BC RISE OF ROMAN EMPIRE 2 PERIODS: 750 BC to 146 BC ETUSCAN or ETRUSCAN Influenced by Etruscans’ arch vault and dome w Greek’s columns 146 BC to 365 AD CLASSICAL ROMAN Developed constitutional republic; Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice ITALIAN PENINSULA – Central and commanding position on Mediterranean Sea For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called consuls 27 BC Rule of Emperor AUGUSTUS Succession of military dictatorships of which Julius Caesar’s was most famous 114 AD Emperor TRAJAN Empire grew 4000km wide with 60 million inhabitants; Built fortified walls, such as Hadrian’s Wall in England 300 AD to 400 AD Etruscans introduced CONCRETE; Stone or brick rubble with POZZOLANA (Volcanic Ash) POZZOLANA A Thick Volcanic Earth Material as Mortar ROMAN CONCRETE VITRUVIUS – MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO Pozzolana + Lime + Sand + Water + Gravel Wrote “DE ARCHITECTURA (ON ARCHITECTURE) – TEN BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE” Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas (Durability, Usefulness, and Beauty) ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE 750 BC - 100 BC Etruscan Civilization – Now ITALY Influenced by Greek AR, developing at the same period Early Etruscan Houses were Oval in plan, wattle & daub construction with a thatched roof Etruscan towns and cities were square & divided into grid, surrounded by thick walls; situated to take advantage of water supply ORIENTATION Temples oriented SOUTH; Temples Faced FORUM MATERIALS Perishable Nature of the materials Wattle & Daub Construction – Bundled Sticks & Mud overlay Tufa Blocks & Ashlar Masonry in foundations, buildings, & walls "TUFA" is a porous volcanic rock common in Italy & "ASHLAR" describes large, squared stones CONSTRUCTION Specialized in MASONRY; introduced ARCUATED SYSTEM &introduced the use of CONCRETE TUSCAN Order or TOSCANA – created & derived from the Greek Doric order; Simplified Version Rectangular Houses – Built after on a stone foundation with wooden framing & unbaked mud brick SUBTERRANEAN TOMBS, Foundation Walls, Models of Huts & Houses, & Fragments of Terracotta Roof Decoration 2 Types of Earliest Etruscan Burials: 1) Pit Burial With Urn 2) Trench Burial For The Deceased NOTABLE ARCHITECTS PANTHEON TEMPLE OF VESPATIAN COLLOSEUM TEMPLE OF VENUS and BASILICA OF TRAJAN CONQUERED JERUSALEM AGRIPPA DOMITIAN VESPASIAN & DOMITIAN APPOLODORUS OF DAMASCUS EMPEROR TITUS Page 10 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD Expanded under rule of HADRIAN VASTNESS, OSTENTATION, ORNATENESS City had streets, squares, fountains, gates, & public buildings; based from CASTRUM – Old Roman Fortress / Military Town North–South Axis Main / Primary Street; shorter axis CARDO East West Axis Road / Secondary Main Street DECUMANUS ORIENTATION Temples – Facade FACED FORUM RELIGION POLYTHEISTIC, several cults; Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from those of Greek gods LANGUAGE LATIN – Official Language MATERIALS Concrete for vaults of magnitude never equalled until 19th century steel PRIMARY FACING MATERIALS Marble, Granite & Alabaster STONE Tufa, Peperino, Travertine, Lava Stone, Sand, Gravel MARBLE Mostly white EARTH For terra cotta and bricks STUCCO, FRESCOES, & MOSAICS CONSTRUCTION Greek orders used as decorative features; Temple, Palaces, Baths Invention of CONCRETE; Plumbing, Heating, and Water Supply Arch, Vault, Dome – Round Arch and Pier; Vaulting Systems; Tunnel and cross vault; Columnar & Trabeated style of Greeks PROTHYRUM Entry Gateway COLUMNATION TUSCAN (Doric with base) Simplified version of Doric order COMPOSITE (Ionic volute + Corinthian leaves) Most decorative Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian COLUMNS Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined use of column, beam and arch (arctuated) Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively, were used by Romans as decorative features which could be omitted ROOF & CEILING / TYPES OF VAULT Wagon Vault / Tunnel Vault – Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel walls throughout its length Wagon with Intersecting Vault Barrel Vault Cross Vault– Formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of equal span - used over square apartment or bays Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola – Used over circular structures DECORATION MOSAICS – Small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to form a pattern OPUS ALEXANDRIUM Geometric pieces of COLORED STONE OPUS MUSIVUM Mosaic work; COLORED GLASS or ENAMEL OPUS TESSELATUM Use of Small Tesserae – uniform small cubes of stone, marble, glass, ceramic OPUS VERMICULATUM Emphasize outline around an object OPUS SECTILE Forms figural patterns, follows outline of design WALL MASONRY METHODS OPUS INCERTUM OPUS – Opera in Plural; Latin For “Work;” Stonework & Walling Construction Irregular work; irregularly-shaped / random uncut stones; small stones, loose pattern resembling polygonal walling. Rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints OPUS SIGNINUM Unpatterned aggregates cemented in lime or clay OPUS SPICATUM Masonry Units in Herringbone Pattern or “Spike Work” OPUS QUADRATUM Masonry work; Square Blocks set in Parallel Courses; with / without mortar joints OPUS RETICULATUM Diamond-shaped Bricks forming Net-like Pattern; fine joints running diagonally OPUS TESTACEUM Triangle-Form; also called LATERICIUM OPUS MIXTUM Mixed Work; Reticulatum on center & Latericium on Edges OPUS QUASI–RETICULATUM Page 11 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE DWELLINGS ATRIUM HOUSE Roman Dwelling which has main central space, open to the sky CASA DI TREBIUS VALENS DOMUS PATRICIAN TOWNHOUSE – its entry at street front, enclosed at back, walls on flanks VILLA Large 2-part Classical Roman Country House; Pars Urbana (Living Area) &Pars Rustica (Working Area) VILLA DE MISTERI CURIA Senate House; in Greek: PRYTANEION INSULA / INSULAE 3- or 4- storey tenement type buildings; Prototype for the modern condominium CASA DI DIANA, ITALY IMPORTANT STRUCTURES / CIVIC BUILDINGS TEMPLE RECTANGULAR TEMPLE MAISON CAREE, NIMES CIRCULAR TEMPLE PANTHEON, ROME, ITALY PALACE World’s Largest Unreinforced Concrete Dome Serves as temple, church, and tomb for centuries PALACE OF DIOCLETIAN, SPLIT CROATIA – Part Fortified Camp, Part City, & Part Villa FORUM MARKETPLACE; Open Space Town Center within grid pattern streets (GREEK: AGORA) Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops IMPERIAL FORUM No streets, No spatial/axial connections between the spaces; bonded elements; colonnaded sequence and enclosed spaces FORUM ROMANUM – Oldest Republican Forum in Rome; Open Spaced and Rectangular BASILICAS For MEETINGS & LAW / legal matters to be carried out and a place for business transactions Large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum Used as Hall Of Justice for Romans BASILICA IN THE FORUM, POMPEII BASILICA OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, LEPCIS MAGNA BASILICA OF MAXENTIUS / BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE / BASILICA MAXENTII, ROME TRIUMPHAL ARCHES Arched urban public monument; commemorates a great event, usually victory in war ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, THE FORUM, ROME ARCH OF CONSTANTINE, ROME PONS (Bridge) AQUEDUCT BRIDGE OF AUGUSTUS, RIMNI, ITALY Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the city; Latin: “Aquae Ductus;” or “conveyance of water” PONT DU GARD, NIMES, FRANCE SEGOVIA AQUEDUCT, SPAIN DRAINAGE – ex. CLOACA MAXIMA – World’s Earliest Sewage System Main Storm Drainage System CIRCUS Enclosed U-Shaped Arena for Chariot & Horse Racing (HIPPODROME in GREEK) CIRCUS MAXIMUS, ROME QUADRIGAS 4–Horse Roman Chariot THEATERS Theatrical Works Production & Performance; Arena with Stage and Auditorium AMPHITHEATERS Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized contests; for entertainment COLOSSEUM, ROME Superimposed Orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, & Composite Order) Page 12 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE THERMAE PUBLIC ROMAN BATH; Romans liked to keep clean and fit; Built elaborate public baths open to men & women THERMAE OF CARACALLA BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN, ROME HYPOCAUST System of flues in floor / walls for central heating via furnace Furnace that provided warm baths to the thermae PARTS OF THE THERMAE APODYTERIA Dressing Room LACONICUM (Dry); SUDATORIUM (Wet) Sweat Room, Rubbing With Oil TEPIDARIUM Warm Bath CALDARIUM Hot Bath FRIGIDARIUM Cold / Unheated Bath UNCTUARIA Oils and Perfumes Room OTHER Parts of the Thermae PALAESTRA Wrestling Area AMBULATIO Exercise BALNEUM Bathing Pool NATATIO Swimming Pool DESTRICTARIUM Massage SCHOLA Conversation HELIOCAMINUS Solar–heated room EXEDRAE Libraries & Lecture Halls XYSTUS Gardens, Parks STADIUM or WATERFALL TABERNAE 476 AD Shops, Restaurant THE FALL OF ROME – START OF THE DARK AGES Hun Invasion (also Barbarians, Germanic Tribes, Visigoths, Vandals, & Saxons); Weakened Army – Betrayed by Hun Refugees raised and trained to become Roman soldiers Political Corruption; Financial Crisis; Rise of the East (Roman Byzantium) Empire Rise of Christianity – Edict of Milan by Constantine – Loyal to the Religion than to the Emperor SEPARATION OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN EMPIRE OF ROME 3rd Century Crisis – Became too large to be ruled by one emperor – Emperor DIOCLETIAN – divided into a TETRARCHY WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE – Destroyed by Invasions from Germanic Tribes EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE – or BYZANTINE / BYZANTIUM EMPIRE; due to its largely Greek-speaking population Ruled by Constantine I – Became the Capital City of Constantinople (330 AD) Page 13 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ( 5th to 15th CENTURY ) DARK AGE / MEDIEVAL AGE / MIDDLE AGE ARCHITECTURE WESTERN EUROPE – Demographic, cultural, & economic deterioration MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE European Middle Age Architecture; comprising of Architecture from the BYZANTINE, PRE-ROMANESQUE, ROMANESQUE, & GOTHIC PERIOD MIDDLE AGE 476 CE DARK AGE 476 CE – 1100 European history between Classical Antiquity and the Renaissance Early part of the Middle Ages CHIEF STRUCTURES HOUSES Used readily-available materials; Usually 2-rooms for people & animals; No chimneys, heated by central fire; lost to the Great fire in London CRUCK-FRAMED HOUSE Open Timber Ceiling; Thatched Roof / Slate; Daub & Wattle Walls; White Color from Slaked Lime & Chalk MOTTE & BAILEY 10th–12th Cen. NORMAN CASTLE MOTTE Steep Earth mound surrounded by a ditch & surmounted by a timber stockade and tower BAILEY Outer wall of a castle; enclosed courtyard STONE KEEP CASTLES KEEP / DONJON Innermost & Strongest Tower structure of Castle; Place in times of siege Fortified group of buildings dominating the surrounded country and held by a prince / noble on feudal times ENCIENTE (Curtain / Fortified Wall) with TALUS (Slope) BATTLEMENTS / EMBATTLEMENT – Parapet with MERLON (solid)&CRENEL (open) for Defense &Décor MOAT Deep Ditch filled with water surrounding a fortified town DRAWBRIDGE Bridge that can be raised to allow or prevent access to fortified town LOOP HOLES or ARROWSLIT; Small / narrow slits in medieval walls for archers fire arrows at attackers FORTIFIED TOWERS Defensive Medieval structure MURDER HOLES Holes in the ceiling of a fortification’s gateway / passageway MACHICOLATIONS Projecting parapet / gallery on top of castle wall; supported by Corbeled arch; has floor openings to cast molten lead/oil/stones upon enemy beneath CASTLE FORT / FORTIS vs. PALACE Castel, Village Palais, Royal Residence For Defense, Design Is Secondary For Comfort, Defense Is Secondary To Prove Supremacy To Prove Royalty Such as HILLFORTS; STARFORTS; became obsolete with the introduction of CANNONS & EXPLOSIVE SHELLS Page 14 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EARLY CHRISTIAN 313 AD - 800 AD / 200 – 1025; 4th to 12th Cen.; Final Phase of Roman Architecture; SIMPLICITY; HORIZONTALITY 313 CE – CONSTANTINE; up to 800 CE – Coronation of CHARLEMAGNE EASTERN ROME CHRISTIANITY was practiced before in CATACOMBS before the rise of Christianity – EDICT OF MILAN WESTERN ROME PAGANISM; Christians were persecuted RELIGION Christianity – State Religion ORIENTATION Facade –EAST; Priest stood behind altar – facing East Entrance –WEST ORNAMENT MOSAIC & FRESCO PLAN BASILICAN PLAN; RECTANGULAR CONSTRUCTION HOUSE-CHURCHES Early Religious Venue GREEK CROSS PLAN Churches CHURCHES RIBBED VAULTING & Timber Trussed Roof First to introduce a BELFRY (CAMPANILE) & BAPTISERIES Arctuated & Trabeated; Roman Mouldings & Glass Mosaics VAULT or DOME Structural System / Feature ARCHIVOLT – Semi–Circular Arches; used widely spaced columns Mouldings 3 TYPES OF DOME Recycled from Romans The Dome was the Prevailing Motif of Byzantine AR SIMPLE – Pendentives and domes are of same sphere COMPOUND– Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high drum SPECIAL DESIGNS – Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Shape CEMETERIA changed to CATACOMBS ROMAN BASILICA (HALL OF JUSTICE) Converted into CHURCHES or patterned after one – Entry moved to short side Still has Roman Character; but simpler and executed coarsely Example: BASILICA DI SAN CLEMENTE, ROME On A Canonical Sense BASILICA Name given to certain churches granted special privileges by the POPE / VATICAN Criteria are based on special spiritual, historical, and/or architectural significance Highest permanent designation for a church building MAJOR BASILICA PAPAL BASILICAS; Highest-Rank of Roman Catholic Churches ARCHBASILICA OF ST. JOHN IN THE LATERAN ST. PETER’S BASILICA BASILICA OF ST. PAUL OUTSIDE THE WALLS BASILICA DI SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE MINOR BASILICA There are 13 Minor Basilicas in the Philippines as of 2015 Basilica Minore Del Santo Nino, Cebu Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Quiapo Metropolitan Cathedral–Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Manila Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila Basilica of Our Lady of Manaoag, Pangasinan Page 15 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BAPTISTERY BAPTISTERY, RAVENNA Octagonal Bldg., Separate from Church for Baptism Has Mosaics Representing Christ’s Baptism CONVERTED BASILICAN CHURCHES Built under burial place of a SAINT Marked by the CONFESSION with a BALDACHINO above PARTS OF A CHURCH ATRIUM Forecourt with Fountain of Ablution (dedicated to sinner); has natural light NARTHEX Transition from Atrium to Nave; VESTIBULE NAVE Central Aisle SIDE AISLES 1/2 Nave width CHOIR End of Nave; partially enclosed by a Saint ALTAR Under the BALDACCHINO BEMA Stage (at Front row) reserved for the Clergy APSE Semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir or sanctuary Facing EAST, Entrance to WEST Church Layout / Concept: Man’s Journey to God SANCTUARY Represents HEAVEN / END OF TIME SCHOLA CANTORUM Represents PURGATORY / also END OF TIME NAVE Represents ROAD TO SALVATION; Anno Domini (A.D.) – “In the year of the Lord” FORECOURT Represents LIFE WITHOUT GRACE Page 16 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 850 BC - 476 CE / 330 AD - 1453 AD / 527 - 565 AD / 4th Cen. SIMPLE EXTERIOR; RICH INTERIOR Flourished because of JUSTINIAN the 1st; City has 12-meter high defense walls; SUCCESSFULLY DEFENDED Empire from the Arabs; Exiled ICONOPHILES ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT Accession of Iconoclast Emperor LEO III; forbade the use of statues or icons (Defacement) Recognized the recurring Earthquakes as God’s Anger – Sign of the Times / Judgement Day Hence, cleansed the church of Images and exiled Iconophiles (1453) FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE Conquered by MUHAMMAD II on May 29, 1453; Divide from Religious people; Civil Unrest ORIENTATION Facade faced WEST PLAN DOMED; CENTRALIZED Plan; Circular Or Polygonal CONSTRUCTION Mostly Church Construction; Simplicity in Exterior, Richness in Interior Built from Ruins of Roman Buildings; Varied Roman Moldings and Glass Mosaics Timber Trusses for Roof; Arcuatedand Trabeated Construction INTRODUCTION OF DOMES made from stone, brick, and concrete SIMPLE Sphere COMPOUND Above Pendentive MELON–SHAPE With Fluting Treatment DOSSERET BLOCK CHURCH PLAN Abacus / Supplementary Capital above column under arch; transcends columns to be slender Posts GREEK CROSS – Intersecting the Nave at a right angle is called a TRANSEPT Centrally Planned TRANSEPT GREEK CROSS central nave with aisles on either side, separated by a colonnade, and an apse at one end Instead of a BEMA; Became a Secondary Aisle Dominant middle- and late-period Byzantine churches’ design Featuring a square center with an internal structure shaped like a cross, topped by a dome DECORATION Adopted Roman system of MOSAICS – hand-laid construction; and FRESCOES of Victorian Decoration PENDENTIVE Pictures of 4 EVANGELISTS – Apostles Matthew, Mark, Luke & John DOME Mosaic or Fresco of head and shoulder of Christ APSE Mosaic or Fresco of Virgin Mary and Child Jesus WALLS Mosaic or Fresco of Saints or Life of Christ / Biblical Stories CAPITAL & ORNAMENT Byzantine Capital & Ornament; Arch with DOSSERET Block; ABACUS or IMPOST Block PEACOCK Ornament Symbolizes Immortal Life KNOT Ornament Symbolizes Eternity Page 17 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE NOTABLE STRUCTURES BASILICA DI SAN VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY Prime example of West Byzantine AR ST. MARK’S BASILICA, VENICE, ITALY Golden Mosaics – “Church of Gold”; Greek Cross Plan HAGIA IRENE (Holy Peace) Only surviving Byzantine Church; defined by its large Atrium NOT converted into a MOSQUE; Model Church of HAGIA SOPHIA Built by Constantine the 1st, Reconstructed by Justinian the 1st HAGIA SOPHIA HOLY GRAND MOSQUE (Holy Wisdom) Official Name; Symbol of the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul; 6th Cen. Byzantine church; 13th Cen. Catholic Church, Mosque in 1453 until Current 2020 Built by Justinian I; Designed by Anthemius of Tralles, & Isidorus of Miletus SULTAN AHMED MOSQUE / BLUE MOSQUE Built by AHMED the 1st; Interior predominantly Painted Blue Adorned by IZNIC STYLE Ceramic tiles made of Quartz / Quartzite; Has 5 Main Domes, 6 Minarets, and 8 Secondary Domes BYZANTINE BATH of Upper Town, Thessaloniki / Bath of the Citadel or KULE HAMMAM; Surviving Byzantine Bath, Greece ST. BASIL’S CATHEDRAL / CATHEDRAL OF VASILY THE BLESSED Orthodox Church in Red Square of Moscow, Russia; Now a Museum Most distinct features are the Bulbous-shaped domes and unusual details Officially known as the CATHEDRAL OF THE INTERCESSION OF THE MOST HOLY THEOTOKOS ON THE MOAT Or POKROVSKY CATHEDRAL 1555–1561; Built by IVAN THE TERRIBLE (Ivan IV Vasilyevich) Architects IVAN BARMA and POSTNIK YAKOVLEV ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Also MUSLIM or SARACENIC Architecture; Belief in ALLAH; MUHAMMAD as Prophet MOSQUES & TOMBS – MASJID or MUSJID; Most important / distinct buildings type; place of public worship Surface Ornaments Walls w/ Stone Carvings, inlays & Mosaics; Glazed Tile (Interior / Exterior) MUQARNAS STALACTITE Ornaments; icicle-like elements hanging from the ceiling Squinches Supports under Dome; Bulbous Dome; Horseshoe Arch; Ogee Arch; Tunnel Vaults Mnemonic Inscriptions from QURAN; Arabic Scripts Superimposed Ornaments Abstract Patterns, Foliage Motifs, & Calligraphy; Floral Ornaments, Geometric Shapes ORIENTATION MECCA – Where all the Mosques point at Kinds of Mosque FAMIMASJID or JAMI; Congregational or Friday Mosque; for main weekly service; usually larger than a Masjid MADRASAH Collegiate or Teaching Mosque IDGAH Place of Community Prayer; open praying area with nothing but a QIBLA Wall & a MIHRAB TOMB MOSQUE Parts of a Mosque MINARET Tower; where MUEZZIN calls Muslim to prayer IWAN / IVAN / LIWAN Vaulted Portal to Atrium opening to the central courtyard of a Mosque LIWANAT Colonnade SAHN Atrium / Open Courtyard FAWWARA Or MEDA; Washing Fountain before prayers DIKKA Reading Desk MIMBAR Or MINBAR; Pulpit where IMAM delivers Sermons MAQSURA Screen; protective barrier of MIMBAR QIBLA Wall in a Mosque where MIHRAB is set; oriented to MECCA MIHRAB Niche with MIMBAR; decorative panel designating the QIBLA Page 18 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Notable Examples MASJID AL–HARAM Mosque, Mecca – “The Great Mosque” World’s Largest Mosque; Haj Pilgrimage Site KA’BA / KAABAH “House of God;” At the center of Al-Haram Mosque; corners face Cardinal Points Thought to be the center of the world with the gate of heaven directly above Small Cubical Stone Building (contains sacred black stone) in the Great Mosque’s Courtyard DOME OF THE ROCK, Jerusalem Islam’s Oldest Monument; used as a Shrine for Pilgrims; Octagonal Plan Patterned after Byzantine Style; sacred rock where Muhammad ascended to heaven OTHER AREAS MOORISH Islamic AR of North Africa; regions of Spain under Moorish Domination Developed in the Western Islamic World (Spain, Portugal) Built Large Mosques and Elaborate Fortress-Palaces Horseshoe, Polylobed, Lamrequin Arches ZELLIJ/ AZUELJO Decorative Tile work The MEZQUITA MIHRAB; Hypostyle Hall PALACE FORTRESS OF ALHAMBRA, Granada, Spain MUGHAL ONDO-ISLAMIC / India & Islam; GOLDEN AGE of Islamic AR in North India Amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkic, & Indian Architecture; peak during reign of Shah Jahan Bulbous Domes; Slender Minarets, Delicate Ornamentation PARCHIN KARI JAMA MASJID Marble inlay art (The Great Mosque) One of the biggest in India Tomb of SHAIKH SALIM (Sufi Saint) at centre of court DIWAN–I–KAS Hall of Private Audience, divided by overhanging mouldings called CHAJJA DIWAN–I–AM Hall of Public Audience BADSHAHI MOSQUE LAHORE FORT Designed by AURUNGZEB; last of the great Mughal Architects Shows Hindu Influence FATEHPUR SIKRI (City of Victory) Built by Emperor AKBAR Capital of Mughal Empire Built by Emperor AKBAR HUMAYUN’S TOMB, New Delhi, India –Oldest of Mughal Monuments; forerunner of Taj Mahal TAJ MAHAL, Agra, India “Crown Palace;” Most Renowned Sample of Mughal AR (Placed on a) CHAHAR BAGH; a platform at the end of a walled garden divided by canals Marble main material PIETRA DURA JALI Built by SHAH JAHAN for wife, MUMTAZ MAHAL Inlay of floral motifs (cut, fitted, & polished colored stones to create images) used as decor; Perforated Stone or Screen with Geometric patterns; PARCHIN KARI OTTOMAN KHAN or CARAVANSERAI Inns for Travelers HAMMAMS Public Baths HAGHIA SOPHIA CAMLICA MOSQUE Largest Mosque in Turkey; Completed in 2019 BLUE MOSQUE (mistaken for Camlica Mosque; difference Blue Mosque–4 Minarets; Camlica–6 Minarets) SELIMIYE MOSQUE, Turkey – Ultimate Ottoman Külliye AR expression; Architect SINAN Page 19 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ( 800 – 1180 ) SOBER& DIGNIFIED HORIZONTALITY Emphasis “Roman–like;” imitating Roman AR; Major developments in ITALY, FRANCE, & GERMANY Known in England as NORMAN ARCHITECTURE MATERIAL Stones & Bricks ORIENTATION Churches & Cathedrals; Facade at WEST CHURCH AR CONSTRUCTION Started from simple Timber Roof to Barrel Vaults; Principle of Equilibrium– intro of RIB & PANEL VAULTING Blind Arches & Pilasters; Round Arches, Vegetable-form Mouldings; Sparse Ornaments Simple Vaults, and (sometimes) Corinthian Capitals LATIN CROSS PLAN Basilican type planning; formed with wings called Transepts & the Choir Church with MONASTERIES and BELL TOWERS; Towers at West & East Side Narrow Opening TRUMEAU PORTAL DESIGN with TYMPANUM &TRUMEAU Center column at door entry Arcaded with WHEEL / ROSE WINDOW introduction & ORDER (Recessed Door Jambs) Quadripartite &Sexpartite Vault –Vault intersection were adorned with BOSS Every Church Has An Adjacent Monastery Consisting Of: Monastic Church Cloister Court Inner Court Common Court Chapter Room Abbot’s House Monks / Nuns’ Rooms Refectory Hospital ADDITIONAL: ITALIAN ROMANESQUE NORTHERN ITALY Facade with Projecting Porch SOUTHERN ITALY & SICILY Strike of Colored Marble; Muslim Influence Notable Examples PIAZZA DEL DUOMO / PIAZZA DEI MIRACOLI (Present Name), Pisa; Tuscany, Italy PISA COMPLEX Icon of Romanesque AR Designed Pisa’s Cathedral Square: BUSCHETO PARTS OF THE PISA COMPLEX Pisa Cathedral Campanile(Bell Tower) by BONNANO PISANO Baptistery(Separate bldg. for Baptismals) by DIOTSALVI Campo Santo (Cemetery) ENGLISH ROMANESQUE DURNHAM CATHEDRAL Largest & Finest example of NORMAN AR. in England (UNESCO) WORCESTER CATHEDRAL Has 2 Transepts crossing the Nave (as with Salisbury & Lincoln) CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL Romanesque & Perpendicular Gothic elements combined (UNESCO) FOUNTAINS ABBEY; MONASTERY Largest & Best Preserved Medieval Ruins in the UK (UNESCO) SPANISH ROMANESQUE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA Romanesque & Baroque; Religious Pilgrimage site Housing Relics of St. James and the Portico de la Gloria (UNESCO) LOARRE CASTLE Representative example of defensive AR in the Romanesque Style (UNESCO) FRENCH ROMANESQUE NORTHERN & SOUTHERN FRANCE Pointed Arch; No Side Aisles; Flanking Towers both sides ST. MARY MAGDALENE CATHEDRAL VEZELAY ABBEY NOTRE DAME DU PORT GERMAN ROMANESQUE Use of inlaid décor formed of different colored lavas (UNESCO) Western Apse; Entry on Lateral Sides AIX–LA–CHAPELLE CATHEDRAL Tomb house of Charlemagne NOTRE DAME LA GRANDE WORMS CATHEDRAL, Central Europe Castle–like; representative cathedral of the period; Has two (2) Apses Page 20 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 12th to 16th Cen.; LOFTY & ASPIRING Quality; LIGHTENING & HEIGHTENING of Structure; VERTICALITY Emphasis Departure from Classical AR; Structural Honesty & Economy; “period of intense religious passion” LATIN CROSS PLAN; Arranged for convenience; Used Stained Glass Windows depicting Biblical Stories – Rose window at WEST Facade MATERIALS Stone& Timber DOORS Jambs OPENINGS Pointed Arches; Style Ogivale; Arctuated WINDOWS Tracery COLUMNS On Higher Pier GOTHIC COMPOUND PIER – Colonettes facing the Nave go upward to Vault; Colonettes inside become part of the ribs of the Vaults in the side aisles MOULDINGS Varied Per Country ORNAMENTS Stained Glass, Figure & Sculpture WALLS Rubble Masonry W/ Flying Buttresses ROOF Slate or Lead Coverings; Ribbed & Panel Vaulting CONSTRUCTION Pointed Arches, Slender Piers, Flying Buttresses, Together With Stained Glass Windows LANCET ARCHES GARGOYLES FLYING BUTTRESSES CROCKETS VAULTED CEILINGS STEEPLES TOWERS PINNACLES; SPIRES OTHER BUILDING TYPES CATHEDRAL Large, principal church of a DIOCESE (District under the Pastoral Care of a Bishop) CATHEDRA CASTLES Seat of Bishop CHATEAU D’AMBROSE, FRANCE – Built on mounds above rivers; thick walls & small windows PALAIS DE JUSTICE; PALAIS DE JUSTICE DE ROUEN, FRANCE MANOR HOUSE IGHTHAM MOTE, ENGLAND – Moated Merchant’s House ENGLISH GOTHIC vs. FRENCH GOTHIC ENGLISH GOTHIC EARLY ENGLISH Also known as Lancet, 1st Pointed or Early Plantagenet Use of Lancet-shaped Arches and PLATE TRACERY PLATE TRACERY – Using Masonry into Which Shapes Has Been Cut WORCESTER CATHEDRAL – Early English DECORATED STYLE Also Geometrical & Curvilinear, Middle Pointed, Edwardian, or Later Plantagenet Rich tracery; Ornamental Vaulting; Refined Stone Cutting Techniques WESTMINSTER ABBEY – Decorated PERPENDICULAR Also Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or Lancastrian; Intricate Stonework; Elaborate Fan Vaults Perpendicular Tracery – Lacework of Vertical Glazing Bars GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL, Gloucester, England– Perpendicular Gothic BATH ABBEY; Somerset, England; KING’S COLLEGE CHAPEL; Cambridge, England – Fan Vaults FRENCH GOTHIC: Three Phases of French Gothic PRIMAIRE LANCETTE Pointed Arches; Geometric Tracery Windows SECONDAIRE RAYONNANT Circular Windows; Wheel Tracery TERTIAIRE FLAMBOYANT Flowing & Flame-like Tracery Page 21 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ENGLISH GOTHIC ( French Gothic ) Famous Architect Geometric TRACERY HENRY YEVELLE HUGH HERLAND Ornamental stonework on upper part of gothic window 3 Circles – Trefoil; Quatrefoil; Pointed Quatrefoil Major Eras Geometric; Intersecting; Reticulated; Flowing; Perpendicular Intersecting Tracery Intersecting Lancet Lines Reticulated Tracery Transition from Geometric to Flowing Style Perpendicular Tracery Grid–like due to Black Death / Plague SALISBURY CATHEDRAL Highest Spire in England; Double Transepts WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL Longest Gothic Cathedral in Europe (170 m) YORK CATHEDRAL Has the Great EAST Window; Largest Stained Glass from Medieval times WELLS CATHEDRAL WINDSOR CASTLE Royal Residence; Fortification, Palace, & Small Town Features WESTMINSTER ABBEY Building Complex – Church, Monastery, Palace, & Tombs CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL DURHAM CATHEDRAL The Earliest of Cathedrals; initially with a Rib-Vault System FRENCH GOTHIC ( French Gothic ) Famous Architect VILLARD DE HENECOURT MAJOR ERAS LANCET Style Early Gothic; Pointed Arches & Geometric Tracery Windows RAYONNANT Style Decorated / High Gothic; Circular Windows w/ Wheel Traceries NOTRE DAME DE PARIS(1220–69) Architects: Robert of Luzarches; Thomas & Renault of Cormont AMIENS CATHEDRAL(1220–69) ARs: (also)Robert of Luzarches; Thomas & Renault of Cormont RHEIMS CATHEDRAL Coronation of French Kings; Mary Figures; Houses Mary’s Tunic Relic BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL Has the Loftiest / Elevated / Highest APSE CHARTRES CATHEDRAL Finest example of French gothic; Known for its Famous 176 Stained Glass Windows; Epitome of New Cathedral Design where the Nave outside is obscured behind a tangle of buttresses FLAMBUOYANT Style Late Gothic; Flame–like of Free Flowing Tracery NOTRE–DAME d’ EPINE BELGIAN GOTHIC Numerous Spires, Towers, Belfries, & Steep Gables ANTWERP CATHEDRAL GERMAN GOTHIC ( German Gothic ) Famous Architect PETER PARLER General use of BRICKS; Single Western Apse; NO Triforium & Clerestory; ULM CATHEDRAL 162 m Spire; Tallest Cathedral in Europe / the World COLOGNE CATHEDRAL ITALIAN GOTHIC 400 ft. / 122 m Spire Tower is higher than Spire ( Italian Gothic ) Famous Architect ARNOLFO DE CAMBIO Flatness of Roofs; Projecting Entry Porches; Small windows w/ Tracery NO Flying Buttresses; Colored Marble Stripes instead of Mouldings; Abundance of Pinnacles; MILAN CATHEDRAL 3rd Largest Church in Europe SIENNA CATHEDRAL Known for its Stripe Marbles at (mostly) interior & exterior DOGE’S CATHEDRAL Residence of Doge of Venice; Supreme authority of former Republic of Venice SPANISH GOTHIC– French & Moorish Influences; Single span with Vaulted Interior; Pierced Stone Tracery; use of Horse Shoe Arch RETADO / REREDO ICONOSTASIS; Intro of REJAS BURGOS CATHEDRAL BARCELONA CATHEDRAL SEVILLE CATHEDRAL Largest MEDIEVAL Cathedral in SPAIN Page 22 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE ( 1420 – 1550 ; 15th–18th Cen.) “REBIRTH” or Revival of CLASSICAL ARTS; DIGNITY & FORMALITY Different Arts & Sciences Flourished; Cathedrals; in Symmetry with Dome Personality of the architect has increased in importance Pure Renaissance AR was based on regular order, symmetry, impressive facades and a central axis with grandiose plans Palazzos, & Chateaux; Frescoes, Carvings, Scroll Decors; Column, Beam, & Arch Construction; focus on HORIZONTALITY HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Blocked East trade routes by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople led to sea explorations by Spain and Portugal in 1450 Invention of Gunpowder > Transformed Warfare > Necessitates New Building Types> PALAZZI (Palace-Type Building) Invention of Printing > Mass Production & Circulation of Books > Understanding of Science and the Arts Martin Luther and John Calvin &Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England>Break in the Evolution of European Church AR Departure from Gothic, With the Employment of Classic Roman “Orders of Architecture” IMPORTANT STRUCTURES Churches & Palaces PLAN Symmetrical ROOF Barrel Vault; Dome W/ A Drum; Flat Roofs WALL Ashlar; Rustication (Exterior) COLUMNS Classic Order OPENINGS Semi-Circular Arch MOULDINGS Adapted From Romans DOOR Jambs Recessed ORNAMENTS Fresco (Wall & Ceiling); SGRAFFITO(Scratched & Colored Plaster) GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA “Regola Delli Cinque Ordini D’architettura” Proportional derived from actual measurements of ROMAN MONUMENTS Return &Standardization of the 5 CLASSICAL ORDERS DOME ON A DRUM; 2nd Celebration of Domes; Rusticated Masonry PHASES OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD EARLY RENAISSANCE Adoption of Classical Detail & Ornamentation BRUNELLESCHI– Formulated the pictorial device of LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Dome of Florence Cathedral (Duomo – Principal Work) & Riccardi Palace By: BRUNELLESCHI RICCARDI PALACE – Example of Rusticated Bldg. with heavy crowning Cornice (in which Florentine Style is noted) LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI– Largely Influenced People on reviving Roman Style via his Book, “DE RE AEDIFICATORIA;” Helped promote AR from an Artisan’s Trade to a Profession Santa Maria Novella & Sant’Andrea, Mantua By: LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI SANTA MARIA NOVELLA – One of the 1st churches where consoles were placed In the Facade over the side Aisles to connect them w/ the Nave SANT’ANDREA, MANTUA – Type of Modern Renaissance Church; Single Nave w/ Transepts; Interior Ornamented w/ a single order on Pedestals supporting a Barrel Vault HIGH RENAISSANCE Pinnacle of Classical Simplicity & Harmony in Renaissance Art & Architecture DONATO BRAMANTE TEMPIETTO OF SAN PEDRO – Martyrium, Place of Martyrdom / Shrine w/ Relics dedicated to a Martyr; Crucifixion Site of St. Peter; considered one of the High Renaissance Bldgs. of Rome By: LATE RENAISSANCE DONATO BRAMANTE Featured a general relaxation of the severe simplicity & order of the High Renaissance ANDREA PALLADIO– Author of “FOUR BOOKS OF AR”; systemized relationship of ground plan, section & elevation of a bldg. VILLA ROTONDA – Transforming a House into a Classical Temple By: ANDREA PALLADIO GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA – Other Works: Sant’Andrea, Rome & 2 small Cupolas at St. Peter GESU CHURCH – Jesuit Mother Church in Rome By: GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI FARNESE PALACE – Famous Florentine Sculptor & Painter of the SISTINE CHAPEL, VATICAN Finished the Farnese Palace &carried out the Dome of St. Peter By: MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI Page 23 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ST. PETER’S BASILICA Orientation at EAST; Officially the BASILICA DI SAN PIETRO, VATICANO Architects increased the importance of the dome by lifting it boldly from its substructure and placing it on a "Drum. “ DONATO BRAMANTE won Pope Julius II Della Rovere’s Design Contest for the new Church 1506 Proposed ORIGINAL GREEK CROSS PLAN DONATELLO BRAMANTE ( 1st Renaissance Architect ) 1513 Proposed LATIN CROSS PLAN RAPHAEL; with Giulano Da Sangallo & Fra Giocondo 1536 Proposed a Central Dome & Lofty Campanili ANTONIO DA SANGALLO 1546 Also Proposed GREEK CROSS PLAN; Constructed the Dome MICHAELANGELO BUONARROTTI Carried out the DOME MICHAELANGELO BUONARROTTI Added the Cupolas on either side of the Great Dome VIGNOLA Lengthened Nave to form a Latin Cross & erected present Facade CARLO MADERNA Put Piazza in front with Obelisk DOMENCIO FONTANA Designed Entry Piazza; Added Colonnade; 284 Tuscan Columns; BERNINI 1564 1605 – 1612 1629 – 1667 Designed Baldachino W/ Twisted Columns;& Sculpture”, Rape Of Persephone” FLORENCE CATHEDRAL Orientation at WEST GATES OF PARADISE Bronze Doors of Florence Baptistery by: LORENZO GHIBERTI(Goldsmith & Sculptor) Architect ARNULFO DI CAMBIO Dome by FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI THE TEMPIETTO SANTA MARIA NOVELLA PALAZZO / Palaces Has Scroll–like Designs Have ASTYLAR Face w/o Pilasters; Use of QUOINS; Rusticated Masonry; Built inside a CORTILI Always have a FORMAL GARDEN; Alternating Round & Triangular Pediments PALAZZO FARNESE PALAZZO MEDICI PALAZZO PITTI Italian Renaissance: PALLADIAN ARCHITECTURE Architect FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI By: ANDREA PALLADIO Palladian AR. / PURIST / PIANO NOBILE Popular in 18th Cen.; Roman Tradition; Having a Portico & Temple–like Facade; LOGICAL & SERENE Visible Columns & Stonework due to his work as a Stone Cutter; famous for its Grand & Orderly Look; PALLADIAN WINDOW – Recognizable Feature of a Central Window w/ a Semicircular Arch, each side framed by a Pilaster VILLA CAPRA “LA ROTUNDA” RENAISSANCE VILLA; Model for most CIVIC BLDGS. today VILLA ARCHITECTURE; The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome Symmetrical building having a square plan with four facades, each of which has a projecting portico Each portico has steps leading up, and opens via a small cabinet or corridor to the circular domed central hall 'ROTONDA' is technically incorrect, as the building is not circular but rather the intersection of a square with a cross MANNERISM Reaction against Classical Perfection of the High Renaissance; Non–Roman Design; free, illogical, & decorative Responded w/ rigorous application of Classical Rules; flaunted Classical Convention in terms of scale & shape UFFIZI PALACE, Florence, Italy By: GIORGIO VASARI Page 24 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PROTO – BAROQUE BAROQUE More confidence in freely using the acquired vocabulary by Michelangelo; VIVID, VIRILE, & INTENSE French for Bizarre / Fantastic / Irregular; Most Lavish of All Styles; DRAMATIC, RICH, GRAND, & ALIVE Reaction to the “Artificiality” of Mannerism; An attempt to impress& make art more natural / Life-like / Sensual Robust Proportions; Rich Colors; Variegated use of Marbles; saw AR, Painting, Sculpture, & Arts as a unified whole FREESTANDING BELL TOWER Feature; Style Reached PH; “Represents Power of the Church” CHURCH OF THE GESU (Jesuits), Rome – 1st Truly Baroque Facade; By: GIAGOMO VIGNOLA & GIACOMO della PORTA PIAZZA SAN PIETRO By: BERNINI SAN CARLO ALLE QUATTRO FONTANE By: BORROMINI, FRANCESCO BAROQUE RENAISSANCE – AR of the CURVED LINE; Twisted Columns; Curve & Broken Pediment; Opulent & Dramatic Churches Symmetry of Forms; Explorations of Form, Light & Shadow & Dramatic Intensity MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo, PH Year 1786; Statue on top of a Scroll; Baroque Fortress Church Also called, STO. TOMAS DE VILANUEVA PARISH CHURCH; UNESCO World Heritage Site ROCOCO PERIOD BAROCO; Final Phase of Baroque; ASSYMETRY of Forms; more elaborate version of Baroque AR Baroque artists gave up their symmetry and became increasingly ornate, florid, and playful Profusion and confusion of detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration Lightness, Swirling forms, Flowing Lines, Ornate Stucco Work, & Arabesque Ornament; scrolls & shells FRENCH ROCAILLE – Stone & Coquilles/ Shells; Lighter Proportions & Colors; White w/ Gold Trim; French in Origin SANT’AGNESE, Rome, Italy By: BORROMINI, FRANCESCO CATHERINE PALACE, St. Petersburg, Russia – Summer Residence of the Russian Tsars FRENCH RENAISSANCE Mix of GOTHIC & CLASSICAL Details; Square Head windows; Steep Roofs CHATEAU – French Palazzo CHATEAU DE CHENONCEAUX Both a Palace and a Bridge CHATEAU DE BLOIS Famous for its Staircase ENGLISH RENAISSANCE Large windows; Ornate Facades; Stronger use of Classical details ELIZABETHAN PERIOD Oriel & Bay window; Topiary Hall ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL Model for the U.S. Capitol Dome Architect ***( U.S. Capitol Dome SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN by: THOMAS U. WALTER )*** SPANISH RENAISSANCE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA Romanesque Church added w/ a Spanish Baroque Facade PLATERESQUE – Earlier Period CHURRIUERRESQUE– Later Period Page 25 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIVALIST ARCHITECTURE NEOCLASSICISM ( 18th & 19th Century ) Revival of Classical AR; GREEK & ROMAN Orders as Decorative Motifs; Style of US Government Buildings Simple, strongly geometric composition; shallow reliefs on facades; “Temple–Like” as ideal form Style was influenced by Vitruvian Principles & Works of Andrea Palladio US CAPITOL BUILDING / CAPITOL HILL, Washington D.C. MONTICELLO, Thomas Jefferson Neoclassical Style w/ Native American Materials PARIS OPERA HOUSE By: CHARLES GARNIER COLONIAL STYLE– the Renaissance movement reached the easier colonies through the GEORGIAN STYLE by the way of England; Simple, Symmetrical AR; Combined Refined Delicate Mouldings With Slender, Graceful Columns GREEK REVIVAL Remained the accepted Style of Churches in the U.S. into the 20th Cen Greek Forms & Details – Pleasing to Eye but Illogical in Function; only an AR of Facade Arrangements Pedimented Gable; Symmetrical Shape; Heavy Cornice; Wide, Plain Frieze; Bold, Simple Moldings STRAWBERRY HILL By: HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, London GOTHIC REVIVAL Rebuilt By: HORACE WALPOLE CHARLES BARRY & AUSUSTUS WELBY NORTHMORE PUGIN People began to tire the Greek style formality, thus they turned into the informality of Gothic Style Adaptation was not successful in capturing the spirit of the style which resulted to hard and cold structures which also lacked flexible quality of European buildings VICTORIAN STYLE 70’s & 80’s Brought romance through the medium of architecture & interior decoration Beauty with meaningless turrets, gables & jigsaw ornaments& resulted with no structural sense Was exemplified by the so-called “EASTLAKE STYLE” & THE VICTORIAN GOTHIC TUDOR REVIVAL Simple, Rustic & the less impressive aspects of Tudor AR, imitating medieval cottages or country houses More Modest Characteristics; Gave Tudor Revival Its More Striking Effects Steeply Pitched Roofs; High Chimneys, Jettied (Overhanging); Often Thatched Roofs Half-Timbering Often Infilled With Herringbone Brickwork First Floors Above Pillared Porches Tall Mullioned Windows or Dormer Windows Supported By Consoles ROMANESQUE REVIVAL RICHARDSONIAN ROMANESQUE Bold & Massive Details; Features More Simplified Arches & Windows than their historic counterparts Style was popularized byHenry Hobson Richardson; Richardson is one of "the recognized Trinity of American Architecture" Along with Louis Sullivan& Frank Lloyd Wright RENAISSANCE REVIVAL NEO-RENAISSANCE AR Neo-Renaissance style was in reality an eclectic blending of past styles Due of its diversity; an AR style to have existed in so many forms, yet still common to so many countries Great StaircasesOf CHATEAUX OF BLOIS & CHAMBORD– Most widely copied feature of Renaissance AR CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT Urban planning by DANIEL BURNHAM; Characterized by Monumentally-Placed Buildings, Grand Promenades, Spacious Plazas,& Classical Sculpture MCMILLAN PLAN – Comprehensive plan of Washington DC’s Monumental Core & Park System Has National Mall; Lincoln Memorial (bottom); Washington Monument (center); & US Capitol (top) Page 26 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODERN ARCHITECTURE Product of Industrial Age; Functional AR; Material Innovation; Skyscrapers; Sophisticated Bldg. Systems Reinforced Concrete; Cast Iron, Steel Framing System, Glass / Curtain Wall ( ANTECEDENTS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE ) INDUSTRIAL AGE / REVOLUTION 1820 – 1870 MATERIALS Began in BRITAIN; Vast economic & social upheavals, MECHANIZATION & MASS PRODUCTION Required new building types for industry, commerce, & transportation Major turning point in history Cast Iron; Steel; Reinforced Concrete; Cheaper Glass Manufacturing CRYSTAL PALACE, London, England (1848) – Victorian; Cast Plate Glass; Pre-Fabricated & Wrought Iron Elements By: SIR JOSEPH PAXTON BROOKLYN BRIDGE – World’s Largest Steel Suspension Bridge By: JOHN AUGUSTUS & WASHINGTON ROEBLING EIFFEL TOWER, Paris, France SKYSCRAPERS By: ALEXANDRE GUSTAVE EIFFEL An American Invention; invention of the ELEVATOR; sophisticated heating, plumbing, & Electric Lighting HOME INSURANCE BLDG. Considered the 1st Skyscraper By: WILLIAM LeBARON JENNEY WAINRIGHT Bldg., St. Louis, Missouri By: LOUIS SULLIVAN TRINITY OF AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE – HENRY HOBSON RICHARDSON, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, & LOUIS SULLIVAN NOTABLE ARCHITECTS LOUIS SULLIVAN FORM (EVER) FOLLOWS FUNCTION; used “ORGANIC” / Nature-Inspired decor FATHER OF SKYSCRAPERS & MODERNISM; 1st Modern Architect; CHICAGO – Birth Place of Skyscraper; Influential architect & critic of the Chicago School Inspiration to the Chicago group of architects / Prairie School; mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright Greatest Contribution to the Skyscrapers– Strong Visual Identity; Organization of Identical, Stacked Floors THREE LEVELS: Base; Shaft; & Top Floor By: LOUIS SULLIVAN WAINRIGHT Bldg., St. Louis, Missouri – SULLIVANESQUE STYLE (Ornament & DS to Outline Bldg.) PRUDENTIAL (GUARANTY) Building, Buffalo, NY CARSON PIRIE SCOTT DEPARTMENT STORE (SULLIVAN CENTER), Chicago, Illinois FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Prefer Horizontally-Built Buildings; Promoter of ORGANIC AR “Every Great Architect Is Necessarily A Great Poet (…)” PRAIRE HOUSE –Has Overhanging Roofs& Flowing Forms By: “I Believe In God, Only I Spell It Nature” ROBIE HOUSE, Chicago, Illinois FLW BROADACRE CITY – Visionary Plan of a Low-Density Settlement w/ an Acre Of Land Per Family FALLING WATER / KAUFFMAN HOUSE, Pennsylvania JHONSON WAX COMPANY ADMINISTRATION CENTER, Racine, Wisconsin ART DECO / STYLE MODERNE 1920s GEOMETRIC MOTIFS; STREAMLINED & CURVILINEAR FORMS; Dynamic Ornamental Style Lavishness is attributed to reaction to the forced austerity imposed by WORLD WAR I Began in PARIS 1920’s. Eclectic Form of Elegant &Stylish Modernism, from Various Influences ART DECO (Masculine) Counterpart of MATERIALS Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Lacquer, Bakelite, Chrome & Inlaid Wood. Exotic materials ART NOUVEAU (Feminine); such as animal skins; Sharply Defined Outlines; Bold Colors & Synthetic Mat’ls (Plastics) BAROQUE (Masculine) & ROCOCCO (Feminine) CHRYSLER BUILDING, NY (Terraced Crown; Radiating Arches) By: WILLIAM VAN ALEN, Built in 1930 EMPIRE STATE BUILDING By: WILLIAM LAMB, Built in 1931 MANILA METROPOLITAN THEATER By: JUAN ARELLANO ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT The main developer of the Arts and Crafts style was WILLIAM MORRIS Abolish HISTORICISM & REVIVALISM. Design “honest buildings” that expressed universal values Advocacy of traditional craftsmanship; simple forms& often medieval, romantic or folk style décor RED HOUSE – Exemplifies the early Arts and Crafts style Designed for William Morris By: Ar. PHILIP WEBB Design based on British vernacular AR; Has well-proportioned solid forms, wide porches, steep roof, pointed window arches, brick fireplaces & wooden fittings; Webb rejected the grand classical style Page 27 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BEAUX–ARTS ECLECTICISM –19th & Early 20th Cen.; French “Fine Arts”; Rich Neo-Classical Style favored by the PARIS based arts 1880 – 1930 Symmetrical plans; eclectic use of AR’l features; MASSIVE, ELABORATE Ornamentation, OSTENTATIOUS Effect Classical Details& a tendency to Eclecticism; Symmetry; Subtle Polychromy; & Hierarchy of Spaces Statuary, Artwork; Flat roof; Rusticated and raised first story; Arched windows; Arched and pedimented doors Style Popularized during 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago – Advocated by Daniel Burnham ECOLE DES BEAUX–ARTS – School of Fine Arts in 1819 established by the French Government; taught a way of Organizing a building into a balanced hierarchy of spatial elements and planning principles SAN FRANCISCO CITY HALL – Alternating male & female Mascarons decorate keystones ART NOUVEAU / “NEW ART” 1890s – 1910 Art Nouveau In: WHIPLASH LINES, FLUID, UNDULATION MOTIFS, often derived from NATURAL FORMS Return to Craftsmanship& Integration of Art, Design, & AR 1st AR’l Style INDEPENDENT of the Tradition of antiquity after Gothic Style Others: Germany JUGENDSTIL Stile Floreal "Floral Style" Spain MODERNISMO Lilienstil "Lily Style" Italy STILE LIBERTY Style Nouille "Noodle Style" Portugal ARTE NOVA Paling Stijl "Eel Style" France LE STYLE METRO / FIN DE SIECLISM Wellenstil "Wave Style" Austria SEZESSION / SECESSION / SECESSIONSTIL ART NOUVEAU FOUNDING ARCHITECTS (BELGIUM) HENRY CLEMENS VAN DE VELDE (BELGIUM) PAUL HANKAR Belgian architect; Principal architect for Art Nouveau style in Brussels at the turn of the 20th Cen. One of the main founders and representatives of Art Nouveau in BELGIUM (BELGIUM) VICTOR HORTA Famous in Art Nouveau AR; First to introduce the style to architecture from the decorative arts HOTEL TASSEL, Brussels, Belgium (1892-3) (Exterior & Staircase Details) By: VICTOR HORTA VICTOR HORTA’S HOUSE (Exterior) HORTA MUSEUM (Interior) (SPAIN) ANTONI GAUDII CORNET “THE STRAIGHT LINE BELONGS TO MEN, THE CURVED ONE TO GOD” Combined Moorish & Gothic Elements W/ Naturalistic Forms Gaudí’s Roman Catholic faith permeates his work; earned him the nickname "GOD'S ARCHITECT" Textured, Undulating Shapes Recall Waves, Sea Coral, & Fish Bones Catalan architect (Catalan, Capital of Barcelona) and figurehead of CATALAN MODERNISM PARK GUELL, Barcelona, Spain By: ANTONI GAUDI CASA MILA, Barcelona, Spain– Controversial Design in its time; predecessor Biomorphic Buildings: i.e. Guggenheim Museum, Notre dame du Haut, Einstein Tower & Disney Concert Hall CASA BATLLO / HOUSE OF BONES – Due to its visceral, skeletal quality; Arched Roof like a Dragon/Dinosaur’s Back has TRENCADIS (Mosaic By Broken Ceramic Tiles) SAGRADA FAMILIA, Barcelona, Spain – To be completed by 2026-2028; November 2010 Consecrated& proclaimed a minor basilica by Pope Benedict XVI (FRANCE) HECTOR GUIMARD Best-known representative of the French Art Nouveau orFIN DE SIECLISM Employed Some Structural Innovations; Abstract Plants & Organic Matter Style Flexible Mouldings; Sense Of Movement Found In Stone & Wood Carvings PARIS METROPOLITAN ENTRANCES By: HECTOR GUIMARD (UNITED KINGDOM) CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH –Scottish architect, designer, water colourist; main representative of Art Nouveau in the U.K. Developed His Own Style: a contrast between strong right angles & floral-inspired motifs with subtle curves e.g. the Mackintosh Rose Motif, & other references to traditional Scottish architecture Designs also influenced by Industrial Revolution, Asian Style & Emerging Modernist Ideas GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART – AR School named after GSA's most famous alumnus, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Highly rated by the AR profession By: CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH Page 28 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE CONTEMPORARY MOVEMENT 1) Said to be made up of three (3) attitudes of mind reflected in their representative structure: Traditional Eclectics– Architects that work in any style of the past& their development is only in the direction of the use of traditional motifs. They maybe Classicists – preferring formality & purity of form or Romanticists – clinging to the picturesqueness of the medieval. 2) Traditional Modernists– Architects who give first consideration to the use of buildings but use historic style as basis for design. The old and new styles are merged to produce an architectural age of this style. 3) Non-Traditional Modernist– Believes in functionalism. “FORM follows FUNCTION” ECLECTICISM Style that incorporates mixture of architectural styles. It draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. STRUCTURALISM Iron Construction, initiated by Sir Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, brought about a trend in Architecture SEAGRAM BUILDING, NY CRYSTAL PALACE By: SIR JOSEPH PAXTON By: MIES VAN DER ROHE WILLIS TOWER / SEARS TOWER Tallest building in the United States; World’s 7th – tallest freestanding structure GLASS HOUSE / JOHNSON HOUSE An influential example; earliest uses of industrial materials like glass & steel in home design By: By: SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL PHILIP C. JOHNSON WORLD TRADE CENTER (Early 1960 / 1973 – Sept. 11, 2001) The original7-Building complex featuring landmark twin towers By: MONUMENTALISM MINORU YAMASAKI In Architecture, one aspect of individualism stands out: the Idea of building monuments EIFFEL TOWER, 1899 By: Engr. GUSTAVE EIFFEL CHICAGO TRIBUNE (1922 Design Competition Proposal, Column-shaped Building) By: Ar. ADOLF LOOS ADOLF FRANZ KARL VIKTOR MARIA LOOS – He explored the idea that the progress of culture is associated with the deletion of ornament from everyday objects, and that it was therefore a crime to force craftsmen or builders to waste their time on ornamentation that served to hasten the time when an object would become obsolete GATEWAY ARCH/ GATEWAY TO THE WEST – Largest Flattened Catenary Arch Monument By: EERO SAARINEN Westward US expansion; 630 feet (192 m); tallest man-made US monument; Missouri's tallest accessible building LONDON EYE, London, England By Architects: Giant Ferris Wheel at the River Thames Frank Anatole, Nic Bailey, Julia Barfield, Steven Chilton, Malcolm Cook, David Marks, Mark Sparrowhawk QUEZON MEMORIAL CIRCLE National Park & Shrine; The park is an ellipse bounded by the Elliptical Road Features a mausoleum of 2nd Former President, Manuel L. Quezon, & his wife, First Lady Aurora Quezon By: MODERNISM Filipino Architect, FEDERICO S. ILUSTRE Term to describe the New, Socially Progressive, Undecorated Cubic Democratic (CUBISM), & functionalist architectural intentions of the first half of the 20th Century VILLA SAVOYE, POISSY By: LE CORBUSIER SALK INSTITUTE By: LOUIS KAHN ROBIE HOUSE – Best Example of FLW’s Prairie Style House By: FLW PETER BEHRENS – He was important for the modernist movement, as several of the movements leading names (for example Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier & Walter Gropius) worked for him when they were young. He was one of the leaders of architectural reform at the turn of the century; major designer of factories &office buildings in brick, steel & glass. AEG TURBINE FACTORY – In 1907, AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitäts–Gesellschaft) retained Behrens as artistic consultant. He designed the entire corporate identity (logotype, product design, publicity, etc.) and for that Behrens is considered the first industrial designer in history Page 29 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODERN – “ISMS” & OTHER ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 1900s / EXPRESSIONISM European Movement; Jagged & Dynamic Forms in Both Painting & AR as a work of art Early 20th Cen. 1908 Emotional effect VIA form Distortion; often natural biomorphic forms by new technical possibilities EINSTEIN TOWER, Potsdam, Berlin, Germany By: ERICH MENDELSOHN US AIR FORCE ACADEMY By: SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL BAHAI HOME OF WORSHIP / LOTUS TEMPLE By: FARIBORZ SAHBA (Iranian Ar.) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE (1973) By: JORN UTZON (Danish Ar.) BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM (BNS) By: JACQUES HERZOG & PIERRE DE MEURON ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE– AR’l Philosophy; Functional; Harmonizes w/ its Natural Environment; Forms an Integrated Whole; Irregular Contour Shapes; Resemble Forms of Nature; Term by FLW 1915 SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, Manhattan, NYC By: FLW FALLING WATER / KAUFFMAN HOUSE By: FLW CONSTRUCTIVISM Expression of Construction was to be the Basis for All Building Design Emphasizes on Functional Machine Parts RUSAKOV WORKERS’ CLUB, Moscow 1917 By: KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV NEOPLASTICISM / DE STIJL / “THE STYLE” Use Of Black & White W/ Primary Colors; Rectangular Forms, Asymmetry, Inspired By Mondrian Painting Relates to the theory of Pure Plastic Art; simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal RIETVELD SCHRODER HOUSE, Utrecht, Netherlands 1919 BAUHAUS MOVEMENT – Bau (Building), Haus (House); School in Germany; By: GERRIT RIETVELD Founded By: WALTER GROPIUS (German Architect) Emphasizes on Functional Design (“Form Follows Function”); Technology, Craft & Design Aesthetics Influence on consumer products from bent metal furniture & hanging globe lamps,& Block letterings Under three architect-directors: Walter Gropius (1919-1928), Hannes Meyer (1928-1930) & Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1930 until 1933), when the school was closed due to Nazi regime BAUHAUS BUILDING, Dessau, Germany WALTER GROPIUS – One of the Pioneers of Modern AR; Founder of the Bauhaus – Revolutionary Art School in Germany “We Want To Create the Purely Organic Building, Boldly Emanating Its Inner Laws, Free Of Untruths or Ornamentation” “AR Begins Where Engineering Ends” MARCEL BREUER – One of the Masters of Modernism; modular construction & simple forms Studied & taught at the Bauhaus (1920s); Designed the WASSILY CHAIR WHITNEY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART, New York BRUTALISM IBM LABORATORY (1902) – Brise Soleil BRUTALISM MET BREUER MUSEUM BRUTALISM Church at St. JOHN’S ABBEY (1961) By: MARCEL BREUER Page 30 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE INTERNATIONAL STYLE – AR of the MODERN MOVEMENT; Functional AR; Devoid of Regional Characteristics; Simple Geometric Forms; 1920s & 1930s | 1910 – 1970 Large Untextured Surfaces, often White; Large Glass Areas; General Use of Steel or Reinf. Concrete Term originated from “The International Style” book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock & Philip Johnson CUBISM – Influence on International Style; Characterized By the Use of Geometric Planes & Shapes The typical International Style high-rise consists the following: 1) Square or rectangular footprint 2) Simple cubic "extruded rectangle" form 3) Windows running in broken horizontal rows forming a grid 4) All facade angles are 90 degree OLD US EMBASSY, Manila, PH (1960s) – Brise Soliel (sun screens) By: Ar. ALFRED AYDELOTT MARLIM MANSIONS HOTEL, Pampanga, PH (1960s) City’s Longest Running Hotel OLD CLARK AIR BASE HOSPITAL / REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER, Pampanga, PH (Abandoned) RICHARD NEUTRA – “I Try to Make a House like a Flower Pot (…)”; “AR’s Must Have A Razor-Sharp Sense Of Individuality” DOMESTIC AR; famous for defining client’s real needs; uses detailed questionnaires Neutra’s Houses Were Dramatic, Flat–Surfaced, Industrial–Look, Stucco Finish, Made of Steel-Glass-Reinforced Concrete; Placed in a carefully arranged landscape BIOREALISM – The Inherent & Inseparable Relationship between Man & Nature LOVELL HOUSE By: RICHARD NEUTRA LE CORBUSIER / CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET “THE HOUSE IS A MACHINE FOR LIVING IN” “Cube within a Cube” “I Prefer Drawing To Talking. Drawing Is Faster, And Leaves Less Room For Lies.” FIVE POINTS OF AR. – Basis of Modern AR According to Le Corbusier; Ideas on how to live in an Industrial World 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) PILOTIS OPEN PLAN FREE FACADE (CURTAIN WALL) RIBBON WINDOWS ROOF GARDEN VILLA SAVOYE, Poissy, France Reflected the 5 Points of AR UNITE D’ HABITATION, Marseille, France By: LE CORBUSIER (Brutalism) Apartment Block w/ 23 different Unit Types; “City w/in a City” NOTRE DAME DU HAUT, France More complex, sculptural shapes in concrete LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE Visionary scheme of highly ordered groupings of skyscrapers MIES VAN DER ROHE Known for developing BOXY, STEEL & GLASS AR from Houses to Skyscrapers; “LESS IS MORE” “AR is the will of an Epoch Translated Into Space” BARCELONA PAVILION, Spain Barcelona Chair Furniture Design By: MIES VAN DER ROHE FARNSWORTH HOUSE, Plano, Illinois – Embodies Mies’ Vision of Modern AR; “Skin & Bones” Trademark SEAGRAM BUILDING, NY (1958) – Epitomized Elegance & Modernism Principles S.R. CROWN HALL, Illinois Institute of Technology 1928 – 1959 CIAM ( CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAUX D'ARCHITECTURE MODERNE ) –Responsible for a series of events & congresses arranged around the world by the most prominent architects of the time; with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement in AR (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, etc.) PALACE OF ASSEMBLY / CHANDIGARH LEGISLATIVE BUILDING, India 1960s By: LE CORBUSIER METABOLISM MOVEMENT –A Small group of Japanese architects and designers; Large scale, flexible, & expandable structures Views fixed form & function obsolete NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER By: KISHO KUROKAWA CITY IN THE AIR, Shinjuku – Master Plan; Clusters in the Air By: ARATA ISOZAKI (2019 Pritzker) Page 31 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1960s – 1970s – 1980s POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE / NEO–ECLECTIC – Renewed appreciation for the Rich Traditions of Architecture Past; PLURALISM “Rebellion” From International Style; Context & Setting Sensitive; Architects began enlivening facades w/ color, pattern, & ornaments; Buildings may startle, surprise, or amuse; incorporate statement symbols POSTMODERN ARCHITECTS ROBERT VENTURI PIONEER OF POSTMODERNISM “LESS IS A BORE.” “MORE IS MORE” Suggests architects should embrace “Messy Vitality” in their buildings Development of a more pluralistic attitude towards architecture that still prevails today VANNA VENTURI HOUSE, Philadelphia By: ROBERT VENTURI EPISCOPAL ACADEMY CHAPEL, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania CHILDREN MUSEUM OF HOUSTON MICHAEL GRAVES “In Any AR, There’s An Equity between the Pragmatic Function & the Symbolic Function” NY FIVE; Incorporated decorative, historical references within his abstract designs Childlike, cartoonish quality shown to exaggerated effect TEAM DISNEY BURBANK, California (7 Dwarves Facade) By: MICHAEL GRAVES PORTLAND BUILDING DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY STEIGENBERGER HOTEL IN EGYPT REM KOOLHAAS – “One of AR’s Most Influential Thinkers; Gravity-Defying Structures “KILL THE SKYSCRAPER” “The Skyscraper Has Become Less Interesting In Inverse Proportion To Its Success. It Has Not Been Refined But Corrupted.” POSTMODERN METABOLISM – the idea of Mega-Structures should emerge organically from the community & culture to meet contemporary needs OMA (Office for Metropolitan AR) – Rem Founder of AR’l Firm DE ROTTERDAM COMPLEX – Largest Building in the Country By: REM KOOLHAAS CCTV HEADQUARTERS, Beijing, China – Building’s two towers are connected by a 246-foot cantilever / “Overhang” SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY ALVAR AALTO / HUGO ALVAR HENRIK AALTO “Nature, not the machine, should serve as the model for AR” Finnish Architect; One of the first modernists to fuse technology with craft. Sensitive to land’s contours & Building Daylight Orientation. Humanized modernism w/ Curved Walls & Roofs; Wood-Finished Interiors With first wife AINO AALTO – would give special treatments to the interior surfaces & design furniture, lamps, & furnishings & glassware MIT BAKER HOUSE DORMITORY, Cambridge, Massachusetts By: ALVAR AALTO HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE HALL TURUN SANOMAT FILANDIA HALL EERO SAARINEN “Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context – a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment.” Used advances in structural systems to create sculpturally expressive buildings His followed a unique design direction according to its site and purpose; DS the Tulip Chair TWA FLIGHT CENTER, NY– Post-Modern By: EERO SAARINEN DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, Dulles, Virginia Page 32 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE POSTMODERN ARCHITECTS (continuation) LOUIS KAHN Classical–Modernism “AR’L FORM SHOULD REFLECT A BUILDING’S SOCIAL PURPOSE.” Work is compared to Ancient Monuments; composed of circles, squares, & triangles Rough Concrete & Brick Design to convey a massive primal quality; Considers Role of Daylight in Buildings PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY LIBRARY, New Hampshire By: LOUIS KAHN KIMBELL ART MUSEUM, Fort Worth, Texas RICHARD MEDICAL RESEARCH BUILDING, Pennsylvania Divided Clustered Towers into “served” & “servant spaces,” an architectural principle that is still followed today Advocate of INTERNATIONAL STYLE; one of the Postmodernism’s biggest promoters PHILIP JOHNSON “AR IS THE ART OF HOW TO WASTE SPACE” 1979 FIRST Pritzker Awardee GLASS HOUSE, New Canaan, Connecticut By: PHILIP JHONSON SONY TOWER / (formerly named) AT &T BUILDING, NY– Iconic Chippendale Pediment; & Icon of Post-Modernism BANK OF AMERICA LIPSTICK BUILDING JAMES STIRLING New BRUTALISM & High-Tech Proponent; Sculpted his buildings to convey SOLIDITY 1981 (3rd) Pritzker Awardee NEUE STAATSGALERIE, Stuttgart, Germany SANTIAGO CALATRAVA By: JAMES STIRLING Spanish architect widely known for his sculptural bridges & buildings AUDITORIO DE TENERIFE IN SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE By: SANTIAGO CALATRAVA TURNING TORSO, Scandinavia (Neo-Futurist Residential Skyscraper) 1972 THE NEW YORK FIVE Group of American Architects; Term by Philip Johnson Also called, "The Whites" due to frequent use of white paint in the built works MICHAEL GRAVES Most famous of the five; Built more than 350 Buildings; also a Healthcare & Product Designer JOHN HEJUK Highly Respected Educator; Group’s “Poet” – ''I believe in the social contract, therefore I teach (…).'' PETER EISENMAN Renowned as an AR theoretician; in 1960s, ideas took form in a series of numbered houses CHARLES GWATHMEY 1992 renovation of FLW's Guggenheim Museum, NYC; & added a rectangular 10-story tower RICHARD MEIER Principle on pure geometry, open space, and an emphasis on light GETTY MUSEUM, Los Angeles – A cultural 6-building Acropolis above LA Freeway By: RICHARD MEIER DOUGLAS HOUSE (1973) SM MALL OF ASIA (MOA), PHILIPPINES By: ARQUITECTONICA PH’s 2nd Largest Mall after SM City North EDSA, Asia’s 3rd Largest Shopping; World’s 4th Largest Shopping Mall PETRONAS TOWERS, KL, Malaysia – 1996 World’s tallest bldg. until 2004 Taipei 101; Design Concept: Malaysia’s Muslim Religion, Islam Motifs (Steel &Glass Facade) cross section DS based on a Rub el Hizb Designed By: Argentine Ar. CÉSAR PELLI &Filipino-Malaysian Engr. DEEJAY CERICO Under the consultancy of J. C. GUINTO, & Filipino Designer DOMINIC "MINICK" SAIBO TAIPEI 101 / (formerly) TAIPEI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER, Taiwan By: C.Y. LEE & PARTNERS Asian Pagoda / Stacked Money Boxes Design concept; World's Tallest (2004) until 2010 Burj Khalifa in Dubai Designed to withstand the typhoon winds & earthquake tremors common in its area of the Asia-Pacific BURJ KHALIFA / BURJ DUBAI – Currently World’s Tallest Man-Made Structure, At 829.84 M (2,723 Ft); DS Concept Hymenocallis flower By: AR. ADRIAN SMITH at S.O.M. (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) Page 33 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE POSTMODERN STYLES 1950s BRUTALISM French for Beton Brut (Raw / Crude Concrete) used by Le Corbusier in his later buildings; Concrete’s rough surface exposed; with which he constructed many of his Post-World War II buildings Popularized in the PH, by LEANDRO LOCSIN; OTHER BRUTALIST Architects – MARCEL BREUER & TADAO ANDO CHURCH OF LIGHT By: TADAO ANDO MET BREUER MUSEUM By: MARCEL BREUER Church at St. JOHN’S ABBEY (1961) By: MARCEL BREUER ART & ARCHITECTURE BLDG., Yale University, By: PAUL RUDOLPH UNITE D’ HABITATION, Marseille, France By: LE CORBUSIER TRELLICK TOWER, London By: ERNŐ GOLDFINGER GEISEL LIBRARY, San Diego, California (1970) By: WILLIAM L. PEREIRA & ASSOCIATES BOSTON CITY HALL (1960s) By: MICHAEL MCKINNELL & GERHARD KALLMANN BUFFALO CITY COURT BUILDING By: PFOHL, ROBERTS & BIGGIE HABITAT 67, Montreal, Canada By: MOSHE SAFDIE (Israeli-Canadian Ar.) BRUTALISM IN THE PH: MANILA FILM CENTER, Pasay City (1981) – Controversial Proj. Accident FOLK ARTS THEATER 1933 – 1965 Middle 20th Cen. By: Ar. FROILAN HONG By: LEANDRO LOCSIN (1990 Nat’l Artist for AR, PH) PH INT’L CONVENTION CENTER By: LEANDRO LOCSIN OLD MANILA INT’L AIRPORT – 70s Renovated as Brutalist; 60s Int’l Style By: LEANDRO LOCSIN CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES, Pasay City (National Theater) By: LEANDRO LOCSIN MID – CENTURY MODERN Much more organic in form & less formal than International Style Ample Windows & Open Floor-Plans; Intends To Open Up Interiors& Bring In Outdoors TWA FLIGHT CENTER / TRANS WORLD FLIGHT CENTER (1962) By: EERO SAARINEN Standalone terminal at NYC’s John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) for Trans World Airlines Post-Modern; 1st Airport to Introduce the Concept of Separating Arrival & Departure Space OSCAR NIEMEYER – “KING OF CURVES”; 1988 PRITZKER AWARDEE; Brazilian Ar.; Free-Flowing Forms Known for Civic Bldg.DS & Design of Brasilia (Brazil’s New Capital) “When a Form Creates Beauty, It Becomes Functional & Therefore Fundamental In AR” NATIONAL CONGRESS OF BRAZIL By: OSCAR NIEMEYER METROPOLITAN CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY APARECIDA / CATHEDRAL OF BRASILIA – 1988 Pritzker Award NITEROI CONTEMPORARY ART MUSEUM, Rio de Janeiro – “Flying Saucer”; Red Ramp / Spiral Staircase Entry 1970s HIGH TECH / NEO–BRUTALISM / STRUCTURAL EXPRESSIONISM – Machine–Like; Highly expressive use of Tech in Building Revamped Modernism; previous ideas aided by in technological advances; Open Interior; Adaptable Space CENTRE POMPIDOU / GEORGE POMPIDOU, Paris– Innards of building are at its exterior High-Tech Pioneered By: RICHARD ROGERS, NORMAN FOSTER, & RENZO PIANO JOHN HANCOCK CENTER, Chicago, Illinois – distinctive X-bracing exterior By: SOM SIR NORMAN FOSTER – “HERO OF HIGH–TECH” “GREAT AR SHOULD WEAR ITS MESSAGE LIGHTLY” Sleek, Modern DS of Steel & Glass; Contouring & Space Management LONDON CITY HALL – 1999 PRITZKER Award By: SIR NORMAN FOSTER 30 ST. MARY AXE, The Swiss Re-Building –Also called, The GHERKIN HSBC BUILDING, Hong Kong – Mechanical Ducts kept hidden; slick, clean skin of metal & glass articulated by struc. APPLE HEADQUARTERS – 80% Landscape; Collab w/ Steve Jobs RICHARD ROGERS – Trademark “BOWELLISM” “AR IS A PLACE FOR ALL PEOPLE” BOWELLISM refers to placing Building’s Services in full view – CENTRE POMPIDOU MILLENIUM DOME – Spans 80,000 sqm; World’s Largest Fabric-covered Structure By: RICHARD ROGERS LLOYD’S LONDON BUILDING – Also known as the Inside-Out Building; Looks like a “Ring bind” Page 34 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1980s DECONSTRUCTIVISM Use of Bent, Angled & Exploded Forms to represent uncertainty of our times From the literary theories of JACQUES DERRIDA, who holds that: “There is no fixed truth but only multiple interpretations” JEWISH MUSEUM, Berlin – Largest Jewish Museum in Europe By: DANIEL LIBESKIND ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER, NYC – Tallest Skyscraper in the Western Hemishpere WEXNER CENTER FOR THE ARTS, Ohio By: By: DANIEL LIBESKIND PETER EISENMAN “AR SHOULD SPEAK OF ITS TIME & PLACE, BUT YEARN FOR TIMELESSNESS” FRANK GEHRY “Most Important Arch’t of Our Age”; Sculptural Works; Corrugated Metals Give an Unfinished Appearance GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, Bilbao, Spain By: FRANK GEHRY WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL, LA, California VITRA DESIGN MUSEUM ZAHA HADID – “Queen of the Curve”; “Greatest Female Arch’t”; 2004 PRITZKER Awardee UK’s most Prestigious Award the 2010-2011 STIRLING PRIZE Futuristic AR, Curving Facades, Sharp Angles, Concrete & Steel Materials VITRA FIRE STATION, Weil Am Rhein, Germany By: ZAHA HADID HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTRE Galaxy SOHO, Beijing MORPHEUS HOTEL TOWER Bldg. Pritzker Awarded >>> 1960s ROSENTHAL CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE, Cincinnati – US’s 1st Museum Designed by a Woman CONTEXTUALISM ARCHITECTURE–Invented by Ar. COLIN ROWE as a reaction to Modernist AR Modern building types are harmonized with urban forms; Takes its clues from adjacent buildings, Whatever their individual merits. Based on association and not on composition; enduring aesthetic quality Divided Into Three (3) Categories: 1) VERNACULAR AR –Indigenous; reliance on needs, construction materials & traditions are Site-Specific 2) REGIONAL AR –Late 1960s; Reference to its physical, cultural & political contexts 3) CRITICAL REGIONALISM – Regional AR approach that seeks universality 333 WEST WACKER DR. – Curved, green-tinted facade which “flows in harmony with the river’s hue” CARRÉ D'ART, Nîmes, South France By: SIR NORMAN FOSTER City Library &Museum of contemporary; Constructed of glass, concrete and steel Facing the Maison Carrée, a perfectly preserved Roman temple that dates from the 1st century BC 1960–1970 NEO – VERNACULAR AR. – Improves Vernacular Tradition; Modern Asian Style Building Types & Modern Filipino Style Reaction against INT’L MODERNISM; Called Neo–Shingle Style (USA) Energy-efficient AR to attain Sustainability; Modern Tech, Local, Cultural & Climatic Considerations FRANCISCO “BOBBY” MAÑOSA “I DESIGN FILIPINO” TAHANANG PILIPINO / COCONUT PALACE At the CCP Complex, in Pasay City, 1978 Official residence & workplace of the PH Vice President; Commissioned by Imelda Marcos; Made of several types of PH hardwood, coconut shells, & a specially engineered coconut lumber (“Imelda Madera”) NATURE’S CHURCH, 1988 A showcase of Filipino architecture. By: Early 1980s FRANCISCO "BOBBY" MAÑOSA& Landscapist LINGGOY ALVAREZ CRITICAL REGIONALISM – AR approach; strives to counter placelessness &lack of identity in Modern AR By using the building's geographical context SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION BUILDING By: Francisco Manosa, Ildefonso Santos, Jr. Page 35 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Early 20th Cen. MINIMALISM STYLE 1920s Post World War I A style of eliminating all non-essential forms, features or concepts Highly influenced by Japanese traditional DS &AR & the concept of Zen philosophy Emerged from the Cubist-inspired movements of De Stijl & Bauhaus GERMAN PAVILION, Barcelona Reconstruction of LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE'S TADAO ANDO – Japanese Architect; known for BRUTALISM & MINIMALISM Style; Natural Lighting 4 x 4 HOUSE 1990–2002 By: BLOBISM / BLOBISMUS / BLOB AR MOVEMENT TADAO ANDO Organic, Amoeba-Shaped, Bulging Form “Blobitecture” Term by Ar. Greg Lynn; based on the software that created Binary Large Objects SELFRIDGES DEPARTMENT STORE (2003) By: Future Systems DS Concept: Female Silhouette & Famous "Chainmail" Dress Designed by Paco Rabanne in the 1960s “FRIENDLY ALIEN” / KUNSTHAUS GRAZ / GRAZER KUNSTHAUS / GRAZ ART MUSEUM, Austria Built for European Capital of Culture celebrations in 2003 By: Peter Cook & Colin Fournier ALLIANZ ARENA, Bavaria, Germany (2006 FIFA World Cup Stadium Munich) By: 1960s ARCHIGRAM Herzog & de Meuron Avant-Garde Architectural Group – Based at the Architectural Association, London Futurist, anti-heroic & pro-consumerist; hypothetical projects. Expressed hope on tech to transform & improve the world The main members: Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton, Michael Webb & David Greene. Theo Crosby, Designer, was the "hidden hand" behind the group THE WALKING CITY, RON HERRON, 1964 – Self-contained living pods that could roam the cities Literal interpretation of Corbusier's aphorism of a house as a machine for living in. PLUG-IN-CITY, PETER COOK, 1964 – Mega-structure with no buildings. The machine had taken over and people were the raw material being processed, the difference being that people are meant to enjoy the experience. INSTANT CITY– Is a mobile tech-event that drifts into underdeveloped, drab towns via air (balloons) with provisional structures (performance spaces) in tow 1960s GREEN ARCHITECTURE Rise of Eco–Awareness; Sustainable Design, Considers Land-Use, Transportation, Energy Efficiency, Indoor Ecology, & Waste Reduction. Sustainability ensures human actions & decisions do not inhibit future generation’s opportunities. “Green” Buildings use Materials for Healthier Buildings & Gains Energy Efficiency through Site & Systems NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Singapore By: CPG Consultants Pte Ltd. LONDON CITY HALL –Bulbous Shape For Energy Efficiency By: SIR NORMAN FOSTER MENARA MESINIAGA By: KEN YEANG Building’s an environmental filter; basis of traditional Malaysian bldg.& their transition into modern principles Page 36 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ( EAST ) ASIAN ARCHITECTURE ANCIENT CHINA – East Asian AR Chief Building Type: Palaces & Temples Front Entry – SOUTH; Ancestors – NORTH; Largest & Most Important Building at Northernmost ORIENTATION SOUTH or Southeast – Most Buildings’ Orientation to Utilize Prevailing Winds & Sunshine BUILDING LAYOUT Dispersed around Courtyard; Organized around Central Path/Axis Bldgs. & Courtyards increase in size closer to Main Building CONSTRUCTION System of Wood Frame Construction; Timber Columns; Low Stone Platform Foundation Upturned Corners w/ Crests; Thick Outer Walls or Light Lattice Screens; Heavy Colored Pantiles; Major Design Consideration FENG SHUI YIN–YANG Interaction of 2 Opposing & Complementary Principles Yin (Feminine, Dark, Negative), Yang (Masculine, Bright, Positive) JIAN Unit of Measurement in Const’n; Marked By Adjacent Frame Supports ROOFING TOU–KONG SYSTEM “Hand–Arm” / Bracket System used to transfer roof loads to supports; Struc’l & Decor Use Similar to a DOSSERET BLOCK ROOF TILES – Color Coordinated; Heavily Tiled Roof; Upturning Roof YELLOW – Imperial Palace (Represents Earth); Reserved for Emperors RED – House of Mandarins; Represents Fire; Hope & Satisfaction BLUE, GREEN, PURPLE – Common Structures GREEN – Represents Wood BLUE & BLACK – Represents Water WHITE & GRAY – Represents Metal DWELLING 3 PARTS: Arranged around a COMMON COURTYARD 1) Vestibule / Porter Lodge on Street 2) Audience Chamber & Family Room 3) Kitchen & Servants Early Settlement YANG–SHAO VILLAGE Neolithic Culture in China; Around Yellow River; Pit Dwellings Model of Jiangzhai 1600–1030 BC SHANG DYNASTY Site of Yin; Intro to Writing; Urban City Dev’t; Bronze Casting Mastery 221–206 BC QIN DYNASTY Centralized Gov’t; 1st Imperial Dynasty; Const’n of Much of China’s Great Wall RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES PAILOU Monumental Gateway to Palace / Tomb / Sacred Place ZHONGLOU Right Side; Bell Tower / Pavilion of City Gate / Palace Entry / Temple Forecourt GULOU Left Side; Counterpart of Zhonglou MINGTANG Bright Hall; Ritual Struc.; Circle Intersection (Heaven), Square (Earth); at 4 Cardinal Directions BIYONG – Jade Ring Moat LINGTAN – Spirit Altar; Raised Astro-Observatory; at central / circular upper storey of MINGTANG PAGODA ( TA’IS / TA ) – Octagonal (Japan – Square); Odd Numbered Floors; Roof Overhang per Storey Buddhist Temple; Square / Polygonal Plan; Projecting Roofs per Storey As A Memorial or To Hold Relics; Derived From Indian Stupa NOTABLE STRUCTURES FORTIFICATION SUNG YEUH SSUHONAN Oldest Existing Chinese Pagoda; in Stone GREAT WALL OF CHINA Protection from Barbaric Invasion; 13,000 Miles or 20,800 Km; Also Communication Means QIN Dynasty built most of the wall; “Qin” to China; Central Gov’t Emerged SHIH HUANG TI – Also known for his Terracotta Army Started By: SHIH HUANG TI SONGYUE TEMPLE TA, Dengfeng – China’s Oldest Surviving Ta FOGONG PAGODA – 200–Foot High Wooden Tower HALL FOR PRAYER FOR GOOD HARVEST / TEMPLE OF HEAVEN Altar; Circular Mound; Ritual Platform; Imperial Vault of Heaven; Abstinence Palace PALACES FORBIDDEN CITY, Beijing China Last & Most Important Imperial Cities; Palace Complex PALACE OF HEAVENLY PURITY– Best Preserved Imperial Palace Built By: Emperor Zhu Di HALL OF SUPREME HARMONY – Emperor’s Throne Room; also where he met officials daily PALACES SUMMER PALACE, Beijing China Summer Retreat from the Forbidden City Page 37 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ANCIENT JAPAN – East Asian AR LIGHT, DELICATE, & REFINED 710–794 CE NARA PERIOD HAIJO PALACE, Imperial Residence – Influence From Chinese Culture & Form of Gov’t Named After the 1st Permanent Capital & Chief Buddhist Center in Ancient Japan 785 – 1185 CE HEIAN PERIOD Modifications of Chinese Influence (Ideas & Institutions) SHINTOISM “Way of the Gods” – Polytheistic; Life in Harmony & Unified w/ Nature Shinto Practices include Visiting Shrines, Reciting Prayers, & Giving Offerings CONSTRUCTION Wooden Main Frames; Sliding Screens; Thinner Walls & Sometimes Translucent Paper GUSSHO SYSTEM Based from rigidity of triangle; brackets (Tokyo) support the tiled roof SHINMEI–ZUKURI AR. STYLE – Style Of Shinto Shrine; Embody Original Japan Bldg. Style Rectangular Plan; Raised On Posts, Surrounded By Railed Veranda; Free-Stand Post at Each Gable End SHRINE For the Shinto Religion; Has a Shimenawa (Sacred Rope-like Structure made of Hemp or Straw) SHINTO SHRINE “Place of the Gods” Enshrines one or more KAMI ( god / deity / spirit ) ISE JINGU / ISE SHRINE Japan’s Holiest Shrine Consists of Two (2) Shrines: GEKU (Outer Shrine) – Dedicated to TOYOUKE (Shinto Deity of Clothing, Food, & Housing) NAIKU (Inner Shrine) – Enshrines Sun Goddess AMATERASU (Most Venerated Deity) Naiku is rebuilt every 20 years IZUMO SHRINE Oldest Shinto Shrine; Largest Shimenawa TOSHOGU SHRINE – Dedicated To Tokogawa, the Last Samurai KIBITSU SHRINE Largest Shrine Having Two Gables ITSUKUSHIMA / MIYAJIMA SHRINE – Hiroshima Prefecture; UNESCO World Heritage Site TORII Monumental Freestanding Japanese Gateway; Two (2) Pillars w/ Horizontal Crosspiece & Lintel above it TORII of ISTUKUSHIMA Shrine & SHINTO Shrine TEMPLES – For the BUDDHIST Religion GOLDEN PAVILION / KINKAKU–JI, Kyoto – a Zen Temple Built By: ASHIKAGA YOSHIMITSU HORYUII TEMPLE, Nara – World’s Oldest Wooden Struc.; Japan’s Oldest Existing Complex; 5–Storey Pagoda Japanese Buddhist Temple CHUMON – Inner Gateway to the Precinct KAIRO – Covered Gallery surrounding Precinct KONDO – Main Hall TO / BUTTO / TOBA – Japanese Pagoda; Central Structure of Buddhist Compound SORIN – Crowning Spire on a TO / Japanese PAGODA KODO – Lecture / Assembly Hall for Monks for Reading Texts TO / Japanese PAGODA – Square Plan; 3–15 STOREYS; NO Upturning Roof like China Parts of a Pagoda: KONDO – Main Hall BELL TOWER KODO – Lecture Hall REPOSITORY FOR SUTRAS (Written Works) DORM & DINING HALL PALACES / CASTLES – Stone Walls & Moats; TENSHU–GUN / DONJON – Keeps; Home Of DAIMYOS (Feudal Lords); HARAKIRI–MARU – inner courtyard; Southeast Corner where Samurai would commit Suicide HIMEJI–JO CASTLE – “The White Heron” Finest surviving example of Early 17th Cen. Japanese Castle AR ONSEN – Public Baths 1338–1573 Muromachi Period DWELLINGS / DOMESTIC AR. SHOIN Means “WRITING WALL” New Type of Residential Architecture in Muromachi Period Features KEN System using Tatami Mats KEN SYSTEM Japanese Measuring Unit; Equal to Six (6) Shaku (1.818 Mts.); Regulates Column Space TATAMI MATS Straw Mats as Floor Cover; Used For Proportioning Space MAT SIZE 1.8m x 0.90m or 1 x 2 Yards or 3’ x 6’ Feet ; ROOM HEIGHT: 30% Total Mats Parts of a Traditional Japanese House ENGAWA Extension of Floor; Serves as Passageway / Sitting Place; Facing Garden SHOIN Drawing Room / Study SHOJI Paper–Covered Wooden Lattice TOKONOMA Picture Recess or Alcove for KAKEMONO KAKEMONO Vertical Hanging Scroll w/ Text / Painting or for Flower Arrangement CHIGAIDAMA Staggered Shelves; SHOIN Feature TANA Recess w/ built-in Shelving TOKOBASHIRA Post Marking the Partition between TOKONOMA & TANA ZASHIKI Reception Room; Main Room in a Traditional Japanese House for Receiving Guests CHASHITSU ROJI Teahouse with ROJI Ornamental Garden Adjacent to CHASHITSU Page 38 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ANCIENT INDIA ( BUDDHIST & HINDU ) – East Asian AR 320 BC BUDDHISM began in INDIA Rhythmic Stratified Motifs; Profuse Carved Ornamentation; Often Combines Religious & Sensuous Persian Cultural Influence; 1st use of Dressed Stone (shaped & smoothed stone ) GUPTA DYNASTY Center of Classical Indian Art & Literature PALLAVA South India Hindu State; Expanded Indian Culture to SE Asia DRAVIDIAN AR. Indian AR Style in the Pallava Period KIVA Underground Chamber; For Religious Ceremonies / Councils BUDDHISM Faith / Religion; Originated in India; Belief in the existence of one god STUPA Sacred Dome-Shape Mounds That Contain A DAGOBA; Crowned By A CHATTRI Surrounded By A VEDIKA (Ambulatory Stone) With Four (4) TORANAS Parts of a Stupa: TORANA Indian BUDDHIST Ceremonial Gateway; elaborate carving VEDIKA Railing enclosing the STUPA; Ambulatory Stone CHATTRI Umbrella-shaped Finial; Stone Disc on a Vertical Pole; Symbolizes Dignity MEDHI Shallow Beam ringing the base of the hemispherical mound VEDAS Scriptures VIHARA Monastery; Often Excavated from solid rock CHAITYA Assembly Hall; Rock–Carved Sanctuary on Hillside; Worship Cave KUDO Entrance Arch of CHAITYA WAT BUDDHIST Monastery / Temple in Thailand or Cambodia GOMPA TIBETIAN BUDDHIST Monastery or Nunnery MANDALA Buddhist; Represents the Cosmos; Basis of Floor Plans; Symbolizes PURUSA (Saints) HINDUISM Faith/Religion in India; Worship Numerous Deities HINDU TEMPLES MANDIRA HINDU Temple; (Example) SRI RANGANATHASWAMY TEMPLE RATH MONOLITHIC; SOLID ROCK; HINDU TEMPLE VIMANA A HINDU Sanctuary of a Hindu Temple; Deity Enshrined here SHAIVITE TEMPLES For SHIVA; Temples Face EAST VAISHNAVITE TEMPLES For VISHNU; Temples Face WEST LINGAM Phallus Symbol of god SHIVA in Hindu AR GARBHA GRIHA Inlet Shrine Crowned W/ A Spire; Womb Chamber Dark innermost sanctuary where deity statue is placed SIKHARA Tower–Like Elements Representing Caste System; Adorned W/ Nature Spirits; AMALAKA Capped AMALAKA HINDU Finial; bulbous stone of a SIKHARA YAKSA – Male; YAKSI – Female GOPURAM Ornate Monumental HINDU Gateway Tower MANDAPA Porch–Like Hall for Religious Music & Dancing NOTABLE STRUCTURES KHAJURAHO TEMPLE Displays Kama Sutra ORISSAN TEMPLE Devoid of Human Figures; More on Geometric, Plant-Like Motifs BUDDHIST STRUCTURES GREAT STUPA, SANCHI India’s Oldest Existing Stupa; Oldest Buddhist Sanctuary STAMBHA / LATS Freestanding Memorial Pillar W/ Carved Inscriptions/Statue HINDU STRUCTURES SHORE TEMPLE Oldest Freestanding HINDU Temple Page 39 of 40 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE INDIAN ARCHITECTURE – INFLUENCE ON SOUTHEAST ASIA THAILAND KHMER ARCHITECTURE – South East Asian AR; also known as Angkorian AR; by the Khmer Empire WAT Holy Structure CHEDI Bell–Shaped Structure WAT PO Contains the Reclining Buddha; Oldest University in Thailand ANGKOR WAT, Siem Reap, Cambodia – “Temple Mountain”; Original Name: VRAH VISHNULOK in honor if Vishnu One of the World’s Largest Religious Structures; Lotus Bud Inspired Towers Made w/ Granite & Sandstone; Made To Glorify God Kings of the Empire Serves as King’s Tomb; Use of CORBELLED ARCH Parts of Angkor Wat: Built By: SURYAVARMAN II (Khmer Empire King) Central Sanctuary Upper Gallery – Depicts Dances Open Gallery – Depicts MAHABHARATA (Ancient Indian Story/Epic) ANGKOR THOM INDONESIA Depicts 216 Faces of JAYAVARMAN Built By: JAYAVARMAN JAVANESE ARCHITECTURE – South East Asian AR also; Indonesia AR; Religion & AR developed in the Island of Java BOROBODUR, Central Java, Indonesia – The Great “Cosmic Mountain”; Stepped Pyramid on Mandala-shaped Base “Temple of the Countless Buddhas” & World’s Largest Buddhist Temple Built w/ Gray Volcanic Stone; Mound w/ 9 Terraces; Life of Buddha on Lowest Terrace Buddha Statues Encourage People to Follow His Path to Enlightenment Parts of the Borobodur Temple KAMADHATU (3) Three–Tier Pyramidal Base; Reliefs represent the human’s lust for life RUPADHATU (5) Five Concentric Square Terraces; Reliefs represent the will to leave life behind ARUPADHATU (3) Three Circular Platforms from Trunk of a Cone; Topmost; with big Stupa Surrounded by the Statues; Relief represents human’s detachment to life, to reach Nirvana Borobodur Temple Complex MENDUT TEMPLE – Depiction of Buddha; Monolith W/ Two (2) BODHISATTVAS Bodhisattva – An ideal enlightened being who help others reach Nirvana PAWON TEMPLE – Smaller Temple; Inner Space doesn’t reveal w/c Deity was worshipped Page 40 of 40
