Chapter 1
Humanities and Art Appreciation: An Introduction
“Appreciation of works of art requires organized
effort and systematic study”
Dr. Arbert C. Barnes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. understand the importance of Humanities and Art Appreciation in every individual’s life;
2. gain a general knowledge of the creation and functions of arts; and
3. recognize the certain purpose of art as well as its classification and discuss their
characteristics.
Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students of the following
questions:
1. Do you think of yourself as a creative person? If you do, why? If you don’t, why not?
2. Are you more creative and most productive when feeling happy? Do you suffer if you are
not?
3. How do you determine whether a particular art is an original work of an artist?
4. What talent/s would you like to improve as a person? Why?
Input
Meaning and Importance of Humanities
tymologically, the term “Humanities” is from a Latin word humanus which means
educated. It refers to the learning of arts such as architecture, dance, literature, music,
painting, theatre, and sculpture (Sanches, 2011).They are branches of knowledge that
focuses on the human opinions, and relationships (Machlis, 2003). As a branch of
learning, the artwork is considered as the material object while its creativity and appreciation is
the formal object (Menoy, 2009& Marcos, et al., 2010).
E
Likewise, Humanities is more concerned on how a person expresses his/her feelings. These
feelings can be in facial manifestations or body movements. Laughing, crying, clenching our
fists, curling our toes, stretching out our fingers, and crossing our arms are representations of
humanities (Menoy, 2009).
As a branch of knowledge, Humanities explores on human conditions through the use of
analytical, critical, or theoretical methods. These methods are in the form of ideas and words
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that help makes our life more meaningful. Moreover, Humanities can also be as the study on
how an individual documented and processed his/her experiences particularly in connecting to
others (Stanford University, 2016).Imparting humanities as an academic science is designed to
let our learners (particularly the new generations) become creative and artistic individuals.
Humanities help the students to connect with the community through art exposure like museum
outings, concerts, theatre performance, etc. (Marcos, 2010).
Description of Art Appreciation
When we look around, we see a lot of things that relate to art. Art can come in the form of
many items such as posters, paintings, portraits, covers, and more. People look at art in different
ideas that they want to know more about or may be studying. Art can shows ideas about the past,
what is currently happening and what may happen in the future. It can also show meaning, love,
boredom, and creativity (Ramos, 2012). Art can be meaningful because of the colors, shapes, and
depictions it can create.
Art Appreciation is a way to motivate ideas and allows individuals to illustrate their feelings
when they viewed an artwork. It helps develops critical and innovative skills in thinking and
teaches essential qualities in listening, observing, and responding to multiple viewpoints It also
requires an ability to differentiate what is apparent and what is not (Gargaro & Jilg, 2016 and
Sanger, 2012).
The Creation of Arts
In our life, we experience so much fragmentation of our thoughts and feelings. But, by
creating arts, it brings things back together. We merely make art because of so many reasons,
and we enjoy the process of it.
The word “art” is from a Latin arti, which means craftsmanship, inventiveness, mastery of
form, skill. It includes literature, music, paintings, photography, sculpture, etc. It serves as an
original record of human needs and achievements. It usually refers to the so-called “fine arts”
(e.g., graphics, plastic, and building) and to the so-called “minor arts” (everyday, useful, applied,
and decorative arts). It is the process of using our senses and emotions in making creative
activities (Marcos, 2010). It is a human capability to make things beautiful (e.g., buildings,
illustration, designing, painting, sculpture, and Photography) through the production of his/her
imagination depending on the preparation, theme, medium, and values used.
Significantly, the word artist comes from the French word artiste and the Spanish artista,
which means “performer.” It is someone who creates art that is merely trades and professions by
which different people make their livings (Goines, 2004).
Artist is most often refers to those who create within a context of the fine arts such as acting,
dancing, drawing, filmmaking, painting, sculpture, writing, photography, and music. They are
those who use imagination, and a skill to construct works that may be judged to have aesthetic
importance. Creativity is a characteristic of an artist that progressed in the extent of his/her life to
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express feelings. These are all processed in three significant phases namely: Creation of Forms;
Creation of Ideas; and Creation of the Materials (Sanchez, 2011).
a. The Creations of ideas. Artists are usually impressionable persons. They used their
experiences as their basis in the making of dance, picture, a poem, or a play or a song.
For example, a composer may write a song on the developing romance between a man
and a woman, or on the pains of a broken-hearted.
b. The Creations of the Materials. The artist uses different materials or mediums to give
form to an idea. For example, a painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses wood, metal or
stone; an author uses words; and a composer who uses musical sounds to determine the
notes.
c. The Creations of Forms. There are diverse forms used by the artists in expressing their
ideas. It is a medium of artistic expression recognized as fine art. This form is used to
explain the physical nature of the artwork like in metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc.
Functions of Arts
From the very beginning, arts have been part of human history. It described, defined, and
deepened the human experience. In the Prehistoric period for example, peoples performed songs
and dances to gratify their ancestors. Likewise, hunters brushed different figures on the walls of
caves to depict their day to day experiences. Arts also serve several functions which are item
outcome to its purpose (Menoy, 2009), namely:
1. Individual Function- The artists perform arts because of the passion of their respective art
forms. A singer presents a concert for free because of his advocacy and the love of
singing. For example, Regine Velaquez (Asia’s Songbird) is well-known for possessing
extensive vocal range.
2. Social Function- Man associates with others through his art performance that arouses
social consciousness. Examples of this association are the choral singing, group dancing,
public art exhibits and other practices.
3. Economic Functions- Arts are emerging as a potent force in the economic life of people
assumes an essential role as a direct and indirect contributor to state economies. Example
of this is by generating economic vitality in under-performing regions through crafts,
tourism, and cultural attractions.
4. Political Functions- Art provides a forum for ideas that will lead to employment,
prestige, status, and power. During election period, for example, the candidates created
their artworks (poster) which expresses their propaganda, agendas and political views
about making a stable society.
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5. Historical Functions- Art is an essential technique for information to be recorded and
preserved. It serves to document or reconstruct historical figure and events. Most arts that
are in Museums, for example, are filled with amazing stories about the world most
excellent and most creative people who brought us the treasures. By looking at a work of
art’s colors, materials, and symbolism, we can learn about the story and culture that
produced it in the past.
6. Cultural Functions- Art is an articulation and transmission of new information and
values. Example, when you think of Manila, you probably think of Fort Santiago, Luneta
Park, and its world-renowned churches, or the famous Intramuros.
7. Physical Functions- Buildings are artistically designed and constructed to protect their
occupants and make their life inside more meaningful. Architects, Industrial and Graphic
Designers, and Interior Decorators share responsibility in building environment that
balance forms and functions.
8. Aesthetic Functions- Any artwork means beauty. It is visual spice for gracefully adorned
interiors and can bring out the most elegant features of different décor elements. It
reasonably reproduced visual images which communicate through fantastic persuasions
and meaningful words.
Purpose of Art
Creativity or imagination is the primary basis of art. Art is created when an artist produces a
stimulating experience that is considered by his audience to have artistic merit. The artwork is
the visual expression of an idea or experience of an artist, through the use of a medium (Frank,
2011). It allows expression of the individuality of the artist. Through artistic endeavors, we can
share what is important to us with others and can learn about the values of feelings of those
sharing art with us. Some purposes of art are the following (Marcos et al., 2011).
1. Create Beauty- Art is an expression of our thoughts, emotions, and intuitions. It is the
communication of concepts that cannot be faithfully portrayed by words alone. The
Artist has considered nature as the standard of beauty. The example of beauty can be in a
snowy mountain scene, and the art is the photograph of it shown to the family.
2. Provide Decoration- Artworks are used to create a pleasing environment. It is intended to
beautify things to please and amuse the viewers through its colors and patterns.
3. Reveal Truth- Artwork helped to pursue truth and attempted to reveal about how the
world works. It is a kind of language that allows artists to send a message to the souls of
the recipients that help change their attitudes, their sensibility, and their ethics.
4. Express Values- Arts can illuminate our inner lives and enrich our emotional world.
Through arts, the artist will be encouraged to develop their creativity, challenge, and
communication skills. It also promotes self- esteem and wellness.
6. Commemorate Experience- Art serves to convey the personal experiences of an artist and
record his impression in his work.
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7. Create Harmony- An artist makes use of the composition to put an order in the diverse
content of his work.
Classifications of Art
Many changes in the arts took place during the early modern period. Its classification can be
on many characteristics, including form, shape, function, use, or social context. Works of art are
classified in many different ways, namely:
1. Visual Arts- These arts are those forms that create works which are primarily visual
(forms perceived by the eyes). The man can take the beauty of nature through a piece of
paper so that other people may take time appreciating the captured image. Examples of
these arts include:
a. Painting- This form of visual art aims to evoke an emotion from the viewers. It is
practice by applying colors or other media to a surface with a brush or other objects.
b. Sculpture- This form of visual arts characterized as the art of representing an
imagined or observed objects in hard materials such as glass, metals, or wood in three
dimensions.
c. Architecture- This form of art provides us the physical structure we lived. It is a
profound expression of human culture in a particular period, and it will endure and
outlive us in forms of monuments that future generations will study and strive to
understand.
d. Drawing- This form of art enhances the way we see the world around and conditions
us to capture its details in a two-dimensional medium. This has been a critical
element of art throughout history and in the contemporary art world.
e. Photography- This form of art is a process of creating portraits by recording radiation
on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as electronic image sensors or photographic
films.
2. Performing Arts- These arts are those forms in which the artists used his/her own body,
face, and presence as a medium. Examples of these arts are as follows:
a. Theatre (Drama) - This form of art uses performers to present the experience of a real
or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place and time.
b. Music- This form of art helps to express our mood and feel the way through our
emotions and ideas. Based on a study, different types of music may be suitable to
different moods though classical music is still recommended as the most calming
music option.
c. Dance- This form of art is expressed through body movement which entails social
interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.
d. Film- This form of art allows us to explore the complexities of the human situation.
This is used to work out our emotions, to make history comes alive, science is
explained, and literary works are brought into life.
e. Installation Art- The fundamental nature of this form of art is the participation of the
spectators. In this work of art, viewers become active and navigate the work in an
environment that they can experience visually. It also has the capacity of passing on
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particular information about any significant event around the world and interactively
represents documentary issues.
f. Opera- This form of art helps to tell stories through music. This is also performed with
a full orchestra composed of the various musical instrument sections. In this art form,
singers and musicians perform a dramatic work by combining text (called a libretto)
and musical score.
g. Stagecraft- This form of art is a technical aspect of theatrical production. This includes
constructing and arranging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, the design of
costumes, makeup, and procurement of props, stage management and recording and
mixing of sound.
3. Literary Arts- These arts centered on creative writing and other composition processes
which intended to read. These include prose and poetry (e.g., novels, short stories, sonnet,
ballad, epic, and essay).
The Value of Arts in the Educational System
Knowing and practicing the arts disciplines are fundamental to the development of the minds
and spirits of the students (National Art Education Association, 1994). Arts are inseparable from
education. When early humans drew images on the walls of the caves, the artworks have been
the means of recording human experiences and of making sense of the world. It educates us on
how early people lived and survived. Thus, without the skills in the arts, no one can claim that
he/she is professionly trained.
There are several reasons for the arts to be included in an educational system. It is evident
that involvement in the arts has been shown to help students in their academic, personal, and
social development. Listed below are other details for this assertion.
1. Arts are worth studying because it served to connect our imaginations with the most
profound questions of human existence.
2. Arts are always used because it helps to present issues and ideas to teach, persuade, and
entertain people.
3. Arts are integral to every person’s daily life because it helps shape our spiritual, political,
economic, cultural, and social environments.
4. Arts are refreshing because it offers unique sources of enjoyment and it investigates
relationships between thought and actions.
5. Arts develop students attitudes because it teaches self-discipline, reinforces self-esteem,
fosters the thinking skills and creativity and values the importance of teamwork and
cooperation.
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Class Activities
a. Musical Strokes
1. Divide the class into four groups and talk about how music can evoke feelings that
through art.
2. Let the students listen to a particular tune. Ask what feelings the students think the
musician was trying to convey. Instruct them to draw or sketch in a paper the emotions
they hear from the music. Let them choose different colors in the making of their art and
talk about why the students made the selections they did.
3. As a class, let the students share their artwork. It is interesting to see how students
perceive the meaning of music and how they show feelings in art.
b. Catchy and Creative Art-Slogans
Art-Slogans are powerful marketing tools that can motivate your clients to support your
brand. It is an advertising tag-line or phrase that advertisers create to express the importance and
benefits of their product visually.
Let the students do their creative art for advertisement. Let them use one size of cardboard or
cartolina in making the art-slogan. Below are examples of a catchy product/company slogan:
Choose any of the following slogans listed below and make an art-logo out of it.
1. Addidas- “Impossible Nothing”
2. Disneyland- “The happiest place on Earth”
3. IBM- “Solution for a small planet”
4. FedEx Corporation- “When there is no tomorro.”
5. Volkswagen- “Think small”
6. Canon EOS- “What we mean is what you see”
7. Nikon- “At the heart of the image”
8. Energizer- “Keep going and going and going”
9. Diesel Jeans- “Be stupid”
10. Jaguar- “Grace, space, pace”
11. AT&T- “Reach out, and touch someone”
12. m&m- “Melts in your mouth not in your hands”
13. Coca-Cola- “Twist cap Refreshment”
14. Visa- “It’s everywhere you want”
15. Burger King- “Have it your way”
16. Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) – “Finger licking good”
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17. Sony- “Connecting People”
18. NOKIA- “Connecting people”
19. Nike- “just do it”
20. Hallmark- “When you care enough to send the very best”
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________
Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Essay: Answer the following questions below briefly but precisely.
1. Do you consider yourself as an artist? Justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What is the importance of Humanities as a science of Art?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. How is a work of art produced by an artist? Discuss the process of production.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Which of the following classification of art (Visual, Performing, Literary) do you think
you belong? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Why art is also termed as “High Culture”?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Matching Type: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
box provided before each item.
Column A
Column B
1. It is the process of arranging elements in a way for you to a. Stone
use your senses and emotions.
2. A science which is concerned with the human thought, b. Creation of Ideas
feelings, and relations.
3. It is composed of minerals and can be into material types c. Cultural
according to how they formed.
4. It is an artist’s trait developed in the course of his life to d. Photography
express his feelings.
5. It means “craftsmanship.”
e. Creation of materials
6. It refers to a person who engaged in one or more of any f. Sculpture
of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art.
7. A process of art wherein a painter paints a picture from a g. Creation of forms
scene where most people do not think beauty existed.
8. A phase of creating art in which the artist uses materials h. Creativity
to give form to his idea.
9. It is a means of communication to the unknown being i. Humanities
created and performed by the ancient people.
10. It is where the artists have developed different forms to j. Dance
express the ideas they have work.
11. It is a type of art that marks a two-dimensional medium. k. Artiste
12. It is a type of art that signifies a three-dimensional l. Drawing
artwork.
13. It is an art form of rhythmic movement of the body.
m. Arti
14. A function of art which expresses ideas and values.
n. Adoration
15. It is an art of creating images by recording radiation on o. Art
a radiation-sensitive medium.
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Evaluation: In your own words, briefly discuss the following concepts listed below.
1. Humanities
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Art
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Stagecraft
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Creation of Art
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Purpose of Art
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Visual Art
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Performing Arts
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Literary Arts
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Art Education
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Creative Arts
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 2
Aesthetic Arts and Crafts
“The beautiful is in nature, and it is encountered in the most
diverse forms of reality. Once it is found, it belongs to art, or,
rather, to the artist who discover it.”
-Gustave Courbet
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. explain the difference between aesthetic arts and crafts;
2. identify the types of arts and crafts;
3. discuss the principles in understanding artistic composition; and
4. enumerate the motivated functions of art.
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students of the following
questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the relationship between Art and Crafts?
Is Art a reflection of our values? Support your answer.
Is artistic skill learned or natural?
Why is Art considered as a “distinct character and a reflection of society”?
What do you think are the needed materials in creating a functional work of art? Explain.
Input
The Difference between Aesthetic Arts and Crafts
A
esthetics is from the Greek word eisthesis which means “perception.” It is a branch of
philosophy devoted to the study of art and beauty used during the 18th century by
Alexander Baumgarten, a German philosopher. This term also refers to the principles
governing the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in visual art (Rader,
1979).
On the other hand, the term “craft” comes from a German word Kraft which means “power”
or “ability.” It usually employed in branches of the decorative arts or associated artistic practice.
It also implies the application of human skills through the use of a hand. It tends to produce
things for various human purposes, and tend to exhibit their prettiness around a goal external to
the object itself (Dutton, 1990).
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Arts and Crafts started during the 19th century in Europe as a design reform and as a social
movement motivated by the William Morris. It involves activities related to making things
which require a combination of skill, speed, and patience.
William Morris who was born on March 24, 1834, in Walthamstow,
England was known for his pattern designs, particularly on fabrics, and
wallpapers. As a proponent of socialist ideals, Morris believed that a
designer should have the skill of any media in producing designs that
intricate intertwining fruit, flower, and foliage pattern. He died on
October 3, 1896, at the age of 62 years old in London, England.
Types of Arts and Crafts
Artists may have unique skills and perceptive abilities, but they are Figure 1. William Morris (1834-1896)
also people with needs and the motivation to meet those needs.
Creating different works of art that are accepted by one’s audience can lead to an artist’s social
acceptance and recognition. Their works of art have been used to create pleasing environments.
Arts and crafts have different types, namely: textile wood, metal, paper or canvass, and plant
crafts.
Textile Crafts. The word textile is from a Latin phrase texere which means “to braid" or "to
construct." These also refer to any craft where you work with fabric, yarn or surface design. It
uses plant or any synthetic fibers in creating practical or decorative objects. These include the
following:
1. Cross-stitch- Stitching can also be a form of natural pain relief. It is a popular form of
counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are
used to form a picture.
2. Crocket- It is a process of creating fabric from yarn, thread, or other material strands
using a crochet hook.
3. Sewing- It is the crafts of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a needle
and thread.
4. Weaving- It is a fabric production method in which yarns are interlaced at right angles to
form a fabric or cloth.
5. Tatting- It is a technique for handcrafting particularly in making durable lace which is
constructed by a series of knots and loops.
6. Shoemaking- It is the process of making footwear.
7. Lace- It is an openwork fabric, patterned with open holes in the work, made by machine
or by hand.
8. Macramé- It is a form of textile-making which requires very few tools and just some pure
knowledge of basic knotting.
9. Millinery- It is the designing and manufacture of hats.
10. String art- It is an arrangement of colored thread strung between points to form an
abstract geometric design.
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Wood Crafts. These refer to a skill that pertains to the woods, especially in making one's
way through the woods or in hunting, trapping, etc. It also relates to subsistence lifestyles with
implications of hunting-gathering (Horace, 1906). These include the following:
1. Carpentry-It is a skilled trade in the cutting, shaping, and installation of building
materials during the construction of buildings.
2. Marquetry- It is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer (thin slices of wood) to a
structure to form decorative designs.
3. Woodturning- It is a form of woodworking that is used to create wooden objects.
4. Wood carving- It is a form of woodworking to form a wooden figure or objects by using
a knife or a chisel.
5. Cabinetry- It is a skill in making a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and drawers
for keeping various objects.
6. Upholstery- It is the work of building cushion and cover furniture.
Metal Crafts. These refer to the art of executing artistic designs in metal for both practical
and aesthetic purposes. These arts are designed for decorative items or functional objects that are
beneficial and useful to us all. These works are of bronze, silver, gold, tin, copper, lead, brass,
and iron. These include the following:
1. Jewelry- It is a form of personal adornments, such as brooches, rings, necklaces,
earrings, and bracelets.
2. Metal Casting- It is a process by which a liquid material (bronze, copper, glass,
aluminum, and iron) is poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired
shape, and then allowed to solidify.
3. Welded sculpture- It is an art form in which statue is made using welding techniques.
Paper or Canvas Crafts. It refers to an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making
backpacks, tents, marquees, and other sustainable items. These include the following:
1. Bookbinding- It is the process of physically assembling a book from some folded or
unfolded sheets of paper or other material.
2. Card making- It is a hand-made technique for producing greeting cards.
3. Collage- It is a technique where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different
forms, thus creating a new whole.
4. Origami- It is a Japanese cultural art of paper folding.
5. Paper-Mache- It is a composite material consisting of paper pieces or pulp, sometimes
reinforced with textiles, bound with an adhesive.
6. Scrapbooking- It refers to a method of arranging, preserving, and presenting personal and
family history in a book form.
7. Rubber Stamping- It is a craft in which some type of ink made of dye or pigment applied
to an image or pattern that carved, molded, laser engraved or vulcanized, onto a sheet of
rubber.
Plants Crafts- These refer to skills using plant parts as the medium. These include the
following:
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1. Corn dolly making- It relates to the making of shapes and figures (known as ‘dollies’)
from straw (such as barley, oats, and wheat).
2. Floral Design- It is the art of using plant materials and flowers to create a pleasing and
balanced composition.
3. Pressed flower craft- consists of drying flower petals and leaves in a flower press to
flatten and exclude light and moisture.
Principles of Understanding Artistic Design and Composition
Art principles are created by combining art elements. Artists utilize organizing principles to
develop forms that inform. Among the fundamental principle of art are harmony, variety,
balance, movement, emphasis, proportion, and rhythm. Whether analysing or composing
artwork, one must have a complete understanding of how art principles are created (Elsen, 1981).
The Principle of Harmony. When all of the elements of art interact well in an artwork,
visual harmony is attained. This is accomplished by using similar types of geometric shapes,
lines or colors within a work of art to create a unified composition. Likewise, using various cool
or warm colors would help to produce a harmonious work of art.
The Principle of Variety. A stable composition will also demonstrate the principle of
variety. It is accomplished by using differing colors, lines, and shapes within an artwork to make
key areas stand out. Artists can use this idea to direct a viewer’s eye to a place within the art that
he or she wants to emphasize.
The Principle of Balance. It refers to the symmetry of opposing visual forces. It is created
in a work of art when colors, forms, shapes or textures are combined harmoniously.
The Principle of Movement. It is the way that an eye moves throughout a work of art. In this
work of art, our eye moves up through the pattern in the rippling surface of the water to the two
paddlers. An artist creates a visual movement to drive the eye to the focal point of the artwork.
Principle of Emphasis. It refers to the need for an artist to create a focal point within an
artwork. This artistic point is an essential part of a work of art, and the viewer’s eye should
drawn to that area.
Principles of Proportion. This principle is created when the sizes of elements in an artwork
art are combined harmoniously. The artist usually tries to make all of the parts in a composition
relate logically to each other to depict the human form within the proper proportion.
Principle of Rhythm. It refers to the use of visual pattern within a work of art. Models
within an artwork are created by repeating certain colors, line or shapes in specific areas. It can
also be used to form a variety of texture within a work of art.
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Motivated Functions of Art
The motivated purposes of art are intentional and conscious actions on the part of the artist.
Art may bring political change or comment on the life in a society. It may also convey specific
propaganda, or just as a form of communication (Holly, 2002). Primary motivated functions of
arts are as follows:
a. Art for Acting. Art may pursue to bring about a certain emotion, to relax or to entertain
the viewer.
b. Art for healing. Art is utilized by art therapists, psychotherapists, and clinical
psychologists as art therapy. The end product is a method of curing, through creative
acts.
c. Art for political change. One of the essential functions of the art of the early twentieth
century has been to use visual images to bring about legislative modification.
d. Art for propaganda (Commercialism). Art is utilized to influence popular ideas or moods
delicately.
e. Art for communication. Art has a goal, directed toward another individual. For example,
graphic is a form of art for communication in which the artist expresses his/her emotions,
feelings, and moods.
_____________________
Class Activities
a. Talent Show
In this show, the students will discover several creative activities and deliberate how art can
be used as a form of communication and as a means to express thoughts and feelings.
Instructions:
1. Prepare the students in showcasing their talents (either in dancing, singing, poetry, or anything
that they can think of). The talent shows are all about showing off something that the students
are proud.
2. Tell the students that the presentation of talent can be in individually, in a pair or the group.
3. Provide an alternative role for those who do not wish to perform, such as being in charge of
the musical and sound effects, being the announcer, or a props man.
3. Give them enough time for the rehearsal. Prepare music and props as needed. Set rule
regarding appropriate costumes as necessary.
4. Introduce each performer and their talent by name before they come on the stage. If students
are acting as announcers, assist them as if possible.
Note: The teacher should prepare follow-up discussions with the students during the next
meeting.
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Guide questions for discussion and sharing:
1. How did it feel to perform on stage? What went well?
2. Did the talent show make you feel good? Why and why not?
3. What would you do differently next time? Would you perform again?
4. What was the part about acting in the talent show your favorite?
5. What did you learn from being part of the talent show?
_____________________
b. Art Work
Let the students bring to the class any work of art (like painting, drawing, literary
composition, sculpture, and others) and have them explain what that art is all about. As a class,
discuss how important is the talent in the life of every human being.
__________________
c. Pressed Flower Craft
Materials required
1.
2.
3.
4.
Toothpicks
Wood glue
Container to hold the glue
Pressed flowers (any home-made or purchased air dry presses; microwave presses; or
traditional method of pressing in books)
Instructions
1. Arranged the pressed flowers on the paper, but do not glue anything.
2. Pour a small amount of glue into a shallow dish or container for easy access.
3. Start sticking the flowers on the bottom layer of the arrangement.
4. Turn the pressed flower over so that the glue is facing down and carefully place the flower on
the paper.
5. Apply pressure on the flower and hold for a few seconds. Repeat the process till all of the
flowers are fixed.
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Essay: Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Do all arts express beauty? Justify your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. When can you say that a craft is made with the application of human intelligence?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How Art and Crafts started during the 19th century? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Do we need to attend formal schooling in order to become a professional artist? Why or why
not?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the contribution of William Morris in the realm of arts and crafts?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Identification: Identify the following questions under column B. Write your answer on the
blank provided under column A.
Column A
Column B
1. He was a German Philosopher who first used the word
“aesthetics” during the 18th century in Europe.
2. He developed Arts and Crafts as a design reform and social
movement during the 19th century.
3. It refers to the use of visual repetition within a work of art.
4. It is the process of making footwear.
5. It is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of
threads are interlaced at right angles to form cloth.
6. It is a traditional Japanese art of paper folding.
7. It refers to typical memorabilia which include photographs,
printed media, and artwork.
8. A principle that relates to the equilibrium of opposing visual
forces.
9. It is a form of woodworking that is used to create wooden
objects on a machine tool known as a lathe.
10. It is an art design that uses plant materials and flowers to create a
pleasing and balanced composition.
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Chapter 3
The Western Art History
“Art history looks at art works and the people
who have created them”.
Susan Vreeland
Read more at:
https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/art_his
tory
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
describe the history of Art in Prehistoric Civilization;
discuss the Medieval arts in Europe;
identify the famous artists in Western Europe; and
analyse the most common Paintings in Classical Greek
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students about their
perception on the picture below.
istorically speaking, the human instinct to create art is universal. Art is an approach of
a human being to communicate his/her beliefs and express ideas about his/her
experiences. It also provides valuable insights into the past and existing cultures. It
helps us to understand how others have lived and what they valued (Annenberg
Foundation, 2017).
H
The history of art reflects the remnant of civilization, the study of artworks, and the lives of
artists illuminate much about our shared past. It helps us to discover, authenticate who made a
Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
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particular art object (Meyer, 2009). It also helped us to appreciate the stylistic and recognized
development of artistic practices on a large scale and within a broad historical viewpoint.
The history of art also covers the entire history of humankind since prehistoric times. Art is a
product of man’s emotional and intellectual connection with the world. It also aimed to produce
a message which will either provoke an unexplainable consciousness within the hearts of its
viewers or incite wisdom among inquisitive minds. Leroi-Gourhan (1967) lists three primary
domains of the expression of feeling associated to the first periods of humanity that may add to
our understanding of the beginnings of art such as Psycho-physiological impressions; Magicreligious; and techno-economic.
Art in Prehistoric Civilization
The term “prehistoric” relates to the time before written history. Specifically, the writing
developed in ancient Mesopotamia before 3000 B.C.E., so this period includes visual culture
(paintings, sculpture, and architecture) made before that date (Zucker, 2015). The oldest
recognized decorative art forms come from Africa date back to 100,000 BC.E.
Prehistoric art has four main periods: Stone Age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The
remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings. During these early
times, different forms of art were created and performed as a sign of communication or adoration
to the deity. This practice shows how cultural and religious factors played little to the
development of the art forms that made the ancient society so famous until now.
Ancient people often represented their worldviews and beliefs through visual images. Art
emerged with the appearance and the dispersal of entirely modern people through Africa, Asia,
Australia, America and Europe. Paintings, sculptures, engravings, and potteries are expressions
for beauty and complex social and spiritual systems. Prehistoric art like animals are the favorite
subjects of hunters, herdsmen, and breeders.
Prehistoric art is a symbolic system that is an integral part of the culture that creates it
(Honour et al., 2005). Many archaeologists have identified Stone Age art, namely: petroglyphs
(rock carvings and engravings); pictographs (graphic imagery, symbols); ancient sculpture
(totemic statues, ivory carvings); and megalithic arts (performs or any other works associated
with the formation of stones).
The oldest European cave art is the El Castillo Cave
(Cave of the Castle) in Spain. This cave was discovered in
1903 by Hermilio Alcalde del Río, a Spanish archaeologist.
Some Archaeologists argue that artwork inside this cave are
probably a creation of Homo neanderthalensis. Hand
stencils, claviforms (club shapes) and disks made by
blowing paint onto the wall in El Castillo cave found that
date back at least 40,800 years, making them older than
those of the Chauvet Cave in central France, which dated to
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around 39,000 years (Kwong, 2012).Other old cave painting sites in France include Lascaux,
Grotte de Cussac, Pech Merle, Cave of Niaux, and Font-de-Gaume.
Stone Tools for Art Making
Stone is formed based on the composition of minerals on it. It classified as Mineral growth,
Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Volcanic. Sedimentary rocks shaped through the deposition and
compression of particulate matter. On the other hand, Metamorphic rocks changed from the
result of extreme temperature and pressure. Volcanic rocks are Figure 2. El Castillo Cave painting, Spain
from molten igneous magma (Prindle, 1994).
The tools made of tone were the instruments by which early man developed and progressed.
All human culture founded on the ingenuity and brainpower of our early ancestors in creating
sophisticated tools that enable them to survive. The first stone tools (eoliths- which are now
believed to be naturally produced by geological processes such as glaciation) and other types of
organic materials (wood, bone, ivory, and antler) were about two million years ago. The oldest
human tools were a simple stone chopper, such as those unearth at Olduvai George in Tanzania.
Many Paleoanthropologists (people who study the origins and predecessors of the present
human species) confirmed that the Palaeolithic Man produced four types of tools in creating an
art namely: pebble tools (with a single sharpened edge for cutting or chopping): Bifacial tools
(hand axes); Flake tools; and Blade tools.
Pebble Tools (Pebble chopper). It is a first cutting device and considered as the oldest type
of tool made by humans. The tool contains a rounded stone struck some blows with a similar
stone used as a pounder, which created a serrated crest that served as a chopping blade.
Bifacial tools. It is a hand ax prehistoric stone tool flake with two faces or sides. These
tools may be oval, triangular, or almond-shaped in form and characterized by axial symmetry.
The cutting edge could be straight or jagged and is used as a knife, pick, scraper, or weapon. The
technique was distinctive of the hand-ax tradition of the lower Palaeolithic period and the
Acheulian culture.
Flake tools. These are hand tools used during Stone Age. They are usually formed by
crushing off a small or large fragment then used as the tool. Both cores and flakes could be as
stone tools. New flakes were very sharp, but quickly became blunt during use and had to be
sharpened again by further flaking, a process called “retouch.”
Blade tools. These are a Stone tool created by striking a long narrow flake from a stone
core. This procedure of cutting the stone and creating the blades is called lithic reduction. After
chipping the blades, they integrated into larger tools, such as spears.
Medieval Arts in Europe
The primitive art of the Western world covers an extensive range of time and place over
1000 years. Specifically, Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic culture of the Roman
Empire and the iconographic practices in the church of the early Christian (Oliquiano, 2012).
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These sources were mixed with the influential "barbarian" artistic culture of Northern Europe to
make an extraordinary creative legacy. Medieval art portrayed in Pietistic painting (religious art)
displayed in a Ceramics, fresco and mosaic paintings, Goldsmith and Silversmith, Stained Glass,
illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, Tapestry, and Heraldry in churches.
a. Illuminated Manuscripts (Illumination) - They were colorful religious texts which often
use of gold and silver as its main feature. The term illuminate is the Latin word
“illuminate” which means to adorn or to enlighten. It is the embellishment of a
manuscript with bright colors. The artist who produced the impressive artwork on
illuminated manuscripts was called Illuminators.
b. Metalwork- Metalworkers were very skilled in creating religious objects for church
decorations. Experts in Bronze art produced beautiful jewels, sculptures, and even church
doors.
c. Silversmith and Goldsmith- They were excellent artists who created new shapes of
jewelry. The Medieval church demanded to employed silversmiths and goldsmiths in the
church to produce e2222 with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other materials. The
early Christians used ceiling and wall mosaics in their churches and cathedrals.
d. Paintings- Artists who were skillful in Iconography uses Fresco and panel painting with
the religious theme during the medieval period. Fresco is performed mostly on wall
covers or ceilings. Likewise, Panels is a painting which showed on several pieces of
wood that joined together. It is also for the Icons of Byzantine art.
e. Bayeux Tapestry- It is embroidery in colored wool. It is consists of eight long strips of
unbleached linen, sewn together to form a continuous panel of 230 feet long and 20
inches high.
f. Ceramics- They were hand shaped cooking pots, jars, and pitchers.
g. Stained Glass- It is usually applied exclusively to the windows of medieval churches,
castles, and cathedrals. It creates the primary form of art where small pieces of glass are
arranged to form pictures or patterns which are held together
h. by strips of lead and supported by a hard frame.
i. Heraldry- It is the manner of designing coats of arms and insignia. Specimens of coats of
arms were worked using embroidery, paper, painted wood, stonework and stained glass.
Famous Artists in Western Europe
The great artists introduced the advancement of arts during the middle periods. During this
era, artists split away from the influences of the Byzantium art style and developed into the
Gothic visual art. The Medieval painters and sculptors were founders of the movement towards
greater realism which culminated in the Renaissance art style. Most famous artists during
medieval period were Donatello, Giotto, Leon Battista Alberti, Cimabue, Filippo Brunelleschi,
Fra Angelico and Lorenzo Ghiberti.
1. Donatello (also known as Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi). He was born in 1386 in
Italy. He was the son of Nicolo di Betto Bardi, a wool merchant in Florence. He learned
the fabrication of metals and other substances which known as metallurgy. His most
famous works of art include David, Mary Magdalene, Madonna, Salome, Zuccone, and
St. Mark, St. John the Evangelist and St. George and the Dragon. He also invented a
Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
technique known as schiacciato (shallow relief), which achieved effects of spatial depth.
He died on December 13, 1466.
Giotto di Bondone. He was born about 1266 in Vespignano village, Florence. He was
the son of Giorgio Vasari, a small landed farmer. He worked with others artists for the
Cathedral of San Francesco in Assisi and began painting a fresco cycle there with scenes
from the Old and New Testaments. In 1300, he was invited by Pope Benedict XI in
Rome to paint a mosaic over the entrance to St. Peter's Basilica. He died on January 8,
1337, in Florence.
Leon Battista Alberti- He was born in Genoa on February 14, 1404, in Italy. As an
Architect, he was hired by Pope Nicholas V in the renovation of the papal palace and of
the Roman bridge of Acqua Vergine. He died in Rome on April 25, 1472.
Giovanni Cimabue- He was born in Florence in 1240. He devoted all his time wrapping
his paper and his books with photographs of horses, houses, people, and other various
things he dreamt up. He made mosaics .as well as paintings, which include the frescoes
of New Testament scenes in the upper church of St. Francis of Assisi. He died in 1302.
Filippo Brunelleschi- He was born in 1377 in Florence, Italy. He was the son
Brunellesco Di Lippoo, an Italian lawyer and his mother was Giuliana Spini. He was a
sculptor and goldsmith in one of the Florentine workshops. He died on April 15, 1446.
Fra Angelico (also known as Beato Angelico, which means "Blessed Angelic One”)- He
was born in 1395 in Florence, Italy. As a Painter, his most famous works of art include
the Annunciation, The Madonna and Saints and the Transfiguration of Christ painting.
Lorenzo Ghiberti- He was born in 1380 in Florence, Italy. He was admitted to the Gold
Guild and started his apprenticeship as a goldsmith in 1392. He started work on the East
Doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. The Bronze doors (known as the “Gates of
Paradise”) had 10panels depicting scenes from the Old Testament. He died in 1445.
Most Common Paintings in Classical Greek
During the classical era, most paintings were discovered in panels, tomb, and vases. It
portrays natural symbols with dynamic masterpieces about battle scenes, mythological figures,
and everyday scenes. It also discloses a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist illustration
(Rayos, 2018). Familiar paintings in classical Greek are as follows:
a. Kerch Vase Painting
Kerch Vase is red-figured pottery named after the place where it discovered. Most common
motifs were scenes from the life of women, mythological beings or mythical story or event. This
type of painting used a technique known as polychromy which combined different colors
especially the brilliant one in an artistic manner. The shapes commonly found are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Krater (it is a bowl used for mixing wine and water)
lebesgamikos (a container with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath)
lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a small, broad foot)
pelike (a wine container)
b. Panel Painting
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Panel Painting was especially famous for making beautiful altarpieces. This type of
paintings executed on flat panels of wood or metals which can be either a small, single piece or
several boards that are together. The earliest known old panel painting is the Pitsa Panel (dated
between 540 and 530 B.C.E.).
c. Tomb/Wall Painting
Popular Tomb or wall painting during classical period uses either tempera (water-based) or
encaustic (wax) as a method of fresco. Colors in this type are made with grind powder stains in
pure water, dry and set with plaster to become a lasting part of the wall.
____________
Class Activity
a. Shape the Rock
Imagine how the prehistoric people were able to make an artwork all over the caves. Make
your style of cave art using a stone as your working canvas and another stone as your medium to
create an artwork.
Materials:
1. Flat rock (any shape)
2. Stones (with sharp edges)
Procedure:
1. Using the sharp-edged rock, scratch the flat rock with your desired design.
2. Put varnish utilizing a mixture of white glue diluted with water to preserve your plan on
the stone.
3. The rock design should imitate the character of a prehistoric artwork.
4. You may also use patterns that display the identity of your region of City.
b. Mosaic in a Wood
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The Greeks first manufactured mosaics during ancient time. This art of creating images with
an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials was usually black and
white used in the floor and pathways. Either in triangular or square design, pebbles are applied
with mortar or other adhesive to create floor and wall mosaics.
Materials:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sheet of wood
Colored Tiles
Pencil
Grout float
Paper towel
Spray bottle
Sponge
White vinegar
Gloves
Procedures:
1. Create your decorative mosaic by sketching a design into a piece of flat wood (long
coupon band size).
2. Select your tile and wrap it in a cloth. Using a Hammer, Break the Tile. (Note: wearing
of safety goggles to protect your eyes is necessary).
3. Gather your broken tiles into color categories.
4. Glue each piece individually and put it in your design.
5. Spread the grout using a grout float.
6. Allow the grout to become stable for 20 minutes.
7. Using a sponge and water, gently wipe off excess grout.
8. Spray white vinegar to get grout dust off using a paper towel or cloth.
c. Bright Me Up
During the medieval time of Rome, Stained glass was used and has been one of the
prominent features of every cathedral built using the Christian symbolism.
Materials:
1. Big empty glass bottle
2. Black permanent marker
3. Acrylic paint
4. Paintbrush
5. White glue
6. Water
7. Candle
Procedures:
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1. Select a design for your “stained glass” bottle candle holder that has essential medieval
symbolism. You may use the themes, motifs, and patterns that advertise your region or
City.
2. Trace your design outside the bottle using the permanent black marker.
3. Color your design using acrylic paint.
4. Re-outline your design with a black marker to make the outline accurate and precise.
5. Apply a glaze composed of white glue diluted in water.
6. Place the light candle inside the bottle and light so you can see the stained glass effect.
_________________
Painting Analysis
Research the significant history of the following Western Arts and discuss the values that you
learned from it.
Petroglyphs, from Sweden
Pitsa panels from Archaic Greece
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Essay
1. How do you describe art as a cultural document?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. In your opinion, what are the purposes of art during ancient time in Europe?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Why ancient arts are mostly found in Caves? What are their significant values?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the importance of Stone during Palaeolithic period? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What art legacy you like most during ancient Europe? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Matching type: Match Column A to B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the box
provided before each item.
Column A
1. It is a way to communicate beliefs and express ideas
about the human experience.
2. It refers to the time before written history.
3. It is an archaeological material of small sculptures and
paintings found in caves.
4. It refers to rock carvings and engravings.
5. This applies to pictorial imagery or symbols.
6. This refers to totemic statues and ivory carvings.
7. This relates to petroforms or any other works associated
with the formation of stones.
8. It is a club shape and disks made by blowing paint onto
the wall in El Castillo cave.
9. They were hand shaped which produced cooking pots
and jars.
10. They were religious texts embellished with vibrant
colors which often featured the use of gold and silver.
11. It is a primordial cutting tool and considered as the
oldest type of device made by humans.
12. This tool may be oval, triangular, or almond-shaped in
form and characterized by axial symmetry.
13. It is a method of painting water-based pigments on a
freshly applied plaster usually on a wall surfaces.
14. It is known as the earliest panel painting during the
Archaic period between 540 and 530 B.C.E.
15. It is the combination of different colors especially the
brilliant one in an artistic manner.
Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
Column B
a. Artifacts
b. Pictographs
c. Megalithic arts
d. Ceramics
e. Polychromy
f. Pebble chopper
g. Sculpture
h. Fresco
i. Bifacial
j. Pitsa
k. Claviform
l. Illuminated Manuscripts
m. Prehistory
n. Petroglyphs
o. Art
Page | 29
Chapter 4
The Filipino Art and Crafts
“Curiosity about life in all of its aspects, I think, is
still the secret of great creative people”
– Leo Burnett
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. understand the Pre-Colonial Art forms in the Archipelago;
2. identify the famous indigenous musical instruments in the Philippines;
3. demonstrate knowledge about importance of Philippine Artistic Handicrafts;
4. determine the common handicraft materials and the traditional handiwork in the
Philippines; and
5. recognize the importance of the Philippine GAMABA Awards and its awardees.
Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will facilitate any of the activities below:
1. Divide the class into five groups. Let each group compose a four-verse poem or song
honoring the great Philippine contemporary artists that have discussed in this lesson.
They may write it in whatever language or dialect they prefer and let them share their
composition in class.
2. Let the students create a masterpiece (a drawing, a dance, a drama, a song or whatever
artistic view they could picture). Their rendition must show nationalism or promotion of
a Filipino traditional art. Let them share their masterpiece in class.
3. Let the students name at least three festivals celebrated in their region/ municipality/City.
Let them enumerate the different activities that showcase in these festivals. Let them
share this in class.
Input
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L
ike in any other country, art influenced the life of the Filipinos and the things that
surround them. The Philippine arts reflect a Filipino society with diverse cultural
influences and traditions of the Malayan peoples such as the Chinese and Indians.
Islamic traditions were introduced to the Philippine Islands in the 14th century.
Likewise, Europe and the United States intensely influenced Filipino artists. However, while
drawing on Western forms, the works of Filipino musicians, painters, and writers are imbued
with distinctly Philippine themes. By expressing the richness of the culture of the archipelago in
all its diversity, Filipino artists have helped in shaping a sense of national identity. Many Malay
cultural traditions have continued until this time despite foreign rule. Muslims and tribal groups
maintained distinct traditions in dance, music, and sculpture.
Indigenous arts in the Philippines are labors of love and patience. The intricate carvings on
wood, metal, stone or glass are products of skillful hands and imaginative minds of the different
tribes of the archipelago. Indigenous musical instruments like the flute, drums, rainsticks, native
guitars, and bells made of bamboo, animal skin, seeds, and seashells. The careful manipulation
of these materials produces sounds and unique instruments used mostly in tribal dances and
rituals (Ramirez, 1999).
Pre-Colonial Art forms in the Archipelago
The arts in the Philippine archipelago had its past and continued to develop by numerous
modern artists. With their different context regarding history, style, cultural symbols, and
meanings, these artworks are portrayed (Estrella, 2017).The following are some known artforms
in the Philippines:
Agung. It is a musical instrument of the Kulintang ensemble which is played by one or two
persons depending on its number. By using a rubber-padded beater, this instrument is performed
on both the boss/knob and the face of the gong.
Banog-banog. It is a dance that portrays hunters shielding in their chickens from the
famishing hawk.
BlitB’laan. It is a courtship dance of the Bilaan of Davao del Sur mimicking birds during
mating season. The females scurry to safety, burying their heads under their wings (using the
malong), but the aggressive males follow them wherever they go.
Cañao. It is a ritual-dance performed during native feasts or celebrations in the highlands of
the Cordilleras in the Luzon area of the Philippines. It is a symbol of triumph or expectation for
abundant crops.
Gangsa. It is an indigenous musical instrument of the Bontoc tribes of Kalinga, Ifugao in
the mountain regions (the Cordillera) of the northern Philippines.
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Inamong. It is an ethnic dance among Tigwahanon Manobos in the Province of Bukidnon
and performed during their harvest time. This type of dance shows a couple, with their bodies
and arms slightly bent forward, mimicking the movement of a pair of flirting among monkeys.
Kadal Iwas. It is a dance performed by the T-boli and Tausug tribes respectively which
mimic a mealtime of monkeys in removing nits and lice from each other. A variation of this
dance is to mimics a monkey who sits on an anthill by mistake and is attacked by angry ants all
over his body.
Kashawing. It is a ritual among the Maranaos and is performed to ensure a good harvest.
Kinabua. It is ritual dance among the Mandaya tribes in Northern Mindanao. This type of
dance portrays the Hawks’ use of sweet songs to lure out the hen and the chicks that are made
into a meal.
Mamakar. It is a Bontoc War Dance performed during the planting season and a bountiful
harvest.
Man-manok. It is a dance performed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. This type of dance mimics fowls
wherein a tribal blankets that represent the colorful plumage of wild cocks are shown off by the
warriors who intend on winning the attention of the maiden hen.
Mayvanuvanua. It refers to a sacrificial rite performed at the beginning of the summer
fishing season among mataw fishers in Batanes Island. This type of dance is an act of invitation
to capture the fish dorado successfully.
Mumbaki. It is a local term which refers to the “sayer of prayers” among the Ifugaos in
Northern Luzon. These prayers are performed during funerals, wedding, Thanksgiving, and
other celebrations. This is offered to the supreme deity, Maknongan.
Ngilin. It is a cultural dance performed among the Kalinga tribe during Marriage rituals and
other celebrations like the budong (peace pact). This type of dance is played to simulate the
romantic or peaceful interactions of a rooster and a hen.
Pagdiwata. It refers to a ritual performed among the ethnic group in the north and central
Palawan. The ceremony is held on various occasions including bountiful harvests and weddings.
Pangalay (also known as Sea Gypsies).It is a native dance of the Badjao performed during
weddings and other social gatherings. This type of dance emphasizes the agility of the upper
body wherein the rhythmic bounce of the shoulder with the simultaneous alternating waving of
arms is the essential movement.
Sampak. It is a war dance performed by the Mandaya tribe. This type of dance requires
excellent skill in the handling of a shield, spear, and a sword.
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Saut. It is a ritual dance performed by a male Talaanding tribe presenting their expertise in
style and arts in fighting their opponent. This ritual dance is also an offering to their magbabaya
(god).
Talip. It is a courtship dance among the Ifugao. This is performed during the celebration of the
intaneg (wedding). In this dance, the man traps a woman with an attractive blanket to place on
her shapely shoulders.
Famous Indigenous Musical Instruments in the Philippines
Aerophones. It refers to any musical instrument which produces sound without the use of strings
or membranes. Examples of these are as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Baliing- Nose flutes of the Apayao
Bansik - Bamboo flute of the Negrito
Kaleleng- a Long bamboo tube of the Bontoc
Bulungudyong -Vertical & long flute of the B'laan
Kalaleng - Bamboo flute of the Tinggian
Lantoy– Nose flute of the Mangyan
Palandag (Palendag) – Lip-valley flute of the Bagobo
Paldong and Tongali – Lip valley flutes of the Kalinga
Pulalo – Lip valley flute of the Mansaka
Sahunay - Pipe with reed (clarinet) of the Tausog
Chordophones. It refers to any musical instrument which makes sound by way of trembling
strings stretched between two points. Examples of these are as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Faglong – Two-stringed, lute-like instrument of the B'laan
Kolitong – Bamboo guitar of the Kalingga
Kudlong - Two stringed boat lute of the Bagobo
Kudyapi -Two stringed boat lute of the Maranao
Kulit-en – Guitar of the Tinggian
Pas-ing – Guitar of the Igorot
Serongagandi – a Decorated bamboo tube of the Maranao
Saludoy –Bamboo guitar of the T’boli
Idiophone. It refers to any musical instrument which produced sound primarily by way of the
instrument's vibrating, without the use of strings or membranes.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Afiw –Jaw Harp of the Bontoc
Agung - Bossed gong of the Maranao
Balingbing – Bamboo buzzer of the Kalingga
Bangibang – Percussion bar of the Ifugao
Gabbang – Bamboo xylophone of the Tausog
Kinaban – Jaw Harp of the Hanunoo
Kubing –Jaw Harp of the Ata and Maranao
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h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
Kulintang - Metal xylophone of the Maranao
Kumbing – Jaw Harp of the Manobo
Palipal – Bamboo clapper of the Ifugao
Tagutok – Decorated bamboo scraper of the Maranao
Tanggunggu – Gong chime of the Kalagan, B'laan, Manuvu, Bagobo
Tongkaling - Pellet bells or crotal bells of the B’laan
Membranophone. It refers to any musical instrument which produces sound by way of a
vibrating stretched membrane.Most membranophones are drums, such as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Dabakan - Glass shaped drum of the Maranao
Gandang – Double headed cylindrical drum of the Maranao
Libbit – Conical drum of the Ifugao
Sulibao – Conical drum of the Ibaloy
Importance of Philippine Artistic Handicrafts
The Philippines is abundant in natural resources that scattered throughout its islands.
Filipino artist used the parts of trees, plants, and other natural resources as the raw materials and
turned them into simple, yet useful tools or instruments. This type of work is called Artistic
Handicrafts (sometimes called artisanry). Although this type of art changes from time to time it
is still imperative to continue and is preserve due to the following reasons:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It promotes our cultural legacy through the use of indigenous materials.
It shows an individual's creativity and superior ingenuity.
It encouraged producers to produce more raw materials.
It generates employment.
It developed values of perseverance and resiliency.
Common Handicraft Materials
Every Filipino family owns handicraft products like baskets, brooms, feather dusters, and
other furniture. Likewise, accessories like earrings, bracelets, necklaces, and other clothing
apparel made from native products such as beads, shells, and seeds. These are clear indications
that our handicraft industry is enjoying the patronage of Filipinos.
Filipino handicraft makers fashion them into accessories, bags, bamboo sofa sets, baskets,
cabinets, clothes, lamp shades, wall décor, and others. The following are the typical materials
needed in the making of Filipino handicrafts:
a. Abaca (Musa Textilis) - It is a tree-like herb resembling the banana plant. It is durable
and dyed in different colors.
b. Bamboo (BambusaSpinosa) - It is for the furniture industry because of its strength and
durability. It is also valuable material for basket and hat making.
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c. Buri (CoryphaElata)- It is a palm from which three kinds of fibers, namely buri, raffia,
and until, are taken. It can be dyed merely and woven into many shapes. The buri leaf
is the most flexible material used for making hats, boxes and other novelty items.
d. Caragumoy (Pandanus Simplex) - It is greenish grey as it dries and is used traditionally
in making bags, baskets, hats, and mats.
e. Coconut (CocosNucifera) - It is the most utilized palm in the Philippines. Its cocomidrib
is used primarily as handicraft material for the production of baskets, and brooms
(tingting). The coco shells are used for manufacturing articles such as buttons, coin
banks, lamp shades, pins, and others.
f. Kalas- It is a by-product of the buri palm. Locally, the term "kalas" (which means “to
loosen") refers to the loosened strands of a buri rope. It creates an unusual, rustic pattern
with distinct characteristics from its original material when artistically woven.
g. Leather- It is a material created through the tanning of skins of animals like carabaos,
horses, snakes, alligators, goats, lizards, and others.
h. Pandan-Dagat (PandanusTectorius) - It is a variety of screw pine abundantly distributed
along sandy beaches and coastal brushes in the Philippines.
i. Rattan (Calamus Maximus) - It is the most flexible material used in the manufacturing
industry and been known to extend up to hundreds of meters long.
j. Seagrass (RhynchosporaCorymbosa) – It is a type of grass in shallow salty and brackish
waters. The stems are distinctly triangular, and the leaves are broad and long.
Traditional Handiwork in the Philippines
The following are some handicrafts in the different regions of the Philippines:
1. Jewelry (Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, and Mindanao Regions). This handicraft is
mostly in Central Luzon region, mainly from the province of Bulacan. You can also find
related of this from Mindanao regions, but down south, you can even get powerful brass
amulets and other accessories.
2. Metal Craft (Southern Luzon and Mindanao Regions). This type of handicraft is in
Southern Luzon region, particularly in the province of Batangas. A very popular metal
craft which is locally and internationally as an excellent source for a portable knife is
called Balisong. Traditional weapons made from brass, bronze, and gold, are also
abundant in the island of Mindanao.
3. Pots and Jars (Ilocos Region).The pots and jars known as burnay can found explicitly in
the province of Ilocos Sur. These creations are made from Grade A clay through a
method that has been practiced by locals since the pre-colonial times.
4. Woven fabrics (Mindanao Regions). These fabrics are woven traditionally, by
interlacing threads using a manual machine called a loom. One of the common materials
in this region is called malong which is historically used as a skirt and sometimes as a
blanket.
5. Wood Carvings (Cordillera and Southern Luzon Regions). Fantastic wood carvings
produced by the Ifugao in the northern region of the Cordilleras. Often, these wood
carvings are depicting their indigenous gods. Excellent kitchenware like wooden bowls
and utensils are in this region.
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Philippine GAMABA Awards
Gawad sa Manlilikhang Bayan Awards or GAMABA is an award that recognizes folk
and indigenous artists who remain loyal to their traditions. This award is managed by the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) through Gawad ng Bayan
Committee. It began as a project of the Philippine Rotary Club Makati- Ayala but was
adopted by the Philippine government in 1992 and become an institution through a Republic
Act 7335.
This award aims to support and motivate these artists to preserve their artistic heritage
for the present and future generations. These artists are recognized as the Country’s
Intangible National Living Treasure.
To become a National Living Treasure, the candidate must have the following
qualifications:
1. Must be an occupant of an indigenous/traditional cultural community anywhere in the
Philippines that has preserved native customs, beliefs, rituals, and traditions and has
syncretized whatever external elements that have influenced it.
2. Must have involved in a folk art tradition that has been in existence and documented for
at least 50 years.
3. Must have consistently performed or produced over a significant period, works of
superior and distinctive quality.
4. Must acquire a mastery of tools and materials needed by the art, and must have an
established reputation in the art as master and maker of works of extraordinary technical
quality.
5. Must pass on and will pass on to other members of the community their talents in the folk
art for which their group is traditionally known.
GAMABA Awardees and Nominees
1. Ginaw Bilog (1993).A native of Oriental Mindoro who faithfully helps preserved the
Hanunuo Mangyan script and their Ambahan poetry.
2. Masino Intaray (1993).A native of Palawan who exemplary shared his skills in basal or
gong music ensemble. He is a musician and epic chanter (Kulilal and Bagit).
3. Samaon Sulaiman (1993). A Maguindanao of Mama SaPano who showed outstanding
artistry and dedication to his chosen instrument, the Magindanao kutyapi.
4. Lang Dulay (1998). A T'boli of Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, for her skills in weaving the
abaca ikat cloth known as t'nalak.
5. Salinta Monon (1998). A Tagabawa-Bagobo of Bansalan, Davao del for fully
demonstrating her creative and expressive aspects of the Bagobo abaca ikat weaving
called inabal.
6. Alonzo Saclag (2000). A Kalinga of Lubuagan for his mastery of the Kalinga dance and
the performing arts.
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7. Frederico Caballero (2000). A Panay-Bukidnon of Calinog, lloilo for his mastery of
chanting the epic tradition of Central Panay, the Sugidanon.
8. Uwang Ahadas (2000). A Yakan of Lamitan, Basilan for his dexterity in playing Yakan
musical instruments such as the agung, gabbang, tuntungan, and kwintangan.
9. Darhata Sawabi, (2005). A weaver of Parang, Sulu province for helping preserve the art
of “Pissyabit weaving.”
10. Eduardo Mutuc (2005). A Kapampangan from Central Luzon for reviving the metal or
smithcraft of Plateria which is in Spanish colonial era.
11. Haja Amina Appi (2005). A Sama of Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi, for sharing her skills in mat
weaving among the Sama indigenous community.
12. Teofilo Garcia (2012). A casque maker of San Quintin, Abra, Casquefor his skill making
Tabungaw.
13. Magdalena Gamayo (2012). A master weaver of Pinili, Ilocos Norte for his skill in
Weaving known as Inabel.
14. Yabing Masalon Dulo (2016). A master weaver of Polomolok, South Cotabato for his
contribution Ikat Weaving.
15. Ambalang Ausalin (2016). A Yakan master weaver of Lamitan, Basilan for Tennun
Weaving skills.
16. Estelita Tumandan Bantilan (2016). A B’laan master weaver of Malapatan, Sarangani for
preserving the Igem Weaving skills.
17. Whang-od (2017). A traditional tattoo artist (mambabatok) of Buscalan, Tinglayan,
Kalinga.
Other famous Filipino Artists and their Artwork
1. Ang Kiuko (Painting: The Crucifixion)
2. Diosdado Lorenzo (Painting: Still Life Paintings)
3. Fernando Cueto Amorsolo (Painting: Portrait of Presidents- M.Quezon; M. Roxas; and S.
Ozmeña)
4. Guillermo Tolentino (Sculpture: Oblation and the Bonifacio Monument)
5. Hernando Ocampo (Painting: The Contrast)
6. Juan Luna (Painting: Spoliarium)
7. Napoleon Abueva (Sculpture: Allegorical Harpoon)
8. Solomon Saprid ( Sculpture: Tikbalang)
9. Victorio Edades (Painting: The Builders)
10. Vicente Rivera (Painting: Supplication)
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Essay:
1. How do you describe the Indigenous arts in the Philippines?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What makes Filipino’s arts differs from other arts in the world?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. If you are a Filipino artist, what kind of arts you would like to develop? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is GAMABA Awards?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Do you think that “Tattooing” as a form of art should be promoted? Why and why not?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Selection: Select the correct answer from the given choices. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer only.
1. Which of the following is not belong to a Malayan raced?
a. Chinese
b. Filipino
c. American
d. Indian
2. It refers to any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to
vibrate.
a. Aerophones
b. Idiophone
c. Membranophone d. None of the above
3. The Bamboo guitar of the Kalingga.
a. Paldong
b. Koliting
c. Pulalo
d. Sahunay
4. A Yakan master weaver of Lamitan, Basilan.
a. GinawBilog
b. Lang Dulay
c. AmbalangAusalin
d. Salinta Monon
5. It is a variety of screwpine which is abundantly distributed along seashores of the Philippines.
a. Pandan-Dagat
b. Kalas
c. Metal Craft
d. Seagrass
6. He was the Painter of the “Crucifixion”.
a. Guillermo Tolentino
b. Napoleon Abueva
c.Vicente Rivera d. AngKiuko
7. A Hanunuo Mangyan of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro who faithfully help preserved the
Mangyan script.
a. Yabing Masalon Dulo b. Napoleon Abueva
c. GinawBilog
d. SamaonSulaiman
8. It is the Vertical & long flute of the B'laan.
a. Bulungudyong
b. Serongagandi
c. Gabbang
d. Afiw
9. It is one of the most notable palm in the Philippines next to coconut.
a. Caragumoy
b. Buri
c. Abaca
d. Pandan-Dagat
10. Known as the master weaver of Pinili, Ilocos Norte.
a. Teofilo Garcia b. Guillermo Tolentino
c. Magdalena Gamayo d. HajaAminaAppi
11. He was the sculpture of the “Oblation” and the “Bonifacio Monument”.
a. Napoleon Abueva
b. Guillermo Tolentino
c. VictorioEdades d. AngKiuko
12. A mambabatok or traditional tattoo artist of Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga.
a. Yabing Masalon Dulo b. DarhataSawabi
c. Whang-od
d. Eduardo Mutuc
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13. It is a conical drum of the Ifugao.
a. Libbit
b. Dadabuan
c. Gandang
d. Sulibao
14. It is a conical drum of the Ibaloy.
a. Libbit
b. Dadabuan
c. Gandang
d. Sulibao
15. He was awarded for his mastery of the Kalinga dance.
a. Alonzo Saclag
b. Teofilo Garcia
c. FredericoCaballero
d. Eduardo Mutuc
Chapter 5
Paintings
”Every artist dips his brush in his own soul, and
paints his own nature into his own nature
into his pictures”
Henry Wards Beecher
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
identify the elements of Painting;
show the importance of the color wheel;
convey an idea about the symbolism and meaning of the colors; and
demonstrate knowledge about the mediums in Painting and its characteristics
Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will facilitate the activity below:
Painting Analysis: Analyse the painting below and answer the following questions:
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(Photo Credit: the author owns this picture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
What does the painting say to you personally?
What connection do you see between the subject matter and the technique used?
What is your subjective reaction to this work of art?
What do you think is the cultural meaning and context of the work of art?
Input
Elements of Painting
ainting is a style of creating an expression by applying colors to a flat surface or any
mediums like canvas, clay, glass, paper, walls, leaf, paper, or woods. Abstraction or
composition, drawing, and other aesthetics may serve to manifest the expressive and
conceptual intention of the artists (Mayer, 1970). It is an unspoken and mostly unrecognized
dialogue, where paint speaks silently in masses and colors, and the artist responds in moods.
Paint records the most delicate gesture. It tells whether the painter sat or stood or crouched in
front of the canvas (Elkins, 1998). It loaded with narrative content, symbolism, or emotion.
P
A beautiful painting is not made by photographic likeness, but rather by good composition.
For the artist, the harmony in his/her artwork will depend on the selection of appropriate devices,
peculiar to the medium and the use of certain principles to relate them. A unique style emerges
when an artist recognizes his or her personal preference of dominant design elements and
consciously or unconsciously emphasizes these dominant elements (Ocvirk et al., 2008; Gatto,
2000). The significant aspects of the painting are the line, color, texture, perspective, shapes, and
symbols (Nohay, 2018).
Line. It is the simplest element in the painting. It has a continuous marking made by a
moving point to outlines shape and can contour areas within those outlines. It can suggest
movement (vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and curved). Each line has its meaning: vertical line
stress action, strength, dynamism; horizontal lines means serenity, calmness, stability; diagonal
line express tension, movement; curved lines appear softness, flexibility, gentleness.
Color. The Artists used colors to convey feelings and moods within their painting. It is the
result of wavelengths of lights reflecting of objects. It is composed of three distinct qualities
such as the hue, saturation, and value. Hue is merely the name of the color. Red, yellow, and the
blue are the primary color. Their mixture that produces the secondary colors are green, orange,
and purple.
Texture. It is a component of two-sided and three-sided designs and distinguished by its
perceived visual and physical properties. It is used to describe the way a three-dimensional work
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feels when touched. In two-dimensional models, such as painting, it may refer to the visual "feel"
of a piece (Isaac, 2017).
Perspective. It is an art technique for creating an illusion of three-dimension with depth and
space. Its real goal is creating a viewpoint for the audiences that will best communicate the
subject and serve its particular
message.
Perspective is the same as
“viewpoint” and “position.”
It is what makes a painting
seem to have form, distance, and look "real" (Evans, 2002). It is projected according to its levels
namely: foreground, middle ground, and background.
The foreground is the visual plane that appears closer to the viewers. On the
other hand, the middle ground is the part between the foreground and the part
of which is which is called the background. The foreground of a composition
is the illustrative plane that appears closest to the viewer, while the
background is the plane in a composition perceived farthest from the viewers.
The middle ground is the illustrative plane between the foreground and the
background. The scale of these elements often associates to the dominance in
a picture. The foreground is frequently the most dominant due to the larger perceived size of the
picture objects.
Shapes. It is an element in painting that helps express ideas. It helps to interact, and
independently evoke agitation, purposeful energy, direction, etc.They maybe circles, rectangles,
ovals, or square. It is an area with defined boundary created by a variety of color, value or
texture of the areas adjacent to it.
Symbols. The Artists often include symbolic objects in their
paintings that have a special meaning or a special message. It is
used to express ideas such as death, hope, life, etc.
The Color Wheel and its Categories
Colors play a fundamental role in our lives and how we
respond to our environment. It is the visual perceptual property
corresponding in humans to the categories called blue, green, red,
and others. It has two main types, warm and cool colors.
Significantly, a color wheel (also known as a color circle) is a visual representation of color
arranged based to their chromatic relationship. It is a circle shape that is divided evenly into 12
segments which display different color according to its pigment value. It also shows the
relationship between the primary colors, secondary colors, and complementary colors.Other
colors can also be categorized based on the following:
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Complementary Colors. These colors sit contrary to each other on the color wheel.
Because they are opposites, they tend to look lively when used together. When you put
complementary colors together, each color seems more noticeable. Examples of these colors are
red and green.
Analogous Colors. These colors sit next to each other on the color wheel. They tend to look
pleasant together because they are closely related. Orange, yellow-orange, and yellow are an
example of analogous colors.
Neutral Colors. They are sometimes called “earth tones.” These colors don’t usually show
up on the color wheel. Neutral colors include black, white, gray, and occasionally brown and
beige.
Warm Colors. These colors are made with orange, red, yellow or some combination of
these. Colors of the sunset give a feeling of brightness and heat.
Cool Colors. These colors are made with blue, green, purple or some combination of these.
These colors make you think of cool and peaceful things, like winter skies and still ponds.
Symbolism and Meaning of Primary Colors
Colors can affect our actions and emotions and on how we respond to various people, things,
and ideas. Much has been studied and written about color and its impact on our daily lives.
Red Color. This is noted as the warmest of all types of colors. It is most chosen by
extroverts and one of the top choices among males. It is a color which is associated with fiery
heat and warmth and has strong symbolism about life and vitality. It is also essential to human
life because:
a. It increases enthusiasm and interest.
b. It gives more energy.
c. It reinforces action and confidence.
d. It protects us from fears and anxieties.
Blue Color. This is known as the calmest color like that of the sky and ocean. It is the color
of inspiration, sincerity, and spirituality and often the chosen color by conservative people. This
color is important to human life because:
a. It is a sign of calmness and relaxation.
b. It opens the flow of communication.
c. It broadens our perspective in learning new information.
d. It implies solitude and peace.
Yellow Color. This is considered as the easiest color to recognize. It is symbol creativity and
intellectual vitality. It also symbolizes wisdom, happiness and brings awareness and clarity.
The yellow color is vital to human life because:
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a. It helps us in making decisions.
b. It relieves us from burnout, panic, nervousness, exhaustion.
c. It sharpens our memory and concentration skills.
d. It protects us from depression.
Mediums in Painting
There are different mediums in paintings used today. It helps to describe the elements that
bind the colors in the paint (Martin, 2004). The following are examples of the methods used in
painting:
1. Oil- It is the type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in
drying oils such as linseed oil, poppy seed oil, safflower oil and walnut oil.
2. Pastel- It is an art medium in the shape of a stick or crayons. It consists of pure powdered
color and a binder. Dry pastel can be classified as soft pastels, pan pastels, hard pastels,
and pastel pencils.
3. Acrylic- It is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion
which becomes water-resistant when dry.
4. Watercolor- It is the medium which the paints are made of colors suspended in a watersoluble vehicle. It is usually transparent and appears luminous because the pigments are
laid down in a relatively pure form with few types of filler obscuring the pigment colors.
5. Ink- It is a liquid that contains colors and dyes and is applied to a surface to produce an
image, text, or design. It is for drawing with a brush, or pen.
6. Encaustic- It is heated beeswax to which colored stains are added. The paste is then
applied to a wood-based canvas.
7. Fresco- It refers to any of several related mural painting types, executed on walls, ceilings
or any other kind of flat surface. The term fresco comes from the Italian word “affresco”
which means “fresh.”
8. Gouache- It is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to
be used in an opaque painting technique.
9. Enamel- It is a paint that air dries to a durable, usually glossy and solid finish. It is used
for outdoor coating surfaces or otherwise subject to variations in temperature.
10. Spray paint- It is the type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized battle and released
in a fine spray.
11. Tempera- It is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment
mixed with a water-soluble binder method.
Classifications of Painting Styles
Part of the desire in painting particularly in the 21st century is the variety of available art
styles. The style in painting is in two senses: it can refer to the distinctive visual elements,
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techniques, and methods that characterized one’s artwork, and can refer to the movement or
school that associated to the artists. Such classifications include the following styles:
a. Western Styles
Abstraction. It is an art in painting which does not attempt to represent an accurate
depiction of a visual reality but instead use colors, shapes, forms and gestural marks to achieve
its effect. It may be formed by reducing the observable phenomenon, typically to retain only
information which is relevant for a particular purpose.
Expressionism. It is sometimes called emotional realism. In this style, the artists sought to
express meaning or emotional experience rather than physical truth.
Baroque. It is characterized by dynamism (a sense of motion), which is augmented by
extravagant effects (e.g., sharp curves, rich decoration). Among the most significant Baroque
painters areCaravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Velazquez, Poussin, and Vermeer.
Impressionism. It is a type of art presenting the real-life subject with emphasis on the
impression left in the artist’s perception, particularly the effect of light on the object used as a
subject.
Modernism. It is characterized by a cautious rejection of the styles of the past and
emphasizing innovation and experimentation of materials and techniques instead to create better
artworks.
b. Modern Styles
Realism. It is a style of painting practiced before the invention of the camera, where artists
depicted landscapes and humans with as much attention to detail and precision as possible. The
artist’s primary goal is to describe accurately and truthfully as possible what is observed.
Symbolism. It is an art that represents the subject symbolically. For instance, the
“Spolarium” painting of Juan Luna depicts the suffering of the Filipino people from the hands of
the Spaniards. Many works of art included by some writers who cover the Symbolist era were
produced in the middle of the century, or even before.
Fauvism. It refers to art that used brilliant primary colors or color illumination on subjects
like pictures to emphasize comfort, joy, and leisure. It comes from the French word fauves,
meaning “wild beasts” (this name refers to a small group of painters in Paris who exhibited
works notable for the bold and expressive use of pure color).
Cubism. It is a form of abstraction wherein the object is first reduced to cubes and then
flattened into two-dimensional shapes. It has been considered the most influential and powerful
art movement during the 20th century in Paris established by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.
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Surrealism. It is a type of art wherein the artist creates dreamlike paintings that filled with
mysterious objects. It is the opposite of abstraction that attempts to portray the conscious mind
through unconventional means.
Class Activities
a. Find Me Activity (Picture Credit: http://www.blacksunsoftware.com/illusion.html)
Let the students find and encircle the hidden objects in the paintings below.
How many human faces do you see in
this picture?
Can you find all the faces hidden in this
picture?
hant
Can you see what's hidden in this picture?
b. Painting
Let the students draw/paint any objects in a canvass (any size), using different mediums and
colors. Give them enough time (days) to finish their artwork. Ask them to show the class their
output and explain their significance and meaning.
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Essay: Answer briefly the following questions below.
1. What are the differences between oil and acrylic paints?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think are the benefits of paintings in our lives?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the secondary colors? How are they formed?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the real goal of perspective in art? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Why line is considered the most important element in painting? Support your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Identification: Identify the following items listed below.
provided before each number.
Write your answer on the box
1. It is a continuous marking made by a moving point.
2. It derives from the spectrum of light
3. It is the opposite of abstraction that attempts to portray the
conscious mind through unconventional means.
4. It is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container.
5. It is the practice of applying colors or another medium into a flat
surface.
6. It is an area with a defined boundary created by a variety of
color, value or texture of the areas adjacent to it.
7. It refers to something which has a special meaning or a special
message.
8. It is a form of abstraction wherein the object reduced to cubes.
9. An art whose typical traits are to present the world solely from a
subjective perspective, distorting it radically for the emotional
effect to evoke moods or ideas.
10. It refers to the resulting artwork in which the paints are made of
pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle.
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Chapter 6
Sculpture
“Sculpture is the best comment that a painter
can make on painting”
Pablo Picasso
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
discuss the origin of sculpture;
recognize the importance of sculpture;
demonstrate knowledge about the type, medium and technique of sculpture;
display an ability to make sculpture;
Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following questions:
1. Why are sculptures made and then displayed in buildings or public areas? What stories or
messages can these sculptures tell us?
2. Is sculpture better than paintings? Why?
3. If you design a relief sculpture for yourself, what story would you tell?
4. Imagine that you are looking at a statue. How do you describe it? Does the appearance of
the surface of the material influence your feelings or thoughts? How?
Input
The Origin of Sculpture
Culpture is from the Latin word sculpere which means “to carve.” The tools used in
sculpture are varied and is changing throughout history. It engages our sense
differently than paintings because it occupies space as a three-dimensional mass
through carving, casting modeling or assembling materials (Sheldon, 1968). It has
sought to produce artworks that are as permanent and is working in durable and expensive
materials such as bronze granite, limestone, marble, and stone. More rarely, precious metals
S
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such as gold, ivory, jade, and silver were used for chryselephantine works. More common and
less expensive materials were also used for broader consumption, like cast metals, ceramics,
glass, and hardwoods.
The sculpture has long been one of the most popular forms of fine arts and one of the most
beautiful representations of the humankind. It was also used to represent societal concerns, such
as morality, politics, and religion (Witcombe, 1997). For many of years, scuplture has filled
many roles in human life. For example, the earliest sculpture was made to supply magical help to
trackers, to represent gods, and to hope of making their ancient kings becomes immortal.
Most common purpose of sculpture during the ancient time is associated with religion.
Different images like a human-made object revered for the spirit are familiar in many cultures.
One of the oldest sculptures discovered is an ivory statuette, dating approximately 30,000 BCE
from a cave at Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany called Löwenmensch (which means a“lion-human”).
This Paleolithic period statue is about 12” tall and depicts a human figure with a feline face.
Another very iconic and famous piece of sculpture is “the Sphinx” of Egypt. This sculpture
of an image of the pharaoh Khafreand is part of a funerary complex for the pharaoh. Egyptian
sculpture and all Egyptian art were on the belief in a life after death wherein the body of their
ruler (the pharaoh) was preserved carefully and buried with some goods with him to provide for
his needs forever. The Egyptians often combined features from various creatures to symbolize
ideas. For example, the head of the pharaoh Khafre is added to the bowing figure of a lion to
form the Great Sphinx. This type of masterpiece suggests the combination of human intelligence
and animal strength. The Great Sphinx of Egypt is an enormous sandstone sculpture, measuring
240’ ft. Long and 65’ ft. High.
Importance of Sculpture
The sculpture is a perceptive-regeneration of reality through the use of three-dimensional
form. As a specialized work of art, its objective is to exemplify a concept by forming a visual
equivalent. Since the shape is the dominant characteristic of sculptures, the human body and
animals have been its primary subject. They are constructed using bronze, clay, ivory as their
mediums.
Likewise, the making of Sculpture is with the idea of expressing religious, personal, and
political views. This kind of artwork is meant to create a sense of patriotism, pride, greatness
and spiritual respect. Statues and sculptures have always been an integral part of museums and
art history. They become more popular as decoration items in private homes and office facilities.
Sculptures and miniatures have also become more popular as decoration items, and in the long
term, valuable art investments.
Types of Sculptures
Bust. A bust is a sculpted and painted representation of the upper part of the human figure
such as the head, neck, shoulders, chest or breast.
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Statue. A statue is a life-size or a larger size of a sculpture of a person or an animal, made of
metal, stone or wood. The world's tallest statue is the 420 feet (128 meters) Spring Temple
Buddha in Henan, China.
Architectural. Architectural sculpture is a universal classification used to describe a
structural design such as buildings, bridges, burial chamber and other big projects. It is from a
brand of materials which includes carved stone such as brownstone, cast iron, machine pressed
sheet zinc, terra cotta, concrete and other architectural supplies.
Medium and techniques
Sculpture techniques have the aim of providing practical and technical support through
several procedures. These processes are either additive (added material) or subtractive (material
is removed or carved out). Sculptures primarily use four basic techniques, namely:
Carving. It is a procedure in which the artists cut away objects until reached the desired
form. Various tools are used, depending the materials to be carved and the statue to which the
work has progressed.
a. Stone carving- It is a type of sculpture which requires patience and planning. It is a
shaping activity of pieces of rough natural stone through the use of essential hand tools
like hammer and chisel.
b. Wood carving- It is the art of shaping objects of wood using cutting tools. It is done
through a specialized carving knife (used to cut or smooth the wood), the slicer saw (used
to cut off chunks of wood), the chisel (used for lines and cleaning up flat surfaces), and
the gouge (used in carving hollows, rounds, and sweeping curves).
Casting. Casting is a method by which a liquid material is usually poured into a frame or
pattern, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to harden. It has
two types, namely:
a. Glass casting- It is a shaping activity of pieces of rough natural stone through the use of
essential hand tools like hammer and chisel.
b. Slip casting- It is a technique for the mass-production of pottery, especially for shapes not
easily made on a wheel.
Molding. Molding sculpture is an additive process. It is the working of soft or plastic
materials(like clay and wax) by hand to build up or shape to create a form.
Assembling. Assembling is an additive process of gathering and joining different materials
to create an assembled artwork. An example of assemblage is Martin Puryear's network of
welded and sandblasted stainless steel tubes whose joints are bound together by strands of silver
and patented bronze.
Basic Sculpture Terms
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a. Armature- It is skeleton-like framework used to support the building of paper-mâché, usually
made or stiff wire.
b. Assemblage- It is a three-dimensional art assembly of various materials, often taken from
scraps, junk, or various natural or human-made objects.
c. Base- It is the portion of the work on which the sculpture rest.
d. Craftsmanship- It is a skill with which one uses tools and materials in producing art.
e. Plaster of Paris- It is an excellent white powder which sets hard when blended in the water.
f. Freestanding- It refers to a method when a sculpture is intended to view from all sides.
h. Manipulation- It is a process of shaping an object by a skilled worker.
i. Replica- It refers to a precise reproduction of an artwork.
_____________
Class Activities
a. Sculpture Gallery
First Part: Creating the human Sculpture
Procedures:
1. Divide the class into 5-6 groups. In each group, one or two students are the “clay,” and others
are the “sculptors.”
2. The sculptors “sculpt” their models in the statues of their styles. The sculptors may
physically move their models into a different position.
3. The sculptors may pay attention to even small details like the position of fingers or the
facial expression of the model.
4. When the finished the sculptures, they freeze. If the position is difficult to hold, the
“sculpture” may relax, then position again when the “tour” arrives.
Second Part: Gallery Tour
5. Once all of the artists have completed their artwork, the teacher will let the class have a “tour
of the gallery.” The viewers go to each work and the artist who made it will step forward and
explain his/her masterpiece to the class.
b.
Clay Sculpture
Clay is an easy to use and conventional material used to make sculpture. An oven can be
used to harden the material but is not necessary.
Instructions:
1. Have a picture, or sketch the actual object you are going to sculpt in front of you.
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2. Make sure you have the materials needed to build a sculpture. You will need polymer
clay, aluminum foil, metal wire, and sculpting tools. You can purchase these supplies at
an art /craft store.
3. Start to build the supporting framework of your object in which you will apply the clay.
You can make this supporting structure by crumpling 18 inches of aluminum foil. This
will serve as the base platform. If you are sculpting an animal or human being, the
aluminum can act as the base of the body. Shape the bottom to appear as the torso of the
body.
4. Cut wire strips and insert them into the foil. The wire will be in a place where there is
need of support. For example, you can use the wire as hands and legs. Bend the wire to
shape the appendages.
5. You can choose to add clay to the wire if you want skinny appendages. If you wish to
thick attachments, add more foil and then add the clay.
6. Cut the block of clay. Knead the clay until it becomes flexible. Apply the clay to the
wiring foil. Make sure the clay goes on smoothly and covered all the spots. Use your
fingers to compress out the clay.
7. Use clay sculpting tools to add features to your sculpture. Add facial features and their
details.
8. Shape and add feet to your sculpture with clay.
9. Put your sculpture in an oven. Most small sculptures can be put in an oven at 275 degrees
for about 30 minutes.
c. Soap Sculptures
Soap carving is a way to create sculptures from a bar of soap. As opposed to wood carving,
which is more dangerous and should only be done by skilled individuals, anyone can enjoy
carving creations from soap. Creative soap sculpture can then be displayed, or used as soap.
Required Tools:
Bar Soap
Pencil
Carving Tool (knife, blade cutter, spoon, Popsicle stick)
Newspaper
Instructions:
1. Choose a bar soap. A bigger bar is easier to hold and gives more material to work within
the well-covered area. The tools that you’ll use for carving the soap are pencils, craft
sticks (the ones that look like sticks), toothpicks, and possibly a fork or other tools
(depending upon the design that you have in mind).
2. Choose a tool to use. Popsicle sticks, plastic knives or spoons can be used as simple tools
in carving. Begin by gently holding the soap in your off-hand, making sure not to hold it
too tightly or else you could crush it or overheat it.
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3. Using your pencil, very lightly sketch any major parts of your design directly onto the
soap. You could also use a fine-tipped permanent maker for this, though certain types of
markers may absorb into the soap. Decide on what particular design you would like to
make.
4. Take one of your craft sticks and, using gentle-yet-firm motions, begin scrapping of small
portions of the soap bar.
5. As you gradually start to form the soap into the shape that you want, use toothpicks,
forks, or other household items to create a detailed work or surface.
6. To smooth rough patches of your soap use your fingers. Your body heat will serve to
soften the soap, making it easier to create a smooth surface.
7. Once you’ve complete your soap sculpture, store it in a cool and dry location.
d. Homework:
1. Have students list and draw examples of the sculpture they see at home or in their community.
Ask them to write a concise description of the sculpture (shape, dimensions, what or whom it
represents, and why it was made).
2. Have your students identify public sculptures in the local area or town center. When, and why,
were these sculptures made? What do they tell us? How do the people react to them? Do they
make a difference to the surrounding area?
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Essay: Answer the following questions concisely.
1. Why is sculpture considered one of the most popular forms of fine arts? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are interpretations that are commonly expressed in sculpture?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. If you are a sculptor, what technique and medium you like most? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the goals of an artist in creating a sculpture? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Explain how sculpture is associated with Religion and Military?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Identification: Identify the following items listed below. Write the correct answer in the space
provided before each number.
1. It is a small group of female Venus figurines found across central
Europe.
2. It is a subtractive process whereby the material systematically
eliminated from the outside.
3. It is a form of working wood using cutting tools.
4. It is a human-made object that venerated for the spirit it
represented.
5. It is a sculpture in the round depicting one or more people or
animals.
6. It refers to the exact copy or reproduction of an artwork.
7. It is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of a
human figure depicting a person’s head and neck.
8. It is a type of sculpture in which objects are suspended and
balanced in the air.
9. It refers to the portion of the work on which the sculpture rests.
10. It is the Latin word of sculpture which means “to carve.”
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Chapter 7
Photography
“Photography is a way of feeling, of touching, of loving.
What you have caught on film is captured forever…it
remembers little things, long after you have forgotten
everything.”
Aaron Siskind
At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
recognize the history and importance of photography;
appreciate the “role of third” in photography;
discuss the types of photography;
demonstrate understanding of the essential components and features of a Camera; and
display an ability to do photography
Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following
questions:
1. Why do people take photos?
2. Do you think Nude Photography as an art expression or a sensual expression? Why or why
not?
3. Do you think that a person must possess talent to capture emotion and expression in a
picture? Why or why not?
4. Do you believe in the expression “A photo is worth a thousand words? Why or why not?
Input
The Origin of Photography
T
he word photography is from two Greek words photos or phos, for “light” and graphe,
for “lines” or “drawing.” Therefore, Photography is described as the art in creating or
drawing durable images by recording light using either photographic film or image
sensor (Spencer, 1973). It was first coined by Sir John Herschel in a lecture before the
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Royal Society of London, on March 14, 1839. It has become a powerful means of
communication and a mode of visual expression that touches human life in many ways (Eder,
1945).
Importance of Photography
We have always wanted to reproduce the world around us, beginning with cave drawings to
painting on canvas and eventually leading to the invention of photography. Our photographs
share so much about who we are as individuals. It tells what we find beautiful, fascinating,
funny, delicious, meaningful, inspiring. It allows us to showcase our style, interests,
relationships, and adventures, to mark the passage of time. Photography has been used in
advertising, books, magazines, newspapers, television, and in research to convey information and
advertise products and services.
The Digital Era of Photography
Until the present times, photography was quite a problematic type of art to maintain. One
may have cameras with different lenses, manual focus, and complicated settings. However, with
the advent of digital cameras, all this complexity vanished. Digital cameras have a different way
of saving images. Instead of using film, it uses a sensor in to save images onto a digital memory
card or internal storage ((Tolmachev, 2010; Ma, 2017).
Digital photography is the art of manipulating and producing digital pictures. It uses
electronic photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens. The captured image is stored
as a computer file ready for digital processing, viewing, and publishing.
The technique in photography originated during early-to-mid 1600s. It started from the
camera’s predecessor known as the camera obscura (a Latin word which means “dark room”). It
was a box wherein when the light went through the pinhole it formed an image on the glass.
The famous artists of the Renaissance who use the obscura were Leonardo da Vinci and Michael
Angelo.
In the 1820s, Joseph Niepce, a French scientist improve the lithography, a method of
printing technique which is based initially on the immiscibility of oil and water. Joseph
discovered a way to copy engravings onto glass using a variety of materials (mainly bitumen, a
light-reacting asphalt). When light shined through the paper, it burned an image into dark
bitumen, which created an almost identical image from the original.
In the year 1900, photography became available to everybody. Its fame started with George
Eastman, who was the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company.The first camera open to the
public was the Kodak no 1.
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On October 17, 1969, Willard Boyle and George Smith of Bell Laboratories invented the
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), a type of sensor that is used to capture an image by taking the
light and translating it into digital data.
In December 1975, the first recorded attempt in the building of a prototype digital camera
was made by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. This camera weighed 9 pounds and
can record black and white images to a cassette tape. To view the photos, the Kodak engineers
had to develop a unique screen. It was able to capture a .01 megapixel image (10,000 pixels) and
took 23 seconds to record a copy to the tape.
In 1988, the first real digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was
produced by the Fuji DS-1P. During this year, the first JPEG and MPEG standards were fixed.
These standards set in place a universal format which allowed images (JPEG) and video (MPEG)
to stored in a compressed form which can be recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card.
In 1990, Dycam Model became the first commercially available digital camera. It also sold
the Logitech Fotoman. It used a CCD (Charge Couple Device) image sensor, stored pictures
digitally, and connected directly to a computer for download (Said, 1990).
Rule of Thirds Composition
One of the main factors that differentiate a great photograph from an ordinary one is
composition, or how are objects/ subjects placed in the shot. The Rule of Thirds is a great
compositional technique for making photos more dynamic and exciting.
It is also a
compositional rule for painting and photography.
The Rule of Thirds is also known as the guideline which applies to the process of composing
visual images like in painting, designs, and photographs (Meech, 1991). The instruction proposes
that the picture is visualized as divided into nine equal parts by two equally-spaced horizontal
lines and two equally-spaced vertical lines, and those essential compositional elements should
place along these lines. Proponents of the method claim that aligning a subject with these points
create more composition, energy, and tension (Peterson, 2003).
The Rule of Thirds asserts that an image is most pleasing when its subjects poised along
imaginary lines which divide vertically and horizontally the image into thirds. It is applied by
aligning a subject with the guidelines and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top
or bottom line (Krages, 2005).
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Likewise, using the Rule of Thirds helps produce nicely balanced easy on the eye pictures.
Also, as you have to arrange things relative to the edges of the frame, it helps get rid of small
subject surrounded by vast space’ syndrome.
Types of Photography
Photography is one of the best favorite pastimes that many of us craved. A photograph is
definitely worth a thousand words and has the power to convey a whole new meaning of a
particular condition. Different pictures are made to share its unique characteristics of selectivity,
instantaneity, and Credibility (Barrett, 2007). There are several types of photography and thus,
several kinds of photographers. The different types of photography require various techniques,
and types of photographer use their talent in their meticulous field of expertise. The following
are some standard photography styles that enjoy a prominent position in the creative world.
Aerial Photography- It refers to the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated
position. It is acquired through the use of a specialized camera mounted such as fixed-wing
aircraft, helicopters, drones, balloons, kites, parachutes, etc.
Astrophotography- It focuses entirely on taking images from space. This type could vary
from the planets to the stars or any other exciting configurations.
Commercial Photography- It is a photographic work done for commercial purposes, such
as corporate brochures and leaflets, menus in cafes and restaurants, magazine advertising,
merchandising, and product placement. It has various types such as:
a. Advertising photography- This type of photography is used to highlight a product,
service, brand or an individual, in print advertising (such as magazines, newspapers,
leaflet, etc).
b. Architecture and interior photography- This photography is used in capturing images of
structures and beauty of an interior space in which photographers use lightning
techniques to attract clients.
c. Automotive photography- This photography is utilized by car or automobile companies
and dealerships to promote brand new or existing cars, driving awareness about a car’s
features and benefits to potential clientele.
d. Food photography- This photography is a specialized category of commercial
photography which is used to capture the pictures of various cuisines and menus in an
attractive style.
e. Jewellery photographs- This photography is used in highlighting beautiful images of
bracelets, necklace, ring, and other jewellery items.
f. Journalism photography- This photography is the art of taking photographs which are
considered as attractive and goes along with news topics, to substantiate the news story or
report.
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g. Product photography- This photography is used in capturing excellent images to
attractively represents a product in advertising. It sometimes includes people as part of
the product. It attracts people to see someone they know or a face that is likable to a
product.
h. Sports photography- It is a type of photography which is utilized to write sports news,
using excellent cameras that take sharp pictures of players in action.
Fine Art Photography- It refers to highly creative images that have an abstract influence.
These photographs can be equal to an artist’s expression on painting.
Forensic Photography- It is also known as crime scene photography wherein the work of
the photographer is mainly to capture images for an accurate representation of the scene of the
crime.
Headshot Photography- This type of photography focuses mainly on the person’s face.
This is also known as mug shots.
Macro Photography- This type of photography is about close-up images of a specific topic.
It is commonly applied mainly to capture details of organisms or nature that may not be visible
to the naked eye.
Nature Photography- It encompasses all forms of photography where the main subject has
something to do with nature. It focuses on landscapes, wildlife, underwater, and plants life as
they are in their natural environment.
Nude Photography- It is about the portrayal of the human body in the naked form.
Portrait Photography- It is all about capturing the mood of a person, with an emphasis on
the face and expression of a person.
Still Life Photography- It is all about capturing objects on camera that are deliberately
grouped to create a particular composition. This requires the photographer to have an excellent
lighting technique.
Street Photography- It is all about capturing candid images of public places or even people
in their natural element. It requires the photographer the skill to mingle with people and achieve
the best frames.
Travel Photography- It involves capturing images of a particular landscape, traditions, and
customs or even people from different places.
Essential Components and Features of a Camera
Cameras are beneficial devices and used for the sole purpose of capturing still images, may
it be for leisure or security. Any and every camera has some fundamental parts which are very
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crucial for its functioning (Dachis, 2001). Some essential components and features of a camera
are as follow:
1. Aperture- It is an opening in which light travels through and can be adjusted to control
the amount of light that reached the image sensor.
2. Built-in Flash- It is used to capture a shot of dimly-lit views. It may automatically fired
in some modes.
3. Body. It is the housing for the camera.
4. Focus Point Selection Button- It is used to select the position to set the focus (the AF
point) during AF shooting.
5. Hot Shoe- It is the section of the top of the camera and used to attach a flash unit.
6. Lens- It is the eye of the camera.
7. Lens Mount- It is the section for connecting the exchangeable lens to the camera body.
8. Lens Mount Index- It is an align mark on the lens and serves as a basis when you are
attaching or detaching a lens.
9. Lens Release Button- It is a button used when you want to disconnect the lens.
10. Live View Shooting (Movie Shooting Switch) - It is used to turn on or turn off the Live
View function.
11. MENU Button- It is used to display the menu for adjusting the different camera
operations.
12. Multi-Controller Key- It is used to move between the menu items or to move the
magnified display to a different point during image playback.
13. Self-Timer- It is used to delay the time between pressing the shutter button and the
camera taking the subject.
14. Shutter Release Button-It is the button found on many cameras used to take photos.
15. Shutter Speed- It indicates the time interval during which the shutter is open.
16. Viewfinder Eyepiece- It is used to view the image of the subject you want to capture.
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Class Activities
a. Rule of the Thirds
An image could be divided equally by two vertical and two horizontal lines. In general, the
four interactions of these lines will be the most exciting place for the primary subject/s. The four
lines and their intersections are the points of interest, and this is where you should place your
subject to create more balance in your photos.
Apply the rule of the Thirds in these pictures below by putting the grid lines on them with
emphasis on the subjects. (Photo Credit: the author owns all photos below)
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b. Campus Photo Tour
After giving the theories of basic photography, the class will take a walking tour on the
school campus and be required to take photos that illustrate various concepts such as the Rule of
Thirds, standard daytime exposure, depth of field, and backlighting, etc. After the captured
pictures printed, the class will make a display board and identify the photos which followed the
appropriate photo guidelines.
c. Photo Essay
Let the students create a photo essay that tells a significant story about the student’s life
represented by photographs. The article must have a minimum of5and a maximum of 10
pictures that should mount on illustration board. The students will write captions for each photo.
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Picture Analysis: Look at the picture carefully. Make your title of this and explain your
reflection about it. (Photo Credit: The author owns the picture below).
Title: ________________________________________________________________________
Reflection:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 8
Music
“Music has a power of forming the character
and should therefore be introduced into the
education of the young.”
Aristotle
At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
recognize the origin and importance of Music;
appreciate the role of music in our lives;
discuss the essentials in song writing;
demonstrate understanding of the different music genres;
demonstrate understanding of the classification of musical instruments; and
display an ability to do song composition.
Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following
questions:
1. Among the international, national and local singers, whose style do you like most? Why?
2. As an artist, what instrument/s do you consider as the best to be in a musical concert?
Why?
3. Explain this saying: “Music is the harmonious voice of creation; an echo of the invisible
world.”
Input
The Origin and Importance of Music
T
he word “music” is from the Greek word mousike, which means “Art of the Muses.” It
is the art of arranging tones in an orderly way to produce a unified and continuous
composition. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and
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harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation) dynamics, and the
sonic qualities of timbre and texture.
To many people of different cultures, music is an integral part of their way of life. It is an art
that puts sounds together in a way that people like. Most music includes people singing with
their voices or playing a musical instrument, such as drums, piano, guitar, and others.
When music is written on a staff, the pitches (tones) and their duration are represented by
symbols known as notes. These symbols are put on the lines and in the spaces between the lines.
Each position says which tone must be played. The higher the note is in the staff, the higher the
pitch of the tone. The lower the notes are, the lower
the pitch of the tone.
Music can also be written, naming them as in the
solfa “Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si/Ti, Do.” The next
table shows how each note is represented in the
Standard Notation or chords. This notation was
made to make the lecture on music notes simple and
easy to read.
What is the Role of Music in Our Lives?
Art and music are fundamental human functions and essential parts of human life. Without
music, our life is a lost, unsure, and probably incapable of venting our emotions (Galindo, 2003).
Based on studies, music can be a right way of helping our imagination goes to new heights. It
touches our soul and enables us to express different moods and emotions. It inspires people and
allows us to get in touch with our feelings in a way that is unique. It allows our body and mind
to make a break from the monotony of life.
Likewise, music can kindle the mind. It can inspire ordinary human feelings and bridges gaps
between cultures. It touches our emotional being and shows emotions that are sometimes
difficult to articulate. It can be our day happy or excited.
The Elements of Music
Music is highly useful art that originates in nature and has been taken up by humanity as a
way of expression. It has the power to influence emotional and psychological aspects of
behavior. It has major elements, namely:
1. Harmony (From the Greek harmonia, meaning “joint or agreement”) - It refers to the
verticalization of pitch. It is often thought as the art of combining pitches into chords.
These chords are usually arranged into sentence-like patterns called chord progressions.
2. Key- It is known as tonality, a principle in music composition wherein at the end of the
piece there is a feeling of completion by going back to the tonic.
3. Melody (From a Greek meloidia, which means “singing” or “chanting”)- It refers to the
tune of a song or piece of music.
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4. Pitch- It refers to the perceptual property that allows the ordering of sounds on a
frequency-related scale either relative lowness or highness.
5. Rhythm- It comes from a Greek word rhythmos, which means “any regular recurring
motion.” It is the pattern of the sound in time and beats in music.
6. Tempo- It regards to the speed (slow or fast) of a given piece of music.
7. Texture- It refers to how the harmonic materials are combined in a composition. It could
be monophonic (single melodic line), polyphonic (two or more melodic lines) and
homophonic (the main melody accompanied by chords).
8. Timbre- It refers to the quality of the sound (tone) that distinguishes one voice or
instrument from another.
The Essentials in Song writing
The song is a composition for a voice or voices, performed by singing. Musical instruments
may accompany a song, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of the cappella songs. It may
be for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices. Songs with more than
one voice to a part are considered choral works. Most song writing techniques are about what
you should do to succeed. Below are the common essentials in song writing (Kamien, 1997).
Arrangement. Arrangement in music is considered as a reconceptualization of a previously
composed work. It includes the order in which the sections of music are placed (such as, introverse-chorus-verse-chorus), and the organization of the instrumentation, vocals or other parts of
music that make up the song.
Beat and Rhythm. The beat is the speed (tempo) of the song that drives the listener to feel
either fast or slow. On the other hand, the rhythm is the beat that the various instruments such as
bass, drum, and guitar have produced.
Chords (chord progression). It refers to any harmonic set of pitches used to accompany the
melody of the song. It is formed when multiple pitches (notes on a musical instrument) are
placed together on staff (a sheet of music). It comes in different varieties, which includes the
augmented chords, major chords, minor chords, diminished chords, seventh chords, and
Neapolitan chords.
Concept (story). All songs have a storyline or concept. Typically, the song title will convey
the essence of that story idea and the words (lyric) will expound upon that idea.
Genre and Style. The genre of the song such as pop, rock, or country is established by the
beat and rhythm of the song. The quality of the song branches out from the genre, such as
alternative, hip-hop, punk rock, or alternative type of music.
Length. The length of a song is always considered, depending on its use. They can be
shorter or longer, but this is the typical length of today’s musical arrangement.
Lyrics. This term comes from the Greek word lyrikos, which means “singing to the lyre.” It
describes a concept of a theme which rhymes in the sections of music.
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Melody. Melody is the harmony of the song that you play or sing. It is the main line of
music you’re making and the basis of the song.
Song Sections. Songs are divided up into sections or components such as intro, verse,
chorus, bridge, lead breaks, etc.
The Different Music Genres
Being involved in a musical event with music-minded people who enjoy the same sort of
songs and sounds can be a good experience. Genres can sometimes be a good-natured way to
work with other people and to introduce new fans to the music you are producing.
Music is a form of art and an organized sound. It voices our emotions harmoniously and
pleasantly. Different genres of music help in soothing one’s disturbed soul in the growth of
concentration and cheer us to live our life joyfully. Some types of music are as follows:
Classical Music. Classical music is a sophisticated form of composition as it requires skills
like learning the ability to coordinate with others musicians.
Folk Music. This type of music reflects the emotions of common people. Cultural and
popular music are the two sub-genres of folk music.
Funk.This music became known in the late 1960s. Funk made rhythm the most important
element while de-emphasizing melody.
Hip-hop Music. Hip-hop music always includes the use of an instrument such as bass,
drums, guitar, piano, violin, and fiddle. In this type of music, the bass is the main instrument.
This can be used in different intensities to emote feelings of anger or pride.
Jazz. Complex and strong beats feature this type of music. The main instruments used for
this type of music are a cornet, trumpet, or violin.
Meta Music. This is a type of music wherein the melody is influenced by the structure of the
songs (known as “information music”).
Opera Music. This genre has a fantastic combination of theatrical art and musical invention
and is played explicitly in big audiences.
Rock Music. This music genre requires the vocals to be accompanied by bass, drums, and
guitar. Sometimes, piano, synthesizer, saxophone, flute, mandolin, and sitar are also in this
genre for a more profound impact. This type of music has several sub-genres, such as hard rock,
metal rock, and progressive rock.
Techno Music. This genre is also known as fusion type of music. This is a form of electronic
dance-music based on African-American music styles like electro jazz and funk.
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Trance Music. This type of music is usually performed in clubhouses. This is characterized
by fast tempo and repetitious beats.
Classification of Musical Instruments
A Musical instrument is a tool adapted or created in making musical sounds. It was primarily
designed to emulate natural sounds for ritual purposes. Their vocal range often classifies it in
comparison with other instruments such as the following:
a. Alto Instruments
1. Alto Saxophone- It is a member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented
in 1841 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument designer. It is a type of device mostly used in
classical compositions.
2. French Horn- It is a brass instrument made about 12-13 feet of tubing wrapped into a coil
with a flared bell.
3. English Horn (also known as coranglais) - It is a double-reed woodwind instrument in the
oboe family.
4. Viola- It is the middle voice of the violin family and between the violin and the cello. It is a
bowed string instrument.
b. Bass Instruments
1. Double Bass- It is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern
symphony orchestra.
2. Bass Guitar- It is a stringed instrument with a longer neck and scale length, with four to
eight strings. It is played mainly with the fingers or thumb, by picking, plucking, slapping,
popping, tapping, or thumping.
3. Bass Saxophone-It is one of the largest members of the saxophone family of low range,
usually supported on a stand while being played.
4. Tuba- It is the largest and deep-pitched brass instrument. The Sound is produced by
vibrating the lips into a sizeable cup-shaped mouthpiece.
c. Baritone Instruments
1. Bassoon- It is, a woodwind instrument in the double reed family. It is played by pressing
the reed between the lips and blow to sound the instrument.
2. Baritone Saxophone- It is one of largest members of the saxophone family and is the
lowest-pitched saxophone.
3. Bass Clarinet- It is regularly performed in symphony orchestras, wind ensembles,
occasionally in marching bands, and plays an occasional solo role in contemporary music.
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4. Cello (viooncello)- It is a bowed, and sometimes plucked string instrument. It has a hollow
wooden body with two sound holes, and four strings were running along the body and neck.
5. Baritone Horn-It is a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube (usually of variable
length) that is blown using a cup-shaped or pipe-shaped mouthpiece.
d. Soprano Instruments
1. Flute- It is a wind instrument that produces sound through the flow of air from the hole that
has an elaborate set of keys.
2. Violin- It is a small string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths.
3. Soprano Saxophone- It is a woodwind instrument used as a solo and chamber instrument in
classical music or a concert band or orchestra.
4. Trumpet- It is the musical instrument which is usually played by blowing air through closed
lips in producing a buzzing sound.
5. Clarinet- It is a type of woodwind instrument that has a straight cylindrical tube with a
flaring bell and a single-reed mouthpiece.
6. Oboe- It is a woodwind instrument with a double-reed mouthpiece, a slender tubular body,
and holes stopped by keys.
7. Piccolo- It is the high-pitched woodwind instrument used in orchestras and military bands
e. Tenor Instruments
1. Trombone- It is a musical instrument in which the sound is produced when the player’s
vibrating lips trigger the air column inside the device to vibrate.
2. Tenor Saxophone- It is a medium-sized woodwind instrument that is very prominent in jazz
groups and is one of the essential voices of a concert or marching band.
3. Guitar- It is a stringed musical instrument with a fretted fingerboard, typically incurved
sides, and have six or twelve strings, played by plucking or strumming.
________________
Class Activities
a. Musical Therapy
Let the students listen or sing the song entitled “Lead Me Lord” by Gary Valenciano and ask
them to share their reflection on the meaning of the song.
Lead me, Lord
Lead me by the hand and help me face the rising sun
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Comfort me through all the pain that life may bring
There's no other hope that I can lean upon
Lead me, Lord, lead me all my life
Walk by me
Walk by me across the lonely roads that I may face
Take my arms and let your hand show me the way
Show the way to live in your heart
All my days, all my life
You are my light
You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
You are my light; I cannot live alone
Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life
Lead me, Lord
Lead me, Lord
Even though at times I'd rather go along my way
Hear me take the right direction
Take Your road
Lead me Lord and never leave my side
All my days, all my life
You are my light
You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
You are my light; I cannot live alone
Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life
You are my light
You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
(You are my light)
(I just cannot live alone)
Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life, all through my days
So Lead me Oh Lord
Lead me, Lord
b. Song Composition
Divide the class into four groups. Instruct them to compose a song depicting the life of the
students or any theme (focus). Compositions can be in English, Tagalog, or any Filipino dialect.
Let this song be presented in the class with the following criteria: Melody, Beat and Rhythm, as
well as Length.
c. Improvised Musical Instrument Making
The Different musical instrument produces sounds in very different ways, but all of them
take advantage of some of the fundamental properties of music.
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Let the students make any of variety of interesting and pleasant sounds (Strings, Wind, or
Percussion instrument). Reserve one class period (approximately 45-minutes) for each
activity/discussion, and one class period to finish conversations, conclude, do worksheets, and
reinforce terms and concepts. If you have a more extensive period and a large area to work in,
you may want to set up each experiment as a “workstation” and have student groups move from
one station to another.
CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Essay:
1. What is the importance of Music in our lives? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What Original Pinoy Music (OPM) do you like most? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What Original Foreign Music (OFM) do you like most? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. As a musician, what musical instrument/s should you like to play? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. If you will be given the opportunity to join a song contest, what theme (focus) of the song
would you like to develop? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Matching type: Match Column A to Colum B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the box
provided before each item.
Column A
Column B
1. This music is categorized by fast tempo and repetitious a. Lyrics
beats of the percussion.
2. It is a device created to make musical sounds.
b. Music
3. It describes a concept or a theme which rhyme in rhythmic
phrases in the sections of music.
4. It is known as the smallest, highest-pitched member of the
family of string instruments.
5. It is the art of arranging tones in an orderly sequence to
produce a unified and continuous composition.
c. Notes
6. It refers to the relative lowness or highness that we hear in
a sound.
7. It is formed when multiple pitches are placed together on a
staff.
8. It is known as the largest and lowest-pitched brass
instrument.
9. It refers to the symbols of pitches and their duration which
written on a staff.
10. It relates to the speed of a given piece of music.
f. Tuba
Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
d. Chords
e. Trance
g. Pitch
h. Violin
i. Tempo
j. Musical Instrument
Page | 74
Chapter 9
Drama
“The real object of the drama is the exhibition of the
human character”.
Thomas Bibington Macaulay
At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
recognize the origin and elements of a good Drama;
demonstrate knowledge about the types of drama;
appreciate the benefits of drama and the role of Artist;
identify the forms of drama; and
display an ability to do a drama on stage.
Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will request the students view a Drama
Movie and let them analyse the film by answering the following questions below:
1. What is the title of the story?
2. Who are the main characters of the story?
3. What is the story all about?
4. What is the opening of the story?
5. What is the ending of the story?
Input
The origin and elements of a good Drama
T
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He terms “Drama” is from a Greek word drao, meaning “to do” or “to act.” It is performed by
actors and actresses on radio, television or stage before an audience. Often, it combined with
music and dances (Clark, 1965; Banham, 1998).
Drama is a play that is acted out. It is a reflection of the everyday lives of people. It shows
how people seriously or humorously experience some eventful period in their lives. It combines
the arts of the actor, author, director, designer, and others (Bain et al., 1973).
Drama is writing the scene that is intended to be performed by the artists for an audience.
The script are consists of dialogue, the words the actors say, and the stage directions on how and
where the actors move and speak. In a drama, the artist should start with characters that are full,
rich, interesting, and different enough from each other to come up with a good story.
Engaging characters are at the heart of all good drama. Characters should be realistic, even if
they are in an incredible situation. We should be able to empathize or engage with the main
characters, even if we don’t necessarily like them.
A good drama is something that is cool which we always wanted to watch. It is something
that appeals to our emotions, has proper character development, and leaves us wanting to come
back for the next episode to find out what’s going to happen next.
Drama is a favorite form of entertainment for many people. The following are its elements:
1. Audience. The audience is the body of theatre-goers that the writer always had in mind
when he/she wrote the play. The role of the audience is to witness the production and to
encourage the actors through their applause and appreciation.
2. Dialogue. The dialogue is a technique in which playwright used two or more characters
to be engaged in conversation with one another. It has two parts: Inner Dialogue (the
characters speak to themselves and reveal their personalities like a monologue) and the
Outer Dialogue (a simple conversation between two characters in a play).
3. Plot. It refers to the order of events or story that occurred in a play. What the characters
do, how they interact, the course of their lives as narrated by the story, and what happens
to them in the end, constitutes the plot.
4. Stagecraft. It refers to the technical aspects of theatrical production, which include
costume design, lighting, scenic design, stage machinery, sound, and makeup.
5. Convention. It refers to the technique of actions established by the director to the actors
to create a desired dramatic effect.
6. Genres. It refers to the types of acts used in a drama in showing an emotional and
relational development of realistic characters.
7. Characterization. It is a writer's ability to match the Protagonist against an Antagonist.
The protagonist is the main character in a story while the antagonist is the opposition.
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Other Dramatic Elements
Dramatic elements are the center of all drama. They can be used in isolation and are
manipulated by a performer for a spectacular result. The following are the other dramatic
elements:
Climax. It is the highest point of dramatic tension or conflict in a story or play. Without the
climax, a story will have lack of excitement or an overarching meaning.
Conflict. It is a vital element of drama and script writing. It is an essential ingredient for all
dramatic performances. It can be between two or more characters, or just one (inner conflict). It
can be verbal (physical) or non-verbal (psychological).
Contrast. The use of variation in a drama is a useful way to focus the audience's attention.
Without the careful use of contrast, a performance is dull and lacks tension. A prominent
example of contrast is a sad scene followed by a happy one.
Focus. It is used interchangeably with the terms concentration and engagement in assisting
the performer in the portrayal of believable personae. It also suggests memorization of word,
moves, gestures, and requires channeling (focusing) of all the performer’s energies into
achieving the given goals of a character.
Language. It is the written script that helps achieve any performance. The use of words in
performance can be verbal (vocal) or non-verbal (body language). It can also be sung or chanted
as a major means of communicating the story of the drama to the viewers.
Mood. It refers to the emotion or tone of a performance through a combination of several
stagecrafts and dramatic elements that harmoniously work with each other. The mood of
production is linked with common feelings such as anger, desire, frustration, or pity. It can also
be through lighting, sound, movement, setting, rhythm, contrast, or conflict.
Rhythm. It refers to the speed and timing (beat or tempo) of the play that follows the
emotional state of one or more characters of the performance.
Sound. It is a means of creating an atmosphere or mood in a play. Small props sometimes
produced sound effects that can be used live during a performance.
Space. It refers to the practical use of available area utilized by the actors, such as crawling,
bending over, sitting, or lying down.
Symbol. It refers to the objects or sets and props used in theatre performances. They are
intended to arouse some concept or emotion in the mind of the audience.
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Tension. This can sometimes be similar to the term conflict. The tension form when
audience anticipates specific outcomes in the plot of the story. The development of tension
usually parallels the advancement of the plot, leading to the climax.
Timing. It refers to the dramatic phases or synchronization of movements and gestures of the
various parts of production for theatrical effect.
Types of Drama
1. Tragedy: It is a simulation of an action that is serious, complete, and of absolute
magnitude in a play. It usually depicts the downfall of the protagonist.
2. Comedy: It is a type of dramatic work that is amusing and humorous in its tone, mostly
having a cheerful ending.
3. Problem Play- It is a type of drama that deals with controversial social issues in a
realistic manner. It exposes social ills and stimulates thought and discussion on the part
of the audience.
4. Farce-It is a comedy that turns around impossible and exaggerated events.
5. Fantasy- This type of drama is often romantic and contains the elements of the
supernatural, magic, secret societies, and revenge.
6. Melodrama- It is a dramatic work in which the plot is designed to appeal strong emotions
and takes precedence over detailed characterization.
The drama of Historical Interest
1. Ancient Drama- Drama existed in religious ceremonies for the worship of the different
gods.
2. Medieval Drama- It dealt with Bible stories and allegorical mysteries.
3. Renaissance Drama- During this period, the Greek and the Roman dramatist were
imitated in Italy, France, Germany, and England. Mask and costumes become popular
also during this time.
4. Modern Drama- it was during the last two decades of the 19th century and the first half of
20th century that witnessed a great variety of trends in a stage play. Romanic fantasy,
symbolism, expressionism, impressionism, comedy, and poetic drama reached new
heights during this period.
Benefits of Drama and the Role of Artist
Drama is a form of self-expression that exists in every culture of the world. As a unique skill
in itself, it is a topic that is discussed by many colleges and universities. As a versatile, Drama
can be in other areas of the curriculum in the form of activities. Hence, by incorporating these
activities into the program, the students have of play-acting. He/she should have technical
equipment in his /her facial expression, bodily poise, gesture, voice, and by-act that enables him
/her to perform the character (Putatunta, 2012). Other benefits of drama are as follows:
1. It develops imagination, creativity, and flexible ways of thinking
2. It promotes concentration, focus, and the ability to pay attention to detail.
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3. It helps to master body language, blending body movement and facial expression,
coupled with spoken language to convey oneself.
4. It helps to explore feelings, inner values, and thoughts.
5. It develops the ability to interact and work with others.
6. It helps in building self-confidence and self-esteem.
Drama Forms
Drama forms are composed of specific structures that define, differentiate, and shape ways
in which it is explored. Often, its forms are the improvisation, movement, scene work, and
speech.
a. Movement
1. Clowning- It is the act that draws skill-based exaggerated movements and gestures, to
create humor for the viewers.
2. Dance- It is the execution of a creative, free, and exploratory series of actions performed
with or without music.
3. Mask Work- It is the exploration of movement using a mask to bring the focus to the
physical expression of the body.
4. Mime- It is pantomime acting without words and is through facial expression, gesture,
and movement.
5. Stage Fighting- It is a choreographed movement designed to simulate fighting between
actors.
6. Tableau- It is a silent and motionless scene created by actors to draw focus to the central
theme of the drama.
b. Improvisation
1. The character in Role- It is a person role-playing character in a particular situation.
2. Improvisational Drama- It is a spontaneous style of theatre in which there is no set of
script and scenes are created without advance preparation
3. Role Play- It is an activity in which individuals assume identities other than their own
4. Spontaneous Stories- It is a verbal warm-up activity in which narratives are made.
c. Speech
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Choral Work- It refers to the ensemble speech or singing.
Monologues- It is a long speech by a single character.
Radio Drama- It is a drama that is intended to be listening instead of viewing.
Reader’s Theatre- It is a performance created by actors through reading a script.
Recitation- It is the oral presenting of a scripted piece of work that often involves ballads,
monologues, and rhymes.
6. Soundscape- It is the use of various overlapping sound to create an atmosphere
7. Storytelling- It refers to relating stories to an audience.
d. Scene Works
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1. Collective Creation- It is a group process of writing an original script
2. Docudrama- It is the use of dramatic devices to illustrate a real-life situation through
performance
3. Puppetry- It includes an extensive variety of props that almost anything brought to life by
human hands to create a performance.
4. Story Theatre- It refers to a theatrical production of an existing story where the characters
speak every line of the story.
Class Activities
a. Create a Commercial
This is a fantastic activity that can work great for drama students, but it could also be
incorporated into any class that involves advertising, public speaking (Bradford, 2017).
Instructions:
1. The instructor should arrange the class into groups of four or five. Then the instructor
informs the groups that they are no longer merely students, but they are top-notch,
highly successful advertising managers.
2. Explain that advertising officials know how to use realistic writing in commercials in
making the audience experience a full type of emotions. Ask the participants to impart
examples of ads that they remember. Did the commercials make them laugh? Did they
inspire hope, fear, or anger?
3. Ask them to create a 30-60second commercial script with multiple characters. The
commercial should generate a specific emotion to persuade the viewers.
4. After the writing process, give the groups five to ten minutes to practice in performing the
commercial.
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Essay:
1. When can you say the drama is good?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What is the role of the playwright in a Theatrical Production?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. If you are the writer, what type of drama are you going to write? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. What is the difference between ancient drama and modern drama?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Give at least two benefits of drama and briefly explain each.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________
Course/Year: ________________________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Score: ________________
Date: ________________
Selection: Select the correct answer from the given choices. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. It is a type of drama which involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without regard for
human values.
a. Tragedy
c. Farce
b. Melodrama
d. Docudrama
2. An act that draws exaggerated movements and gestures, to create humor for the audience.
a. Dance
c. Ask Work
b. Tableau
d. Clowning
3. It is acting done without words but through facial expression, gesture, and movement only.
a. Mime
c. Stage Fighting
b. Dance
d. Tableau
4. It is an activity in which individuals assume identities other than their own.
a. Story Theatre
c. Role Play
b. Fantasy
d. Character in Role
5. It refers to the ensemble speech or singing.
a. Soundscape
c. Storytelling
b. Radio Drama
d. Choral Work
6. It is an element of drama that has assembled for the explicit purpose of seeing a play.
a. Plot
c. Convention
b. Audience
d. Stagecraft
7. It is a play in which the central character faces defeated by some overwhelming threat or
disaster.
a. Tragedy
c. Coincidence
b. Dramatic Irony
d. Tension
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8. It is a dramatic element which is often used interchangeably with the terms concentration and
engagement.
a. Rhythm
c. Focus
b. Timing
d. Space
9. It refers to relating stories to an audience.
a. Recitation
c. Climax
b. Conflict
d. Story Telling
10. The following, except one, are conventional elements of drama:
a. Contemporary
c. Realism
b. Chinese Drama
d. Greek Drama
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