Professor Messer’s
CompTIA 220-1001 Core 1
A+ Course Notes
James “Professor” Messer
hp://www.ProessorMesser.com
Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 Core 1 A+ Course Notes
Wrien by James “Proessor” Messer
Copyrigh © 2018 by Messer Sudios, LLC
hp://www.ProessorMesser.com
All righs reserved. No par o his book may be reproduced or ransmied in any orm or by any means,
elecronic or mechanical, including phoocopying, recording, or by any inormaon sorage and rerieval
sysem, wihou wrien permission rom he publisher.
Firs Edion: November 2018
This is version 1.09
Trademark Acknowledgments
All produc names and rademarks are he propery o heir respecve owners,
and are in no way associaed or aliaed wih Messer Sudios LLC.
“Proessor Messer” is a regisered rademark o Messer Sudios LLC.
“CompTIA” and “A+” are regisered rademarks o CompTIA, Inc.
Warning and Disclaimer
This book is designed o provide inormaon abou he CompTIA 220-1001 A+ cercaon exam.
However, here may be ypographical and/or conen errors. Thereore, his book should serve only as a
general guide and no as he ulmae source o subjec inormaon. The auhor shall have no liabiliy or
responsibiliy o any person or eny regarding any loss or damage incurred, or alleged o have incurred,
direcly or indirecly, by he inormaon conained in his book.
Contents
1.0 - Mobile Devices
1
2.0 - Networking
8
1.1 - Lapop Hardware
1.2 - Lapop Displays
1.3 - Lapop Feaures
1.4 - Mobile Devices
1.5 - Mobile Device Connecons
1.5 - Mobile Device Accessories
1.6 - Mobile Device Connecviy
1.6 - Conguring Email on Mobile Devices
1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronizaon
2.1 - Inroducon o IP
2.1 - Common Nework Pors
2.2 - Nework Devices
2.3 - Insalling a SOHO Nework
2.3 - Conguring a SOHO Firewall
2.4 - 802.11 Wireless Sandards
2.4 - Wireless Nework Technologies
2.4 - Cellular Nework Technologies
2.5 - Nework Services
2.6 - An Overview o IPv4 and IPv6
2.6 - Assigning IP Addresses
2.6 - Using IP Addresses
2.7 - Inerne Connecon Types
2.7 - Nework Types
2.8 - Nework Tools
3.0 - Hardware
3.1 - Copper Nework Cables
3.1 - Fiber Nework Cables
3.1 - Video Cables
3.1 - Mulpurpose Cables
3.1 - SATA Drive Cables
3.1 - PATA Drive Cables
3.1 - SCSI Drive Cables
3.1 - Adapers and Converers
3.2 - Connecors
3.3 - Overview o Memory
3.3 - Memory Technologies
3.4 - Sorage Devices
3.4 - RAID
3.5 - Moherboard Form Facors
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33
3.5 - Moherboard Expansion Slos
3.5 - Moherboard Connecors
3.5 - BIOS
3.5 - BIOS Opons
3.5 - BIOS Securiy
3.5 - Insalling BIOS Upgrades
3.5 - CPU Feaures
3.5 - CPU Cooling
3.5 - Expansion Cards
3.6 - Peripherals
3.7 - Compuer Power
3.8 - Cusom Compuer Sysems
3.9 - Common Devices
3.10 - SOHO Muluncon Devices
3.11 - Laser Priners
3.11 - Laser Priner Mainenance
3.11 - Inkje Priners
3.11 - Inkje Priner Mainenance
3.11 - Thermal Priners
3.11 - Thermal Priner Mainenance
3.11 - Impac Priners
3.11 - Impac Priner Mainenance
3.11 - Virual and 3D Priners
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4.0 - Virualizaon and Cloud Compung
47
5.0 - Hardware and Nework Troubleshoong
50
4.1 - Cloud Models
4.1 - Cloud Services
4.2 - Clien-side Virualizaon
5.1 - How o Troubleshoo
5.2 - Troubleshoong Common Hardware Problems
5.3 - Troubleshoong Hard Drives
5.4 - Troubleshoong Video and Display Issues
5.5 - Troubleshoong Lapops
5.5 - Troubleshoong Mobile Devices
5.5 - Device Disassembly Bes Pracces
5.6 - Troubleshoong Priners
5.7 - Troubleshoong Neworks
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
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55
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57
Inroducon
The CompTIA A+ cercaon requires a broad se o knowledge, and i covers more opics han many
indusry cercaons. I’s no surprise ha he A+ cercaon has become one o he mos sough-afer
indusry cercaons by boh aspiring echnologiss and employers.
I hope his book helps you wih your “las mile” o sudies beore aking your exam. There’s a lo o
remember, and perhaps some o he inormaon in his book will help jog your memory while you’re sitng
in he exam room. Bes o luck wih your sudies!
- Proessor Messer
The CompTIA A+ Cercaon
CompTIA’s A+ cercaon is considered o be he sarng poin or inormaon echnology proessionals.
Earning he A+ cercaon requires he compleon o wo exams and covers a broad range o echnology
opics. Afer earning he CompTIA A+ cercaon, an A+ cered proessional will have an undersanding o
compuer hardware, mobile devices, neworking, operang sysems, securiy echniques, and much more.
The curren series o he A+ cercaon is based on he successul compleon o he 220-1001 and he
220-1002 exams. You mus pass boh exams o earn your CompTIA A+ cercaon. This book provides a se
o noes or he 220-1001 Core 1 exam.
The 220-1001 Core 1 exam
Much o he 220-1001 exam is abou hardware, bu ha’s only abou a hird o he overall exam conen.
You’ll also need o know abou neworking, mobile devices, and how o roubleshoo all o hese
echnologies.
Here’s he breakdown o each domain on he 220-1001 exam:
Domain 1.0 - Mobile Devices - 14%
Domain 2.0 - Neworking - 20%
Domain 3.0 - Hardware - 27%
Domain 4.0 - Virualizaon and Cloud Compung - 12%
Domain 5.0 - Hardware and Nework Troubleshoong - 27%
Sudy Tips
Exam Preparaon
• Download he exam objecves,
and use hem as a maser checklis:
hp://www.ProessorMesser.com/objecves
• Use as many raining maerials as possible.
Books, videos, and Q&A guides can all provide a
dieren perspecve o he same inormaon.
• I's useul o have as much hands-on as possible,
especially wih nework roubleshoong and
operang sysem command promps.
Taking the Exam
• Use your me wisely. You've go 90 minues
o ge hrough everyhing.
• Choose your exam locaon careully.
Some sies are beer han ohers.
• Ge here early. Don' sress he journey.
• Manage your me wisely.
You've go 90 minues o ge hrough everyhing.
• Wrong answers aren' couned agains you.
Don' leave any blanks!
• Mark dicul quesons and come back laer.
You can answer he quesons in any order.
Professor Messer’s
CompTIA A+
220-1001 Course Notes
hp://www.ProessorMesser.com
1.1 - Lapop Hardware
Laptop Storage
• SSD (Solid-sae drive)
• All memory, no moving pars
• Silen, as access me, less laency
• 2.5 inch and 1.8 inch orm acors
• Hybrid drive (SSHD)
• Solid-sae hybrid drive
• Flash memory and hard drive sorage
• SSD caches he hard drive daa
• Magnec disk
• Tradional spinning drive plaers
Replacing Laptop Storage
• Can be very modular
• Two screws and he drive slides ou
• All inernal
• Open a cover on he back
• Open he enre lapop
Laptop memory
• SO-DIMM
• Small Ouline Dual In-line Memory Module
• Micro-DIMM
• Micro-Dual In-line Memory Module
• Memory used in lapops and mobile devices
Smart card reader
• Inegraed card reader
• Buil ino he lapop
• Exernal reader
• USB conneced
Opcal drive
• Too large or oday’s porable devices
• Becoming dicul o nd
• Ofen removable
• Replace wih oher media
• Read and wrie CD-RW/CD-ROM and DVD-RW/DVDROM
• In a porable device
Video Cards
• Ofen buil ino he processor
• No upgradable
• Somemes par o he sysem board
• Again, no upgradable
• Some lapops have upgradable video cards
• No he slimline models
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Screen
• LCD (Liquid Crysal Display)
• Ligh and high-resoluon
• Very, very ragile - Ge a good case!
• Resoluons are xed
• Changes o nave resoluon may look
blurry or no as crisp
Laptop power – AC adapters
• Auo-swiching or xed inpu
• Convers AC o DC
• Inpu volage - 110 vols / 220 vols
• DC jack on he lapop
• Specic o he power supply ype
Lapop power - baeries
• Lihium Ion (Li-ion)
• Common in consumer elecronics
• No “memory eec”
• Charging he baery diminishes capaciy
Laptop frame
• Plasc
• Lighweigh, mobile
• Durable, dicul o break
• Inexpensive, cos-eecve
• Meal
• More durable han plasc
• Can be more dicul o repair
Speaker
• Sel-conained - Porable audio
• No he highes qualiy - Very small
• Ofen sereo (L/R) - May include a subwooer!
System board
• Proprieary
• Buil o 
• Replacemen isn’ easy
• Swap he enre board
• Mos componens are on he sysem board
CPU
• Designed or mobiliy
• Power managemen
• Inegraed eaures
• Memory conroller, video conroller
• No very upgradable
• Replaceable, bu no upgradeable
• Ofen slower han deskops
• Size and hea are disadvanages
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 1
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
1.2 - Lapop Displays
Portable LCD
• Liquid crysal display - Ligh shines hrough liquid crysals
• Advanages
• Lighweigh
• Relavely low power and relavely inexpensive
• Disadvanages
• Black levels are a challenge
• Requires separae backligh
• Florescen, LED, ec. / Dicul o replace
OLED on laptops
• Organic Ligh Emitng Diode
• Organic compound emis ligh when
receiving an elecric curren
• Thinner and ligher
• Flexible and mobile - no glass needed
• No backligh - The organic compound provides he ligh
• No quie ready or lapops
• Organic maerials degrade over me
• Decayed images can remain on he screen
• More cosly and power hungry han LCD
Wi-Fi antennas
• Mulple anennas - WiFi main and aux and Blueooh
• Anenna wires wrap around he lapop screen
Laptop webcam
• Video capure - Buil-in camera and microphone
• Usually includes boh audio and video
• Specialized drivers and sofware
Microphone
• Buil-in o he lapop - Useul or video calls
• No good or non-casual use
• Analog or USB microphones can help
Fluorescen vs. LED backlighng
• LED-backli LCD display
• Backligh is LEDs insead o orescen
• LEDs around he edge o he screen
• An array o LEDs behind he screen
• CCFL - Cold Cahode Fluorescen Lamp
• Higher volage and power needed
• Added hickness o he display
• No longer a common backligh
Backlight and inverter
• LCD displays need a backligh
• Florescen lamp o LCD display o your eyes
• Some lapops have inverers - Turn DC ino AC
• Veriy backligh - Look closely
• May need o replace he LCD inverer or display
• Choose careully
Digizer
• Use a pen-like device as inpu - Useul or graphical inpu
• Becoming more common on lapop / ables / hybrids
Touchscreen
• Merge lapop and able inpu
• No keyboard required, bu ofen sll available
• Many opons or inpu - Use he bes one or he job
1.3 - Lapop Feaures
Dual displays
• Toggle Fn keys
• Secondary uncons
• Toggle beween LCD / exernal monior / boh
• LCD swich
• The “rerigeraor door” eec
• Physical swich on older sysems
• Inernal magnec swich on newer porable sysems
• Se unconaliy in he BIOS or uliy
Wireless control
• Conrol your wireless signal
• Airplane mode, secure areas
• Look or a saus ligh
• Physical swich or uncon key
• May include 802.11, Blueooh, and cellular
• Look or he symbol or saus ligh
Volume setngs
• Anoher uncon key
• May be a sandalone key
• Ofen includes a mue opon
• Physical dial or buon
• May see visual eedback
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Screen brightness
• Conrol he backligh
• Secondary uncon keys
• More ligh, more power
• Conserve your baery
Keyboard backlight
• An opon on many lapops
• See in he dark
• Secondary uncon conrol
• Inensiy
• Duraon
• Disable
Touch pad
• Enable and disable
• Avoid inadveren mouse clicks and movemens
Screen orienaon
• Roae he screen
• Useul on roang able / lapops
• Landscape o porrai
• Fn key or hokey
• Dieren across manuacurers
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 2
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
1.3 - Lapop Feaures (connued)
Media opons
• Conrol audio and video rom your keyboard
• No mouse clicking
• Play, sop, rewind, as orward
• Mue, volume
GPS
• Lisen or GPS signals
• May also be associaed wih
airplane mode or oher wireless setngs
Docking saon
• Docking saon
• Use exernal keyboard and mouse
• Exend exisng lapop ineraces
• Add addional unconaliy
• Deskop adaper cards
• Avoid cable issues
• Por replicaor
• Similar o a docking saon
• Does no have an expansion card opon
Physical laptop locks
• Keep your lapop rom walking away
• The bad guys are good a his
• Connec o a solid objec
• Nohing moves
• Lapops include meal-reinorced locking slos
• Connec o he lock
Roang / removable screens
• Combine a lapop keyboard wih a able screen
• Presenaon display
• May include a sylus or inpu
1.4 - Mobile Devices
Tablets
• Single-screen ouch compuers
• iOS, Android, ec.
• Larger han ~7 inches diagonal
• Designed or ouch inpu
• Virual keyboards, drawing ineraces
• Applicaon suppor
• Producviy, games, uliy, ec.
• Specialized applicaons
• Media - Take picures, wach movies
Smart Phones
• Mobile communicaon
• Voice, email, ex, insan message, picures, video
• ~ 3.5 inches o 6 inches diagonal
• Media viewer - Music, movies, videos
• Mobile applicaons
• Maps, ravel inormaon
• Oher apps
• Producviy, games, specialized apps, ec.
Wearable technology
• Smar waches
• An exension o your phone and body
• Finess moniors
• Track hear rae, seps, sleep paerns, and more
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Virtual reality
• Replace realiy wih a compuer-generaed version
• Inpu rom he real world ineracs
wih he virual world
• Many dieren applicaon
• Gaming, indusrial design, ar
• Enhanced video and image viewing
Augmented reality
• Overlay a virual augmenaon wih he physical world
• The compuer provides addional deail
• Used in medical, ravel, gaming
e-Readers
• Specialized device
• Book reading - Some music, some apps
• Elecronic paper
• Black and whie screen
• Perorms well in direc ligh
• Exceponally long baery lie
• Nework access - WiFi, cellular
GPS
• In-car navigaon (and non-car)
• Requires a view o he sky - Need o receive GPS signal
• Periodic updaes required
• Over he air and memory card
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 3
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
1.5 - Mobile Device Connecons
Micro-USB and mini-USB
• EU sandardized on Micro-USB
• Common now worldwide
• Older devices may use Mini-USB
• Slighly larger
USB-C
• 24-pin double-sided USB connecor
• Used or boh hoss and devices
Micro-B
USB-C
Mini-B
Micro-B
• Acs as a USB 3.1 / USB 2.0 connecon
Plug
Plug
Plug
Plug
• Only he inerace is dieren
• Includes an analog audio opon
• Headse suppor hrough a 3.5 mm jack
Lightning
• Apple proprieary
Lightning plug
• 8-pin digial signals
• iPhone, iPad, iPod devices
• Some advanages over Micro-USB
Bluetooth
• Higher power oupu or phones and ables
• High speed communicaon over shor disances
• Can be insered eiher way
• PAN (Personal Area Nework)
• Simpler design, more durable
• Connecs our mobile devices
Tethering
• Smarphones
• Physically connec a device o your mobile phone
• Tehering
• Use he Inerne/daa connecon
• Headses and headphones
• Enable Inerne access rom almos anywhere
• Healh moniors
• May require service or conguraon by wireless carrier
• Auomobile and phone inegraon
Proprietary mobile interfaces
• Smarwaches
• Early mobile echnology was all abou cables
• Exernal speakers
• One cable or power
Hotspot
• A compleely dieren cable or daa
• Turn your phone ino a WiFi hospo
• Every manuacurer was dieren - Inenonally
• Your own personal wireless rouer
• The EU changed hings
• Exend he cellular daa nework o
• Common exernal power supply or all daa-enabled
all o your devices
mobile phones sold in he European Union
• Dependen on phone ype and provider
NFC (Near Field Communicaon)
• May require addional charges and daa coss
• Send small amouns o daa wirelessly over a limied area
IR (Inrared)
• Buil ino your phone
• Included on many smarphones, ables, and
• Paymen sysems, ransporaon, in-person inormaon
smarwaches
exchange
• No really used or le ransers and prinng
• Access oken, ideny “card”
• Conrol your enerainmen cener
• Shor range wih encrypon suppor
• Almos exclusively IR
1.5 - Mobile Device Accessories
Headsets
• Hands-ree audio - Earphones and microphone
• Wired
• Connecs o TRRS connecor (Tip-Ring-Ring-Sleeve)
• Wireless - Blueooh headses
Speakers
• Mobile audio - Baery powered
• Wireless connecon - Blueooh link
• Sereo sound - Small package
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Game Pads
• Gaming console eel - Mobile phone or able
• Connec wih Blueooh - Wireless connecviy
Exra baery packs / baery chargers
• Power is key - And in shor supply
• Swappable baery pack
• Carry an exra or wo
• Exernal USB chargers
• Phones and ables
• And any oher USB devices
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 4
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
1.5 - Mobile Device Accessories (connued)
Proecve covers
• Screen proecor
• Avoid scraches
• May be dicul o insall
• Device proecor
• Wrap he enre device
• Waerproong opons are available
• Can creae problems or docking saons
Credit card readers
• Phone or able becomes a poin o sale erminal
• Connecons o audio/mic TRRS jack
• Grea or small and mobile businesses
• Uses he Inerne link or approvals
• Immediae eedback
• Addional eaures
• Email receips
• Sign wih your nger
1.6 - Mobile Device Connecviy
Wireless / cellular daa nework
• Your phone has an Inerne connecon
• Use your mobile provider nework
• Take advanage o his connecviy
• Hospo
• Turn your phone ino a WiFi Rouer
• You may have o pay exra phone charges
• Oher devices connec o your phone via WiFi
Wireless / cellular daa nework
• Tehering
• Anchored o your mobile device
• Connec your lapop via USB or Blueooh
• Single connecon
• May require addional services rom phone provider
Wireless / cellular daa nework
• Airplane mode - One buon urns o all radios
• Cellular, WiFi, Blueooh, NFC, ec.
• You can re-enable individual eaures
wihou enabling cellular eaures
• Useul when he airplane has WiFi
Wireless networks
• Enable and disable cellular, WiFi,
and Blueooh independenly
• Airplanes, conserve baery
• iOS - Setngs / Cellular
• Android - Setngs / Wireless & nework setngs
Bluetooth
• Shor-range personal area nework (PAN)
• Abou 10 meers
• Connec dieren devices
• Mouse, keyboard, headse, compuer,
auomobile, speakers
• Once paired, devices work ogeher
• Connec and disconnec auomacally
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Memory / microSD
• Increase sorage capaciy o smarphone or able
• Common on Android devices
• No available on iOS devices
• MicroSD cards
• Small orm acor, wih increasing capacies
SD memory card
microSD memory card
Bluetooth pairing process
• Enable Blueooh on boh devices
• Android and iOS: Setngs / Blueooh
• Se devices o discoverable mode
• May require key sequence on Blueooh device
• Selec discovered device
• Many devices may appear!
• Ener or conrm PIN
• Should be he same on boh devices
• Tes connecviy
• Devices should now communicae
Your phone is a radio
• Baseband radio processor
• A nework inerace or your radio
• This isn’ WiFi or Blueooh
• Has is own rmware and memory
• Quie proprieary
• Real-me operang sysem
• Everyhing happens very quickly as needed
• The rmware can be updaed
• Over he air (OTA)
• Invisible o he end user
Phone updates
• PRL updaes
• Preerred Roaming Lis
• CDMA neworks (i.e., Verizon, Sprin)
• Allows your phone o connec o he righ ower
• Can be updaed over he air (OTA)
• PRI updaes
• Produc Release Insrucons
• Radio setngs - ID numbers, nework codes,
counry codes, ec.
• Also updaed over he air
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 5
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
1.6 - Mobile Device Connecviy (connued)
IMEI
• Inernaonal Mobile Saon Equipmen Ideny
• Idenes a physical mobile device
• Every phone has a dieren IMEI
• Can be used o allow or disallow access
IMSI
• Inernaonal Mobile Subscriber Ideny
• Idenes he user o a mobile nework
• Can be provisioned in he SIM card
• Swap he SIM o move beween phones
VPN
• Turn your phone ino a VPN endpoin
• Imporan or secure communicaon
• Inegraed ino he phone OS
• No addional sofware required
• May require some addional seup
• Deailed conguraon setngs
• May suppor mulacor auhencaon
• RSA SecureID
1.6 - Conguring Email on Mobile Devices
Email conguraons
• Rerieving mail - POP3, IMAP
• Sending mail - SMTP
• Corporae email - Microsof Exchange
• Inegraed providers
• iCloud, Google, Exchange Online, Yahoo
Retrieving mail messages
• Pos Oce Proocol 3 (POP3)
• Used or downloading mail o local mail clien
• Downloads and (oponally) delees rom server
• Conguraon inormaon
• Name o POP3 server
• Username and password
• Nework pors
• Dened by your mail provider
• POP3: cp/110
• SSL (Secure Socke Layer) setngs - POP3S: cp/995
• Inerne Message Access Proocol (IMAP4)
• Access mail on a cenral server,
• Mail is usually sored on he server
• Suppors olders and server-side searching
• Conguraon inormaon
• Name o IMAP server
• Username and password
• Nework pors
• Dened by your mail provider
• IMAP: cp/143
• SSL (Secure Socke Layer) setngs - IMAPS: cp/993
Microsof Exchange
• Enerprise email
• No a service or he home
• More han jus email
• Conacs, Calendars, Reminders
• Inegraes wih mobile device daabase
• Inegraed conacs, calendars, ec.
• Conguraon opons
• Email, server, domain, username, password
• Inegraed message encrypon wih S/MIME
• Secure/Mulpurpose Inerne Mail Exensions
• Encryp and digially sign
Commercial email providers
• Gmail
• Google email, splis inbox ino abs, IMAP4, POP3
• Exchange Online (hosed email)
• IMAP4 and POP3 suppor
• iCloud Mail - Apple Mail, IMAP4 suppor only
• Yahoo Mail - IMAP4 and POP3 suppor
Sending email
• SMTP - Simple Mail Transer Proocol
• Send mail rom a device o a mail server
• Or beween mail servers
• You usually mus send rom a local or rused device
• Auhencaon usually required
• May be dieren credenals han he incoming mail
• Por numbers
• SMTP (no auhencaon, relavely unused): cp/25
• SMTP wih auhencaon: cp/587
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 6
IMAP and POP
incoming mail server
conguraon setngs
SMTP
outgoing mail server
conguraon setngs
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
1.7 - Mobile Device Synchronizaon
Synchronizing your data
• No single deskop
• Many dieren devices
• Complee mobiliy
• Access anyhing rom anywhere
• Many dieren ypes o daa
• Email, calendar, apps, ec.
• All devices mus say synchronized
• Mos o i is invisible o us
• Muual auhencaon
• The clien and server mus auhencae
wih each oher
Data Types
• Conacs
• Applicaons
• Email
• Picures, music, video
• Calendar
• Bookmarks
• Documens
• Locaon daa
• Social media daa
• eBooks
• Passwords
Synchronize to the cloud
• Compleely hands-o
• No physical cables, no local les
• May be inegraed ino your
• Exchange or Gmail
• Choose provider nework and/or Wi-Fi
• Apple iOS
• Sync all daa ypes o iCloud
• Complee backup and recovery
• Android
• Congure your Google accoun
USB Micro-B
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Apple 8-pin
Lightning
USB-C
Synchronize to the desktop
• Applicaon requiremens - OS and disk space
• Operang Sysem
• Mac, Windows
• Synchronize o he deskop
• Relavely modern versions
• Memory - Relavely minimal
• Sorage space
• Enough o sore backups, video, picures
• You’ll need quie a bi
• iOS
• Apple iTunes - syncs everyhing in he phone
• Creaes ull backups on he compuer
• Android
• Syncs online wih Google
• Use hird-pary apps like doubleTwis
o ranser movies and music
Synchronize to the automobile
• Connec o your auomobile over Blueooh or wired cable
• Exends he phone unconaliy ino he vehicle
• Display maps, conrol phone calls, play music
• Big display screen, keep hands on he wheel
• iOS CarPlay, Android Auo
• Synchronizes conac inormaon, music, and oher
deails
• Shares phone inormaon in real-me
• This could be a securiy issue in a renal car
Synchronizaon connecons
• iOS
• USB - Proprieary (30-pin or 8-pin Lighning)
• USB-C
• 802.11 wireless
• Mobile nework
• Android
• USB Micro-B
• USB-C
• 802.11 wireless
• Mobile nework
USB Standard
Apple 30-pin
Type-A
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 7
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.1 - Inroducon o IP
A series of moving vans
• Ecienly move large amouns o daa
• Use a shipping ruck
• The nework opology is he road
• Eherne, DSL, cable sysem
• The ruck is he Inerne Proocol (IP)
• We’ve designed he roads or his ruck
• The boxes hold your daa
• Boxes o TCP and UDP
• Inside he boxes are more hings
• Applicaon inormaon
UDP - User Daagram Proocol Communicaon
Server
Client
Ethernet
Header
Ethernet
Trailer
Ethernet Payload
Ethernet
Header
IP
Ethernet
Header
IP
TCP
TCP Payload
Ethernet
Trailer
Ethernet
Header
IP
TCP
HTTP data
Ethernet
Trailer
IP Payload
Ethernet
Trailer
TCP and UDP
• Transpored inside o IP
• Encapsulaed by he IP proocol
• Two ways o move daa rom place o place
• Dieren eaures or dieren applicaons
• OSI Layer 4
• The ranspor layer
• Mulplexing
• Use many dieren applicaons a he same me
• TCP and UDP
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
• Connecon-oriened
• A ormal connecon seup and close
• “Reliable” delivery
• Recovery rom errors
• Can manage ou-o-order messages or reransmissions
• Flow conrol
• The receiver can manage how much daa is sen
TCP - Transmission Conrol Proocol Communicaon
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
UDP – User Datagram Protocol
• Conneconless
• No ormal open or close o he connecon
• “Unreliable” delivery
• No error recovery
• No reordering o daa or reransmissions
• No ow conrol
• Sender deermines he amoun o daa ransmied
Speedy delivery
• The IP delivery ruck delivers rom
one (IP) address o anoher (IP) address
• Every house has an address,
every compuer has an IP address
• Boxes arrive a he house / IP address
• Where do he boxes go?
• Each box has a room name
• Por is wrien on he ouside o he box
• Drop he box ino he righ room
Lots of ports
• IPv4 sockes - Server IP address, proocol,
server applicaon por number
• Clien IP address, proocol, clien por number
• Non-ephemeral pors – permanen por numbers
• Pors 0 hrough 1,023
• Usually on a server or service
• Ephemeral pors – emporary por numbers
• Pors 1,024 hrough 65,535
• Deermined in real-me by he clien
Port numbers
• TCP and UDP pors can be any number
beween 0 and 65,535
• Mos servers (services) use non-ephemeral
(no-emporary) por numbers
• This isn’ always he case
• I’s jus a number.
• Por numbers are or
communicaon, no securiy
• Service por numbers need
o be “well known”
• TCP por numbers aren’ he same
as UDP por numbers
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 8
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.1 - Common Nework Pors
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• cp/20 (acve mode daa), cp/21 (conrol)
• Transers les beween sysems
• Auhencaes wih a username and password
• Some sysems use a generic/anonymous login
• Full-eaured unconaliy
• Lis, add, delee, ec.
SSH - Secure Shell
• Encryped communicaon link - cp/22
• Looks and acs he same as Telne
Telnet
• Telne – Telecommunicaon Nework - cp/23
• Login o devices remoely
• Console access
• In-he-clear communicaon
• No he bes choice or producon sysems
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• Server o server email ranser - cp/25
• Also used o send mail rom a device o a mail server
• Commonly congured on mobile devices
and email cliens
• Oher proocols are used or cliens o receive email
• IMAP, POP3
DNS - Domain Name System
• Convers names o IP addresses - udp/53
• www.proessormesser.com = 162.159.246.164
• These are very crical resources
• Usually mulple DNS servers are in producon
HTTP and HTTPS
• Hyperex Transer Proocol - cp/80
• Communicaon in he browser
• And by oher applicaons
• In he clear or encryped - HTTPS - cp/443
• Suppored by nearly all web servers and cliens
POP / IMAP
• Receive emails rom an email server
• Auhencae and ranser
• POP3 - Pos oce Proocol version 3 - cp/110
• Basic mail ranser unconaliy
• IMAP4
• Inerne Message Access Proocol v4 - cp/143
• Includes managemen o email inbox
rom mulple cliens
RDP - Remote Desktop Protocol
• Share a deskop rom a remoe locaon over cp/3389
• Remoe Deskop Services on many Windows versions
• Can connec o an enre deskop
or jus an applicaon
• Cliens or Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix,
iPhone, Android, and ohers
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
SMB - Server Message Block
• Proocol used by Microsof Windows
• File sharing, priner sharing
• Also called CIFS (Common Inerne File Sysem)
• Using NeBIOS over TCP/IP
• udp/137 - NeBIOS name services (nbname)
• udp/138 - NeBIOS daagram service (nbdaagram)
• cp/139 - NeBIOS session service (nbsession)
• Direc over cp/445 (NeBIOS-less)
• Direc SMB communicaon over TCP
wihou he NeBIOS ranspor
AFP (Apple Filing Proocol)
• File services in macOS
• cp/548
• Works wih SLP (Service Locaon Proocol)
• cp/427 and udp/427
• Populaes he lis o available devices
• File managemen
• Copy, move, delee les
DHCP - Dynamic Hos Conguraon Proocol
• Auomaed conguraon o IP address, subne mask
and oher opons
• udp/67, udp/68
• Requires a DHCP server
• Server, appliance, inegraed ino a SOHO rouer, ec.
• Dynamic / pooled
• IP addresses are assigned in real-me rom a pool
• Each sysem is given a lease and mus renew
a se inervals
• DHCP reservaon
• Addresses are assigned by MAC address
in he DHCP server
• Quickly manage addresses rom one locaon
LDAP (Lighweigh Direcory Access Proocol)
• cp/389
• Sore and rerieve inormaon in a nework direcory
• Commonly used in Microsof Acve Direcory
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
• Gaher sascs rom nework devices
• Queries: udp/161
• Traps: udp/162
• v1 – The original
• Srucured ables, in-he-clear
• v2 – A good sep ahead
• Daa ype enhancemens
• Bulk ransers, sll in-he-clear
• v3 – A secure sandard
• Message inegriy
• Auhencaon, encrypon
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 9
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.1 - Common Nework Pors (connued)
Protocol
Port
Name
Descrip/on
FTP
tcp/20, tcp21
File Transfer Protocol
Sends and receives les between systems
SSH
tcp/22
Secure Shell
Encrypted console access
Telnet
tcp/23
TelecommunicaCon Network
Insecure console access
SMTP
tcp/25
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Transfer email between mail servers
DNS
udp/53, tcp/53
Domain Name System
onvert domain names to IP addresses
HTTP
HTTPS
tcp/80
tcp/443
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
Web server communicaCon
Web server communicaCon with encrypCon
POP3
IMAP4
tcp/110
tcp/143
Post Oce Protocol version 3
Internet Message Access Protocol v4
Receive email into a email client
A newer email client protocol
RDP
NetBIOS
NetBIOS
tcp/3389
udp/137
udp/138
Remote Desktop Protocol
NetBIOS name service
NetBIOS datagram service
Graphical display of remote devices
Register, remove, and nd Windows services by name
Windows connecConless data transfer
NetBIOS
tcp/139
NetBIOS session service
Windows connecCon-oriented data transfer
SMB
tcp/445
Server Message Block
Windows le transfers and printer sharing
AFP
tcp/548
Apple Filing Protocol
Mac OS le transfers
SLP
tcp/427, udp/427
Service LocaCon Protocol
Find Mac OS services by name
DHP
udp/67, udp/68
Dynamic Host onguraCon Protocol
Automate the IP address conguraCon process
LDAP
SNMP
tcp/389
udp/161
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol
Directory services
Gather metrics and manage network devices
2.2 - Nework Devices
Nework Inerace Card (NIC)
• The undamenal nework device
• Every device on he nework has a NIC
• Compuers, servers, priners, rouers, swiches, phones,
ables, cameras, ec.
• Specic o he nework ype
• Eherne, WAN, wireless, ec.
• Ofen buil-in o he moherboard
• Or added as an expansion card
• Many opons
• Single por, mul-por, copper, ber
Repeater
• Receive signal, regenerae, resend
• No orwarding decisions o make
• Common use
• Boos copper or ber connecons
• Conver one nework media o anoher
• Exend wireless nework reach
Hub
• “Mul-por repeaer”
• Trac going in one por is repeaed o every oher por
• Everyhing is hal-duplex
• Becomes less ecien as nework speeds increase
• 10 megabi / 100 megabi
• Dicul o nd oday
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Bridge
• Imagine a swich wih wo o our pors
• Makes orwarding decisions in sofware
• Connecs dieren physical neworks
• Can connec dieren opologies
• Ges around physical nework size limiaons /
collisions
• Disribues rac based on MAC address
• A modern bridge is a wireless access poin
• Bridges wired Eherne o wireless
Switches
• Bridging done in hardware
• Applicaon-specic inegraed circui (ASIC)
• Forwards rac based on daa link address
• Many pors and eaures
• The core o an enerprise nework
• May provide Power over Eherne (PoE)
• Mullayer swich - Includes roung unconaliy
Unmanaged switches
• Very ew conguraon opons
• Plug and play
• Fixed conguraon
• No VLANs
• Very lile inegraon wih oher devices
• No managemen proocols
• Low price poin
• Simple is less expensive
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 10
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.2 - Nework Devices (connued)
Managed switches
• VLAN suppor
• Inerconnec wih oher swiches via 802.1Q
• Trac priorizaon
• Voice rac ges a higher prioriy
• Redundancy suppor
• Spanning Tree Proocol (STP)
• Exernal managemen
• Simple Nework Managemen Proocol (SNMP)
• Por mirroring
• Capure packes
Cable modem
• Broadband
• Transmission across mulple requencies
• Dieren rac ypes
• Daa on he “cable” nework
• DOCSIS (Daa Over Cable Service Inerace Specicaon)
• High-speed neworking
• 4 Mbis/s hrough 250 Mbis/s are common
• Gigabi speeds are possible
• Mulple services
• Daa, voice
Routers
• Roues rac beween IP subnes
• Makes orwarding decisions based on IP address
• Rouers inside o swiches somemes called
“layer 3 swiches”
• Ofen connecs diverse nework ypes
• LAN, WAN, copper, ber
DSL modem
• ADSL (Asymmeric Digial Subscriber Line)
• Uses elephone lines
• Download speed is aser han he upload speed
(asymmeric)
• ~10,000 oo limiaon rom he cenral oce (CO)
• 52 Mbi/s downsream / 16 Mbi/s upsream
are common
• Faser speeds may be possible i closer o he CO
Wireless access poin (WAP)
• No a wireless rouer
• A wireless rouer is a rouer and a WAP
in a single device
• WAP is a bridge
• Exends he wired nework
ono he wireless nework
• Makes orwarding decisions
based on MAC address
Patch panels
• Combinaon o punch-down blocks and RJ-45 connecors
• Runs rom desks are made once
• Permanenly punched down o pach panel
• Pach panel o swich can be easily changed
• No special ools
• Use exisng cables
Wireless LAN controllers
• Cenralized managemen o WAPs
• A single “pane o glass”
• Managemen uncons
• Deploy new access poins
• Perormance and securiy monioring
• Congure and deploy changes o all sies
• Repor on access poin use
• Usually a proprieary sysem
• The wireless conroller is paired
wih he access poins
• Can also be cloud-based
• Manage he console rom anywhere
Firewalls
• Filers rac by por number
• OSI layer 4 (TCP/UDP)
• Some rewalls can ler hrough OSI layer 7
• Can encryp rac ino/ou o he nework
• Proec your rac beween sies
• Can proxy rac
• A common securiy echnique
• Mos rewalls can be layer 3 devices (rouers)
• Usually sis on he ingress/egress o he nework
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Power over Ethernet
• Power provided on an Eherne cable
• One wire or boh nework and elecriciy
• Phones, cameras, wireless access poins
• Useul in dicul-o-power areas
• Power provided a he swich
• Buil-in power - Endspans
• In-line power injecor - Midspans
PoE switch
• Power over Eherne
• Commonly marked on he swich or ineraces
Eherne over Power (EOP)
• Also called Power-line communicaon (PLC)
• IEEE sandard 1901
• 500 megabis per second
• Sandard includes links o he premise, inra-building
neworking, vehicles, smar energy devices, and more
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 11
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.3 - Insalling a SOHO Nework
The SOHO router
• An all-in-one device
• Modem, rouer, swich, wireless AP, rewall, ec.
Roung and swiching
• Roung o he ouside world
• WAN / DSL por
• Swiching local devices
• One VLAN / LAN1, LAN2, LAN3, LAN4, ec.
• No much o congure
• Roues and swiches by deaul
Access poin setngs
• Enable/disable requencies
• 2.4 GHz and/or 5 GHz
• Available opons will depend on he wireless sandard
used
• Congure an SSID
• May need a separae SSID or each requency
• Securiy mode
• WPA2, preerably
• Pre-shared key or Enerprise
• Channel / channel bandwidh
• Auomac / oher nearby neworks
IP addressing
• WAN inerace
• Auomacally assigned via DHCP rom he ISP
• May require auhencaon
• LAN inerace
• Inernal IP address and subne mask o he rouer
• DHCP address range or oher devices
• DNS server addresses
NIC conguraon
• Wired
• May no have many opons
• Pors congured or auo speed and duplex
• Speed: 10/100/1000
• Duplex: Hal/Full
• Wireless
• Enable/disable
End-user device conguraon
• Auomac
• Auo speed and duplex
• DHCP addressing
• End-user device congures based on rouer
• IP address
• Subne mask
• Deaul gaeway
• DNS servers
IoT conguraons
• Inerne o Things
• Home auomaon, mosly wireless
• Securiy is an issue
• Devices
• Thermosa
• Ligh swiches
• Securiy cameras
• Door locks
• Voice-enabled smar speakers / digial assisans
• Almos all devices communicae oubound
• No special por-mapping or
NAT conguraons required
2.3 - Conguring a SOHO Firewall
Firewall and DMZ ports
• Every SOHO rouer is also a rewall
• No exernal device can direcly access he inernal
nework
• This normally can’ be disabled
• DMZ pors can be congured o
allow unresriced access
• This is almos always a bad idea
• Consider creang more specic por orwarding rules
• Or perhaps don’ allow any access
NAT (Nework Address Translaon)
• I is esmaed ha here are over 20 billion devices
conneced o he Inerne (and growing)
• IPv4 suppors around 4.29 billion addresses
• The address space or IPv4 is exhaused
• There are no available addresses o assign
• How does i all work?
• Nework Address Translaon
• This isn’ he only use o NAT
• NAT is handy in many siuaons
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Conguring NAT
• For SOHO devices, his is auomac
• Source NAT, also called PAT (Por Address Translaon)
• All inernal devices are ranslaed o
a single exernal address
Port forwarding
• 24x7 access o a service hosed inernally
• Web server, gaming server, securiy sysem, ec.
• Exernal IP/por number maps o an inernal IP/por
• Does no have o be he same por number
• Also called Desnaon NAT or Sac NAT
• Desnaon address is ranslaed rom a
public IP o a privae IP
• Does no expire or meou
• Por orwarding
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 12
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.3 - Conguring a SOHO Firewall (connued)
UPnP (Universal Plug and Play)
• Allows nework devices o auomacally
congure and nd oher nework devices
• Zero-conguraon
• Applicaons on he inernal nework can
open inbound pors using UPnP
• No approval needed
• Used or many peer-o-peer (P2P) applicaons
• Bes pracce would be o disable UPnP
• Only enable i he applicaon requires i
• And maybe no even hen
Wireless channels and encrypon
• Congure or he highes encrypon possible
• WPA2-AES
• Choose WPA2 over WPA
• WEP is no an appropriae opon
• Check your devices
• No all o hem may allow or he highes encrypon
• Use an open requency
• Some access poins will
auomacally nd good requencies
Whielis/blacklis
• Conen lering, IP address ranges
• Or a combinaon
• Whielisng
• Nohing pass hrough he rewall unless i’s approved
• Very resricve
• Blacklisng
• Nohing on he “bad lis” is allowed
• Specic URLs
• Domains
• IP addresses
MAC lering
• Media Access Conrol
• The “hardware” address
• Limi access hrough he physical hardware address
• Keeps he neighbors ou
• Addional adminisraon wih visiors
• Easy o nd working MAC addresses
hrough wireless LAN analysis
• MAC addresses can be spooed
• Free open-source sofware
• Securiy hrough obscuriy
Managing QoS (Qualiy o Service)
• Change he prioriy o your rac
• Voice is high, World o Warcraf is low
• Or vice-versa
• Priorize applicaons, pors, or MAC addresses
• A eaure o high-end SOHO rouers
• Be careul
• You could accidenally cause applicaons o slow down
2.4 - 802.11 Wireless Sandards
Wireless Standards
• Wireless neworking (802.11)
• Managed by he IEEE LAN/MAN
Sandards Commiee (IEEE 802)
• Many updaes over me
• Check wih IEEE or he laes
• The Wi-Fi rademark
• Wi-Fi Alliance handles ineroperabiliy esng
802.11a
• One o he original 802.11 wireless sandards
• Ocober 1999
• Operaes in he 5 GHz range
• 54 megabis per second (Mbi/s)
• Smaller range han 802.11b
• Higher requency is absorbed by objecs in he way
• Many rules-o-humb calculae 1/3rd
he range o 802.11b or 802.11g
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
802.11b
• Also an original 802.11 sandard - Ocober 1999
• Operaes in he 2.4 GHz range
• 11 megabis per second (Mbi/s)
• Beer range han 802.11a
• Less absorpon problems
• More requency conic
• Baby moniors, cordless phones,
microwave ovens, Blueooh
802.11g
• An “upgrade” o 802.11b - June 2003
• Operaes in he 2.4 GHz range
• 54 megabis per second (Mbi/s)
• Same as 802.11a (bu a lile bi less hroughpu)
• Backwards-compable wih 802.11b
• Same requency conic problems as 802.11b
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 13
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.4 - 802.11 Wireless Sandards (connued)
802.11n
• The updae o 802.11g, 802.11b, and 802.11a
• Ocober 2009
• Operaes a 5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz
• 40 MHz channel widhs
• 600 megabis per second (Mbi/s)
• 40 MHz mode and 4 anennas
• 802.11n uses MIMO
• Mulple-inpu mulple-oupu
• Mulple ransmi and receive anennas
802.11ac
• Approved in January 2014
• Signican improvemens over 802.11n
• Operaes in he 5 GHz band
• Less crowded, more requencies
(up o 160 MHz channel bandwidh)
• Increased channel bonding - Larger bandwidh usage
• Denser signaling modulaon - Faser daa ransers
• Eigh MU-MIMO sreams
• Twice as many sreams as 802.11n
• Nearly 7 gigabis per second
Maximum
theore4cal
throughput
(total)
Frequencies
Maximum
MIMO streams
Maximum
theore4cal
throughput
(per stream)
802.11a
5 GHz
Not applicable
54 Mbit/s
54 Mbit/s
802.11b
2.4 GHz
Not applicable
11 Mbit/s
11 Mbit/s
802.11g
2.4 GHz
Not applicable
54 Mbit/s
54 Mbit/s
802.11n
5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz
4 MIMO
150 Mbit/s
600 Mbit/s
802.11ac
5 GHz
8 MU-MIMO
866.7 Mbit/s
~6.8 Gbit/s
2.4 - Wireless Nework Technologies
802.11 technologies
• Frequency
• 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz (and somemes boh)
• Channels
• Groups o requencies, numbered by he IEEE
• Non-overlapping channels would be necessary
• Bandwidh
• Amoun o requency in use
• 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz
802.11 channel bandwidths
• 802.11a - 20 MHz
• 802.11b - 22 MHz
• 802.11g - 20 MHz
• 802.11n
• 20 MHz or 40 MHz
(wo conguous 20 MHz bonded channels)
• In 2.4 GHz, a 40 MHz channel uses
much o he available bandwidh
• 802.11ac
• 40 MHz or 802.11n saons
• 80 MHz required or 802.11ac saons
• 160 MHz oponal (conguous channels or nonconguous bonded channels)
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Bluetooth
• High speed communicaon over shor disances
• PAN (Personal Area Nework)
• Connecs our mobile devices
• Smarphones
• Tehering and le ransers
• Headses and headphones
• Healh moniors
• Auomobile and phone inegraon
• Smarwaches
• Exernal speakers
Near eld communicaon (NFC)
• Two-way wireless communicaon
• Builds on RFID, which is mosly one-way
• Paymen sysems
• Major credi cards
• Online walles
• Boosrap or oher wireless
• NFC helps wih Blueooh pairing
• Access oken, ideny “card”
• Shor range wih encrypon suppor
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 14
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.4 - Wireless Nework Technologies (connued)
RFID (Radio-requency idencaon)
• I’s everywhere
• Access badges
• Invenory/Assembly line racking
• Pe/Animal idencaon
• Anyhing ha needs o be racked
• Radar echnology
• Radio energy ransmied o he ag
• RF powers he ag, ID is ransmied back
• Bidireconal communicaon
• Some ag ormas can be acve/powered
Zigbee
• Inerne o Things neworking
• Open sandard - IEEE 802.15.4 PAN
• Alernave o WiFi and Blueooh
• Longer disances han Blueooh
• Less power consumpon han WiFi
• Mesh nework o all Zigbee devices in your home
• Ligh swich communicaes o ligh bulbs
• Tell Amazon Echo o lock he door
• Uses he ISM band
• Indusrial, Scienc, and Medical
• 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz requencies in he US
Z-Wave
• Proprieary home auomaon neworking
• Inerne o Things (IoT)
• Conrol lighs, locks, garage doors, ec.
• Wireless mesh neworking
• Nodes can hop hrough
oher nodes on
he way o he desnaon
• Uses he ISM band
• Indusrial, Scienc,
and Medical
• 900 MHz requencies in he US
• No conics wih 802.11
2.4 GHz Spectrum for 802.11 - North America
IEEE Channel #
1
6
11
20 MHz
2412 MHz
2482 MHz
5 GHz Spectrum for 802.11 - North America
IEEE Channel #
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100
104
108
112
116
120
124
128
132
136
140
144
149
153
157
161
165
169
173
177
20 MHz
40 MHz
80 MHz
160 MHz
5150 MHz
UNII-1
5250 MHz
UNII-2
5350 MHz
UNII-2
5470 MHz
Available channels
New channels added in April 2014
Previously indoor channels, usable outdoors aFer April 2014
requencies not available for 802.11
5725 MHz
UNII-3
5825 MHz
5925 MHz
2.4 - Cellular Nework Technologies
Cellular networks
• Mobile devices
• “Cell” phones
• Separae land ino “cells”
• Anenna coverages a cell wih cerain requencies
• 2G neworks
• GSM - Global Sysem or Mobile Communicaons
• CDMA - Code Division Mulple Access
• Poor daa suppor
• Originally used circui-swiching
• Minor upgrades or some packe-swiching
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
3G technology
• 3rd Generaon
• Inroduced in 1998
• Upgraded daa connecviy over 2G
• Incremenal 3G updaes improved speeds
• Usually several megabis per second
• Bandwidh improvemen allowed new unconaliy
• GPS
• Mobile elevision
• Video on demand
• Video conerencing
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 15
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.4 - Cellular Nework Technologies (connued)
4G and LTE
• Long Term Evoluon (LTE)
• A “4G” echnology
• Converged sandard (GSM and CDMA providers)
• Based on GSM and
• EDGE (Enhanced Daa Raes or GSM Evoluon)
• Sandard suppors download raes o 150 Mbi/s
• LTE Advanced (LTE-A)
• Sandard suppors download raes o 300 Mbi/s
Moving to 5G
• Updae o 4G - Rollou in lae 2018 and 2019
• Worldwide launches in 2020
• Signican perormance improvemens
• A higher requencies
• May no be as signican a lower requencies
• Technology updaes
• Addional requencies
• Improved daa ransmission mehods
2.5 - Nework Services
Web server
• Respond o browser requess
• Using sandard web browsing proocols - HTTP/HTTPS
• Pages are buil wih HTML, HTML5
• Web pages are sored on he server
• Downloaded o he browser
• Sac pages or buil dynamically in real-me
File server
• Cenralized sorage o documens, spreadshees,
videos, picures, and any oher les
• Sandard sysem o le managemen
• SMB (Server Message Block),
• Apple Filing Proocol (AFP), ec.
• The ron-end hides he proocol
• Copy, delee, rename, ec.
Print server
• Connec a priner o he nework
• Provide prinng services or all nework devices
• May be sofware in a compuer
• Compuer is conneced o he priner
• May be buil-in o he priner
• Nework adaper and sofware
• Uses sandard prinng proocols
• SMB (Server Message Block),
• IPP (Inerne Prinng Proocol),
• LPD (Line Priner Daemon)
DHCP server
• Dynamic Hos Conguraon Proocol
• Auomac IP address conguraon
• Very common service
• Available on mos home rouers
• Enerprise DHCP will be redundan
• Usually running on cenral servers
DNS server
• Domain Name Sysem
• Conver names o IP addresses
• And vice versa
• Disribued naming sysem
• The load is balanced across many dieren servers
• Usually managed by he ISP or enerprise IT deparmen
• A crical resource
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proxy server
• An inermediae server
• Clien makes he reques o he proxy
• The proxy perorms he acual reques
• The proxy provides resuls back o he clien
• Useul eaures
• Access conrol, caching,
• URL lering, conen scanning
Mail server
• Sore your incoming mail
• Send your ougoing mail
• Usually managed by he ISP or he
enerprise IT deparmen
• A complex se o requiremens
• Usually one o he mos imporan services
• 24 x 7 suppor
Auhencaon server
• Login auhencaon o resources
• Cenralized managemen
• Almos always an enerprise service
• No required on a home nework
• Usually a se o redundan servers
• Always available
• Exremely imporan service
SIEM
• Securiy Inormaon and Even Managemen
• Logging o securiy evens and inormaon
• Securiy alers
• Real-me inormaon
• Log aggregaon and long-erm sorage
• Usually includes advanced reporng eaures
• Daa correlaon
• Link diverse daa ypes
• Forensic analysis
• Gaher deails afer an even
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 16
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.5 - Nework Services (connued)
Syslog
• Sandard or message logging
• Diverse sysems, consolidaed log
• Usually a cenral logging receiver
• Inegraed ino he SIEM
• You’re going o need a lo o disk space
• No, more. More han ha.
• WORM drive echnology
• Wrie Once Read Many - DVD-R
• Proec imporan securiy logs
IDS and IPS
• Nework-based Inrusion Deecon Sysem /
Inrusion Prevenon Sysem
• Inrusions
• Explois agains operang sysems, applicaons, ec.
• Buer overows, cross-sie scripng, oher
vulnerabilies
• Deecon vs. Prevenon
• Deecon – Alarm or aler
• Prevenon – Sop i beore i ges ino he nework
All-in-one security appliance
• Nex-generaon rewall, Unied Threa
Managemen (UTM) / Web securiy gaeway
• URL ler / Conen inspecon
• Malware inspecon, spam ler, CSU/DSU, rouer, swich,
rewall, IDS/IPS, bandwidh shaper, VPN endpoin
Endpoint management server
• Manage all devices rom one pane o glass
• Sofware insallaons, driver insallaons, sofware
updaes, securiy paches, remoe roubleshoong
• Requires an agen on he device
• Server sends he commands
• Agen execues he commands
Legacy and embedded systems
• Legacy sysems
• Anoher expression or “really old”
• May also be “really imporan”
• Learning old hings can be jus as imporan as learning
he new hings
• Embedded sysems
• Purpose-buil device
• No usual o have direc access
o he operang sysem
• Alarm sysem, door securiy, mecard sysem
2.6 - An Overview o IPv4 and IPv6
IP addressing
• IPv4 is he primary proocol or everyhing we do
• You probably won’ congure anyhing else
• IPv6 is slowly appearing
IPv4 addresses
• Inerne Proocol version 4
• OSI Layer 3 address
IPv4 addresses format
192
. 168
.
1
. 131
11000000 . 10101000 . 00000001 . 10000011
8 bits
= 1 byte = 1 octet
32 bits = 4 bytes
IPv6 addresses
• Inerne Proocol v6 - 128-bi address
• 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
addresses (340 undecillion)
• 6.8 billion people could have
5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 addresses each
Networking with IPv4
• IP Address, e.g., 192.168.1.165
• Every device needs a unique IP address
• Subne mask, e.g., 255.255.255.0
• Used by he local device o deermine is subne
• The subne mask isn’ (usually) ransmied
across he nework
• Deaul gaeway, e.g., 192.168.1.1
• The rouer ha allows you o communicae
ouside o your local subne
• The deaul gaeway mus be an IP address
on he local subne
IPv6 addresses format
fe80::5d18:652:cd:8f52
fe80:0000:0000:0000:5d18:0652:cd:8f52
:
0000
:
8f52
fe80
:
0000
:
0000
:
0652
:
5d18
:
cd
1111111010000000 : 0000000000000000: 0000000000000000: 0000000000000000: 0101110100011000: 0000011001010010: 1100111111111101: 1000111101010010
16 bits
=
2 bytes
=
2 octets
128 bits = 16 bytes
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 17
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.6 - An Overview o IPv4 and IPv6 (connued)
DNS servers
• We remember names
• proessormesser.com, google.com, youube.com
• Inerne rouers don’ know names
• Rouers only know IP addresses
• Somehing has o ranslae beween names
and IP addresses
• Domain Name Services
• You congure TWO DNS servers in your IP conguraon
• Tha’s how imporan i is
2.6 - Assigning IP Addresses
DHCP
• IPv4 address conguraon used o be manual
• IP address, subne mask, gaeway, DNS servers,
NTP servers, ec.
• Ocober 1993 - The boosrap proocol - BOOTP
• BOOTP didn’ auomacally dene everyhing
• Some manual conguraons were sll required
• BOOTP also didn’ know when an IP address
migh be available again
• Dynamic Hos Conguraon Proocol
• Inially released in 1997, updaed hrough he years
• Provides auomac address / IP conguraon or
almos all devices
The DHCP Process
• Sep 1: Discover
• Sep 2: Oer
• Sep 3: Reques
• Sep 4: Acknowledge
Turning dynamic ino sac
• DHCP assigns an IP address rom he rs available
rom a large pool o addresses
• Your IP address will occasionally change
• You may no wan your IP address o change
• Server, priner, or personal preerence
• Disable DHCP on he device
• Congure he IP address inormaon manually
• Requires addional adminisraon
• Congure an IP reservaon on he DHCP server
• Associae a specic MAC address wih an IP address
Auomac Privae IP Addressing (APIPA)
• A link-local address
• No orwarding by rouers
• IETF has reserved 169.254.0.1 hrough 169.254.255.254
• Firs and las 256 addresses are reserved
• Funconal block o
169.254.1.0 hrough 169.254.254.255
• Auomacally assigned
• Uses ARP o conrm he address isn’ currenly in use
IPv6 link-local addresses
• A non-rouable local nework address
• Will only work on he local subne
• Required on every IPv6-enabled inerace
• You may see many IPv6 addresses per inerace
• e80::/10 wih only one subne allocaed (all zeros)
• Eecvely becomes e80::/64
• The las 64 bis are usually creaed wih a modied EUI-64
• Based on he MAC address
2.6 - Using IP Addresses
SSL VPN (Secure Sockes Layer VPN)
• Uses common SSL/TLS proocol (cp/443)
• Avoids running ino mos rewall issues
• No big VPN cliens
• Usually remoe access communicaon
• Auhencae users
• No requiremen or digial cercaes or shared passwords
(like IPSec)
• Can be run rom a browser or rom a (usually ligh) VPN clien
• Across many operang sysems
Conguring VLANs
• Local Area Neworks
• A group o devices in he same broadcas domain
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
NAT (Nework Address Translaon)
• I is esmaed ha here are over 20 billion devices
conneced o he Inerne (and growing)
• IPv4 suppors around 4.29 billion addresses
• The address space or IPv4 is exhaused
• There are no available addresses o assign
• How does i all work?
• Nework Address Translaon
• This isn’ he only use o NAT
• NAT is handy in many siuaons
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 18
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.6 - Using IP Addresses (connued)
LANs
• Local Area Neworks
• A group o devices in he same broadcas domain
Virtual LANs
• Virual Local Area Neworks
• A group o devices in he same broadcas domain
• Separaed logically insead o physically
Client-to-Site VPNs
• Also called “remoe access VPN”
• Requires sofware on he user device
• May be buil-in o exisng operang sysem
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 19
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.7 - Inerne Connecon Types
Cable modem
• Broadband
• Transmission across mulple requencies
• Dieren rac ypes
• Daa on he “cable” nework
• DOCSIS (Daa Over Cable Service Inerace
Specicaon)
• High-speed neworking
• 4 Mbis/s hrough 250 Mbis/s are common
• Gigabi speeds are possible
• Mulple services - daa, voice
DSL modem
• ADSL (Asymmeric Digial Subscriber Line)
• Uses exisng elephone lines
• Download speed is aser han he upload speed
(asymmeric)
• ~10,000 oo limiaon rom he cenral oce (CO)
• 52 Mbi/s downsream / 16 Mbi/s upsream are
common
• Faser speeds may be possible i closer o he CO
Dialup
• Nework wih voice elephone lines
• Analog lines wih limied requency response
• 56 kbi/s modems
• Compression up o 320 kbi/s
• Relavely slow hroughpu
• Dicul o scale
• Legacy sysems, nework uliy
• May be dicul o nd a modem
Fiber
• Fiber opcs o he home - high speed neworking
• Converged services - Voice, Video, Daa
• Enhanced eaures
• Hundreds o HD channels
• 1 Gbi/sec Inerne access
• 1 Terabye o cloud sorage
• 2 Terabye DVR
Satellite networking
• Communicaon o a saellie
• Non-erresrial communicaon
• High cos relave o erresrial neworking
• 50 Mbi/s down, 3 Mbi/s up are common
• Remoe sies, dicul-o-nework sies
• High laency - 250 ms up, 250 ms down
• High requencies - 2 GHz
• Line o sigh, rain ade
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
• BRI – Basic Rae Inerace (2B+D)
• Two 64 kbi/s bearer (B) channels
• One 16 kbi/s signaling (D) channel
• PRI – Primary Rae Inerace
• Delivered over a T1 or E1
• T1 – 23B + D
• E1 – 30B + D + alarm channel
• Commonly used as connecviy rom he PSTN
o large phone sysems (PBX)
Cellular networks
• Mobile devices - “Cell” phones
• Separae land ino “cells”
• Anenna coverages a cell wih cerain requencies
• Tehering
• Turn your phone ino a wireless rouer
• Mobile hospo
• Sandalone devices
• Use your phone or oher hings
Line-of-sight services
• Line-o-sigh
• Visual pah beween anennas - high requencies
• Common in meropolian areas
• Cover many homes simulaneously
• Also opons or non-line-o-sigh - lower requencies
• WiMAX neworking
• Worldwide Ineroperabiliy or Microwave Access
• Wireless high-speed Inerne access
2.7 - Nework Types
LAN
• Local Area Nework - Local is relave
• A building or group o buildings
• High-speed connecviy
• Eherne and 802.11 wireless
• Any slower and i isn’ “local”
WAN
• Wide Area Nework - Spanning he globe
• Generally connecs LANs across a disance
• And generally much slower han he LAN
• Many dieren WAN echnologies
• Poin-o-poin serial, MPLS, ec. - Terresrial and non-erresrial
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
PAN
• Personal Area Nework
• Your own privae nework
• Blueooh, IR, NFC
• Auomobile
• Audio oupu
• Inegrae wih phone
• Mobile phone
• Wireless headse
• Healh
• Workou elemery, daily repors
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 20
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
2.7 - Nework Types (connued)
MAN
• Meropolian Area Nework
• A nework in your ciy
• Larger han a LAN, ofen smaller han a WAN
• Hisorically MAN-specic opologies
• Everyone’s moving o Mero Eherne
• Common o see governmen ownership
• They “own” he righ-o-way
WMN
• Wireless mesh nework
• All devices connec ogeher
• A mesh “cloud”
• Sel orm - Connecs o each oher auomacally
• Sel heal - Reacs auomacally o changes
• Many dieren nework echnologies
• 802.11, Zigbee, Z-Wave, ec.
2.8 - Nework Tools
Cable crimper
• “Pinch” he connecor ono a wire
• Coaxial, wised pair, ber
• Connec he modular connecor o
he Eherne cable
• The nal sep o he process
• Meal prongs are pushed hrough he insulaon
• The plug is also permanenly pressed ono he cable sheah
Crimping bes pracces
• Ge a good crimper
• And a good pair o elecrician’s scissors / cable snips
• And a good wire sripper
• Make sure you use he correc modular connecors
• Dierences beween wire ypes
• Pracce, pracce, pracce
• I won’ ake long o become procien
Mulmeer
• AC volage
• Check wall oule volage
• DC volage
• PC power supply oupu volages
• CMOS baery power
• Connuiy
• Cable connecviy
• Fuse saus
Loopback plugs
• Useul or esng physical pors
• Or ooling your applicaons
• Serial / RS-232 (9 pin or 25 pin)
• Nework connecons
• Eherne, T1, Fiber
• These are no cross-over cables
Punch-down tools
• “Punch” a wire ino a wiring block
• 66 block
• 110 block
• Can be edious
• Every wire mus be
individually punched
• Trims he wires during he punch
• Very ecien process
Punch-down bes-pracces
• Organizaon is key
• Los o wires
• Cable managemen
• Mainain your wiss
• Your Caegory 6A cable will hank you laer
• Documen everyhing
• Wrien documenaon, ags, gra
Tone generator
• Where does ha wire go?
• Follow he one
• Tone generaor
• Pus an analog sound on he wire
• Inducve probe
• Doesn’ need o ouch he copper
• Hear hrough a small speaker
Using the tone generator and probe
• Easy wire racing
• Even in complex environmens
• Connec he one generaor o he wire
• Modular jack, coax, punch down connecors
• Use he probe o locae he sound
• The wo-one sound is easy o nd
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Cable testers
• Relavely simple
• Connuiy es
• Can ideny missing pins
• Or crossed wires
• No usually used or requency esng
• Crossalk, signal loss, ec.
WiFi analyzer
• Wireless neworks are
incredibly easy o monior
• Everyone “hears” everyhing
• Purpose-buil hardware or
mobile device add-on
• Specializes in 802.11 analysis
• Ideny errors and inererence
• Validae anenna locaon and insallaon
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 21
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.1 - Copper Nework Cables
The importance of cable
• Fundamenal o nework communicaon
• Incredibly imporan oundaon
• Usually only ge one good opporuniy a
building your cabling inrasrucure
• Make i good!
• The vas majoriy o wireless communicaon uses cables
• Unless you’re an amaeur radio operaor
Twisted pair copper cabling
• Balanced pair operaon
• Two wires wih equal and opposie signals
• Transmi+, Transmi- / Receive+, Receive• The wis is he secre!
• Keeps a single wire consanly moving
away rom he inererence
• The opposie signals are compared on he oher end
• Pairs in he same cable have dieren wis raes
Network cabling standards
• Elecronic Indusries Alliance (EIA)
• Alliance o rade associaons, develops sandards
or he indusry
• Sandards sar wih RS-# (Recommended Sandard)
or EIA-#
• hp://www.eia.org
• Telecommunicaons Indusry Associaon (TIA)
• Sandards, marke analysis, rade shows,
governmen aairs, ec.
• ANSI/TIA/EIA-568 - Commercial Building
Telecommunicaons Cabling Sandard
• hp://www.aonline.org
• Inernaonal ISO/IEC 11801 cabling sandards
• Denes classes o neworking sandards
Copper cable categories
Cable
Category
Maximum Supported
Ethernet Standard
Maximum Supported
Distance
Category 3
10BASE-T
100 meters
Category 5
100BASE-TX,
1000BASE-T
100 meters
Category 5e
(enhanced)
100BASE-TX
1000BASE-T
100 meters
Category 6
10GBASE-T
37 to 55 meters
Category 6A
(augmented)
10GBASE-T
100 meters
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Plenum-rated cable
• Tradional cable jacke
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Fire-raed cable jacke
• Fluorinaed ehylene polymer (FEP) or
low-smoke polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Plenum-raed cable may no be as exible
• May no have he same bend radius
• Wors-case planning
• Imporan concerns or any srucure
Unshielded and shielded cable
• UTP (Unshielded Twised Pair)
• No addional shielding
• The mos common wised pair cabling
• STP (Shielded Twised Pair)
• Addional shielding proecs
agains inererence
• Shield each pair and/or he overall cable
• Requires he cable o be grounded
• Unshielded and shielded cable
• Abbreviaons
• U = Unshielded
• S = Braided shielding
• F = Foil shielding
• (Overall cable) / (individual pairs)TP
• Braided shielding around he enre cable
and oil around he pairs is S/FTP
• Foil around he cable and no shielding
around he pairs is F/UTP
Coaxial cables
• Two or more orms share a common axis
• RG-6 used in elevision/digial cable
• And high-speed Inerne over cable
• RG-59 used as pach cables
• No designed or long disances
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 22
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.1 - Copper Nework Cables (connued)
T568A and T568B erminaon
• Pin assignmens rom EIA/TIA-568-B sandard
• Eigh conducor 100-ohm balanced
wised-pair cabling
• T568A and T568B are dieren pin assignmens
or 8P8C connecors
• Assigns he T568A pin-ou
o horizonal cabling
• Many organizaons radionally use 568B
• Dicul o change in mid-sream
• You can’ erminae one side o he cable
wih 568A and he oher wih 568B
• You’ll run ino problems
UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair
STP - Shielded Twisted Pair
TIA/EIA 568B
TIA/EIA 568A
1
White and Green
1
White and Orange
2
Green
2
Orange
3
White and Orange
3
White and Green
4
Blue
4
Blue
5
White and Blue
5
White and Blue
6
Orange
6
Green
7
White and Brown
7
White and Brown
8
Brown
8
Brown
3.1 - Fiber Nework Cables
Opcal ber communicaon
• Transmission by ligh
• The visible specrum
• No RF signal
• Very dicul o monior or ap
• Signal slow o degrade
• Transmission over long disances
• Immune o radio inererence - There’s no RF
Mul$%mode Fiber
Short%range communica$on, up to 2 km
Single%mode Fiber
Long%range communica$on, up to 100 km
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 23
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.1 - Video Cables
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
• DB-15 connecor
• More accuraely called DE-15
• Blue color
• PC Sysem Design Guide
• Analog signal
• No digial
• Image degrades afer 5 o 10 meers
HDMI (High-Denion Mulmedia Inerace)
• Video and audio sream
• All digial, no analog
• ~ 20 meer disance beore losing oo much signal
• 19-pin (Type A) connecor
• Proprieary connecor
• miniHDMI
• Type C connecor
• Designed or smaller devices
DisplayPort
• VESA sandard
• Video Elecronics Sandards Associaon
• A royaly-ree sandard
• Daa is sen in packezed orm
• Like Eherne and PCI Express
• Compable wih HDMI and DVI
• Passive adaper
DVI (Digial Visual Inerace)
• Single and dual link
• Single link; 3.7 Gbps (HDTV a 60 ps)
• Dual link; 7.4 Gbps (HDTV a 85 ps)
• DVI-A
• Analog signals
• DVI-D
• Digial signals
• DVI-I
• Inegraed
• Digial and analog in he same connecor
VGA
HDMI and miniHDMI
DisplayPort
Mini DisplayPort
or Thunderbolt
DVI (Digial Visual Inerace)
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 24
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3.1 - Mulpurpose Cables
Lightning
• Apple proprieary
• 8-pin digial signals - iPhone, iPad, iPod devices
• Some advanages over Micro-USB
• Higher power oupu or phones and ables
• Can be insered eiher way
• Simpler design, more durable
Thunderbolt
• High-speed serial connecor
• Daa and power on he same cable
• Based on Mini DisplayPor (MDP) sandard
• Thunderbol v1
• Two channels
• 10 Gbi/s per channel
• 20 Gbi/s oal hroughpu
• Mini DisplayPor connecor
• Thunderbol v2
• 20 Gbi/s aggregaed channels
• Mini DisplayPor connecor
• Thunderbol v3
• 40 Gbi/s aggregaed hroughpu
• USB-C connecor
• Maximum 3 meers (copper)
• 60 meers (opcal), daisy-chain up o 6 devices
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
• Simpliy connecons
• Priners, sorage devices, keyboard, mouse
• USB 1.1
• Low speed: 1.5 megabis per second, 3 meers
• Full speed: 12 megabis per second, 5 meers
• USB 2.0 - 480 megabis per second, 5 meers
• USB 3.0 - SuperSpeed
• 5 gigabis per second, ~3 meers
• Sandard does no speciy a cable lengh
USB 1.0/2.0
Standard-A
Plug
USB 1.0/2.0
Standard-B
Plug
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
USB 1.0/2.0 USB 1.0/2.0
Mini-B Plug Micro-B
Plug
USB 3.1 and USB 3.2
• USB 3.1
• Released July 2013
• SuperSpeed+
• 10 Gbi/sec
• USB 3.2
• Released Sepember 2017
• SuperSpeed+ over a USB-C connecor
• 10 Gbi/sec and 20 Gbi/sec
USB-C
• USB has a lo o dieren connecors
• And hey have changed over me
• Can be annoying o connec USB-A
• Third me’s a charm
• USB-C replaces all o hese
• One connecor o rule hem all
• USB-C isn’ necessarily USB 3.1
• The cable mus suppor he uncon
• USB 3.1 speeds
• Power delivery (> 7.5 was)
• Alernae mode (addional daa wires)
DB-9 serial cable connector
• D-subminiaure or D-sub
• Dieren sizes, A hrough E
• Commonly used or RS-232
• Recommended Sandard 232
• An indusry sandard since 1969
• Serial communicaons sandard
• Buil or modem communicaon
• Used or modems, priners, mice, neworking
• Commonly used as a conguraon por
• Serial console inerace
USB 3.0
Standard-B
Plug
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 25
USB 3.0
Standard-A
Plug
USB 3.0
Micro-B
Plug
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.1 - Mulpurpose Cables (connued)
USB 3.1/3.2 USB-C Connecor
Lightning Connector and
USB Standard-A Plug
DB-9 / RS-232 Connecor
3.1 - SATA Drive Cables
SATA (Serial AT Aachmen)
• SATA Revision 1.0
• SATA 1.5 Gbi/s, 1 meer
• SATA Revision 2.0
• SATA 3.0 Gbi/s, 1 meer
• SATA Revision 3.0
• SATA 6.0 Gbi/s, 1 meer
• SATA Revision 3.2
• SATA 16 Gbi/s, 1 meer
SATA data connectors
on a motherboard
SATA
Data
SATA
Power
3.1 - PATA Drive Cables
The PATA Standard
• Parallel AT Aachmen
• Remember he PC/AT?
• An evoluonary process
• Circa 1999
• Originally called Inegraed
Drive Elecronics (IDE)
• A Wesern Digial invenon
• 2nd generaon called EIDE (Enhanced IDE)
• The evoluon
• Promised aser speeds
• From 16 MB/s hrough 133 MB/s
• Addional devices
• Now called Parallel ATA (PATA)
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Hard drive with PATA connector,
jumpers, and Molex power connector
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 26
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.1 - PATA Drive Cables (connued)
PATA data cable
SATA data cable
Motherboard PATA connector
3.1 - SCSI Drive Cables
The SCSI standard
• Small Compuer Sysems Inerace
• No really “small” any longer
• Originally designed o sring many peripherals ogeher
ono a single cable/conroller
• Up o 16 devices in a SCSI “chain”
• Many dieren ormas
• Fas SCSI, Ulra SCSI, Ulra Wide SCSI, Ulra2 SCSI,
• Ulra3 SCSI, Ulra-320 SCSI, Ulra-640 SCSI,
• iSCSI (SCSI over IP)
• Parallel and serial opons
SCSI advantages
• No jus or hard drives
• Scanners, ape drives, CD-ROM drives
• Many devices on a single bus
• 8 on narrow bus, 16 on wide bus
• Very inelligen inerace unconaliy
• Much o he dicul conguraon work is done
beween he SCSI devices
• Indusry longeviy
• Well suppored in he enerprise
• A sandard drive or virual sysems
Motherboard SCSI connector
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
SCSI ID and logical uni (LUN)
• Every SCSI device on a single bus is assigned
a separae ID number
• SCSI ID 0 (SCSI conroller), ID 2 (hard drive),
ID 3 (CD-ROM)
• Logical unis (LUNs) are dened wihin each SCSI ID
• Separae drives in a sorage array or virual machine
• The signal a he “end” o a physical SCSI bus is erminaed
• Can be inernal o he device or
a separae erminaon device
• Serial aached SCSI (SAS) devices have no
jumpers, erminaors, or setngs.
Serial aached SCSI
• Move rom parallel o serial
• Increased hroughpu
• Similar o he move rom PATA o SATA
• Poin-o-poin connecon
• No more daisy chains
• No erminaon required
• The bus has wo devices on i
• The conrol and managemen o SCSI
• The speed o a serial connecon
Internal SCSI cable and connectors
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 27
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.1 - SCSI Drive Cables (connued)
Hard drive with Molex power connector,
jumpers, and SCSI connector
2.5” SAS hard drive
Internal SCSI Cable
High-density internal SAS connector
3.1 - Adapers and Converers
Adapters and converters
• The bes laid plans…
• Need an adaper
• Conver beween dieren connecors
• Elecrically compable
• Conver rom one orma o anoher
• You need Eherne bu you only have USB
• A good emporary x
• Or a good permanen one
DVI to HDMI
• DVI-D and HDMI are elecrically compable
• HDMI is backward-compable wih DVI-D
• No signal conversion required
• No loss o video qualiy
DVI to VGA
• DVI-A includes analog signals
• Backward compable wih VGA
• Only 640 x 480 is ocially suppored
• May only need an adaper
• Analog o analog
• VGA o DVI digial will need a converer
• Check your inerace specicaons
USB to Ethernet
• Some lapops don’ have an Eherne connecon
• Conver USB o Eherne
USB to Ethernet adapter
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 28
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.2 - Connecors
RJ11
RJ45
DB-9 / RS-232 Connecor
BNC connector
F-connector
eSATA and SATA connectors
Power supply connectors
Molex connector
3.3 - Overview o Memory
What is memory?
• Random Access Memory (RAM) is he mos common
• Bu i’s no he only kind o memory
• RAM is no reerring o hard drive or SSD sorage
• Don’ mix he wo erms
• Daa is sored permanenly on he drive
• Daa and programs can only be used when moved o RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) slos
• Memory ypes have changed hrough he years
• Driven by sandardizaon and echnology
• One o he mos imporan componens o your compuer
• Speed, speed, speed
• Every moherboard is dieren
• Check your documenaon
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
DIMM - Dual inline memory module
• Elecrical conacs are dieren on each side
• 64 bi daa widh
SO-DIMM
• Small Ouline Dual In-line Memory Module
• Abou hal he widh as a DIMM
• DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4 SDRAM
• Used in lapops and mobile devices
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
• The memory on he DIMM
• Dynamic - Needs consan rereshing
• Wihou rereshing, he daa disappears
• Random access
• Any sorage locaon can be accessed direcly
• Unlike magnec ape
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 29
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.3 - Overview o Memory (connued)
SDRAM
• Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
• SDRAM is synchronous wih he common sysem clock
• Queue up one process while waing or anoher
• Classic DRAM didn’ wai or a clock signal
Double Daa Rae 2 (DDR2) SDRAM
• Faser speeds
• Twice as as as DDR
• No backwards compable
• DDR2 won’ work in DDR slos
Double Daa Rae 3 (DDR3) SDRAM
• Twice he daa rae o DDR2
• Larger chip capacies - Maximum 16 GB per DIMM
• No backwards compabiliy
• Speed brings sacrice
Double Daa Rae 4 (DDR4) SDRAM
• Speed increases over DDR3
• Faser requencies
• Maximum 64 GB per DIMM
• Again, no backwards compabiliy
DIMM
(Dual lnline
Memory Module)
SO-DIMM
(Small Outline Dual
lnline Memory Module)
SDR vs. DDR
One Clock Cycle
Clock
SDR
Data
Data 1
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Data 6
One Clock Cycle
Clock
DDR
Data
Data 1
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Data 6
Data 7
Data 8
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 30
Data 9
Data 10
Data 11
Data 12
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.3 - Memory Technologies
Mul-channel memory
• Dual-channel, riple-channel, or quad-channel
• Memory combinaons should mach
• Exac maches are bes
• Memory module slos are ofen colored dierenly
Memory that checks itself
• Used on crical compuer sysems
• VM servers, daabase servers, any server
• Pariy memory
• Adds an addional pariy bi
• Won’ always deec an error
• Can’ correc an error
• Error Correcng Code (ECC)
• Deecs errors and correcs on he y
• No all sysems use ECC
• I looks he same as non-ECC memory
3.4 - Sorage Devices
Opcal ormas
• Small bumps read wih a laser beam
• Microscopic binary sorage
• CD-ROM (Compac Disc ROM)
• 700 megabyes (MB) capaciy
• DVD-ROM (Digial Versale Disc)
• 4.7 gigabyes (GB) or single-layer
• 8.5 GB or dual-layer
• Blu-ray Disc
• 25 GB or single-layer, 50 GB or dual-layer
Wring o opcal media
• “Burners” don’ creae bumps
• They darken phoosensive dye
• Compac Disc-ReWriable (CD-RW)
• DVD Read and Rewriable (DVD-R/RW)
• And Dual Layer (DVD-R DL)
• Blu-ray Disc Recordable (BD-R)
• Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable (BD-RE)
Solid-sae drives (SSD)
• Non-volale memory
• No moving pars - Very as
AHCI vs. NVMe
• SATA was designed or hard drives
• Uses AHCI (Advanced Hos Conroller
Inerace) o move drive daa o RAM
• SATA revision 3 hroughpu up o 600 MB/s
• SSDs need a aser communicaon mehod
• NVMe
(Non-volale Memory Express)
• Designed or SSD speeds
• Lower laency,
suppors higher hroughpus
• Take advanage o NVMe
wih an M.2 inerace
M.2 interface
• Smaller sorage device
• No SATA daa or power cables
• Can use a PCI Express bus connecon
• 4 GBye/second
hroughpu or aser
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
• Dieren connecor ypes
• Needs o be compable wih he slo key/spacer
• B key, M key, or B and M key
• Some M.2 drives will suppor boh
B-key and M-key
• M.2 doesn’ guaranee NVMe
• Your M.2 inerace may be using AHCI
• Check your documenaon
• Your moherboard may only suppor one ype o M.2 key
Hard disk drives
• Non-volale magnec sorage - rapidly roang plaers
• Random-access
• Rerieve daa rom any par o he drive a any me
• Moving pars
• Spinning plaers, moving acuaor arm
• Mechanical componens limi he access speed
• Mechanical componens can also break
Hybrid drives
• Solid Sae Hybrid Drive (SSHD)
• Boh a spinning drive and SSD in a single device
• SSD caches he slower spinning hard drive daa
• Increases speed wihou he cos o an SSD-only sysem
• Looks like a normal hard drive or SSD - Same orm acor
USB ash drives
• Flash memory
• EEPROM (Elecrically erasable programmable read-only memory)
• Non-volale memory - No power required o reain daa
• Limied number o wries - Can sll read he daa
• No designed or archival sorage - Easy o lose or damage
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 31
Flash memory
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.4 - Sorage Devices (connued)
Rota%onal Average
Rota%onal
Speed
Latency
(rpm)
15,000
2 ms
10,000
3 ms
7,200
4.16 ms
5,400
5.55 ms
3.4 - RAID
RAID
• Redundan Array o Independen Disks
• They’re also inexpensive disks.
• Dieren RAID levels
• Some redundan, some no
• RAID 0 – Sriping
• RAID 1 - Mirroring
• RAID 5 – Sriping wih Pariy
• Nesed RAID - RAID 1+0 (a.k.a. RAID 10)
• A sripe o mirrors
Sofware RAID vs. hardware RAID
• Sofware-based RAID
• A eaure o he operang sysem
• Doesn’ require any special hardware
• Usually lower-perormance han hardware-based
• Hardware-based RAID
• A eaure o he hard drive conroller
• Congured ouside o he OS
• Usually invisible o he operang sysem
• High perormance, designed or speeds
Hot swappable drives
• Add and remove while he sysem is running
• The connecon is “ho”
• Drive chassis
• Two or more drives
• Easy o repair
• Replace a drive while he sysem is running
• Combine wih RAID or 100% upme
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
RAID 0 - Striping
• File blocks are spli beween wo or more physical drives
• High perormance
• Daa wrien quickly
• No redundancy
• A drive ailure breaks he array
• Raid 0 is zero redundancy
RAID 1 - Mirroring
• File blocks are duplicaed beween wo or more
physical drives
• High disk ulizaon
• Every le is duplicaed
• Required disk space is doubled
• High redundancy
• Drive ailure does no aec daa availabiliy
RAID 5 – Striping with parity
• File blocks are sriped
• Along wih a pariy block
• Requires a leas hree disks
• Ecien use o disk space
• Files aren’ duplicaed, bu space is sll used or pariy
• High redundancy
• Daa is available afer drive ailure
• Pariy calculaon may aec perormance
RAID 10 (1+0) – A sripe o mirrors
• The speed o sriping, he redundancy o mirroring
• The bes o boh worlds
• Need a leas 4 drives
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 32
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.4 - RAID (connued)
RAID 0 - Striping
RAID 1 - Mirroring
RAID 5 - Striping with Parity
Block 1A
Block 2A
Block 1
Block 1
Block 1A
Block 2A
Block 3A
Parity A
Block 3A
Block 4A
Block 2
Block 2
Block 1B
Block 2B
Parity B
Block 3B
Block 5A
Block 6A
Block 3
Block 3
Block 1C
Parity C
Block 2C
Block 3C
Block 7A
Block 8A
Block 4
Block 4
Parity D
Block 1D
Block 2D
Block 3D
Disk 0
Disk 1
Disk 0
Disk 1
Disk 0
Disk 1
Disk 2
Disk 3
RAID 1+0 - A Stripe of Mirrors
RAID 0
RAID 0
RAID 1
RAID 1
RAID 1
Block 1
Block 1
Block 2
Block 2
Block 3
Block 3
Block 4
Block 4
Block 5
Block 5
Block 6
Block 6
Block 7
Block 7
Block 8
Block 8
Block 9
Block 9
Block 10
Block 10
Block 11
Block 11
Block 12
Block 12
3.5 - Moherboard Form Facors
Motherboard form factors
• Physical size - case sizing
• Basic layou - room or small changes
• Power - sandard connecors
• Airow - increasingly imporan
• Wikipedia: There are 40 dieren
moherboard ypes caegorized!
ATX form factor
• Advanced Technology Exended
• Sandardized by Inel in 1995
• Seen many updaes over he years
• Power
• 20 pin connecor
• 24 pin connecor, addional 4/8 pin connecor
• ATX moherboards are
sll manuacured in 2019
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
microATX (uATX)
• Smaller han an ATX moherboard
• Limied expansion slos
• Backward compabiliy
• Similar mounng poins
• Similar power
• Very popular orm acor
• Acvely manuacured as o 2019
ITX form factor
• A series o low-power moherboards
• Developed by VIA Technologies in 2001
• Mini-ITX is screw-compable wih
ATX and microATX
• Fis almos any enclosure
• Small orm acor uses
• Single-purpose compung,
i.e., sreaming media
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 33
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.5 - Moherboard Expansion Slos
A computer bus
• Communicaon pah
• A ciy o echnology
• Inernal PC growh
• Independen pahways
• Sysem expansion
• Addional capabilies
The expansion bus
• “Widh” in bis
• Big roads, lile roads
• Widh is changing o bandwidh
• Clock speed o he bus
• The expansion bus ges is own clock
• 1 MHz (megaherz) = 1 million cycles per second
• 1 GHz = 1000 MHz = 1 billion cycles per second
• Clock speed does no necessarily equal ranser rae
• DDR3 SDRAM can ranser 64 mes he memory clock
speed
Convenonal PCI
• Peripheral Componen Inerconnec
• Nobody ever calls i ha
• Creaed in 1994
• A common expansion inerace
• 32-bi and 64-bi bus widh
• Parallel communicaon
• Throughpu varies by bus version
• 133 MB/s (32-bi a 33 MHz)
• 266 MB/s (32-bi a 66 MHz or 64-bi a 33 MHz)
• 533 MB/s (64-bi a 66 MHz)
PCI Express
• Also known as PCIe
• Replaced PCI, PCI-X, and
AGP (Acceleraed Graphics Por)
• Communicaes serially
• Unidireconal serial “lanes”
• Slower devices don’ slow down everyone
• One, wo, our, eigh, sixeen, or hiry-wo ull-duplex
lanes
• x1, x2, x4, x8, x16, x32
• “x” is pronounced “by” i.e., “by 4,” “by 16”
PCI Express throughput
• Dieren versions o PCIe
• Improvemen in speed wih each ieraon
• Per-lane hroughpu in each direcon
• v1.x: 250 MB/s
• v2.x: 500 MB/s
• v3.0: ~ 1 GB/s
• v4.0: ~ 2 GB/s
• v5.0 (expeced in 2019): ~ 4 GB/s
3.5 - Moherboard Connecors
CPU sockets
• Moherboards are mached wih CPUs
• CPUs have specic socke requiremens
• CPU socke is usually he larges hing on he board
• And usually cenral o everyhing
• No easily upgradable - and ofen no an opon
Land Grid Array (LGA)
• Reverse he PGA - pins are on he moherboard
• No pin o damage on he CPU
• Easier o damage he moherboard
Zero Inseron Force (ZIF)
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Computer case
• Various ron-panel connecons
• No direcly conneced o he moherboard
Internal USB connector
• USB on he moherboard
• Inegraed - par o he moherboard
• On he back - keyboard, mouse
• Inernal case connecon
• Pins or case ineraces
Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 34
Land Grid Array (LGA)
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.5 - BIOS
BIOS - Basic Inpu/Oupu Sysem
• The sofware used o sar your compuer
• The rmware
• Sysem BIOS, ROM BIOS
• ROM or ash memory
• Inializes CPU and memory
• Build he workspace
• POST - Power-On Sel-Tes
• Look or a boo loader - Sar he operang sysem
Legacy BIOS
• The original / radional BIOS
• I’s been around or more han 25 years
• Older operang sysems alked o hardware
hrough he BIOS
• Insead o accessing hardware direcly
• Limied hardware suppor
• No drivers or modern nework, video,
and sorage devices
UEFI BIOS
• Unied Exensible Firmware Inerace
• Based on Inel’s EFI
• (Exensible Firmware Inerace)
• A dened sandard
• Implemened by he manuacurers
• Designed o replace he legacy BIOS
• Need a modern BIOS or modern compuers
• Graphical and ex-based
UEFI advantages
• Boo rom large (> 2.2 TB) GUID paron
able (GPT) disks
• Also suppors FAT and removable media
• Includes a pre-boo environmen
• This isn’ an operang sysem
• Has is own shell, drivers, and applicaons
• Browse he Inerne, backup a sorage drive
• Remoe diagnoscs, even wihou an OS
Nonvolale BIOS memory
• Sore he BIOS conguraon
• Your setngs
• Complemenary meal-oxide semiconducor (CMOS)
• A ype o memory
• May be backed up wih a baery
• Usually ash memory hese days
• Easily sored and accessed
The “CMOS” baery
• No needed or oday’s ash-based sorage
• Mainains older BIOS conguraons
• May only be used o mainain dae/me
• A bad baery will require a BIOS conguraon or
dae/me conguraon on every boo
• On older sysems, can rese he BIOS conguraon
by removing he baery
• Newer compuers use a jumper
3.5 - BIOS Opons
The secre buon(s)
• Launching he sysem seup
• Del, F1, F2, Crl-S, Crl-Al-S
• Microsof Virual PC (Windows 7)
• hps://suppor.microsof.com/en-us/kb/958559
• Hyper-V (Windows 8/10)
• Turn Windows eaures on and o
• VMware Worksaon Player
• hp://www.vmware.com/producs/player/
• Bu no VirualBox
• hp://www.virualbox.org
Fast startup
• Windows 8 and Windows 10
• Doesn’ acually shu down all he way
• Sars up very quickly
• Sars up so quickly, you can’ open he BIOS
conguraon
• This can be an issue
• Disable as sarup in Conrol Panel / Power Opons
• I you can
• Mos moherboards have a separae process
• Hold F2, hen press he power buon, or example
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Congure componen inormaon
• RAM - View and congure memory setngs
• Hard drive / SSD
• Drive setngs
• Boo order
• Opcal drive
• Enable / Disable
• CPU - CPU ypes
Buil-in diagnoscs
• Par o he BIOS
• Always available
• Run rom he BIOS menu
• No addional media or sofware required
• Focused on hardware checks
• Doesn’ ouch he operang sysem
Imporan ps
• Have a backup o your BIOS conguraon
• Make noes or ake a picure
• Don’ make a change unless you’re cerain o he setng
• I’s dicul o leave i alone
• Did I menon he backup?
• I can save a lo o me!
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 35
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.5 - BIOS Securiy
BIOS passwords
• BIOS Password / User Password
• Sysem won’ sar
• Need he password o sar he operang sysem
• Supervisor Password
• Resric BIOS changes
• Mus use supervisor password o change
any BIOS conguraons
Full disk encrypon
• Everyhing is encryped
• No jus individual les
• Windows BiLocker disk encrypon
• BIOS inegraes wih TPM
• TPM - Trused Plaorm Module
• Can be added o many moherboards
• Buil-in o some sysems
• Adds advanced crypographic uncons
LoJack for Laptops
• Originally called CompuTrace
• Name licensed rom he vehicle recovery service
• Buil ino he BIOS - sofware insalled ino he OS
• Reinsalls isel i removed or new sorage drive insalled
• “Phone home” uncon - provides locaon inormaon
• Thef mode`- remoely lock he lapop and/or delee les
• Forces a sarup password
Secure Boot
• Malicious sofware can “own” your sysem
• Malicious drivers or OS sofware
• Secure boo - par o he UEFI specicaon
• Digially sign known-good sofware
• Crypographically secure
• Sofware won’ run wihou he proper signaure
• Suppor in many dieren operang sysems
• Windows and Linux suppor
3.5 - Insalling BIOS Upgrades
Firmware upgrades
• Firmware
• Non-volale memory and sofware
• Older-syle ROMs
• Newer-syle ash memory
• Compuer BIOS, video adaper rmware, game console, ec.
• Improve perormance, x bugs
• No usually par o a normal mainenance process
• Upgrade or a specic reason
Ideny curren BIOS version
• May appear when sysem sars
• Can be dicul o cach
• Easier o look in Sysem Inormaon (msino32)
• Version and dae deails
• Compare he curren o he exisng
• An upgrade may no be available
• I possible, ge a copy o he curren version
• Always good o have a backup plan
Before upgrading...
• Read he documenaon
• Some BIOS updaes are bland
• Ohers are ull o new eaures
• Check or OS prerequisies
• Locae a reliable power source
• Lapop: Connec o AC power and have a ull baery
• Deskop: Use a UPS, i possible
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Run the upgrade program
• Really-old BIOS upgrades may require a boo disk
• Floppy or opcal media
• Mos modern upgrades run as an execuable
• Close all o your oher applicaons beore running
• May also run in he BIOS rom a ash drive
• Mos upgrade apps will check or prerequisies
• Don’ rely on his
• Requires a reboo
• Save your documens!
Oher opons
• Newer opons may be available
• Modern moherboards have advanages
• Mulple BIOS versions
• Two separae BIOS versions
• Easily swich beween hem
• Upgrade rom a USB ash drive
• Compuer may no even need o be powered on
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 36
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.5 - CPU Feaures
Processor cores
• Dual-core / Quad-core / Oca-core / Mul-core
• And more all he me
• Mulple cores
• Each core has is own cache
• The enre chip may have a shared cache
CPU cache
• Super as memory
• There’s no much o i
• Holds daa, insrucons, and/or resuls
• Level 1 cache
• Firs check
• Level 2 cache
• Secondary daa
• Level 3 cache
• Sll on he chip
• These days
Virualizaon suppor
• Run oher operang sysems wihin
a single hardware plaorm
• Mulple operang sysems share
physical hardware componens
• Virualizaon in sofware was limied
• Perormance and
hardware managemen challenges
• Virualizaon added o he processor
• Hardware is aser and easier o manage
• Inel Virualizaon Technology (VT)
• AMD Virualizaon (AMD-V)
Hyper-threading
• Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT)
• One CPU, acs like wo
• Doesn’ acually work as as as wo
• 15% o 30% perormance improvemen
• Operang sysem mus be wrien or HTT
• Windows XP and laer (any modern OS)
Core
Processor speed
• Real speed: CPU clock
• Hisorical qualicaon o speed
• Megaherz (MHz) or gigaherz (GHz)
• Acual speed
• Combinaon o dieren acors
• Clock speed, CPU archiecure, bus speed, bus widh,
• L1 cache size, L2 cache size, operang sysem capabilies
• CPU manuacurers have moved away rom markeng
perormance in clock cycles
• No broadly acceped measure o perormance
• Use a benchmark ha works or you
Overclocking
• When as isn’ as enough
• Increase he clock speed pas he raed value
• A balancing ac
• More power required, more hea creaed
• A some poin, he sysem becomes unsable
• Change he base clock (BCLK) - Need an unlocked CPU
• Run a sress es o conrm he sabiliy
• This will void your warrany
• You can break more han your CPU
Integrated GPU
• Graphics processing uni
• Par o a video adaper, moherboard or CPU
• Graphics rendering requires a lo o work
• Dedicaed hardware speeds he process
• On-die GPUs are increasingly common
• Bu no as powerul as separae adapers
Intel and AMD
• Two solid CPU manuacurers - The dierences are suble
• Cos - AMD ends o be a bi less expensive
• Lapops
• Inel has a large porolio o opons
• Choosing a side
• Hisorically, AMD is value and Inel is perormance
• This is a dynamic echnology segmen
Core
Core
Core
System
Agent
and
Memory
Controller
Graphics
Processor
Shared L3 Cache
Memory Controller I/O
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 37
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.5 - CPU Cooling
Case fans
• Cool air is pulled hrough a personal compuer
• Always check or good airow
• Moherboard layou becomes imporan
• Componen locaon is key
• Devices, wiring, power
• Many dieren sizes and syles
• And volume levels
On-board fans
• Designed o cool an enre adaper card
• Can be bulky
• May ake addional adaper card space
• Usually seen on high-end graphics cards
Fan specicaons
• Sandard sizes i.e., 80 mm, 120 mm, 200 mm
• Dieren speeds
• Variable speed
• Dieren noise levels
• No all ans sound he same
Heat sink
• Dissipae hea hrough hermal conducon
• Copper or aluminum alloy
• Fins/grid increase surace area
• Hea is hen ranserred o he cooler air
• Thermal pase creaes a good conac beween
he chip and he hea sink
• They ge HOT – don’ ouch hem!
Fanless / passive cooling
• No ans, no noise
• Silen operaon
• Specialized uncons
• Video servers, TV se op box, saellie receiver,
media server
• Funcons are very conrolled
• Careully measured hermal ess
• Low-power componens
• Hea sinks
Liquid cooling
• Coolan is circulaed hrough a compuer
• No a new concep
• Auomobiles, mainrame compuers
• High-end sysems
• Gaming, graphics
• Overclocking
3.5 - Expansion Cards
Expansion cards
• Exend he unconaliy o your compuer
• You may need more han he moherboard provides
• Relavely simple process
• Designed or end-user insallaon
• Insall hardware
• Add a card
• Insall a driver
• Sofware or he operang sysem
Documenaon
• Check he moherboard documenaon
• Number and ype o slos
• Check he adaper card documenaon
• Minimum requiremens - Hardware, sofware
• Knowledge base
• Any “gochas?”
• Suppor orums
• Wha are oher people saying?
• You may need o perorm a driver insallaon
beore insalling hardware
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Driver insallaon
• You checked he documenaon rs, righ?
• Check he web or he laes version
• Uninsall previous drivers hrough
Windows Device Manager
• Manuacurer provided seup program
• Manual insallaon hrough
• Windows Device Manager
• Check he Device Manager or he saus
• Does i work?
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 38
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.6 - Peripherals
Printer
• Color and B&W oupu
• Paper documens, phoos
• All-in-one - AIO
• Priner, scanner, copier, ax
• Connecviy
• USB
• Eherne
• 802.11 Wireless
• Blueooh / Inrared
Scanner
• Conneced via USB or 802.11 wireless
• Dieren orm acors
• All-in-one
• Flabed
• May include an ADF
• Auomac Documen Feeder
Barcode/QR code reader
• Serial or USB connecor
• Or 802.11 wireless
• Or wih your phone
• Buil-in camera
Display devices
• The human’s display device
• The mos popular oupu device
• Many dieren connecons
• Dieren sandards hrough he years
• Many dieren sandards
• And sizes
• And resoluons
VR headset
• Virual realiy
• Headse deermines wha you see
• Moon racking
• X, Y, and Z axis
• Inerac wih a virual environmen
• Gaming
• Educaon
• Ar
• Travel
Opcal / DVD Drive
• Sore and read daa wih ligh
• Uses a laser o read and wrie
• Read/wrie media
• Sore backups and documens
• Read-only media
• Daa can’ be deleed
• Common or video disribuon
• Limied sorage sizes
• Dual-layer Blu-ray holds 50 GB
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Mouse
• USB connecon
• Or an adaper or PS/2
• Opcal mice have ew moving pars
• May need he righ surace
• Glass may cause a problem
Keyboard
• Conneced via USB
• Or an adaper or PS/2
• Addional eaures may
require addional drivers
and/or sofware
Touch pads
• Inegraed ino he keyboard
• May be a sandalone device
• Conneced via USB
or Blueooh
• Replaces a mouse
• Uses no addional space
Signature pad
• We’ve gone paperless
• Bu we sll need
somewhere o sign
• Small digizer
• And sylus
• USB connecon
• Driver may be required
Gaming input
• Game pad and Joysck
• USB conneced
• Used almos exclusively or games
Webcam
• Video capure
• Buil-in camera
• USB conneced
• 802.11 Wireless
• Usually includes boh audio and video
• Specialized drivers and sofware
Microphone
• Inegraed ino mos new lapops
and mulmedia devices
• Also exernal
• Connecviy
• Analog - TRS (Tip / Ring / Sleeve)
• Digial - USB
Speakers
• Analog oupu devices
• Compable wih our ears
• Connecviy
• TRS (Tip / Ring / Sleeve) jacks
• Speaker oupu, audio adaper
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 39
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.6 - Peripherals (connued)
Headset
• Headphones and microphone
• One uni
• Desk and mobile use
• USB
• TRS plug
• Wireless / Blueooh
• Talk and lisen
• Deskop elephone
• Mobile communicaon
• Gaming
Digital projectors
• No always LCD
• Bu common o see LCD
• Meal-halide lamp
• Very brigh (very ho) ligh
• Brighness measured in lumens
• Relavely expensive
• (~ $35 o $350+ US)
• Always le bulbs cool
• Fan will run afer shutng o
• Keep i plugged in
External storage devices
• Sorage ouside he compuer,
and ofen removable
• Very porable, easy o
move large les
• USB ash drive, SSD, hard drive
• Many dieren connecviy opons
• USB, Thunderbol, eSATA, ec.
• Very large sorage opons
• And very mobile
• Can be a securiy concern
KVM
• Keyboard, Video and Mouse
• Use many compuers wih
a single keyboard,
video display, and mouse
Magnec reader / chip reader
• Poin o sale erminal
• Mehod o paymen
• Credi card
• Suppor or dieren ormas
• Inegraed circui
• Physically insered ino reader
• Magnec srip
• Backward compabiliy
• Reader is USB conneced
• To a poin o sale (POS) erminal
NFC / Tap-o-pay device
• Near-eld communicaon
• ~10 cenmeer wireless range
• Buil ino many phones
• Inegraes wih a paymen erminal
• Many dieren uses
• Conacless paymen sysems
• Ideny oken / door key
• Gaming and enerainmen
Smart card reader
• Smar card
• Card wih
embedded circuiry
• Used in paymen cards,
idencaon cards
• Useul orm o auhencaon
• Username, password, physical smar card
• Readers are buil-in or exernal - USB conneced
3.7 - Compuer Power
WARNING
• Always disconnect from the power source
when working on a device
• Always. Seriously.
• Some devices sore a charge in capaciors
• Know how o discharge beore ouching
• Never connect your body to any part of
an electrical system
• Do not connect yourself to an electrical ground
• Respec elecriciy - I does no respec you
Computer power supply
• Compuer uses DC volage
• Mos power sources provide AC volage
• Conver 115 V AC or 220 V AC
• To 3.3V DC, 5 V DC, and 12 V DC
• You’ll know when his isn’ working
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Amp and volt
• Ampere (amp, A) – The rae o elecron ow
pas a poin in one second
• The diameer o he hose
• Volage (vol, V)
• Elecrical “pressure” pushing he elecrons
• How open he auce is
Power
• Wa (W)
• Measuremen o real power use
• vols * amps = was
• 120V * 0.5A = 60W
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 40
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.7 - Compuer Power (connued)
Current
• Alernang curren (AC)
• Direcon o curren consanly reverses
• Disribues elecriciy ecienly over long disances
• Frequency o his cycle is imporan
• US/Canada – 110 o 120 vols o AC (VAC), 60 herz (Hz)
• Europe – 220-240 VAC, 50 Hz
• Direc curren (DC)
• Curren moves in one direcon wih a consan volage
Dual-volage inpu opons
• Volage varies by counry
• US/Canada – 110 o 120 vols o AC (VAC), 60 herz (Hz)
• Europe – 220-240VAC, 50 Hz
• Manually swich beween 110 V/115 V and 220 V/230 V
• Ge your meer! Or use an auo-swiching power supply
• Don’ plug a 115 V power supply ino
a 230 V power source!
24-pin motherboard power
• Main moherboard power
• Provides +3.3 V, +/-5 V, and +/- 12 V
• 20 pin connecor was he original ATX sandard
• 24 pin was added or PCI Express power
• You can connec a 24-pin connecor o
a 20-pin moherboard
• Some cables are 20-pin + 4-pin
Power supply output
• Dieren volages - For dieren componens
• Posive and negave volage
• Volage is a dierence in poenal
• The elecrical ground is a common reerence poin
• Depends on where you measure rom
• A he ron door o your house
• The second oor is +10 ee
• The basemen is -10 ee
• +12 V
• PCIe adapers, hard drive moors, cooling ans,
mos modern componens
• +5 V
• Some moherboard componens
• Many componens are now using +3.3 V
• +3.3 V
• M.2 slos, RAM slos, moherboard logic circuis
• -12 V
• Inegraed LAN
• Older serial pors
• Some PCI cards
• -5 V
• Available or ISA adaper cards
• Mos cards didn’ use i
• Today’s moherboards don’ have ISA slos
Sizing a power supply
• Power supplies are raed by was
• Overall and by individual volages
• Bigger isn’ necessarily beer
• More expensive
• Doesn’ speed up your compuer
• Physical size is relavely sandard
• Older cases and sysems may have proprieary sizes
• Calculae he was required or all componens
• CPU, sorage devices, video adaper
• Many online calculaors
• Video adapers are usually he larges power draw
• Many video card specicaons lis a recommended
power supply waage
• 50% capaciy is a good rule o humb
• Power supply runs ecienly and
here’s room o grow
3.8 - Cusom Compuer Sysems
Graphics worksaons
• Compuer Aided Design (CAD) /
• Compuer Aided Manuacuring (CAM)
• SSD
• High-speed sorage
• High-end video
• Complex graphics
• Maximum RAM
• Signican memory use
Audio/Video eding worksaon
• Specialized audio and video card
• High qualiy audio
• Powerul video
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
• Large as hard drive
• Consan disk wries
• SSD
• Dual moniors
• Edi in one monior, view oupu in he oher
Virualizaon worksaon
• Maximum RAM
• Every OS needs is own memory
• I adds up quickly!
• Maximum CPU cores
• Consan processing
• Need an ecien CPU
• Mos virualizaon apps can use mulple cores
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 41
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.8 - Cusom Compuer Sysems (connued)
Gaming PC
• SSD
• Fas sar and load mes
• High-end video/specialized GPU
• Graphically complex
• High denion sound card
• Mulple layers, amosphere
• High-end cooling
• High ulizaon or hours a a me
Standard thick client
• Deskop applicaons
• Execuable programs running in
local memory and using local CPU
• Mees recommended requiremens or
running he operang sysem
• CPU, oal RAM, disk space
3.9 - Common Devices
Thin client
• Very lile clien conguraon
• All he work is done on he server
• Mouse, keyboard, nework, monior
• And power on
• Minimal OS on he clien
• Mos o he OS is on he server
• Apps are cenralized on he server
• Few moving pars, i any
• Inexpensive o buy
• Easy o replace
Thick client
• A radional compuer
• Wih all o he requiremens
• Local resources
• Operang sysem
• Device drivers
• Applicaons
• Ongoing suppor
• Securiy paches
• Operang sysem updaes
• Applicaon updaes
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Thin client
• Basic applicaon usage
• Applicaons acually run on a remoe server
• Virual Deskop Inrasrucure (VDI)
• Local device is a keyboard, mouse, and screen.
• Minimal operang sysem on he clien
• No huge memory or CPU needs
• Nework connecviy
• Big nework requiremen
• Everyhing happens across he wire
Nework aached sorage device
• NAS - Access rom anywhere
• Media sreaming - Cenral locaon
• File sharing - Easy access
• Gigabi NIC - High speed ransers
• RAID array - Redundan hard drives
Accoun seup and setngs
• Cenralized accoun managemen
• Microsof Acve Direcory
• User accoun added o he direcory
• Thin clien - No local permissions required
• Thick clien
• Device is added o he Microsof domain
• User auhencaes o gain access o he hick clien
Laptop
• A hick clien ha moves
• Mobiliy brings addional adminisrave concerns
• Touchpad conguraon - Finger combinaons and swiping
• Synchronizaon and backup - Cloud-based or local drive
• Wireless connecons - Mobiliy in he oce and elsewhere
• Addional securiy - VPN connecviy, local drive encrypon
Phone / able
• Cenralized managemen - Mobile Device Manager (MDM)
• Touchscreen conguraon - Lock codes and biomeric access
• Applicaon insallaons - Se by policy and requiremen
• Synchronizaon and backup - Cloud-based
• Wireless enabled - Includes VPN connecviy
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 42
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.10 - SOHO Muluncon Devices
SOHO muluncon devices
• SOHO
• Small-oce / Home-oce
• Muluncon devices
• Priner
• Scanner
• Fax (yes, really)
• Nework connecon
Centronics connector
• Phone line connecon
DB-25 parallel connector
• Prin rom web
Wireless device sharing
• There are a lo o hings ha can go wrong
• Blueooh
• You’re going o x hem
• Limied range
Printer drivers
• 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac Inrasrucure mode
• Specic o a priner model
• Many devices using an access poin
• Ge his exacly righ
• 802.11 Ad hoc mode
• Ge he righ operang sysem drivers
• No access poin
• Windows 7, Windows 8/8.1, Windows 10
• Direc link beween wireless devices
• Ge he righ version o he operang sysem
Device sharing
• 32-bi drivers are very dieren han 64-bi drivers
• Inegraed prin server
• You can’ mix and mach drivers
• Prin direcly o he priner
• I’s a very specic ask
• Jobs are queued on he priner
Conguraon setngs
• Jobs are managed on he priner
• Duplex
• Web-based ron-end
• Prinng on boh sides o he page wihou manually
• Clien uliy
ipping over he paper
• Cloud prinng
• No all priners can do his
• Prin o he cloud
• Collae
• Useul rom mobile devices
• Prin mulple copies in heir proper order
• The cloud sends o your priner
• Non-collaed:
• Google, Broher, HP, ec.
• Page 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4
Sharing rom an operang sysem
• Collaed:
• Nework pors
• Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4
• Common on Windows devices
• Very useul or many copies o large documens
• Commonly uses cp/139, cp/445,
• Orienaon
udp/137, and udp/138
• Porrai vs. Landscape
• Bonjour
• The paper doesn’ roae
• Discover Apple devices on he LAN
• The priner compensaes
• Par o macOS
• Qualiy
• Can be added o Windows (iTunes, ec.)
• Resoluon
• AirPrin
• Color, greyscale
• Prin rom iOS devices o compable priners
• Color saving
Printer data privacy
Wired device sharing
• User auhencaon
• USB ype B
• Everyone can prin
• The mos common connecor
• Se righs and permissions
• USB Type B on he priner,
• Prinng vs. managing he priner
• USB Type A on he compuer
• Prin and scan caching
• Parallel
• Click prin
• Legacy sysems
• Local sysem creaes a le o he oupu
• Cenronics inerace on he priner
• Oupu le is sen o he prin server spooler
• DB-25 on he compuer
• Prinng is done rom he spool le
• Eherne
• Spool le is deleed when done (bu no always)
• RJ45 connecor
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 43
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.11 - Laser Priners
Laser printer
• Combine a laser, high volage, charged ions,
powdered ink, hea, and paper
• Very high qualiy
• Fas prinng speeds
• Very complex, many moving pars, requires on-priner
memory and messy on he inside
Imaging drum
• Image is drawn ono a phoosensive drum
• “Pained” wih a laser
• Picks up oner - Transers oner o he paper
• Can be separae rom he oner carridge or combined
Fuser assembly
• Hea and pressure - Mel plasc oner powder
• Permanenly bond oner o paper
Transfer belt and roller
• Color laser priners
• Cyan, yellow, magena, black
• Four separae oner carridges
• Image is ranserred rom all carridges o he single bel
• And hen o a single ranser roller
Pickup rollers
• Pickup paper - Should be a single page a a me
• Problems i no paper is picked up
or mulple shees are picked
• Should be periodically cleaned or replaced
Separaon pad
• Pull jus he op shee rom he paper ray
• No mulple shees
• Small and inexpensive - Easy o clean or replace
Duplexing assembly
• Priners usually prin on a single side
• No boh sides simulaneously
• Prinng on boh sides is a wo sep process
• Prin side one, prin side wo
• You need mechanisms o “ip” he page
• Auomacally
• Can be buil-in o he priner
• Or available as an add-on
Step 1: Processing
• Build he enre page in memory
Step 2: Charging
• Prepare he drum wih a
negave elecrosac charge
Step 3: Exposing
• Wrie he image wih he laser
Step 4: Developing
• Add oner o he charged areas
o he imaging drum
Step 5: Transferring
• Move he oner rom
he drum o he paper
Step 6: Fusing
• Hea and pressure
Step 7: Cleaning
• Remove excess oner
3.11 - Laser Priner Mainenance
Replacing the toner cartridge
• Look or he messages
• Low doesn’ mean empy
• The oner can also conain he OPC drum
• Organic Phooconducor drum
• Sensive o ligh; keep i in he bag
• Power down he priner
• Saey rs
• Remove packing srips rom he new drum
• Replace i wih he old
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Laser printer maintenance kit
• Laser priners wear ou
• All hose moving pars
• Hea and pressure
• Sandard mainenance kis
• Replacemen eed rollers, new user uni, ec.
• When o perorm mainenance?
• Check he priner’s page couner
• Power down and replace he componens
• Fuser unis are HOT
• Rese he page couner when you’re done!
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 44
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.11 - Laser Priner Mainenance (connued)
Laser priner calibraon
• Dieren oner carridges prin wih dieren densies
• Some dark, some ligh
• Laser priner calibraon can adjus he densiy
• Makes i looks perec
• Can be auomaed or a manual process
• Every priner is dieren
• Check he priner manual
Laser printer cleaning
• Laser priners are diry - All ha oner and paper dus
• Check he manuacurer’s recommendaons
• Waer, isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
• Don’ use harsh chemicals!
• Ouside - Damp cloh
• Inside - Wipe dus away
• Don’ use a normal vacuum cleaner or compressed air
• Wash o skin wih cold waer
• Clean rollers wih IPA
3.11 - Inkje Priners
Inkje (ink-dispersion) priner
• Relavely inexpensive echnology
• Quie
• High-resoluon
• Expensive ink
• Proprieary
• Evenually ades
• Clogs easily
Ink cartridge
• Place drops o ink ono a page
• Pulled rom a se o carridges
• CMYK
• Cyan, Magena, Yellow, Key (black)
Print head
• Some consumer priners inegrae he prin head ino
he ink carridge
• Change he carridge, ge a new prin head
• Ohers separae he ink carridge rom he prin head
Feed rollers
• Pick up and eed paper hrough he priner
• Mus be clean and no worn
• Duplexing
• Prin on boh sides o he paper
• Included wih some priners
Carriage and belt
• Ink carridges are moved over he paper
• Carriage may include is own prin head
• Bel moves he carriage back and orh
• Anoher moving par
Inkje priner calibraon
• Align nozzles o he paper
• Lines should be crisp
• Colors should align
• Priner includes a calibraon opon
• May need o make minor adjusmens
3.11 - Inkje Priner Mainenance
Cleaning print heads
• Small droples o ink
• And small holes in a prin head
• Clogged heads is a big issue
• Many priners auomacally clean every day
• Oupu has sreaks or secons o missing color
• Cleaning process can be sared manually
• Only akes a ew minues
• Some prin heads/carridges can be removed
• Manually cleaning may help
Replacing inkjet cartridges
• Usually separae colors
• Cyan, Magena, Yellow, and Key (CMYK)
• Some carridges will combine hese
• Takes seconds o replace
• Takes a ew minues o calibrae and
prepare he carridge
• Recycle he empy carridge
• All plasc
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Inkje priner calibraon
• Align nozzles o he paper
• Lines should be crisp
• Colors should no overlap
• Priner includes a calibraon opon
• May need o make minor adjusmens
Clearing jams
• Los o urns and wiss
• A jam is ineviable
• Remove ray paper
• Any loose paper
• Remove paper rom he pah
• Firm pressure, don’ rip
• Check or any scraps o paper
• Remove all loose paper
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 45
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.11 - Thermal Priners
Thermal printer
• Whie paper
• Turns black when heaed
• No ink!
• VERY quie
• Almos silen
• Paper is sensive o ligh and hea
• And clear ape
Feed assembly
• Pull paper hrough he priner
• Relavely small paper pah
Heang elemen
• Full-lengh heang elemen
• No moving prin head
Thermal paper
• Paper covered wih a chemical
• Changes color when heaed
• Cash regisers, credi card erminals
• And quie areas
• Looks like normal paper
• Feels a bi dieren
3.11 - Thermal Priner Mainenance
Thermal paper replacement
• Relavely inexpensive
• Bu impossible o subsue
• Dieren sizes
• No like laser priner paper
• Keep a lis
• Acual replacemen process is easy
• Simple paper eed
• Small device
Cleaning he heang elemen
• Liquid cleaner
• Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
• Ge a cleaning pen
• Check manuacurer’s recommendaons
• Swab genly
• Usually small areas
• Use a cleaning card
• Cleans he head
• And paper pahways
Removing debris
• Relavely small amoun
• Paper bis and dus
• No oner!
• Blow ou he priner
• Take i ouside
• Wipe i ou
• Damp cloh
• Avoid using a vacuum
• Unless i’s designed or compuers
• Resiss sac buildup/discharge
3.11 - Impac Priners
Do-marix (impac) priners
• Prin head wih a small marix o pins
• Presses agains a ribbon o make a mark on paper
• Good or carbon/mulple copies
• Low cos per page
• NOISY
• Poor graphics
• Niche use - Car renal, airpors
Dot-matrix printer head
• Moves back and orh
• Pins hi ribbon and paper
• One marix - Mus move across he page o prin
Printer ribbon
• Fabric
• One long ribbon - Never ending circle
• Easy o replace - Once single uni
• Proprieary size - Specic o priner model
Tractor feed
• Paper pulled hrough wih holes on he side o he paper
• Insead o using ricon
• Connuous paper eed
• Peroraons beween pages
• Holes have o line up perecly
• Tracor paper can be peroraed o remove holes
3.11 - Impac Priner Mainenance
Printer ribbon replacement
• Single ribbon
• Sel-conained - One long circle
• Replace when ink becomes oo ligh
• Ink is evenually consumed
• Designed o be modular - Replace in less han a minue
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Print head replacement
• Takes a lo o abuse
• Direcly his he ribbon and paper
• Ges ho - Wach your ngers
• Anoher modular par - Look or a release lever or bar
• Replace wih he ribbon or he bes eec
• The oupu should look perec
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 46
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
3.11 - Impac Priner Mainenance (connued)
Replacing paper
• No as easy as a laser priner
• Paper mus eed perecly ino holes
• Tracor eed
• Forms mus be posioned correcly
• Tex needs o  a predened space
• Paper mus eed wihou consrain
• Make sure nohing is in he way
3.11 - Virual and 3D Priners
Virtual printers
• No physical oupu
• Oupu o a “digial” documen
• No addional hardware required
• No priner, no paper
• Useul or sending elecronically
• Easy o manage
Prin o le
• You need o prin o a priner a work
• You’re a home
• Prin o he work priner driver
• Bu save i as a le
• File will be in an oupu orma specic o ha priner
• You can’ open i wih anoher program
• Mus use he command line o copy he le o he
priner, i.e., copy lename LPT1:
Print to PDF
• Adobe PDF
• Porable Documen Forma
• A one-way pah rom applicaon o PDF
• Cross-plaorm compabiliy
• Proprieary Adobe orma
• Requires specialized sofware o creae and view a PDF
• PDF viewers buil ino many Inerne browsers
• Many hird pary ools available
• Some applicaons will prin o PDF wihou any
addional sofware
Print to XPS
• Microsof XPS
• XML Paper Specicaon
• Similar use case o Adobe PDF
• Bu XPS is included in Windows
• And available all he way back o Windows XP
• Prin o XPS, view in any operang sysem
• I here’s an XPS reader
Print to image
• Prin o a graphics image
• For laer image eding or sharing
• No inegraed ino he OS
• A eaure o he applicaon
• Some hird-pary image prin drivers are available
• Applicaon may expor graphics ormas navely
3D printers
• “Prin” in hree dimensions
• Creae a 3D iem based on an elecronic model
• Addive manuacuring
• Mel plasc lamen in layers o creae he objec
• No machining process required
• Rapid prooyping
• Design and creae relavely quickly and inexpensively
• Deploy designs anywhere in he world
• Or ino space
Inrasrucure as a service (IaaS)
• Somemes called Hardware as a Service (HaaS)
• Ousource your equipmen
• You’re sll responsible or he managemen and securiy
• Your daa is ou here, bu more wihin your conrol
• Web server providers
Sofware as a service (SaaS)
• On-demand sofware - No local insallaon
• Why manage your own email disribuon or payroll?
• Cenral managemen o daa and applicaons
• Your daa is ou here
• A complee applicaon oering
• No developmen work required, i.e., Google Mail
Plaorm as a service (PaaS)
• No servers, no sofware, no
mainenance eam, no HVAC
• Someone else handles he plaorm, you handle he
developmen
• You don’ have direc conrol o he daa, people, or
inrasrucure
• Trained securiy proessionals are waching your su
• Pu he building blocks ogeher
• Develop your app rom wha’s available
on he plaorm
• SalesForce.com
4.1 - Cloud Models
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 47
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
4.1 - Cloud Models (connued)
Cloud deployment models
• Privae - Your own virualized local daa cener
• Public - Available o everyone over he Inerne
• Hybrid - A mix o public and privae
• Communiy
• Several organizaons share he same resources
Local and cloud resources
• On-premises
• Your applicaons are on local hardware
• Your servers are in your daa cener in your building
• Hosed
• Your servers are no in your building
• They may no even be running on your hardware
• Usually a specialized compung environmen
• Cloud
• Enre applicaon insances can be creaed and orn
down on-demand
• Resources are available as needed
Shared resources
• Inernal cloud
• No resources are shared
• Build your own cloud
• Pay or everyhing up ron
• No ongoing coss
• Exernal cloud
• Share resources wih a public cloud
• Underlying inrasrucure owned by a hird-pary
• Cos may be meered or up-ron
Cloud compung characeriscs
• Rapid elasciy
• Scale up and scale down as needed
• Seamless o everyone
• On-demand sel-service
• Adding sofware, neworks, servers, sorage is a
challenge ouside he cloud
• The cloud enables insan resource provisioning
• Resource pooling
• All o he compung power in one place
• One large resource insead o many small resources
• Measured service
• Coss and ulizaon are very closely racked
• Resource planning and granular chargebacks
Metered and non-metered
• Meered cloud services
• You pay or wha you use
• Cos o upload
• Cos o sore
• Cos o download
• Non-meered
• You pay or a block o sorage
• No cos o upload
• No cos o download
4.1 - Cloud Services
O-sie email applicaons
• Email is a saple
• Deailed elecronic communicaon
• A challenge o mainain
• Expensive hardware and sorage
• Trained suppor eam
• Ongoing backup and mainenance
• Cloud-based email hosng
• Fla cos per user per monh
• Personal opons may have no direc cos
• Looks and eels he same or he user
• Microsof Oce 365, Google Mail
Cloud le sorage services
• Sore your les in he cloud
• Access, share, and edi rom anywhere
• Easy o collaborae - One place or all les
• Synchronizaon app
• Sore les on a local drive
• The app synchronizes o he cloud
• Sync les o oher devices
• Cloud sorage providers
• Dropbox, Google Drive, Box, Microsof OneDrive
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Virual applicaon sreaming
• On-demand applicaons
• No local insallaon
• Globally disribued
• User sars he applicaon
• The componens are downloaded as needed
• I you don’ use a componen, you don’ download i
• User daa is sored securely in he cloud
• Easy o updae
• The applicaon is in one place
• Some daa is cached, only updae he changes
Applicaon sreaming
• Mobile phones / ables
• Run an app (or poron o an app) in real-me
• Try many dieren apps or componens
• Can be cached locally or laer use
• Applicaons or lapop/deskops
• No complex deploymen process
• Apps are only sreamed i hey are used
• New applicaons are simply added o
he cloud oering
• Quickly manage and make changes
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 48
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
4.1 - Cloud Services (connued)
Cloud-hosted virtual desktops
• A virual deskop inrasrucure (VDI) in he cloud
• Users connec o a pre-buil deskop
• Access rom almos any OS
• Windows, Mac OS, Linux,
• iOS, Chromebook, web browser
• Virual NIC
• All communicaon in he deskop are local o he
virual deskop
• No sensive inormaon sen rom he local device
4.2 - Clien-side Virualizaon
Virualizaon
• One compuer, many operang sysems
• Mac OS X, Windows 7, Linux Ubunu,
all a he same me!
• Separae OS, independen CPU,
memory, nework, ec.
• Bu really one compuer
• Hos-based virualizaon
• Your normal deskop plus ohers
• Sandalone server ha hoss virual machines
• Enerprise-level
• Been around since 1967
• IBM mainrame virualizaon
The hypervisor
• Virual Machine Manager
• Manages he virual plaorm and
gues operang sysems
• May require a CPU ha suppors virualizaon
• Can improve perormance
• Hardware managemen
• CPU
• Neworking
• Securiy
Resource requirements
• CPU Processor Suppor
• Inel: Virualizaon Technology (VT)
• AMD: AMD-V
• Memory
• Above and beyond hos OS requiremens
• Disk space
• Each gues OS has i’s own image
• Nework
• Congurable on each gues OS
(sandalone, NAT, bridged, ec.)
• Virual swich
Emulaon vs. virualizaon
• Virualizaon is a nave operang sysem
• Perorming nave OS processes
• This is idencal o using a non-virual sysem
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
• Emulaon is one device running processes designed
or a compleely dieren archiecure
• One device is preending o be anoher
• Original code is used
• Code is inerpreed or running on he curren hardware
• This is commonly slower han running navely
• Emulaon is no easy o do
Hypervisor security
• Hypervisor is a swee spo or he bad guys
• No signican vulnerabilies ye
• VM escaping
• Malware recognizes i’s on a virual machine
• Malware compromises he hypervisor
• Malware jumps rom one gues OS o anoher
• Many hosed services are virual environmens
• Malware on one cusomer’s server can gaher
inormaon rom anoher
Gues operang sysem securiy
• Every gues is sel-conained - Like a real compuer
• Use radional securiy conrols
• Hos-based rewall - An-virus, an-spyware
• Wach ou or rogue virual machines (VMs)
• The bad guys ry o insall heir own sysem
• You’re in big rouble
• Sel-conained VMs provided by
• 3rd pares can be dangerous
• You have no idea wha’s running on here
Network requirements
• Mos clien-side virual machine managers have
heir own virual (inernal) neworks
• Shared nework address
• The virual machine shares he same IP address
as he physical hos
• Uses a privae IP address inernally
• Uses NAT o conver o he physical hos IP
• Bridged nework address
• The VM is a device on he physical nework
• Privae address
• The VM does no communicae ouside
o he virual nework
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 49
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.1 - How o Troubleshoo
Uh oh.
It's broken!
Not xed
yet!
Evaluate
Results: Is it
working?
Verify Full System
Func@onality
Iden@fy the
Problem
Yes!
Establish a
Theory
Establish a
Plan of Ac@on
Implement
the Plan
Document
Findings
It works! Yay!
Change management
• Change conrol
• A ormal process or managing change
• Avoid downme, conusion, and misakes
• Corporae policy and procedures
• Nohing changes wihou he process
• Plan or a change
• Esmae he risk associaed wih he change
• Have a recovery plan i he change doesn’ work
• Tes beore making he change
• Documen all o his and ge approval
• Make he change
Ideny he problem
• Inormaon gahering
• Ge as many deails as possible
• Duplicae he issue, i possible
• Ideny sympoms - May be more han a single sympom
• Queson users - Your bes source o deails
• Deermine i anyhing has changed
• Who’s in he wiring close?
• Approach mulple problems individually
• Break problems ino smaller pieces
• Backup everyhing
• You’re going o make some changes
• You should always have a rollback plan
• Wha else has changed?
• The user may no be aware
• Environmenal changes
• Inrasrucure changes
• There may be some clues - Check OS log les
• Applicaons may have log inormaon
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Test the Theory
Establish a theory
• Sar wih he obvious
• Occam’s razor applies
• Consider everyhing
• Even he no-so-obvious
• Make a lis o all possible causes
• Sar wih he easy heories
• And he leas dicul o es
• Research he sympoms
• Inernal knowledgebase
• Google searches
Test the theory
• Conrm he heory
• Deermine nex seps o resolve problem
• Theory didn’ work?
• Re-esablish new heory or escalae
• Call an exper
• The heory worked!
• Make a plan…
Creae a plan o acon
• Build he plan
• Correc he issue wih a minimum o impac
• Some issues can’ be resolved
during producon hours
• Ideny poenal eecs
• Every plan can go bad
• Have a plan B
• And a plan C
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 50
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.1 - How o Troubleshoo (connued)
Implemen he soluon
• Fix he issue
• Implemen during he change conrol window
• Escalae as necessary
• You may need help rom a 3rd pary
Veriy ull sysem unconaliy
• I’s no xed unl i’s really xed
• The es should be par o your plan
• Have your cusomer conrm he x
• Implemen prevenave measures
• Le’s avoid his issue in he uure
Documen ndings
• I’s no over unl you build he knowledge base
• Don’ lose valuable knowledge!
• Wha acon did you ake?
• Wha oucome did i have?
• Consider a ormal daabase
• Help desk case noes
• Searchable daabase
5.2 - Troubleshoong Common Hardware Problems
Unexpected shutdowns
• No warning, black screen
• May have some deails in your Even Viewer
• Hea-relaed issue
• High CPU or graphics, gaming
• Check all ans and hea sinks
• BIOS may show an saus and emperaures
• Failing hardware
• Has anyhing changed?
• Check Device Manager, run diagnoscs
• Could be anyhing
• Eliminae wha’s working
Lockups
• Sysem compleely sops
• Compleely. Usually no much in he even log
• Similar o unexpeced shudowns
• Check or any acviy
• Hard drive, saus lighs, ry Crl-Al-Del
• Updae drivers and sofware paches
• Has his been done recenly?
• Low resources
• RAM, sorage
• Hardware diagnoscs may be helpul
POST (Power On Sel Tes)
• Tes major sysem componens beore boong he
operang sysem
• Main sysems (CPU, CMOS, ec.)
• Video
• Memory
• Failures are usually noed wih beeps and/or codes
• BIOS versions can dier, check your documenaon
• Don’ boher memorizing he beep codes
• They’re all dieren beween manuacurers
• Know wha o do when you hear hem
POST and boot
• Blank screen on boo
• Bad video
• Lisen or beeps
• BIOS conguraon issue
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
• BIOS me and setng
• Mainained wih he moherboard baery
• Replace he baery
• Aemps o boo o incorrec device
• Se boo order in BIOS conguraon
• Conrm ha he sarup device has
a valid operang sysem
• Check or media in a sarup device
Connuous reboos
• How ar does he boo go beore reboong?
• BIOS only? OS splash screen?
• Bad driver or conguraon
• F8, “Boo rom las known working conguraon”
• Try F8, Sae Mode
• I sysem sars, disable auomac resars
in Sysem Properes
• Bad hardware
• Try removing or replacing devices
• Check connecons and resea
No power
• No power
• No power a he source
• No power rom he power supply
• Ge ou your mulmeer
• Fans spin - no power o oher devices
• Where is your an power conneced?
• No POST - bad moherboard?
• Case ans have lower volage requiremens
• Check he power supply oupu
Overheang
• Hea generaon
• CPUs, video adapers, memory
• Cooling sysems
• Fans and airow
• Hea sinks
• Clean and clear
• Veriy wih monioring sofware
• Buil ino he BIOS
• Try HWMonior - hp://www.cpuid.com/
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 51
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.2 - Troubleshoong Common Hardware Problems (connued)
Loud noises
• Compuers should hum
• No grind
• Raling
• Loose componens
• Scraping
• Hard drive issues
• Clicking
• Fan problems
• Pop
• Blown capacior
Inermien device ailure
• Somemes i works
• Somemes i doesn’
• Bad insall
• Check and resea
• Use all he screws
• Bad hardware
• Poor connecon
• Hea and vibraon
Indicator lights
• POST codes on he moherboard
• Power
• Link ligh
• Speed
• Acviy
Smoke and burning smell
• Elecrical problems
• The smoke makes everyhing work
• Always disconnec power
• There should never be a burned odor
• Locae bad componens
• Even afer he sysem has cooled down
• Replace all damaged componens
Crash screens
• Windows Sop Error
• Blue Screen o Deah - You don’ wan his
• Conains imporan inormaon
• Also wrien o even log
• Useul when racking down problems
• Somemes more useul or manuacurer suppor
The spinning ball of death
• The Mac OS X Spinning Wai Cursor
• Feedback ha somehing is happening
• The spin sars, bu i never sops
• You never ge back conrol o your compuer
• Many possible reasons
• Applicaon bug, bad hardware, slow paging o disk
• Resar he compuer
• There may be deails in he console logs
Log entries
• Windows
• Even Viewer
• Boo logs
• Sysem Conguraon
• C:\Windows\nblog.x
• Linux
• Individual applicaon logs - /var/log
• Mac OS X - Ulies / Console.app
Error messages
• The deails o an error message can make or
break a roubleshoong session
• Wrie down everyhing
• Take a picure, make a video
• Train your users
• The error migh no make sense
• Wrie i down anyway
• The Inerne will ell you wha i means
• Spend your me roubleshoong he righ hings
5.3 - Troubleshoong Hard Drives
Disk failure symptoms
• Read/wrie ailure
• “Canno read rom he source disk”
• Slow perormance
• Consan LED acviy
• Rery...rery...rery
• Loud clicking noise
• The click o deah
Troubleshoong disk ailures
• Ge a backup
• Firs hing - a bad drive is bad
• Check or loose or damaged cables
• Check or overheang
• Especially i problems occur afer sarup
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
• Check power supply
• Especially i new devices were added
• Run hard drive diagnoscs
• From he drive or compuer manuacurer
• Preerably on a known-good compuer
Boot failure symptoms
• Drive no recognized
• Lighs (or no lighs)
• Beeps
• Error messages
• Operang sysem no ound
• The drive is here
• Windows is no
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 52
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.3 - Troubleshoong Hard Drives (connued)
Troubleshoong boo ailures
• Check your cables
• Physical problem
• Check boo sequence in BIOS
• Check or removable disks (especially USB)
• Check or disabled sorage ineraces
• For new insallaon, check hardware conguraon
• Daa and power cables
• Try dieren SATA ineraces
• Try he drive in a dieren compuer
RAID not found
• Missing or auly RAID conroller
RAID stops working
• Each RAID is dieren
• Don’ sar pulling drives unl you check he console!
Crash screens
• Windows Sop Error,
• Apple spinning wai cursor - A very serious issue
• May indicae a sorage device issue
• Diagnoscs needed or drive and moherboard
S.M.A.R.T. errors
• Sel-Monioring, Analysis, and Reporng Technology
• Use hird-pary ulies
• Avoid hardware ailure
• Look or warning signs
• Schedule disk checks
• Buil-in o mos drive arrays
• Warning signs
• Replace a drive
RAID 0
Disks
Required
2 or more
A single drive failure breaks the array with data loss
RAID 1
2 or more
Array will work as long as one drive is opera>onal
RAID 5
3 or more
Need all drives opera>onal but one
RAID 10
4 or more
Can lose all but one from each set of mirrors
RAID
Failure Condi4on
5.4 - Troubleshoong Video and Display Issues
No video image
• Is i conneced?
• We wouldn’ ask i i wasn’ a real soluon
• Check boh power and signal cable
• Inpu selecon on monior
• HDMI, DVI, VGA, ec.
• Image is dim
• Check brighness conrols
• Swap he monior
• Try he monior on anoher compuer
• No video afer Windows loads
• Use VGA mode (F8)
Image quality problems
• Flickering, color paerns incorrec
• You can almos work wih his
• Check he cable pins
• Especially i missing a color
• Disored image and geomery
• Check he OS reresh rae and resoluon setngs
• Need o mach he display specicaons
• Nave resoluon is imporan on LCD displays
• Check or replace cable
• Disable hardware acceleraon
• Troubleshoo wih he sofware drivers
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
• Oversized images and icons
• Resoluon se oo low
• Lower = larger
• Burn-in
• A problem across all monior ypes
• Some displays will pixel-shif
• Bu you won’ noce i
• LCDs have “image scking”
• Remove by displaying a whie screen
or an exended period
Other video issues
• Pixel problems
• Suck pixels (consanly brigh)
• Dead pixels (always black)
• Aracs
• Unusual graphics - check adaper
• Image persisence - Turn o display
• Moon rails
• Disable advanced video eaures
• BSOD and Overheang
• Video drivers
• Monior he inernal emperaure
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 53
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.5 - Troubleshoong Lapops
LCD display roubleshoong
• No display or dim video
• Veriy he backligh
• Look closely, i may be barely visible
• No backligh, replace he inverers
• Conrm video wih an exernal display
• Video good, bu LCD bad
• Replace he LCD display
• Flickering video
• Connecor problem
• Bad video cable
• Bad video hardware
Input issues
• Scking keys
• Dicul o clean
• Keycaps are very (very) delicae!
• Ghos cursor / Poiner drif
• Mousepad causes cursor o bounce around
• Modiy he conguraon o check or palm press
• Updae your drivers
• Num lock indicaor lighs
• The leers are numbers!
Wireless roubleshoong
• Mulple anennas
• WiFi main and aux, Blueooh
• Anenna wires wrap around he lapop screen
• Easy o accidenally disconnec during mainenance
• No 802.11 wireless, no Blueooh
• Check he connecors
• Loose cables can cause inermien wireless access
Power issues
• Baery no charging
• Baeries lose capaciy over me
• Lapop charging hardware may be auly
• No power
• Check he exernal power adaper “brick”
wih mulmeer
• Maser lapop rese
• Hold power or 10 seconds - Each lapop is dieren
External monitor issues
• Toggle Fn keys
• Secondary uncons
• Toggle beween LCD / exernal monior / boh
• Use exernal monior
• Bypass he LCD (bu no he video hardware)
5.5 - Troubleshoong Mobile Devices
Touchscreen non-responsive
• Touchscreen compleely black or ouchscreen
no responding o inpu
• Buons and screen presses do no regiser
• Apple iOS rese
• Press power buon, slide o power o,
press power buon
• Hold down power buon and Home|volume
or 10 seconds
• Android device resar
• Remove baery, pu back in, power on
• Hold down power and volume down unl resar
• Some phones have dieren key combinaons
• Some phone do no have a key-based rese
App issues
• Problemac apps
• Apps no loading, Slow app perormance
• Sop he app and resar
• iPhone: Double-ap home buon, slide app up
• Android: Setngs/Apps, selec app, Force sop
• Resar he phone
• Hold power buon, power o
• Updae he app
• Ge he laes version
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Unable to decrypt email
• Proec your email
• Encryped communicaon channels
• Buil-in o corporae email sysems
• Microsof Oulook
• Each user has a privae key
• You can’ decryp wihou he key
• Insall individual privae keys on every mobile device
• Use a Mobile Device Manager (MDM)
Shor baery lie
• Bad recepon
• Always searching or signal
• Airplane mode on he ground
• Disable unnecessary eaures
• 802.11 wireless, Blueooh, GPS
• Check applicaon baery usage
• iPhone: Setngs/Baery
• Android: Setngs/Baery
• Replace aging baery
• There’s only so many recharges
Overheang
• Phone will auomacally shu down
• Avoid overheang damage
• Charging/discharging he baery,
• CPU usage, display ligh - creaes hea
• Check app usage - Some apps can use a lo o CPU
• Avoid direc sunligh - Quickly overheas
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 54
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.5 - Troubleshoong Mobile Devices (connued)
Frozen system
• Nohing works
• No screen or buon response
• Sof rese
• Hold power down and urn o
• Hard rese
• iOS: Hold power and home|volume or 10 seconds
• Android: Various combinaons o power, home, and
volume buons
• Ongoing problems may require a acory rese
• Insall laes operang sysem and reload
No sound from speakers
• No sound rom a parcular app
• Check volume setngs
• Boh app and phone setngs
• Bad sofware / delee and reload
• Try headphones
• Sound sars bu hen sops
• Dueling apps / keep app in oreground
• No speaker sound rom any app
(no alarm, no music, no audio)
• Load laes sofware or acory rese
GPS no unconing
• Check setngs o enable GPS
• iOS: Setngs / Privacy / Locaon Services
• Android: Setngs / Locaon
• Congure locaon mode
• iOS: Setngs / Privacy / Locaon Services
• Android: Setngs / Locaon / Locaon mode
• Need a good view o he sky
• You’re lisening o saellies in space
Swollen baery
• Buildup o gas
• Designed o sel-conain
• Do NOT open he baery packe/conainer
• Signican re risk
• You’ll be sorry
• Fauly baery
• Sop using immediaely
• Dispose o properly
• Device can be damaged
• Beer han having a re
5.5 - Device Disassembly Bes Pracces
Device disassembly
• Dieren han working on a deskop compuer
• Many dieren pieces
• Inricaely engineered
• Tigh quarers
• Taking i apar is easy
• Getng i back ogeher...
• Easy o break somehing
• Very delicae pars
Mapping the puzzle
• Documen and label
• I seems obvious when disassembling
• I’s no obvious a all when assembling
• Check iFixi and similar sies
• Cable locaons
• There are a lo o cables
• Anennas, drives, video, ec.
• Screw locaons
• There are a LOT o screws
• Dieren sizes
• “Hidden” locaons
Organize parts
• Lapops disassemble in secons
• Ouer shell, keyboard, video connecor, ec.
• Sep-by-sep
• Take picures
• Use a big workspace
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
• Use conainers o separae he secons
• Glasses, boxes, ec.
• Magnec grid
• Mul-day projecs should be sealed or proeced
Ge he righ inormaon
• Reer o manuacurer resources
• Ofen provide sep-by-sep repair guides
• The Inerne provides he res
• Online wrien guides, YouTube videos
• Specialized sies can help - hp://www.ixi.com/
The tools
• Use appropriae hand ools
• Somemes a single screwdriver
• Ge a good weezer
• Somemes specialized ools
• Magnicaon will be needed
• Smaller and smaller devices
• Ge a big an-sac cloh
• Somehing sof o proec screens
• Easy o break ny pars
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 55
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.6 - Troubleshoong Priners
Tesng he priner
• Prin or scan a es page
• Buil ino Windows
• No he applicaon
• Use diagnosc ools
• Web-based ulies
• Buil ino he priner
• Vendor specic
• Download rom he web sie
• Generic
• Available in LiveCD orm
Bad output
• Sreaks and blurs
• Inkje: Clean prin heads
• Laser: Check or scrached phoosensive drum
• Faded prins, blank pages
• Low oner or ink
• Ghos images
• Laser priner opcal drum no cleaned properly
• Ghos or “shadow” rom previous drum roaon
Final print
• Color prins in wrong prin color
• Low ink in one carridge
• Everyhing else works ne
• Laser priner oupu smudges everywhere
• Toner no used o he paper
• Should be permanenly meled and pressed
• May no be ho
• Fuser problem
Paper jam
• Careul when removing
• Don’ rip he paper
• Don’ damage inernal componens
• Paper no eeding
• Check he ray
• Pickup rollers
• Par o a laser priner mainenance ki
• Creased paper
• Problems in he paper pah
• Check he paper weigh
Network issues
• No connecviy
• Powered on?
• User inervenon required
• Wired cabling / Wireless setngs
• Access denied
• Securiy ab
• Prin
• Manage his priner
• Manage documens
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Bad output
• Garbled characers on paper
• Bad priner driver / wrong model
• Incorrec page descripon language
• (PCL or PosScrip?)
• Bad applicaon
• Check wih a es page
OS issues
• Unable o insall priner
• Drivers are imporan OS updaes
• User mus have proper righs
• Check he priner driver
• 32 bi vs. 64 bi
• Backed up prin queue
• Prin server no working
• Prin spooler crash
• Resar he spooler
• Change recovery opons
Error messages
• Error codes
• On he priner display
• Today’s priners have large LCDs
• Low memory errors
• Laser priners build he enre page in memory
• Complex images and graphics
consume more memory
No output
• Check he priner
• Getng power? Check or display messages
• Run a es prin rom he priner
• Check he connecviy
• Prin a es page rom a compuer
• Check direc connecon
• Try across he nework
• Tess he operang sysem, nework,
drivers, and spooler
• Check oher applicaons
• Prin rom a dieren program
Mulple ailed jobs in logs
• Corruped prin jobs
• Prin spooler will crash
• Mos spooler conguraon
will auomacally resar
• Problems are logged
• Windows Even Viewer, Windows-PrinService
• One job may be causing he issue
• Monior he queue or deails
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 56
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.6 - Troubleshoong Priners (connued)
Normal Windows Printer Test Page
A “ghosng” Windows Priner Tes Page rom a
laser printer with a faulty cleaning subsystem
Windows Printer Test Page from a laser printer
wih a scrached phoosensive drum
Printer Test Page printed with the incorrect page
descripon language or incorrec driver
5.7 - Troubleshoong Neworks
No nework connecviy
• Do you have a link ligh?
• Is i plugged in?
• Ping loopback (127.0.0.1)
• Is he proocol sack working?
• Availabiliy and inermien connecviy
• Ping local IP address
• Checks local conguraon, adaper, and link signal
• Ping deaul gaeway
• Connecviy on he local nework
• Ping devices on rouer’s oher side
• 8.8.8.8
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Auomac Privae IP Addressing (APIPA)
• A link-local address
• No orwarding by rouers
• IETF has allocaed 169.254.1.0 hrough 169.254.254.255
• 169.254.0.0/24 and 169.254.255.0/24 are reserved
• Auomacally assigned
• Uses ARP o conrm he address isn’ currenly in use
• Check your IP address
• Is i an APIPA address?
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 57
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com
5.7 - Troubleshoong Neworks (connued)
Local resources unavailable
• Shares
• Server unavailable
• Share permissions have been modied
• Relies on DNS o nd he server
• Priners
• Device sharing priner (or priner) is unavailable
• Priner permissions have been modied
• Email
• Service is associaed wih a specic server
• May be a cluser o servers
• Problems may be relaed o he servers or he
nework pah
Limied or no connecviy
• Windows aler in he sysem ray
• “Limied or No connecviy”
• “No Inerne Access”
• Check he local IP address
• An APIPA address will only have local connecviy
• I DHCP address is obained, perorm he ping ess
• Local gaeway, remoe IP address
Inermien connecviy
• Inerne access
• Then nohing
• Check he sysem ray
• A broken LAN icon is a loss o signal
• Check or a cable problem
• Migh have bad nework inerace
• Problem wih swich or wireless access poin
• Bad ineraces
• Rouer reboong
IP conics
• DHCP helps
• Bu sac addresses can conic
• Windows will ideny a duplicae
• And preven a conic
• Two idencal IP addresses will conic
• Inermien connecviy, i any
• Reboo or rese he NIC
• Sar over rom he beginning
© 2018 Messer Studios, LLC
Slow transfer speeds
• Frusrang o he user
• Challenging o he echnician
• Rouer or inrasrucure congeson
• Overloaded nework or devices
• Speed and duplex incompabiliy
• An easy x
• Hardware issue wih he adaper
• Or your cabling
• Malware inecon
Low RF wireless signal
• Inererence - Somehing else is using our requency
• Signal srengh
• Transmitng signal, ransmitng anenna,
receiving anenna, ec.
• Incorrec channel
• Usually auomac; look or manual uning
• Bounce and laency
• Mulpah inererence; a suraces
• Incorrec access poin placemen
• Locae close o he users
Wireless interference
• Predicable
• Florescen lighs
• Microwave ovens
• Cordless elephones
• High-power sources
• Unpredicable
• Mul-enan building
• Measuremens
• Signal srengh
• Perormance Monior
SSID not found
• Nework name doesn’ appear
• Oher neworks are here
• Too ar away
• Local neworks are louder
• Wireless rouer has disabled SSID adversemens
• I will never appear on a lis
• You can sll manually connec
Proessor Messer’s CompTIA 220-1001 A+ Course Noes - Page 58
htp://www.ProfessorMesser.com