Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet
by Morghay123 via cheatography.com/53154/cs/14396/
Functions of Cells
Osmotic Solutions (cont)
Basic unit of life
H2O moves
H2O moves
Cell remains
Cell metabolism and energy release
into cell
out
intact
LYSIS (burst)
Crenation (shrinks)
Synthesis of molecules
Commun​ication
Cell Structures (cont)
Cell Structures
Reprod​uction and inheri​tance
Cyto​plasm
- Location
Whole Cell Activity
A cells charac​ter​istics are determined by the
type of proteins it produces
Proteins' function is determined by genetics
Inform​ation in DNA provides the cell with a cade
for its cellular processes
Osmosis
-
reticulum (RER) or free-f​loating in
ic
-
- Function
Give cell shape and hold
Function
organelles in place
RER (Rough Endopl​asmic Reticu​lum)
-
- Location
Center of cell
Location
-
All cells contain nucleus at some
-
Membranes with ribosomes
Charac​ter​ist
point
Charac​te
attached
Houses DNA
-
- Function
membrane
Nuclear Envelope
Soluti​ons
Soluti​ons
- lower
higher
Equal
concen​tration
concen​tration
concen​tra​ti
of solutes
of solutes
ons of
outside cell
outside cell
Higher
Produce proteins
Nucl​eus (not part of the cytoplasm)
movement of water across cell
Soluti​ons
cytoplasm
Charac​ter​ist
Pressure
Isotonic
transp​orted to the cytoplasm
Jelly-like fluid
the force required to prevent
Hypertonic
produce ribosomes that are then
Function
attached to rough endopl​asmic
Osmotic
Hypotonic
-
Location
membrane
Osmotic Solutions
Location
-
it?
membrane
in nucleus
Inside cell
Diffusion of water across a cell
osmosis across a select​ively permeable
-
Ribo​some
What is
A measure of the tendency of water to move by
Nucl​eolus
ics
- Location: edge of nucleus
Nuclear Pores
r​istic
SER (Smooth Endopl​asmic Reticu​lum)
-
- Function
Where materials pass in and out
Charac​te
of nucleus
r​istic
-
Inside nucleus
-
Made of DNA and proteins
-
solutes
Location
higher
Water
- Function
concen​tration
concen​tration
doesn't
of H2O outside
of H2O inside
move
Chro​matin
cell
cell
Inside nucleus
-
Loosely coiled chromo​somes
Charac​ter​ist
ic
Site of lipid synthesis
Golgi Appara​tus
ic
- Location
membranes with no ribosomes
Function
Charac​ter​ist
Part of genetic makeup
Cytoplasm
Location
Surface of nucleus
- Location
Site of protein synthesis
Function
- Location
Chro​mos​ome
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
-
Closely, packed stacks of
Charac​te
membranes
r​istic
-
Collect, sort, package, and
Function
distribute proteins and lipids
Secr​etory Vesicle
-
Cytoplasm
Location
-
Distri​butes materials out of cell
Function
By Morghay123
Published 20th January, 2018.
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Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet
by Morghay123 via cheatography.com/53154/cs/14396/
Cell Structures (cont)
Movement through the Cell Membrane
Endocy​tosis
Lyso​some
- Cell membrane
- Enzymes, glycogen,
What is
Process that brings materials into
select​ively
and potassium are
it?
cell using vesicles
determines what can
found in higher
pass in and out of the
concen​tra​tions INSIDE
1.
Cell eating (solid particles)
cell
the cell
- Sodium, calcium,
- Nutrients must be
and chloride are
able to enter the cell
found in higher
and waste products
concen​tra​tions
must be able to exit
OUTSIDE the cell
the cell
1. Directly through
O2 and CO2 (small
diffusion (passive):
molecules)
2. Facili​tated
- proteins that extend
diffusion (passive)
from one side of the
through membrane
cell membrane to other
- Location
Cytoplasm
- Function
Enzymes that digest foreign
material
Mito​cho​ndria
- Location
Cytoplasm
-
Contains folds (cristae)
Charac​ter​istic
s
- Function
Produces ATP
Main Components of a cell
Plasma or cell membrane
Organelles
channels:
Cytoplasm
Phagoc​yto
sis
2.
Cell drinking (liquid particles)
Pinocy​tosi
s
3. Receptor mediated endocy​tosis
Cytosk​eleton
What is is?
- Made of proteins
Functions
- enable cell to change
charge (+/-) determine
- Ex. Na+ passes
1. Separate the inside from the outside of the
cell
2. Enable the immune system to recognize the
cell as self or non-self --> marker glycop​roteins
or glycol​ipids
through Na+ channels
3. Carrier
- bind to molecules,
molecules:
transport them across,
shape
Types of Cytosk​ele​ton
Microt​ubules
- Can transport a
variety of materials
3. Attach cells together or to the extrac​ellular
- Fuse with cell
matrix --> adhesion proteins
membrane
- Largest diamete
- Provide structural
support
and drop them off
4. Vesicles:
- Provide support
- Hold organelles in place
- Size, shape and
what can go through
Jobs of the Cell Membrane
- Cells framework
- Form cilia and flagella
Interm​ediate
- Medium diameter
filaments
- maintain cell shape
Microf​ila​ments
- Smallest diameter
- Involved in cell
4. Receive signals from outside the cell and
movement
transmit the signals to inside the cell -->
receptor proteins
Cell Division
5. Select​ively transport substances from inside
- Formation of 2 daughter cells from a single
to outside the cell, or outside to inside the cell
parent cell
via transport mechanisms
- Uses mitosis and meiosis
- each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46
chromo​somes (dipl​oid)
By Morghay123
Published 20th January, 2018.
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Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet
by Morghay123 via cheatography.com/53154/cs/14396/
Cell Division (cont)
Cell Membrane (cont)
- Sperm and egg contain 23 chromo​somes
Nonpolar Regions
(hapl​oid)
Mito​sis
- Cell division that occurs in all cells except sex
cells
- Forms 2 daughter cells
1. Inter​phase: 46 chromo​somes
2. Proph​ase: Chromo​somes doubled to 92
3. Prome​tap​hase: Nucleus dissolves and
microt​ubules attach to centro​meres
4. Metap​hase: Chromo​somes align at middle
of cell
5. Anaph​ase: Separated chromo​somes pulled
apart
6. Telop​hase: Microt​ubules disappear cell
division begins
7. Cytok​ine​sis: Two daughter cells formed
each with 46 chromo​somes
- "​tai​ls"
Counte​r
- a diffusing substance moves in
- hydrop​hobic
porter
direction opposite to that of
- away from H2O
protein
transp​orted substance
cell membrane consists of phosph​oli​pids,
choles​terol (for strength and flexib​ility), and
proteins
Diffusion
- Selective barrier
-Encloses cytoplasm
Microt​ubules of the Cytosk​eleton
Centriole
- Composed of 9 microt​ubules
Centrosome
- 2 centrioles oriented
perpen​dicular to one another.
What is
movement of molecules from areas
it?
of high to low concen​tration
Solution
solid, liquid, or gas that contains
one or more solutes
Solute
Substance added to solvent that
dissolves
Solvent
Substance such as H2O that
solute is being added to
Is energy
no
required?
Mediated Transport Mechanisms
Cell Membrane
Funtions:
Mediated Transport Mechanisms (cont)
Faci​litat
- diffusion with aid of a carrier
ed
molecule
diffus​io
- requires no ATP
Plays a role in mitosis
Flag​ella
- Location
Cell surface
-
1 per cell
Charac​ter​ist
ic
- Function
move cell, Eg. Sperm
Cilia
- Location
Cell Surface
-
Many per cell
Charac​ter​ist
ic
- Function
Move materials across cell's
surface
Extrac​ellular
Material outside of cell
n
- passive transport
Micr​ovi​lli
Intrac​ellular
Material inside cell
Active
- moves substance from low to high
- Location
Cell Surface
transp​or
concen​tration
- required ATP
-
Shorter than cilia
t
membrane
Fluid Mosaic
a 2D liquid in which
Model
phospo​hol​ipids and proteins
Ex. Sodium​-po​tassium pump
diffuse easily
Cotran​s
- a diffusing substance moves in
Made of
phosph​olipids form a double
port
same direction as a transp​orted
phosph​olipids
layer or bilayer
substance
and proteins
Polar Region
Charac​ter​ist
ic
- Function
Increase surface area
DNA
Double helix
- "​hea​ds"
- hydrop​hilic
Deoxyr​ibo​se-​pho​sphate backbone
- exposed to H2O
Nucleotide base pairs
Backbone = sugar (ribos​e-p​hos​phate)
By Morghay123
Published 20th January, 2018.
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Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet
by Morghay123 via cheatography.com/53154/cs/14396/
DNA (cont)
Gene Expres​sion
- inform​ation in DNA directs protein synthesis
- nucle​otide sequence of a gene determines amino acid
sequence of specific protein
- Enzymes regulate chemical reactions
- Uses transc​ription and transl​ation
Flow of Genetic Inform​ation
Central Dogma
DNA - trans​cribe - RNA
- trans​late - Protein
Tran​scr​ipt​ion
- Process by which DNA is read
- Occurs in the nucleus
- Produces mRNA
- mRNA contains codons
- Codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular
amino acid
Tran​sla​tion
- Process by mRNA is converted into
- Produces proteins
amino acids (polyp​ept​ides)
- Codons pair with anticodons
- antico​dons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA
By Morghay123
Published 20th January, 2018.
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