ISSN: 2945-4190
World Journal on Education and Humanities Research
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 78-90
Received, February 2023; Revised March 2023;
Accepted April 2023
Article
Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child
with Autism
Evelyn Entienza Labastida*
Corresponding Author: evelyn.labastida@deped.gov.ph
Abstract:
Raising a child with autism can be a challenging and stressful experience for parents.
The challenges associated with parenting a child with autism can vary greatly
depending on the severity of the child's condition. This research study assessed the
parents’ stress and coping strategies on parenting a child with autism at the identified
SPED centers in Mandaue City Division. The method used in this research is the
quantitative approach in gathering the data for the profile of the respondents, level of
parenting stress for having a child with autism, the level of the respondents’ coping
strategies for having a child with autism, and significant relationship between the
respondents’ parenting stress and coping strategies for having a child with autism.
Data gathered are statistically treated using the frequency count, percentage, weighted
mean, and Pearson’s r. Based on the presented data, the following findings herein
provided: Findings reveal on the level of stress associated with having a child with
autism is high. While for the respondents’ level of coping strategies for having a child
with autism is also high. It can be concluded that parents are having parental stress.
Keywords: Special Education, Parenting Stress, Coping Strategies,
Introduction
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Submitted for possible open access
publication under the terms and conditions
of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
license(https://creativecommons.org/licens
es/by/4.0/).
In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the
importance of providing quality education and support for students
with autism (Fuentes et al., 2021). According to Roberts & Webster
(2022) providing quality education and support for students with
autism is essential for helping them reach their full potential. Negatu et
al (2022) suggested that implementing early intervention,
individualized education plans, sensory integration strategies, visual
supports, positive reinforcement, and collaborative partnerships,
teachers can create a supportive and inclusive classroom environment
that promotes the success of all students, including those with autism.
Moreover, Chaidi & Drigas (2020) parents of students with autism play
a crucial role in supporting their child's education and development.
Communication is key for supporting students with autism.
Pennington & Carpenter (2019) emphasized that parents can
Labastida (2023). Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child with
Autism. Copyright (c) 2022. Author (s). This is an open term of Creative Commons
Attribution. License (CC BY). www.wjehr.com
ISSN: 2945-4190
communicate regularly with their child's teachers to provide updates
on their child's progress, share concerns or challenges, and collaborate
on strategies to support their child's learning and development. In
addition, parents of students with autism can provide important
supports for their child's education and development (Zhao & Fu,
2022). Thus, advocating for their child's needs, communicating
regularly with teachers, creating a supportive home environment,
supporting skill development, and prioritizing their own self-care,
parents can help their child with autism reach their full potential
(Larcombe et al., 2019).
Moreover, the ways in which parents of children with autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) coped with the challenges of social distraction
were distinct from those of parents of typically developing children
(Jones et al., 2020). It has been demonstrated that emotional issues are
a good predictor of parental stress in those whose children have autism
spectrum disorders (Enea & Rusu, 2020). Members of families and
communities are required to show their support for this endeavor.
Because parents who have children with autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) face stress, it is important to provide them with proper
counseling, therapy, and training (Lamba et al., 2022). According to the
most effective strategies for parenting that they should implement, as
well as healthy coping methods that are available to them for managing
the high amounts of stress that they are experiencing (Adam et al.,
2021).
Stress is a possibility for parents whose children have autism
spectrum disorder (ASD). The risk of developing depressive symptoms
increases when stress levels are not effectively handled, which
highlights the significance of having effective coping strategies (Zhou
et al., 2021). When compared to parents of children who did not have
ASDs, parents of children who did have ASDs were more likely to
suffer from poor mental health and high levels of stress (Martin et al.,
2019). It is necessary for parents to have coping mechanisms, such as
highly developed coping skills, emotional support from family and
friends, and social support from the community at large (Lian et al.,
2020).
Moreover, raising a child with ASD can be exhausting, and
negatively impact the parent’s health and well-being. Parental fatigue
has been found to mediate the relationship between problematic child
behavior and parental stress. Difficulties of children with ASD can
contribute to parental fatigue, which can lead to ineffective coping
strategies and increased stress. The effect of fatigue on parental wellbeing is a critical factor to consider in families of children with ASD.
Assessing the stress and coping strategies of parents of children with
ASD is vital not only to know the extent of the pressure but also to help
them lessen the stress level of the said task. The coping strategies that
the parents are using need to be enhanced to cater to the child with
Labastida (2023). Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child with
Autism. Copyright (c) 2022. Author (s). This is an open term of Creative Commons
Attribution. License (CC BY). www.wjehr.com
ISSN: 2945-4190
ASD. With the upper mentioned problems, the study aimed to assess
the parents’ stress and coping strategies for parenting a child with ASD.
Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies
Parenting a child with autism can be challenging and stressful, and it is
essential for parents to have effective coping strategies to manage the
stress associated with it (Tokatly et al., 2021). For instance, the daily
routine of a child with autism can be challenging and unpredictable,
and this can create stress for parents (Ong et al., 2023). Coping strategies
such as creating a consistent schedule, using visual supports, and
providing sensory breaks can help parents manage the daily routine
more effectively (Shorey et al., 2021: Duncan et al., 2021). Moreover,
communication difficulties are a common characteristic of autism, and
this can create stress for parents who struggle to understand their
child's needs and wants (Marriott et al., 2022). Coping strategies such
as using visual supports, providing a communication device, or using
social stories can help parents communicate more effectively with their
child (Stathopoulou et al., 2020). Behavioral challenges such as
meltdowns or aggressive behavior can be a significant source of stress
for parents of children with autism (Scgnabel et al., 2020). According to
Davis et al. (2021) coping strategies such as positive reinforcement,
behavior management techniques, and seeking professional support
can help parents manage these behaviors more effectively. Social
isolation can be a common experience for parents of children with
autism, and this can create feelings of loneliness and stress (Yilmaz et
al., 2021). Coping strategies such as joining a support group, connecting
with other parents online, or seeking out community events can help
parents feel less isolated (Park et al., 2019). The cost of therapies,
treatments, and interventions can be significant for parents of children
with autism, and this can create financial stress (Kuzrok et al., 2021). In
addition, parenting a child with autism can be stressful, but effective
coping strategies can help parents manage this stress more effectively.
By using strategies such as creating a consistent routine, using visual
supports, seeking professional support, and connecting with other
parents, parents can better manage the challenges associated with
parenting a child with autism.
Results and Discussions
Level Of Parenting Stress for having a Child with Autism. It is stressful
to have a child with ASD, and this portion of the study will look into
Labastida (2023). Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child with
Autism. Copyright (c) 2022. Author (s). This is an open term of Creative Commons
Attribution. License (CC BY). www.wjehr.com
ISSN: 2945-4190
the respondents’ level of parenting stress for having a child with ASD.
Table 1. Respondents’ Level of Parenting Stress for having a Child with Autism
Verbal
S/
Indicators
WM
N
Description
1* I am happy in my role as a parent
1.80
Low
There is little or nothing I wouldn't do for my
2*
1.47
Very Low
child(ren) if it was necessary.
Caring for my child(ren) sometimes takes more time
3
3.70
Very High
and energy than I have to give.
I sometimes worry whether I am doing enough for
4
2.77
High
my child(ren).
5* I feel close to my child(ren).
1.93
Low
6* I enjoy spending time with my child(ren).
1.83
Low
My child(ren) is an important source of affection for
7*
2.57
High
me.
Having a child(ren) gives me a more certain and
8*
2.47
Low
optimistic view of the future.
9 The major source of stress in my life is my child(ren).
3.33
Very High
Having a child(ren) leaves little time and flexibility
10
3.50
Very High
in my life.
11 Having a child(ren) has been a financial burden.
3.73
Very High
It is difficult to balance different responsibilities
12
3.27
Very High
because of my child(ren).
The behavior of my child(ren) is often embarrassing
13
3.10
High
or stressful to me.
If I had it to do over again, I might decide not to have
14
3.27
Very High
a child(ren).
I feel overwhelmed by the responsibility of being a
15
3.40
Very High
parent.
Having a child(ren) has meant having too few
16
3.50
Very High
choices and too little control over my life
17 I am satisfied as a parent
1.87
Low
18 I find my child(ren) are enjoyable
1.80
Low
Legend: 3.25-4.00-Very High; 2.50– 3.24- High ;1.75 – 2.49-Low; 1.00 – 1.74– Very Low
Table 1 shows the respondents' level of Parenting Stress for having a
Child with ASD, the indicator that states, "Having a child(ren) has been
a financial burden" has the highest weighted mean of 3.73 with a verbal
description of very high. While the lowest weighted mean is 1.80 with
a verbal description of low. The total aggregate weighted mean is 2.24
with a verbal description of high. It shows that low-income family bears
an additional burden in caring for a child with ASD. There are needs
some financial requirements child’s needs. Sending them to therapy,
medicine, and educational needs is an additional burden for the family
with a low income. This will be detrimental to both the parents and the
child with ASD. This implies that parents bear a financial burden in
caring for their children with autism. Emotional problems and
aggressive behavior of children, along with financial problems, were
the most predictive of parental distress (Mello et al., 2022). While in the
Labastida (2023). Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child with
Autism. Copyright (c) 2022. Author (s). This is an open term of Creative Commons
Attribution. License (CC BY). www.wjehr.com
ISSN: 2945-4190
study of Jacobs & Hens, 2018, parental love for ASD children is a
worthwhile endeavor, that can help the child develop the necessary life
skills.
Level of Coping Strategies for having a Child with Autism in terms of
Problem-focused Coping. The problem-focused coping strategies are
being look into this study to be able to know the different strategies
used by the parent respondents. With the different statement under
table 2 this will help determine the problem focused coping strategies
of the parent respondents of the study.
Table 2. Level of Coping Strategies for having a Child with Autism in
terms of Problem-focused Coping
S/
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Indicators
I've been concentrating my efforts on
doing something about the situation I'm
in.
I've been taking action to try to make the
situation better.
I've been getting help and advice from
other people.
I've been trying to see it in a different
light, to make it seem more positive.
I've been trying to come up with a
strategy about what to do.
I've been looking for something good in
what is happening.
I've been trying to get advice or help from
other people about what to do.
I've been thinking hard about what steps
to take.
WM
Verbal
Description
3.27
Very High
3.07
High
3.00
High
2.30
Low
3.53
Very High
3.17
High
3.07
High
3.63
Very High
Legend: 3.25-4.00-Very High; 2.50– 3.24- High ;1.75 – 2.49-Low; 1.00 – 1.74– Very Low
Table 2 shows the problem-focused coping techniques used by
respondents who have a child with ASD. This table will address the
various problem-focused coping strategies applied by respondents
with ASD children. The highest weighted mean is 3.53 with a very high
verbal description of the indicator "I've been thinking hard about what
steps to take". A weighted mean of 3.00 and a verbal description of high
to the indicator "I've been getting help and advice from other people”.
The findings indicate that the parents of ASD children are focused on
finding strategies to meet the needs of their ASD child. They are
concerned about their child's future; they frequently consider and act
on their autistic child's situation and future. The findings of Cai et al.,
(2020) provide preliminary evidence that increased problem-focused
coping is a good predictor of psychological well-being. According to
Al-ORAN et al., (2022), problem-focused coping among parents of
children with ASD reduces stress and improves the quality of life.
Labastida (2023). Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child with
Autism. Copyright (c) 2022. Author (s). This is an open term of Creative Commons
Attribution. License (CC BY). www.wjehr.com
ISSN: 2945-4190
Furthermore, Munroe et al., (2022), discovered that problem-focused
coping strategies can help moderate the development of posttraumatic
Table 3. Level of Coping Strategies for having a Child with Autism in
terms of Emotion-focused Coping
S/
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Indicators
I've been getting emotional support from
others.
I've been saying things to let my
unpleasant feelings escape.
I've been criticizing myself.
I've
been
getting
comfort
and
understanding from someone.
I've been making jokes about it.
I've been accepting the reality of the fact
that it has happened.
I've been expressing my negative feelings.
I've been trying to find comfort in my
religion or spiritual beliefs.
I've been learning to live with it.
I've been blaming myself for things that
happened.
I've been praying or meditating.
I've been making fun of the situation.
WM
Verbal
Description
3.03
High
3.00
High
2.97
High
3.03
High
2.77
High
3.50
Very High
3.33
Very High
3.00
High
3.23
High
2.77
High
2.67
1.47
High
Very Low
growth from self-compassion.
As presented in table 3, respondents’ level of coping strategies for
having a child with autism in terms of emotion-focused coping. The
indicator “I've been accepting the reality of the fact that it has
happened”, has the highest weighted mean of 3.50 with a verbal
description of very high. A 3.33 weighted mean and a verbal
description of very follows from the indicator that state “I've been
expressing my negative feelings”, which rank the second highest. While
the lowest weighted mean is 1.47 having a verbal description of very
low to the indicator that states "I've been making fun of the situation".
It implies that the respondents have accepted the reality of having a
child with ASD and have negative feelings toward the situation.
However, they have learned to live with the situation and accept
support from family members and society in general. Moreover,
mothers used emotion-focused techniques and asked for social and
practical support. Traditional gender roles have emerged as a
potentially significant factor in determining how mothers and fathers
use various coping mechanisms (Pepperell et al., 2018). This statement
is also supported by the study of Brillet et al., (2022), that parents of
autistic children have used emotion-focused coping to influence their
perceptions of quality of life; the mothers' emotion-focused coping is
especially important for the fathers' perceptions.
Labastida (2023). Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child with
Autism. Copyright (c) 2022. Author (s). This is an open term of Creative Commons
Attribution. License (CC BY). www.wjehr.com
ISSN: 2945-4190
Table 4. Level of Coping Strategies for having a Child with Autism in terms
of Avoidant Coping
S/N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Indicators
WM Description
I've been turning to work or other activities to take my
mind off things.
I've been saying to myself “this isn't real".
I've been using alcohol or other drugs to make myself
feel better.
I've been giving up trying to deal with it.
I've been refusing to believe that it has happened.
I've been using alcohol or other drugs to help me get
through it.
I've been giving up the attempt to cope.
I've been doing something to think about it less, such
as going to movies, watching TV, reading,
daydreaming, sleeping, or shopping.
3.4
7
3.1
3
1.6
3
3.4
3
3.0
0
1.6
7
2.7
0
Very
High
3.4
0
Very
High
High
Very
Low
Very
High
High
Very
Low
High
In Table 4, the highest weighted mean is 3.47 with a verbal description
of very high to the indicator that states "I've been turning to work or
other activities to take my mind off things". Followed by the indicator
that states "I've been giving up trying to deal with it" with a weighted
mean of 3.43 and a verbal description of very high. The lowest weighted
mean is 1.67 with a verbal description of very low for the indicator that
states "I've been using alcohol or other drugs to help me get through it".
The result shows that the respondents are trying to avoid their situation
by devoting time and effort to work or other activities that will allow
them to avoid the reality of having a child with autism. In densely
populated areas, parents are more likely to use avoidant coping
strategies such as focusing on other activities (Parsons et al., 2020).
According to (Benatov et al., 2022), mothers were more likely to use
avoidant coping strategies. when their child had a developmental
disability.
Table 5. Summary of the Respondents’ Level of Coping Strategies
for having a Child with Autism
Components
WM Verbal Description
Problem-focused Coping
Emotion-focused Coping
Avoidant Coping
Grand Mean
3.13
2.90
2.80
2.94
High
High
High
High
The grand mean in Table 5 indicates that the respondent is applying the
three coping strategies in favor of their present situation. It is supported
by the study of (Cappe et al., 2018), parents who used problem-solving
Labastida (2023). Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child with
Autism. Copyright (c) 2022. Author (s). This is an open term of Creative Commons
Attribution. License (CC BY). www.wjehr.com
ISSN: 2945-4190
and support-seeking coping strategies had a better relationship with
their children, whereas those who used more emotion-centered coping
strategies struggled. Finally, parents who felt they could influence their
child's development were more satisfied and less disturbed. The
challenges of raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can
cause significant parental stress. Using various coping mechanisms, the
parent’s stress could be reduced (Shepherd et al., 2018).
Table Test 6. Test of Relationship between Parents’ Stress and Coping
Strategies for having a Child with Autism
Variables
Parents’
Stress and
Problemfocused
Coping
Parents’
Stress and
Emotionfocused
Coping
Parents’
Stress and
Avoidant
Coping
r-value
Strength of
Correlation
p-value
Decisio
n
Result
0.022
Negligible
Positive
0.908
Do not
reject
Ho
Not
Significa
nt
0.145
Negligible
Positive
0.443
Do not
reject
Ho
Not
Significa
nt
0.072
Negligible
Positive
0.704
Do not
reject
Ho
Not
Significa
nt
Table 6 presents the results of the test of the significant relationship between
the parents' stress and coping strategies for having a child with autism using
Pearson's r at 0.05 level of significance. The computed r-value of the correlation
between the parents' stress and problem-focused coping strategies is 0.022,
indicating that there is a negligible positive correlation between these
variables. Moreover, the computed p-value of the test for the significance of
their relationship with these variables is 0.908 which is greater than the 0.05
level of significance (0.908 > 0.05), indicating that there is no significant
relationship between the parents' stress and their problem-focused coping
strategies for having a child with ASD. On the other hand, the parents' stress
and their emotion-focused coping strategies have a computed r-value of 0.145,
indicating a negligible positive correlation between these variables while the
computed p-value of 0.443 is greater than the 0.05 level of significance (0.443 >
0.05), indicating that the null hypothesis is not rejected. This indicates that
there is no significant relationship between the parents’ stress and their
emotion-focused coping strategies for having a child with ASD. Finally, the
computed r-value for the parents' stress and their avoidant coping strategies
for having a child with autism is 0.072, indicating a negligible positive
correlation between these variables. Furthermore, the p-value of0.704, which
is greater than the level of significance of 0.05, indicates that the null
hypothesis is not rejected. As a result, there is no significant relationship
between parents’ stress and avoidant coping strategies for having a child with
ASD.
Labastida (2023). Parents’ Stress and Coping Strategies on Parenting a Child with
Autism. Copyright (c) 2022. Author (s). This is an open term of Creative Commons
Attribution. License (CC BY). www.wjehr.com
ISSN: 2945-4190
Conclusion
It was found in this study that parent responds have high stress level
in taking care of their children with ASD. They have different coping
mechanism in handling their stress. It's a special and individual
experience to parent a child with ASD, and what works for one family
may not work for another. Find coping skills that work for the parents
and their child. Helping parents with their coping strategies in taking
care of children with ASD would be advantageous to the child as will.
It can be concluded that the level of stress among parents is high as is
the need for coping strategies when parenting a child with autism. It
can be concluded that parents are experiencing parental stress.
Nevertheless, they are coping with the high stress of having a child with
ASD. Respondents show high verbal descriptions of the different
strategies in facing the problem when parenting a child with autism for
problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping strategies. It
is recommended that the out-put of the study an action plan be used to
assist parents in dealing with the stress of caring for a child with autism.
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