Destroy water, you
destroy life.
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CLO2 (A3, C2, P2) - Explain the important elements in the
environment.
CLO3 (C4) - Analyze current issues related to environment.
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The Hydrological Cycle
Source of Pollution
Controlling Method
Surface Water (River)
Lakes
Marine (Sea)
Wetlands
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The continuous movement of water on,
above and below the surface of
the Earth.
Water transferred to the
earth’s atmosphere
through 2 processes:
Evaporation
Transpiration
Water felled on the earth’s surface as
precipitation run over the ground into
streams and rivers (surface runoff) or
infiltration into ground to form
groundwater.
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Precipitation
Runoff
Infiltration
Evaporation
Transpiration
Condensation
Precipitation is often
referred to as rain,
snow and dew.
Rainwater flowing
over the surface of the
earth.
Infiltration of rainwater
into the ground
vertically through the
pores of the soil.
The water of the sea
will evaporate from
the surface of the
ocean to the
atmosphere.
The process involves
sweating and the
sweat evaporated
departures water
vapors into the
atmosphere, but it
happens through the
pores of the leaves.
The conversion
process is mainly
water vapor to liquid
water.
Water will flow into the
sea, river or lake.
Water will be
consolidated in a
system of reservoirs
called aquifers.
The system also
allows water aquifers
as groundwater flows.
Steam-water vapor
collected will be cloud.
When it was saturated
precipitation will fall as
rain or snow either.
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 Disease Causing Agent
 Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms that enter
water from domestic sewage and human/animal waste
 Oxygen Demanding Waste
 Organic waste which can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria
that use oxygen to biodegrade. Large populations of bacteria
supported by these wastes can deplete water of DO, destroying
aquatic life
 Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals
 Acids, salts, and compounds of toxic metals such as lead and
mercury. High levels of these dissolved organic chemicals can
make water unfit for drinking, harm aquatic life and accelerate
corrosion of equipment that uses water
 Inorganic Plant Nutrients
 Water soluble nitrate and phosphate compounds that can
cause excessive growth of algae which can decay then die,
depleting water of DO. Excessive levels of nitrates in drinking
water can also reduce oxygen carrying capacity of human
blood
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 Organic Chemicals
 Oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, detergents and many other
soluble and insoluble chemicals that threaten human and
aquatic life
 Sediment or suspended matter
 Suspended particulate matter reduces the ability of some
organism to find food; reduces photosynthesis by aquatic
plants; disrupts aquatic food webs; carries pesticides, bacteria
and other harmful substances
 Radioactive Substances
 Radioisotopes that are water soluble or are capable of being
biologically amplified to higher concentrations as they pass
through food chain. Ionizing radiation from such isotopes can
cause birth defects, cancer and genetic change
 Heat
 Excessive input of water that is heated ( water from power
plants) resulting in increase of temperature that lowers DO
content
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Point Sources
Discharge substances from specific
areas.
cause easily detectable.
Non-point Sources
Widely spread source of pollution
that can’t be tied to a specific point
of origin.
the cause is difficult to be detected.
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Runoff Pollution (surface
runoff)
The process of transfer of
contaminants on the surface of the
municipality to other places due to the
rain.
Contaminants
Nature, human activity, agriculture.
Water discharging from an industrial plant of some kind or a
wastewater treatment plant
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Land Use Activities
Involving an area (eg) housing, shops, companies,
agricultural area.
Air Pollution
Occurred in the area of industrial, municipal, construction,
open burning.
Particles floating in the atmosphere brought down by
rainwater / gravity.
Road Surface
Oil spills, tire rubber particles, corrosion.
Forms & Land Surface Condition
The developed area is an area that is not impervious. This
results in an increase in the amount of runoff and pollution10
without cause.
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 Reduction of fertilizer runoff by not using excessive amounts and using none on steeply sloped land
 Development of new non-harmful pesticides and herbicides
 Application of pesticides only when needed
 Reducing the usage of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides on golf courses and public parks
 Planting of permanent vegetation as buffer zone between farmland and rivers/lakes
 Reforestation of logged forest or replantation of developed areas to control soil erosion and pollution from
sediment
 Road/highway cleaning practices
 Proper waste disposal/solid waste management
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• Some bacteria & most suspended solid pollutants are removed as contaminated surface water seeps through
the soil into underground aquifers
• Natural process of purification become overloaded by large volumes of wastes ~ effectiveness depend on the
type of soil
• If contaminants reach groundwater supplies, they are usually not effectively diluted and dispersed ~ the
movement in aquifers is slow & not turbulent
• It take hundreds/thousands of years for contaminated groundwater to cleanse itself ~ Slowly, degradable & nondegradable
• 2 major sources of groundwater contamination:
• Leaks of hazardous organic chemicals from underground storage tanks
• Seepage of toxic heavy metal compounds from landfills, abandoned dumps & industrial waste storage lagoons located
above/near aquifers
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What are differences between River Pollution and Lake Pollution
River Pollution
• Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes on Rivers
• Causes depletion of the dissolved oxygen (DO) in
the water
• This poses a threat to fish and other higher forms
of aquatic life if the concentration of oxygen falls
below a critical point
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• The oxidation of an organic compound is carried
out by microorganisms using the organic matter as
a food sources, the oxygen consumed is known as
BOD
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Lake Pollution
• Differs from river/stream pollution and to physical
characteristics of the water mass
• Water in streams and rivers are constant moving
thus providing a flushing action for incoming
pollutants
• However, in lakes, the water does not move very
much and is detained for a relative long period of
time. In many cases pollutants discharged into
lakes can remain there for many years
• In lakes, water quality is largely influent by the
presence of nutrients
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Carbon
• Algae can obtain carbon from CO2 dissolve in the water.
The largest source of CO2 is from the atmosphere
Nitrogen
* Water Quality Management
of lakes is usually
accomplished by reducing
the input of nutrient (esp.
phosphorus) into the lakes
• Usually in the form of nitrate (NO-3) and comes from
external sources by the way of inflowing streams
Phosphorus *
• Phosphorus in lakes originated from external sources
and is taken up by algae in the inorganic form (PO34-)
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An increase in the rate of incoming
nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus,
carbon) and sediments.
It is a natural process (but can be
accelerated by human activities) and
can be thought of as an inevitable and
continual aging process of a lake.
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Oligotrophic #1
Mesotrophic #2
Eutrophic #3
Senescent #4
Deep, clear, cold,
nutrient provide with
very little aquatic life
usually have a sand or
rock bottom.
Nutrients & sediment
begin to accumulate
increasing populations
of aquatic life begin to
appear.
Nutrient-rich, relatively
shallow, warmer water,
with much plant growth
and other aquatic
organism. Algae bloom
also frequently occurs.
Further aging or
eutrophication leads to
the senescent stage or
the oldest stage of the
lake.
very shallow, overgrown
with emergence rooted
plant life
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NUTRIENTS
Agriculture
 Erosion from croplands
 Leaching of fertilizer applied to crops
 Runoff from animal waste, feedlots
Agricultur
e
Sewage Effluents
 Discharge from sewerage treatment plants
 Use of detergents containing phosphate
 Seepage from septic systems
Nutrient
input into
waterways
Sewage
Effluents
Urban Runoff
Urban Runoff
 Erosion from development projects
 Leaching of fertilizers applied to lawns & gardens
 Runoff of pet droppings
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 Efficient use of fertilizers
 Soil erosion control
Silt Fence
 Sediment trap/silt trap
 Control of lake side development
 Surface water diversion
 Tertiary treatment of sewage/wastewater (remove the
inorganic nutrients released during primary &
secondary treatment)
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Oil &
grease
Suspended
particulates
Escherichia
coli
Mercury
Copper
Cadmium
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
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Disposal of solid
waste (litter)
Marine transport of
oil & hazardous
waste
Disposal of
contaminated
sediments, industrial
waste
Development of
coastal areas
Manipulation of
hydrological cycles
Direct dumping into the sea
Dumping into rivers/estuaries
Garbage dumping from ships
Oil spill
Desludging of tankers
*crude oil amounting to 3
million barrels are
transported through the
straits of malacca daily
Sludge dumping into the sea
Land reclamation, coastal
industrial projects, harbor
construction
Soil erosion, river siltation
Destruction of marine
habitats
Dams, sea gates, irrigation
canals
* Effect on salinity
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TYPE OF OIL
WIND CONDITION
WATER
CONDITION
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Definition
• “transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic
environments”
Criteria
• The area must be permanently or seasonally
inundated (flooded)
• The area must support hydrophytic vegetation
• Soil in the area must be waterlogged for a
sufficient time to become anaerobic
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B
A
FRESHWATER
 Riverine / River
 Lacustrine / Lake
 Palustrine / Swamp
A
B
SEA WATER
C
MAN-MADE WETLANDS
C
 Marine
 Estuarine / Delta
 Lagoona
 Aquaculture ponds
 Irrigated land/irrigation canals
 Rice field
 Mining pools
 Oxidation ponds, sewage farms etc.
 Reservoirs
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 Ecosystem diversity
 Link between terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystem
 High species and population diversity
HYDROLOGICAL AND
HYDRAULIC FUNCTIONS
BIODIVERSITY FUNCTIONS
CLIMATIC EFFECTS
 Carbon fixation and CO2 balance
(photosynthesis)
 Rainfall and humidity effects
(evaporation & evapotranspiration)
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 Storm protection
 Coastal erosion protection
 Catchments dynamics
 Water holding capacity
 Water supply
HABITAT FUNCTIONS
 Wildlife habitat
WATER QUALITY FUNCTIONS
 Particulates filtration
 Nutrient stripping
 Biodegradation of toxic compounds
 Heavy metal stripping
 Wastewater treatment and water
quality improvement
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Everything we do, always come back to us
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