Development of
Environment
Concerns
Chapter 1 Outline
 Changes to the environment
 Level of environmental awareness
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Changes to the Environment
 Before the legislative control of the environment, air, water and
land-use free and open to anyone to dispose of waste.
 This does not cause a problem if the population is small, the
factories is small and the products produced are slightly low
compared to now.
 The ability to absorb the environment 'Dilutive Capacity' rarely
exceeded and are considered to have an infinite capacity to absorb
the waste.
 Changes in society/community cause serious pollution problems.
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Changes to the Environment
Below are the critical factors that led to this change:
 The development and population density
 Increase in wealth
 Changes in technology
 Increased awareness and concern
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Stages of Environmental Concern
Conservation
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Instrumental view of nature in
Use natural resources wisely and not waste it. that nature has utility only as it
serves human purpose
Preservation
Certain areas of the country are to be
preserved in their nature state and
closed to development
Nature has intrinsic value apart
from the services it provides for
human beings
Protection
Focused on pollution control and
dangers to human health.
Human-centered
Sustainability
Concerned with global problems, and
equity considerations
Eco-centered
BJTC 2033 Management & Environmental Engineering
ECO-CENTERED
Current Environmental Contexts
Efforts to manage sustainable development meet 3
objectives:
EQUITY
To disseminate the knowledge and the
means necessary to control human
population growth
To facilitate sufficiently dynamic economic
growth and equitable distribution of its
benefits to meet the basic needs of the
human population in this and subsequent
generations
GLOBAL
ISSUE
To structure the growth in ways that keep
its huge potential for environmental
transformation within safe limits yet to be
determined
SURVIVAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Concepts and Principal
of Ecology
Chapter 2 Outline
 Definition of ecology
 Important concepts
 Principles of ecology
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What is “Ecology”?
Greek oikos means “house” or “place to live”.
Concerned with the biology of groups of organisms and with
functional processes on the land, in the oceans and
freshwater, and in the air.
Defined as the study of the structure and function of nature.
The study of organisms and their environment and all the
external conditions and factors, living and nonliving (biotic &
abiotic), that affect an organism.
It is the science of the interrelations between living organisms
and their environment and dealt with the interactions of plants
and animals in natural systems.
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Level of Ecology
THE ECOSYSTEM
The community of organisms and
populations interacting with one
another and with the chemical and
physical factors making up their
environment
THE POPULATION
Group of individual organisms of
the same species living within a
particular area
(temperature, nutrients, and
moisture)
THE INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
Any form of life including all
plants and animals
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THE COMMUNITY
Populations of different plants
and animals living and
interacting in an area at a
particular time
THE BIOME LEVEL
a classification of ecosystems
into general categories that
contain similar types of
organisms
Major Components of an Ecosystem
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Cycles
Biological Clock
Natural rhythms or cycles that are
physiological mechanisms for measuring time
in some fashion.
The circulation of the chemical elements in the
biosphere from the environment to organisms and
back to the environment
Food Chain
The transfer of food energy from its sources
in plants through a series of organisms where
eaten is repeated several times
Community
Ecological Niche
Any assemblage of populations living in a
prescribed area or physical habitat that has
characteristics in addition to its individual
and population components
An organism’s functional role in the
community or its status. Habitat is the
organism’s address; niche refers its role in
the community.
Concepts of Ecology
Habitat
Carrying Capacity
The place where an organism lives. The 4
major habitats (atmosphere, marine &
Maximum population of a particular species
that a given habitat can support over a given
period.
estuarine, freshwater, and terrestrial).
Range of Tolerance
Threshold Effect
A harmful or fatal reaction triggered when
the limits of an organism’s tolerance have
been exceeded.
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Limiting Factors
Single factor that limits the growth, abundance,
and distribution of the population of a particular
organism in an ecosystem
The ability of species and organisms to
respond to variations of physical and
chemical factors in its environment.
a. Organisms have a ranges of tolerance for each limiting factor that they encounter.
b. Tolerance is the ability of any organisms to survive when exposed.
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The Principles of Ecology
Good and poor places
exist for every species
No population increases
without limit
Overexploited
populations can
collapse
Communities can
rebound from
disturbances
The distribution of
species is limited by
barriers and unfavorable
environments
The Principles of Ecology
Communities can exist
in several stable
configurations
Natural systems are
products of evaluation
Climates change –
communities change
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Keystone species may
be essential to a
Natural systems recycle
essential materials
community
Environmental
Ethics
DEFINITION OF ETHICS
B
The quest for an
understanding of what
constitutes a good life
and a concern for
creating the conditions
for humans to attain
that good life
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ENVIRONMENT ETHICS
ANTHROPOCENTRIC
The right & wrong are
determined by human
interest & the promotion of
human welfare as the
ultimate objective.
GENERAL DEFINITION
Critical thinking with respect
to policies of the private &
public sectors that have
been developed in response
to environmental problems
and questions the
assumptions upon which
those policies are based.
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ANTHROPOCENTRIC
Also called “Humanistic Ethic” as
concern for the environment is of a
lower priority than a concern for
humans, who are helped or hurt by
the conditions of their
environmental surroundings
TRADITIONAL APPROACH OF
WESTERN SOCIETY TOWARD
NATURE
To objectify nature & see nature as
existing to serve human purposes
Nature is there to be
manipulated to serve human
interests & has no interests of its
own that deserve to be
respected
ECONOMIC ETHICS
The ethical performance of business is tied up with marketplace
performance.
Successful business performance & acceptable ethical behavior are
believed to be one and the same thing.
In other word, the social & ethical responsibilities of business are
exhausted in terms of marketplace performance.
 If business performs its economizing function well, it has fulfilled its social &
ethical responsibilities.
Management had no motivations to pay attention to environmental
matters.
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ECONOMIC ETHICS
The ethical performance of business is tied up with marketplace
performance.
Successful business performance & acceptable ethical behavior are
believed to be one and the same thing.
In other word, the social & ethical responsibilities of business are
exhausted in terms of marketplace performance.
 If business performs its economizing function well, it has fulfilled its social &
ethical responsibilities.
Management had no motivations to pay attention to environmental
matters.
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CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Greening Philosophy
Biocentrism/Deep Ecology
Moral Extensionism & Eligibility
Extending moral consideration to
entities & has changed a host of
institutional practices that have
impacts on human beings
Extending the esteem in which
individual lives were traditionally
held to the biophysical matrix
that created & sustained those
lives.
- The right to a safe & hazardfree workplace extended
through legislation &
regulation regarding safety &
health in the workplace.
- Uses the vehicle of rights to
extend moral concern to
more & more aspects of
nature, but these rights are
given by human beings
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01
02
03
Devalue individual life relative to
the integrity, diversity &
continuation of the ecosystem.
Extending the esteem in which
individual lives were traditionally
held to the biophysical matrix
that created & sustained those
lives.
Assumes nature already has
intrinsic value that needs to be
recognized by liberating nature
from the system in which it is
currently trapped.
Question & Answer