EESA11 Lecture 7 Quizlet

#separator:tab #html:true Explain the process of Groundwater movement in the water cycle Infiltration, discharge, storage into freshwater, infiltration, discharge into ocean What happens when water moves get’s colder?condensation What enters ocean or river?Surface runoff & Snowmelt runoff List the main ideas of the water cycle. Define Evaporation, Cloud formation, Condensation, TranspirationSlide 3 What are the 8 sources for water pollution - Agriculture (growing crops, cotton production) • Agriculture (Animal operations, livestock) • Timber-cutting operations • Construction sites (When building → remove soil = results in soil particles into Rain pushes the soil particles → downstream and towards pipes and sewers → reeks) • Cities/Suburbs (paved surfaces) (from the streets, parking lot, trash → into creek, river, lakes ) • Industrial outfalls (waste from industry section, easy to handle, but when not controlled lead to large pollution) • Mining operations (Dig soil for mining → changes soil composition & run off occurs = large pollution) - Atmospheric deposition (Air pollution → deposited in atmosphere = has effects in atm exchange) What are the 2 Major Types of Water Pollution? + Provide examples 1) Point source: specific spot (pipe, ditch, ship or smokestack) 2) Non point source: Runoff across large area • Urban areas(streets, parking lots, roofs) – Originate as nonpoint but discharge as point • Rural (agriculture, logging, mining sites) Where is everything collected?sewers What can influence waters distant from its origin?Polluted runoff What happens to the watershed?water moves down → enters various areas What can be used to determine the main source of pollution?water shed What can conduct water slowly though due to gravel and sand?aquifer What is an aquifer?Geological material filled with water Fill in the blank: A watershed includes all the ____ that drains to a ________. Using a ______-based approach to wetland protection ensures that the whole ecosystem is protected. A watershed includes all the land that drains to a common body of water. Using a watershed-based approach to wetland protection ensures that the whole ecosystem is protected. Why are wetlands important? for preventing flooding and are being restored now Explain the 10 ways ground water is affected by human activities Read slide What percentage of Canadians use wells into ground water?30% What can be washed down and affect ground water due to human activites (Slide 7: Image) nitric acid, sulfuric acid, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere Explain Combined sewers & How is it affected by Wet/Dry Weather Combined sewer – Carries both sanitary wastewater and storm runoff – Heavy storms (discharges into the water bodies) - Storm drain + Down spout (from domestic commercial and industrial sources connected, called a combined sewer) Dry Weather (If it was not heavy raining all) • water → will go to the waste treatment plant due to dry weather Wet Weather • Storm drain + Down spout water overfill → seep outside to the outfall pipe to river Explain Storm Sewers Carries street runoff Explain Sanitary Sewer wastewater from homes, commercial … to a treatment plant) Name the 3 Nonpoint source for atmospheric deposition upon land and water pollution PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls ) • Metals(lead and mercury) • Nitrogen oxides (NO3- nitrate input) What are the 6 types of Conventional pollutions? • Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) • Nutrients • Suspended solids • pH • Oil and Grease • Pathogenic microorganisms What occurs to fish, crabs, snails in hypoxic conditions?Hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions • Fish moves away but crabs and snails may die Explain the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) graph + What is Dissolved Oxygen (DO) needed for?DO: microorganisms use oxygen for decomposition of organic material → leads to overgrowth of microorganism + ↓ available O2 - 14mg/L of DO for low T◦C and salinity (^^oxygen better dissolved = in colder temperatures) - 6mg/L of DO for high T◦C and salinity Lots of sewage = high BOD = less oxygen available What is Lo (Hint: Conventional pollutions) Lo = The amount of oxygen used to completely decompose or stabilize all the biodegradable organics in a given volume of water is called the ultimate BOD, or BODL. What is the Total Biochemical Oxygen Demand List equation & 2 components (define) (Total BOD = CBOD + NBOD) 1) Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) First microorganisms will like to eat carbon first 5-6 days 2) Nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand (NBOD) Bacteria are capable of oxidizing ammonia to nitrite and subsequently to nitrate (starts 6-7 days after CBOD Explain how nutrients are a conventional polluntant? + Fill in the blank: ______ nitrogen = ______ nitrogen (____+ _____) Manufactured fertilizes • Contain concentrated reactive nitrogen* and phosphorus (extra portion runs off into water bodies) • Cascade effects: Nitrates created by air pollution creates this which is food for plants • stimulate plant growth in water bodies(algae), as the vegetation die it becomes BOD, bacteria also digest the fecal pellets of zooplankton. 2) *Reactive nitrogen = bioavailable nitrogen (ammonia and nitrate – NO3) Oxygen Sag Curve: Recovery Zone. What lives here? Trash fish: blackfly, midge larvae Oxygen Sag Curve: Septic Zone. What lives here? Fish absent: sludge worms, midge & mosquito larvae Oxygen Sag: Clean zone. What is the Dissolved Oxygen & BOD level High DO + Low BOD (begins to increase sharply nearing decomposition zone) Oxygen Sag: Clean zone. What lives here?Trout, Perch, Bass, Stonefly, Larvae Oxygen Sag: Decomposition zone. What is the Dissolved Oxygen & BOD level Peak in BOD + Decrease DO Oxygen Sag: Decomposition zone. What lives here?Trash fish (Carp and catfish), blackfly & midge larvae Oxygen Sag: Septic Zone. What is the Dissolved Oxygen & BOD level Rapid Decrease BOD + 2ppm DO (lowest) that slightly increases Oxygen Sag: Recovery zone. What is the Dissolved Oxygen & BOD level Increase DO + Decrease in BOD (lowest) What is the difference between Eutrophic lake vs Oligotrophic lake? (Slide 15-16) - Read it Eutrophic lake • Lots of nutrients • Cloudy water Oligotrophic lake • Fewer nutrients • Clear water • allows sunlight to go through which is good for the health of aquatic • Artificial eutrophication: causes? • Agricultural runoff from fertilizer but also from air, and cars , nitrogen oxide converted to nitrates which are washed by rain • DEAD ZONE : DO greatly depleted or eliminated "Fill in the blank: acid pH can go <# for rain sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide = ___ acid, ___ acid"acid pH can go <5 for rain sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxide = nitric acid, sulfuric acid Metal sulfides oxidized to sulfate which with moisture convers to what?sulfuric acid What dissolves hazardous metals in mining to which it later moves as runoff as surface & ground pollution?Sulfuric acid What are the impacts of suspended soils? (3) 1) Displeasing odour, colour and taste 2) Adsorption sites for chemical and biological agents that cause disease & toxins 3) Great to carry microbes What are the 3 sources of suspended solids? + Provide examples - Inorganic: clay, silt, and other soil constituents. • Organic: plant fibres, algal cells, bacteria. • Human use of the water: • Domestic: organic wastewater • Industrial: organic or inorganic; Immiscible liquids (oils and greases) How many NTU does a torrential rain exceed?100 (400) NTU What kind of particles can be loaded in a torrential rain?suspended particles What does turbulent waters bring into water?sediments Explain image Slide 19 How can we solve oil/grease spills? (5) "Skimmers, gelling, microorganisms, burning, don't use 2 stroke engines for boats " What is the name of the BP Gulf of Mexico?Deepwater Horizon oil Spill List examples of oil spills? - Exxon Valdez • 1991 Gulf war • BP Gulf of Mexico (Deepwater Horizon oil Spill) Fill in the blank for pathogenic microorganism? - Those organisms capable of ____ or transmitting _____ to humans. • These organisms ______ (are OR NOT) native to aquatic systems • Usually require an ______ for growth and reproduction. • They are transported by ____ _____ systems- Those organisms capable of infecting, or of transmitting diseases to humans. • These organisms are not native to aquatic systems • Usually require an animal host for growth and reproduction. • They are transported by natural water systems To humans, the most important biological organisms in water are what? Pathogens List 3 pathogenic microorganisms & their 4 possible sources? 1) Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa 2) Runoff of storm water, • Septic systems, • Livestock operations, • Poorly performing municipal sewage treatment plants Example: E.coli What is one of the sources of point sources?wastewater treatment What are examples of Hazardous air pollutants (seen as water pollutants?) Example: Arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, copper, zinc Organic chemicals: benzene, toluene and many pesticides Fill in the blank about these non-point sources? Pesticide run off from _____ Organic chemicals from ______ _______ PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are deposited from _____agricultural land, city streets, air What does thermal pollution mean?"(heat from electric power plants) = ↑ water temperature" "How much road salt does Frenchman's Bay receive every y?"7600 tonnes How much of this salt pile is salt?20% How many creeks are going to frenchmans bay?3 What are examples of Nonconventional & nontoxic pollutants? Ammonia, sodium chloride (road salt), iron, aluminium, colored effluents, thermal pollution (heat from electric power plants) = ↑ water temperature P2 – pollution prevention is important because ....  What are the 4 ways to prevent- Hard or impossible to clean up groundwater pollution – Pump-and- treat method for cleaning – Containment (barriers) - Treat at place (for example add iron to trichloroethylene [used in dry cleaning = less toxic]) dry cleaning, can - Use Anaerobic microorganisms (low oxygen environment)with iron 1) Define the Pump & Treat method 2) Define the use of barriers to prevent pollution 1) pump & take polluted water out & treat via chemicals = expensive to do 2) : put barriers, clean half the pool first & blocks the other sources of water that could be affected by blocking access Explain how water body (surface water) pollutions can be broken down and evaporated? [4]  With answers to question 1, why does groundwater pollution occur?– Microbes, oxygen, sunlight and wave movements may break down pollutants or they can evaporate 2) Groundwater has: Low sunlight, low O2 , microbe/bacteria does not exist Explain how water bodies are impacted by pollution via 2) Groundwater pollution [4] – Landfills, old dump – Septic systems – Farms and golf greens – Spills Image : What are some groundwater pollution sources [8] Slide 26 What type of plant legumes are used to contain bacteria that convert nitrogen into bioavailable reactive nitrogen? [12] Root nodules, alfalfa, clover, peas, beans, lentils, lupin bean, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts and tamarind. What are “Nitrogen Glut” and Dead Zones? "Human activity had ↑ inputs of reactive nitrogen (bioavailable for plants – nitrate) [[After WW2 explosion of fertilizers, human population growth too for more food]  • Nitrogen in air is very stable chemical and biologically inert • Until 20th century people fertilized their crops by applying manure, compost (organic matter - decaying leaves, grass…) " Haber-Bosch Process (Slide 28 Read it) Slide 28 What are the effects of Excess Nutrients? & Where are these zones commonly in? Causes s eutrophication which can lead to DEAD ZONES (DZ) in coastal water • DZ or hypoxic zones common in countries where fertilizers are liberally applied What type of plant does Algal Blooms produce?rapid zooplankton growth When zooplankton die what happens? sink toward the bottom they contribute to BOD What does Gonyaulax produce in marine coastal waters?toxins Gonyaulax appears as what in marine coastal waters?red tide What affects fish, shellfish, birds, humans?Toxins What does Cyanobacteria fix in water bodies?air nitrogen in water bodies What are the 2 sources of Reactive Nitrogen? Hint: NLC   & HFFS[1] Natural Reactive Nitrogen – Legumes (peas, beans) – Cyanobacteria also fix air nitrogen in water bodies [2] From Human Sources – Fertilizers (nitrate runoff to rivers, lakes and coastal areas) – Fossil fuels : • Nitrogen oxide (NOx) car emission; nitrate is oxidized from NOx – see air pollution lecture (aerosols from NOx -liquid nitric acid or solid nitrate) – Poorly treated or untreated sewage (runoff of animal manure) What type of water extends across the Louisiana continental shelf?oxygen-depleted What is the largest coastal zone in the Western Hemisphere?Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone As a nonpoint sources of pollutants; what do corn and soybean crops contribute to?reactive nitrogen Municipal wastewater treatment plants are they non point or point sources? Point Fill in the blank: In the Gulf of Mexico, hypoxia results from the stratification of  ____ ____ due to Mississippi River system ____ _____ & the _____ of _____ _____ stimulated by Mississippi River nutrients.In the Gulf of Mexico, hypoxia results from the stratification of marine waters due to Mississippi River system freshwater inflow and the decomposition of organic matter stimulated by Mississippi River nutrients Fill in the blank: As a general rule, the nutrients delivered to ___ & ____ systems support _______ productivity.As a general rule, the nutrients delivered to estuarine and coastal systems support biological productivity. Fill in the blank: Excessive levels of nutrients, however, can intensify the biological productivity that depletes oxygen. The remains of algal blooms and zooplankton fecal pellets sink to the lower water column and seabed. The rate of depletion of oxygen during processes that decompose the fluxed organic matter (from Mississippi R.) exceeds the rate of production and _____ from the surface waters, especially when waters are _____ resupply stratified Fill in the blank: Stratification in the (where?) is most influenced by ______ (____ density) differences year-round, but is accentuated in the ____ due to solar  _____ of ____ ____ (____ density) & _____ winds Stratification in the northern Gulf of Mexico is most influenced by salinity (higher density) differences year-round, but is accentuated in the summer due to solar warming of surface waters (lower density) and calming winds Oxygen depletion becomes most widespread, persistent and severe during what months? summer Read Slide 34-37 Slide 34-37 Compare & Contrast 1) nutrient levels, 2) light penetration 3) DO 4) Water depth 5) Algal growth 6) Fish type 7) Age of fish 8) types sediment at the bottom of lakes "Eutrophic Lakes -High nutrient levels -Poor light penetration -Low dissolved oxygen -Shallow waters -High algal growth - Carp, bullhead, catfish - Mature & Old age  - Silt, Sand and Clay  Oligotrophic Lake  -Low nutrient levels -Good light penetration -High dissolved oxygen -Deep waters -Low algal growth - Smallmouth bass, lake trout, pike, sturgeon, whitefish -  Rock, gravel, or sand "

EESA11 Lecture 7 Quizlet

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