TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
Chapter 10: Democracy
Objectives:
1. Identify prevailing democratic practices in political and social institutions.
2. Discover the huge impact of global warming to the world.
3. Apply critical thinking on how to deal with the devastating climate problem.
Where is democracy and how does it
work in a country that is plagued by massive
poverty and by both natural and man-made
disasters?
Abraham Lincoln said “a government by
the people, of the people, and for the people”
which illustrates the benefits of democratic
participation and helps conceptualize viable
alternatives.
Danger to Democracy: A Weak State
Speech given by Chief Justice Reynato S. Puno (Ret.) during the first day of the DEA Church
Workers Convocation at Branscomb Memorial United Methodist Church, Kidapawan City on
Oct. 28, 2014
Let me go straight to my message: the state of democracy all over the world, but
especially democracy in the Philippines. This is reflected in the Economist Intelligence
Unit’s Index of Democracy taken some time ago which surveyed the state of democracy
in 165 independent states and 2 territories, thus effectively covering the globe. The survey
studied the performance of these states in the following areas: electoral process and
pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political
culture.
The results of the survey will cover you with gloom. They show that only 26 countries in
the world qualify as full democracies; 53 countries are considered flawed democracies;
33 countries are classed as hybrid regimes; and 55 countries are classified as
authoritarian regimes. In other words, only 12.3% of the world’s population live in
countries under full democracy. In Asia, only two countries qualified as full democracies
– Japan and South Korea. The Philippines was considered a country with flawed
democracy.
I
quote
their
analysis
as
to
why
democracy
is
in
retreat
in
Asia:
“Democratic political cultures in Asia are often underdeveloped and shallow, even in
countries that have democratized. In only 9 countries in the region do we rate elections
as both being free and fair. Even in parts of the region that are not authoritarian there is
often pressure on the independent media. In many countries… polls show that more
citizens believe that the nation’s democratic transitions brought no improvement to their
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
lives than believe the changes have been positive. Nostalgia for overthrown dictators is
widespread. Some in the region are calling for resurgence of the so-called ‘Asian Values’.
Although majority of Asians say that they support the democratic ideals, their commitment
to the limits on a leader’s power is far lower than in most regions.”
Our failure to qualify as a full democracy is more lamentable in view of our history. We
hold the record as the first country in Asia to establish a republican democracy, courtesy
of Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Congress. But after more than 100 years, the
Philippines is now used as a study model of a country that started with a surfeit of
democracy
to
a
country
with
democratic
deficit.
Obviously, our State has failed to discharge its duties to our people, as called for by their
covenant to establish a democratic society. For this reason, those watching our
democratic progress classify our State as a weak State, a soft State, or a failing State. It
is difficult to disagree with this classification for indeed we will not be a flawed democracy
if we have developed a State that is strong and capable of fulfilling the expectations of
our people. The danger is that a State that continues to be weak, a State that severely
defaults in serving the people may be brought down by anti-democratic forces through
extra-constitutional
means.
As members of the body of Christ, we should study the causes why our State is a failing
State, why our State has become a weak State, where the rule of law is ineffective. First
is the historical cause, our colonial past. Our experience with Spain is colonialism a t its
worst, an unmitigated disaster. After three centuries, Spain left us a land controlled by
compradores, with a majority of people suffering from dense ignorance, an archipelago
with ethnic fissures. Under the Americans, we fared a little better. We were granted our
political independence and we became a State. But unlike the British, the Americans did
not leave us with a civil service powered by meritocracy and administered by honest
government servants. Perhaps we are to blame ourselves. For we opted to follow
Quezon’s pied-piper call for a government run like hell by Filipinos. That early in our
history, our State’s political apparatus started to fall in the hands of a small elite. It also
started to be disturbed by the rebellions of the Hukbalahaps in Central Luzon and the
unrest of the Muslims in the South. The economy likewise, started to be driven by big
landowners. To make matters worse, the Americans made sure they could continue the
exploitation of our economy. They forced down our throat the Parity Amendment. The
Pemberton case is but a result of the continuing unequal treaty with the Americans. In
fine, our State lost the opportunity to be a strong and effective State due to our colonizers,
whom some scholar say never really left us to be on our own.
The second reason why we are a weak ineffective State is our electoral system that has
long been vulnerable to the use of force and fraud. Such a flawed electoral system breeds
regimes that desecrate the sovereignty of the people, governments that do not respect
their rights, and administrations that betray their interests. Necessarily, leaders that come
to power through the use of guns, gold and goons will leave a State only after abusing it,
a State then bereft of strength and drained of its effectiveness. We have seen the reign
of these illegitimate and rapacious leaders. They helped themselves to the coffers of the
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
people. They distributed the resources of the government unfairly and unevenly. They
governed with iron hands to perpetuate themselves in power, using threats and violence
against the opposition, against critics, against any person or group perceived as
disturbing their reign. They struck deals and unholy alliances with shady characters like
gambling lords, smuggling syndicates, drug dealers, and tax cheats. The news, then and
now, provide irrefutable evidence of the corruption of our electoral process that has left
us a State in tatters. In the late 1940’s, it was good enough that a leader who bought for
his use an expensive urinal caused a shockwave to our electorate and was booted out of
office. Today, however, some of our leaders are under investigation for thievery of billions
of pesos, and yet a seemingly desensitized people hardly react with righteous rage. In
the fifties, the murder of one man in Negros, so touched the conscience of the people and
catapulted Magsaysay to the presidency. Now some of our voter do not mind voting with
the birds and the bees; some merely shrug off the killing fields in the South where every
election our right to vote is buried. In the past, we go to Congress to be educated by the
debates of our elective representatives; now we go to the legislature for entertainment by
some of its members. In fine, we see the non-stop, progressive abuse of our electoral
system which is the heart of democracy. I say progression because we were the first
people in Asia to exercise the right to vote. That right was given to us by the Americans
more than 100 years ago and considering the length of time, we should have already
developed an electoral system beyond tampering by purchasing power, beyond violation
by force or fraud. The tragedy is that after 100 years, our government in the past has
been captured by leaders who do not truly represent the people and who often have
weakened our State by taking advantage of its resources. Unless we are rescued from
these types of leaders, we will never live under a full democracy. They say our democracy
is
the
best,
the
best
that
money
can
buy.
The third reason for our weak inefficient State is the rise of the centers of power that
command critical mass of votes or wield excessive economic clout or possess armories
of death and violence. The existence of these centers of power oftentimes transcend the
limits of the permissible because they frustrate the government in the pursuit of its
legitimate ends. For instance, we see the growth of sectarian forces that are able to
extract undue political and economic favors from government due to their demonstrated
capability to deliver votes. Every election time, we witness candidates make a beeline to
seek the blessings of these leaders as if they descended from Mount Sinai. For another,
we see the multiplication of political dynasties that control votes in their bailiwicks and
who in turn, are allowed to perpetuate themselves as kings in their fiefdoms with the
unspoken right to exploit their constituents. We also see the influence of a few oligarchs,
who can direct the economic policies of government in their favor but to the detriment of
many. Thus, every Congress, people urge the enactment of laws that will enforce our
constitutional policy against dynasties and monopolies but to no avail. A State cannot be
shackled by these centers of power which have no accountability to the people for they
serve themselves alone. Unfortunately, the weakening of States especially by private
business interest has been accelerated by the coming of globalization and its dominant
ideology of near unregulated capitalism. Capitalism espouses the free enterprise system
of varying shades. It champions the thesis that it is the invisible hand of the market that
should guider economy as opposed to the hand of the government. Hence, its mantras
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
of privatization and deregulation which tell public authorities no to engage in business,
and to let the private sector to do it without or with the least competition from government.
As usual, with pressure from external sources, we joined the hallelujah chorus chanting
privatization and deregulation. Immediately, private business led by the elite, grabbed
control of our light and power industry, the oil industry, and the water industry as
government was prodded to divest its interests therein in near fire sale. The people were
promised lower rates to pay our light, water and oil bills but found themselves drowning
in high prices. Today, the government finds itself unable to look at even the books of
these corporations to determine whether they are amassing too much profit at the
expense of the people. Again, we cannot afford a State that is hardly able to protect the
people.
The fourth reason why we have a weak ineffective State is our incessant internal strife
due to wars, insurrections and rebellions. We have long been bedeviled by these strife
that have broken and continue to break our peace. We fought debilitating wars against
Spain, against the Americans, and against the Japanese. Thereafter we contended with
Hukbalahaps, who were succeeded by the NPAs; and today, we are rocked by
secessionist movements in Mindanao. These do not include the havoc wrought to us by
agents of terrorism who stalk our seas and our shores. Obviously, our State has lost its
right to the monopoly of violence. The lives we have lost in these insurrections and
rebellions are too many and we have not stopped counting. The damage done in
Zamboanga by the fight between the government and the MNLF has not been remedied.
The kidnappings by the Abu Sayyaf continue unabated. Now the news is that trained
terrorist from ISIS will target the Philippines. Tally too the innocent people displaced by
these rebellions that continue to increase in number. Consider too that their economic
cost is becoming unbearable to a government already running dry of resources. More and
more, government has to cut back on its spending to fulfill its duty to deliver basic services
to the people in the area of education, health, housing, poverty alleviation, etc. Hence,
we hear the growl of complaints getting louder from our students about the cutback of
support to our state colleges and universities; we hear protests about the deterioration of
services of our hospitals especially in the provinces; we hear howls against the increase
of transportation costs because of the VAT; we see long lines at the LRT and MRT, the
strikes of jeepney drivers, the everyday traffic, the congestions in our ports, the
undelivered goods, etc. Rebellion of a few is but enough but a revolt of the masses is
worse if it comes. Again, all these are growing marks of a State with hands too limp to
make
a
difference.
The fifth reason that we have a weak State is our inability to resist foreign intervention. A
State mired in poverty is easy prey to foreign countries with contrary interest. Since time
immemorial, real economic sufficiency has eluded us. As a consequence, we have been
compelled to surrender our political and economic sovereignty at different points of our
history. For a long while, we were home to military bases, which Recto denounced as
magnets to attacks. And until now, our huge indebtedness tethers us to foreign
government and institutions that lend money. To an impoverished State, a collection letter
from a creditor State is just as deadly in effect as a bullet. We have to learn the lesson
that foreign States will never put our interest above their interest. Our State enjoys a
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
bounty of natural resources, and we should not expect foreign States and their multinationals not to devour them, especially at this time when most of their economies are
suffering from recession. We have, lying in the bosom of Mindanao, trillions worth of
natural resources and it is not unexpected for foreign countries to salivate for their control
and disposition even if they have to weaken our State for the purpose. History warns us
of the curse of resources but I’d like to think they can never be a curse to a strong State.
We all desire a State that is strong enough to fulfill the expectations of the people. To our
authorities who are doing their best towards this direction, I leave a food for thought the
following
studies
of
experts
on
security:
• “Weapons do not necessarily provide security. This is true for adversarial States armed
with weapons with such destructive power that no defense is possible. It is true in civil
wars, where the easy availability of weapons empowers the ruthless but offers little
defense for civilians. And it was true on September 11, 2001 when a determined group
of terrorists struck with impunity against the world’s most powerful military country.
• “Real security in a globalizing world cannot be provided on a purely national basis. A
multilateral and even global approach is needed to deal effectively with a multitude of
trans-boundary
challenges.
• “The traditional focus on state (or regime) security is inadequate and needs to
encompass safety and well-being for those living there. If individuals and communities
are insecure, state security itself can be extremely fragile. Democratic governance and a
vibrant civil society may ultimately be more imperative for security than an army.
• “Non-military dimensions have an important influence on security and stability. Nations
around the world, but particularly the weaker countries and communities, confront a
multitude of pressures. They face a debilitating combination of rising competition of
resources, severe environmental breakdown, the resurgence of infectious disease,
poverty and growing wealth disparities, demographic pressures, and joblessness and
livelihood
insecurity.”
(State
of
the
World,
p.
5)
Let us help our State be a strong and effective State for without strength it cannot deliver
real service to the people. All that we see happening in our society today is the result of
a State battered and weakened by different factors and forces. We should engage these
forces as a body of Christ. As Methodists, we have a tradition on engaging powers that
perpetrate and perpetuate political, social and economic injustices against the people.
Our Social Creed is our covenant to uphold the powerless against the powerful; to fight
for the exploited many against the exploiting few… And let us not forget that Methodism
was founded by John Wesley, to quote historians, “who is to be remembered for the
gospels that he preaches which inspired people to take up social causes in the name of
Christ.” They say that Wesley was both a preacher of the gospel and a prophet of social
righteousness; they called Wesley “the man who restored for a nation its soul” (Stott, John
R.W., Issues Facing Christians Today, pp. 25-26).
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
Climate Change
The world is groaning; humanity is in
danger due to the global connection is greatly
responsible for its devastation. Also, global
connection is potentially accountable for Earth’s
restoration. Adaptation and mitigation can be
learned collectively.
6 ways climate change will affect PH cities
Ria Ranada
Scientists say human activities are largely responsible for the continued increase
in average global temperatures, which causes climate change. Global greenhouse gases
emitted by the fossil fuel industry(which gives us electricity and fuels our cars) trap heat
in the Earth's atmosphere thus warming the entire planet.
Philippine cities will likely experience at least one of these effects of climate change:
1. More intense El Niño
The El Niño phenomenon occurs when the
surface of ocean waters in the southern Pacific
becomes abnormally warm. The energy created by this
warming is so great that it can create an imbalance in
the weather in different parts of the world. In Southeast
Asia, it can lead to abnormally dry conditions.
El Niño can also make other weather events like
storms highly unpredictable. Weather will have
extreme highs and lows, making it "increasingly difficult
to accurately predict weather patterns for purposes of
planning and normal business operations," says
a WWF-Philippines study.
2. Sea surface temperatures to rise
By the end of the century, sea surface
temperatures are expected to rise by 1 to 4 degrees
Celsius. This can lead to more powerful storms
because storms get their strength from heat rising from
the sea.
In the Philippines, 4 and 5 degree Celsius
spikes above the normal sea surface temperature have
been recorded. Warmer seas kill coral reefs and can
thus lead to a decline in fish catch, putting food security
in danger.
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
3. Ocean acidification
The shift in the Ph levels of our oceans can lead
to widespread coral reef death. Because of the
imbalance, shrimps are not able to develop skins,
oysters cannot develop shells. Fish larvae may not be
able to develop bones. This further endangers food
security and the livelihood of fishermen.
4. Sea levels to rise by 4 to 6 meters
Current data show an increase in sea surface
heights. Scientists say this is due to the melting of ice
sheets in northern portions of the globe like Antarctica
and Greenland. Sea level rise by 4 to 6 meters can
submerge low-lying communities like Tacloban City
which stands only 3 meters above sea level.
5. Tropical cyclones to intensify
The creation of tropical cyclones is already
being recorded in areas where the phenomenon had
never been observed. On Nov 8, 2013, Super Typhoon
Yolanda (Haiyan), said to be the strongest storm in
recorded history, devastated cities in Visayas.
6. Rainfall, river flow and flooding to intensify
Monsoon rainfall in the Philippines will reach
new highs and lows. Some parts of the country will
experience an upward trend in rainfall while other parts
will experience an intensification of drought. These two
extreme poles of weather will make it more difficult for
agriculture and aquaculture sectors which are highly
dependent on weather.
Philippine cities are already experiencing
unprecedented amounts of rainfall. In Tacloban City,
rainfall increased by 257% from 1998 to 2011. More
rainfall will lead to more flooding and can trigger
landslides in upland communities.
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
How Much More Will Earth Warm?
To further explore the causes and effects of global warming and to predict future
warming, scientists build climate models—computer simulations of the climate system.
Climate models are designed to simulate the responses and interactions of the oceans
and atmosphere, and to account for changes to the land surface, both natural and humaninduced. They comply with fundamental laws of physics—conservation of energy, mass,
and momentum—and account for dozens of factors that influence Earth’s climate.
Though the models are complicated, rigorous tests with real-world data hone them
into powerful tools that allow scientists to explore our understanding of climate in ways
not otherwise possible. By experimenting with the models—removing greenhouse gases
emitted by the burning of fossil fuels or changing the intensity of the Sun to see how each
influences the climate—scientists use the models to better understand Earth’s current
climate and to predict future climate.
The models predict that as the world consumes ever more fossil fuel, greenhouse
gas concentrations will continue to rise, and Earth’s average surface temperature will rise
with them. Based on a range of plausible emission scenarios, average surface
temperatures could rise between 2°C and 6°C by the end of the 21st century.
Climate Feedbacks
Greenhouse gases are only part of the story when it comes to global warming.
Changes to one part of the climate system can cause additional changes to the way the
planet absorbs or reflects energy. These secondary changes are called climate
feedbacks, and they could more than double the amount of warming caused by carbon
dioxide alone. The primary feedbacks are due to snow and ice, water vapor, clouds, and
the carbon cycle.
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
Snow and ice
Perhaps the most well known feedback comes from melting snow and ice in the
Northern Hemisphere. Warming temperatures are already melting a growing percentage
of Arctic sea ice, exposing dark ocean water during the perpetual sunlight of summer.
Snow cover on land is also dwindling in many areas. In the absence of snow and ice,
these areas go from having bright, sunlight-reflecting surfaces that cool the planet to
having dark, sunlight-absorbing surfaces that bring more energy into the Earth system
and cause more warming.
Water Vapor
The largest feedback is water vapor. Water vapor is a strong greenhouse gas. In
fact, because of its abundance in the atmosphere, water vapor causes about two-thirds
of greenhouse warming, a key factor in keeping temperatures in the habitable range on
Earth. But as temperatures warm, more water vapor evaporates from the surface into the
atmosphere, where it can cause temperatures to climb further.
The question that scientists ask is, how much water vapor will be in the atmosphere
in a warming world? The atmosphere currently has an average equilibrium or balance
between water vapor concentration and temperature. As temperatures warm, the
atmosphere becomes capable of containing more water vapor, and so water vapor
concentrations go up to regain equilibrium. Will that trend hold as temperatures continue
to warm?
The amount of water vapor that enters the atmosphere ultimately determines how
much additional warming will occur due to the water vapor feedback. The atmosphere
responds quickly to the water vapor feedback. So far, most of the atmosphere has
maintained a near constant balance between temperature and water vapor concentration
as temperatures have gone up in recent decades. If this trend continues, and many
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
models say that it will, water vapor has the capacity to double the warming caused by
carbon dioxide alone.
Clouds
Closely related to the water vapor feedback is the cloud feedback. Clouds cause
cooling by reflecting solar energy, but they also cause warming by absorbing infrared
energy (like greenhouse gases) from the surface when they are over areas that are
warmer than they are. In our current climate, clouds have a cooling effect overall, but that
could change in a warmer environment.
If clouds become brighter, or the geographical extent of bright clouds expands,
they will tend to cool Earth’s surface. Clouds can become brighter if more moisture
converges in a particular region or if more fine particles (aerosols) enter the air. If fewer
bright clouds form, it will contribute to warming from the cloud feedback.
Clouds, like greenhouse gases, also absorb and re-emit infrared energy. Low,
warm clouds emit more energy than high, cold clouds. However, in many parts of the
world, energy emitted by low clouds can be absorbed by the abundant water vapor above
them. Further, low clouds often have nearly the same temperatures as the Earth’s
surface, and so emit similar amounts of infrared energy. In a world without low clouds,
the amount of emitted infrared energy escaping to space would not be too different from
a world with low clouds.
High cold clouds, however, form in a part of the atmosphere where energyabsorbing water vapor is scarce. These clouds trap (absorb) energy coming from the
lower atmosphere, and emit little energy to space because of their frigid temperatures. In
a world with high clouds, a significant amount of energy that would otherwise escape to
space is captured in the atmosphere. As a result, global temperatures are higher than in
a world without high clouds.
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
If warmer temperatures result in a
greater amount of high clouds, then less
infrared energy will be emitted to space.
In other words, more high clouds would
enhance the greenhouse effect, reducing
the Earth’s capability to cool and causing
temperatures to warm.
Scientists aren’t entirely sure
where and to what degree clouds will end
up amplifying or moderating warming,
but most climate models predict a slight
overall positive feedback or amplification
of warming due to a reduction in low
cloud cover.
A recent observational study found that fewer low, dense clouds formed over a
region in the Pacific Ocean when temperatures warmed, suggesting a positive cloud
feedback in this region as the models predicted. Such direct observational evidence is
limited, however, and clouds remain the biggest source of uncertainty--apart from human
choices to control greenhouse gases—in predicting how much the climate will change.
The Carbon Cycle
Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and warming temperatures
are causing changes in the Earth’s natural carbon cycle that also can feedback on
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. For now, primarily ocean water, and to some
extent ecosystems on land, are taking up about half of our fossil fuel and biomass burning
emissions. This behavior slows global warming by decreasing the rate of atmospheric
carbon dioxide increase, but that trend may not continue. Warmer ocean waters will hold
less dissolved carbon, leaving more in the atmosphere.
On land, changes in the carbon cycle are more complicated. Under a warmer
climate, soils, especially thawing Arctic tundra, could release trapped carbon dioxide or
methane to the atmosphere. Increased fire frequency and insect infestations also release
more carbon as trees burn or die and decay.
On land, changes in the carbon cycle are more complicated. Under a warmer
climate, soils, especially thawing Arctic tundra, could release trapped carbon dioxide or
methane to the atmosphere. Increased fire frequency and insect infestations also release
more carbon as trees burn or die and decay.
On the other hand, extra carbon dioxide can stimulate plant growth in some
ecosystems, allowing these plants to take additional carbon out of the atmosphere.
However, this effect may be reduced when plant growth is limited by water, nitrogen, and
temperature. This effect may also diminish as carbon dioxide increases to levels that
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
become saturating for photosynthesis. Because of these complications, it is not clear how
much additional carbon dioxide plants can take out of the atmosphere and how long they
could continue to do so.
The impact of climate change on the land carbon cycle is extremely complex,
but on balance, land carbon sinks will become less efficient as plants reach saturation,
where they can no longer take up additional carbon dioxide, and other limitations on
growth occur, and as land starts to add more carbon to the atmosphere from warming
soil, fires, and insect infestations. This will result in a faster increase in atmospheric
carbon dioxide and more rapid global warming. In some climate models, carbon cycle
feedbacks from both land and ocean add more than a degree Celsius to global
temperatures by 2100.
Emission Scenarios
Scientists predict the range of likely temperature increase by running many
possible future scenarios through climate models. Although some of the uncertainty in
climate forecasts comes from imperfect knowledge of climate feedbacks, the most
significant source of uncertainty in these predictions is that scientists don’t know what
choices people will make to control greenhouse gas emissions.
The higher estimates are made on the assumption that the entire world will
continue using more and more fossil fuel per capita, a scenario scientists call “businessas-usual.” More modest estimates come from scenarios in which environmentally friendly
technologies such as fuel cells, solar panels, and wind energy replace much of today’s
fossil fuel combustion.
It takes decades to centuries for Earth to fully react to increases in greenhouse
gases. Carbon dioxide, among other greenhouse gases, will remain in the atmosphere
long after emissions are reduced, contributing to continuing warming. In addition, as Earth
has warmed, much of the excess energy has gone into heating the upper layers of the
TRENDS, NETWORKS,AND CRITICAL THINKING
ocean. Like a hot water bottle on a cold night, the heated ocean will continue warming
the lower atmosphere well after greenhouse gases have stopped increasing.
These considerations mean that people won’t immediately see the impact of
reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Even if greenhouse gas concentrations stabilized
today, the planet would continue to warm by about 0.6°C over the next century because
of greenhouses gases already in the atmosphere.
Source:http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov?Features?GlobalWarming?page5.php.
For further readings please clink on the links provided:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvJ8YDma7Wk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TBOGhA9hdI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb0i5a346HA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ne8yJcXuU2U
References:
Mangiduyos, Gladys P. TRENDS, NETWORKS, AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE
21ST CENTURY. Manila:Rex Bookstore
http://www.heritage.org/index/country/philippines
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming/page5.php