OʼZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKАSI OLIY VА OʼRTА –MАXSUS TАʹLIM VАZIRLIGI NАVOIY DАVLАT PEDАGOGIKА INSTITUTI INGLIZ TILI VA ADABIYOTI KAFEDRASI TILI O`RGANILAYOTGAN MAMLAKATLAR ADABIYOTI fanidan KURS ISHINI BAJARISH BOʼYICHA USLUBIY KO’RSATMA Bilim sohasi: Ta'lim sohasi: 100000 – Ta’lim 110000 – Ta’lim Ta'lim yo‘nalishi: 60111800– Xotijiy til va adabiyoti (ingliz tili) NАVOIY-2022 Navoiy davlat pedagogika instituti tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va tasdiqlangan. Ushbu uslubiy ko’rsatma Oʼzbekiston Respublikasi Xalq taʼlimi Vazirligining 2008 yil 7 martdagi 61-sonli buyrugʼi asosidagi Oliy taʼlim muassasalarida kurs ishini bajarish tartibi haqidagi Nizom asosida tayyorlandi. Uslubiy ko’rsatmani tuzuvchi: D.Sh.Kodirova - NDPI, Ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi katta o’qituvchisi Z.F.Tuychiyeva – NDPI, Ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi o’qituvchi Taqrizchilar: Q.D.To`xtayeva - NDPI, Ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi dotsenti, f.f.n. G.X.Nurmatova - PROFI universiteti Navoiy filiali Tillar kafedrasi mudiri PhD, dots. Kurs ishini bajarish bo’yicha o’quv uslubiy ko’rsatma “Ingliz tili va adabiyoti” kafedrasining 2022 yil ___ dekabrdagi 5-son yig`ilishida muhokamadan o`tgan va institut kengashida tasdiqlash uchun tavsiya etilgan. Kafedra mudiri ____________ (imzo) D.Sh.Kodirova (Ismi. Familiyasi) Ushbu uslubiy ko’rsatma Navoiy davlat pedagogika institut Kengashining 202__-yil __ ________dagi -sonli yig`ilishi qarori bilan tasdiqlangan. 1. Kurs ishining maqsad va vazifalari: Oliy taʼlimning xorijiy tillarni oʼqitish yoʼnalishlari talabalariga pedagogik va ilmiy masalalarning yechimini topish imkonini berishda hamda ularda chuqur bilim va koʼnikmalarni shakllantirishda kurs kurs ishilarining ahamiyati nihoyatda kattadir. Kurs ishini bajarish jarayonida talaba egallagan nazariy va amaliy bilimlari vositasida mavjud ilmiy - uslubiy manbalar, meʼyoriy hujjatlar, maʼlumotnomalar va zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalangan holda xorijiy tillarni oʼqitishdagi , tilshunoslikdagi va adabiyotshunoslikdagi muammolarni va dolzarb masalalarning yechimini topish hamda oʼz gʼoya va xulosalarini jamoada himoya qilish koʼnikmasini egallaydi. Kurs ishini bajarishdan maqsad – oʼquv rejasida koʼzda tutilgan muayyan fan boʼyicha maʼruza, tajriba va amaliy mashgʼulotlarda olgan nazariy va amaliy bilimlarini mustahkamlash, chuqurlashtirish, umumlashtirish va mazkur bilimlarni xorijiy tillarni oʼqitish, tilshunoslik va adabiyotshunoslik sohasidagi dolzarb masalalarni zamon talablari asosida yechishda qoʼllashdir. Kurs ishlarini bajarish orqali talabalar keyingi yanada jiddiyroq ilmiy - pedagogik muammolar bilan shugʼullanishga - malakaviy bitiruv ishlarni , magistrlik dissertatsiyalarini bajarishga tayorlanadi. Shu bilan bir qatorda kurs ishi talabalarda davlat taʼlim standartlari, soha boʼyicha meʼyoriy hujjatlar, maʼlumotnomalar, respublikamizda olib borilayotgan ilmiy tadqiqot yo’nalishlari, yoʼriqnomalar va muqaddam egallangan tajribalardan va ilmiy manbalardan foydalanish koʼnikmasini shakllantiradi. Shuningdek, kurs ishi talabalarda mustaqil fikrlashga oʼrgatish, mustaqil ijodiy ishlash, ilmiy manbalarni izlash , mavzuga doir materiallar yigʼish, qayta ishlash va saqlash uchun zamonaviy kompyuter va axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalana olish va kurs ishlarini rasmiylashtirish koʼnikmalarini shakllantiradi. Demak, kurs ishlari ilmiy tadqiqot ishlarining birinchi qadami, yaʼni debochasidir. Kurs ishining asosiy vazifalari: • talabalarning maʼruza va amaliy mashgʼulotlarda, mustaqil faoliyatda olingan nazariy bilimlari va amaliy koʼnikmalarini kurs ishilarni bajarishda qoʼllay olishini namoyish etish; • talabalarda meʼyoriy, maʼlumotnoma va boshqa adabiyotlardan foydalanish koʼnikmalarini hosil qilish; • mustaqil fikrlash va eng munosib pedagogik va ilmiy tadqiqot yechimlarini qabul qilishga oʼrgatish; • axborot texnologiyalar vositasida oʼz kurs ishisining taqdimotini - himoyasini oʼtkazish, unda kurs ishini bajarish jarayonida egallangan natijalarni ishonchli dalillar bilan asoslash, turli texnik vositalar va ularning dasturlaridan foydalana olish qobiliyatini koʼrsatish; • oʼquv jarayonida shakllangan kommunikativ koʼnikmalarni namoyish etish, oʼz nuqtai nazarini himoya qila olish , kurs ishi boʼyicha savollarga asosli javob berish; • talabalarda guruh bilan ishlash koʼnikmalarini faollashtirish, oldinga qoʼyilgan maqsadni bajarish boʼyicha tashabbus koʼrsatish qobiliyatini kengaytirish; • kurs ishilarni tayyorlash, gʼoyalarni tavsiya eta olish va qarorlarni qabul qilishning nostandart usullarini topishni namoyish etish; • mustaqil ijodiy ishlash, maʼlumotlarni izlash, yigʼish, qayta ishlash va mavzuga doir maʼlumotlar boʼyicha ish olib borish uchun zamonaviy kompyuter va axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalana olish. Kurs ishida quyidagi masalalar yechimi koʼrsatilishi lozim: • bajarilayotgan ishning maqsadi va vazifalarini aniq ifoda etish; • muammo obʼekti va predmetini aniqlash; • kurs ishida qoʼllanilgan uslublarni asoslash; • boshlangʼich maʼlumotlarni asoslash; • qabul qilingan muammo yechimlarini ilmiy pedagogik va ilmiy tadqiqot nuqtai nazardan tahlil qilish; • xorijiy tillarni oʼqitish yo’nalishi talablarini izohlash, qoʼyilgan masala yuzasidan yechimning mumkin boʼlgan muqobillarini tahlil qilish va ulardan eng maqbulini tanlash. Kurs ishining mavzulari: Kurs ishini bajarishdagi eng muhim masalalardan biri uning mavzusini toʼgʼri aniqlashdir. Kurs ishining mavzulari mazkur fanning oʼquv vazifasiga javob berishi bilan bir qatorda umumtaʼlim maktablari, litsey va kasb-hunar kollejlari oʼquv dasturlari hamda ilm-fanning dolzarb muammolari bilan bogʼliq boʼlishi lozim. Kurs ishi mavzulari avvalambor ilmiy va zamonaviy boʼlishi hamda talabalarda mustaqil ijodiy ishga koʼnikmani shakllantirishga yoʼnaltirilmogʼi lozimdir. Kurs ishi topshiriqlarida xorijiy tillarni oʼqitish jarayonida texnologik yangiliklarning qoʼllanishi koʼzda tutilishi muhimdir. Topshiriqlarning takroriyligi, yildan-yilga bir xil mavzularning takrorlanishi kurs ishlarini ham oʼquv, ham amaliy ahamiyatini kamaytiradi. Kurs ishining topshiriqlari rasmiylashtirilgan boʼlib, umumiy talablar pasaytirilmagan holda talabalarning qiziqishi va qobiliyatlari bilan bogʼlangan boʼlishi lozim. Kurs ishining mavzusiga boʼlgan asosiy talablardan biri bu uning yaxlit majmuali boʼlishidir, yaʼni bir qator oʼzaro bogʼliq boʼlgan masalalarni birgalikda yechishga bagʼishlanganligidadir. Kurs ishlari mavzularining tarkibi xorijiy tillarni oʼqitish tizimiining amaliy masalalari, talabalar malakaviy amaliyotlarining natijalari, talabalar toʼgaraklarining ilmiy ishlari , yurtimizdagi va xorijiy mamlakatlardagi ilm-fan va texnika yutuqlarini aks ettirgan adabiyotlar asosida tuzilishi lozim. Talabalarga kurs ishlarining mavzularini tanlash huquqi beriladi. Bitiruv kursida bajariladigan kurs ishlari bitiruv malakaviy ishi mavzusi bilan bogʼlangan boʼlishi, kurs ishi malakaviy (bitiruv oldi) amaliyotida qoʼllangan maʼlumotlar asosida bajarilishi lozim. Kurs ishida ishning nomi, uning hajmi va mazmunini ifodalovchi tafsilotlar yaqqol belgilanishi lozim. Har bir topshiriq ilmiy va uslubiy jihatdan sinchkovlik bilan ishlab chiqilgan boʼlib, talabaning tayyorgarlik darajasiga va kurs ishini tuzatish uchun ajratilgan vaqtga muvofiq kelishi lozim. Topshiriq maxsus blankalarda rasmiylashtirilishi va maʼlumotnoma boshlangʼich maʼlumotlar bilan taʼminlanishi lozim. (1- ilova) va 3. Kurs ishining tarkibiy tuzilishi Kurs ishi: 1.Mundarija 2.Kirish 3.Аsosiy qism 4.Xulosa 5.Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati dan iborat boʼlishi lozim. Kurs ishi rejasi kurs ishida oʼrganilayotgan muammo xususiyatlarini qamrab olishi lozim. Talabalar tahlil qilinayotgan muammo yuzasidan turli adabiyot va manbalardan foydalanadi. Ishda talabalar professional etika qoidalarini buzilishiga (plagiat, maʼlumotlarni sohtalashtirish hamda yolgʼon sitata keltirish) yoʼl qoʼymasliklari lozim. Kurs ishi standart varaqda 1,5 qator oraligʼida yozilishi lozim, har bir bet hoshiyasi: yuqoridan, pastdan va oʼngdan 2 sm, chapdan 3 sm boʼlishi, xatboshi 5 belgiga teng va bir xilda boʼladi. Kurs ishi matnini kompyuter vositasida bosib chiqarishda “Times New Roman” 14 oʼlchamli shriftni qoʼllagan holda Microsoft Word matn redaktoridan foydalanish tavsiya qilinadi. Kurs ishida iqtiboslar (Ссылка) 2 xil koʼrinishda berilishi mumkin Вставка – Ссылка – Сноска, yaʼni, quyidagicha1 yoki kvadrat qavslardagi raqamlar yordamida beriladi , masalan : [8, 62] shaklida Ishning hajmi titul varaq, mundarija, adabiyotlar roʼyxatidan tashqari 25-30 betdan iborat boʼlishi kerak. 4. Kurs ishisini tashkillashtirish va boshqarish. Filologiya va chet tillarni oʼqitish sohasidagi OTMlar oʼquv rejalarida kurs ishi soni quyidagicha belgilanadi: Bakalavriat yo’nalishida asosiy oʼrganilayotgan til (fani) dan 1 ta va tili oʼrganilayotgan mamlakatlar adabiyoti fanidan 1 ta kurs ishi; magistratura yo’nalishida mutaxassislik fanlaridan 2 ta kurs ishi yozish koʼzda tutilgan. Kurs ishiga rahbarlik qilish odatda, tegishli kafedralarning pedagogik va ilmiy tajribaga ega boʼlgan yuqori malakali professor-oʼqituvchilariga topshiriladi. Kurs ishlarida qoʼyilgan oʼquv maqsadlarini amaliyot bilan uzviylashtirish maqsadida, shuningdek OTMning kurs ishlari borasida oʼzaro tajriba almashish maqsadida, rahbarlik uchun bitiruvchilar ishga kirayotgan tashkilotlarda (maktab, litsey, kollej) bevosita ishlayotgan mutaxassislar jalb etilishi maqsadga muvofiqdir. Kurs ishiga rahbarlik kurs ishiga topshiriq berishdan boshlanadi. Kurs ishi topshirigʼini berishda asosiy bosqichlarni bajarish vaqtlari ko’rsatilgan grafik tavsiya qilinadi. Kurs ishlarini taqdim etish muddatlari OTM rahbariyati tomonidan mazkur yoʼnalish oʼquv rejasiga mos holda belgilanadi. Kurs ishi topshirigʼi ish rahbari imzosi bilan beriladi. Kurs ishining ahamiyati, unga qoʼyiladigan talablar, ishning tarkibi va kurs ishini rasmiylashtirish, topshiriqni bajarish boʼyicha umumiy topshiriqlar, uning hajmiga 1 Бўронов Ж.Б. Инглиз ва ўзбек тиллари қиесий грамматикаси . – Т.: Ўқитувчи, 1973. –Б.75. 6 boʼlgan talablar haqidagi maʼlumotlar mazkur fan boʼyicha mashgʼulot oʼtkazilganda tushuntiriladi. Kurs ishini bajarish uchun talabaning mustaqil ishi sifatida vaqt ajratiladi va jadvalda koʼrsatilgan vaqtlarda oʼqituvchi maslahati tashkil etiladi. Talaba ishni bajarishi jarayonida kurs ishi rahbari uning ijodiy bilimini rivojlantirishga harakat qilishi kerak. Kurs ishisini bajarish bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshiriladi, birinchi bosqichni bajargandan soʼng keyingi bosqichni bajarishga ruxsat etiladi. Talabalar tomonidan kurs ishining bajarilish jarayoni kafedra mudiri tomonidan muntazam ravishda nazorat qilinib, kafedra majlislarida muhokama etib boriladi. Kurs ishi talaba tomonidan bajariladi va qoʼyilgan talablarga javob beradigan kurs ishi esa rahbar tomonidan imzolanadi va hayʼatda himoya qilish uchun tavsiya etiladi. 5. Kurs ishining himoyasi Kurs ishining sifati va uni bajarish jarayonidagi talabaning faolligi, bilimi va koʼnikmalarini baholashning oʼziga xos shakllaridan biri ish himoyasidir. Talabada bajargan ishining mohiyatini chuqur tushunish, taklif etilgan muammo yechimlarini har tomonlama asoslab berish qobiliyatini shakllantirishda kurs ishining himoyasi muhim oʼrin tutadi. Kurs ishi himoyasi kafedra tomonidan belgilangan 2-3 oʼqituvchidan tashkil etilgan hayʼatda, kurs ishi rahbari va guruh talabalari qatnashuvida tashkil qilinadi. Ochiq himoya guruh talabalariga shu guruh talabalari tomonidan bajarilgan ishlar bilan tanishish imkoniyatini berishi bilan bir vaqtda, ish rahbarlarini himoya qilinayotgan ishlarga nisbatan bir xil talab bilan yondashishga olib keladi. Himoya talaba tomonidan bajarilgan kurs ishi boʼyicha 8-10 minutli maʼruza va savol - javobdan iborat boʼladi. Maʼruzada ishning mohiyatini talaba har tomonlama yoritib berishi kerak. Savollar himoyada qatnashayogan professoroʼqituvchilar tomonidan beriladi. Kurs ishi 100 ballik tizimda baholanadi. Oʼrnatilgan grafik boʼyicha bajarilgan va talablar boʼyicha sifatli rasmiylashtirilgan kurs ishiga eng koʼpi bilan 40 ball, himoya vaqtidagi maʼruza uchun 30 ball va berilgan savollar uchun javoblarga 30 ball beriladi. Himoya vaqtidagi qaydnoma ikki nusxada toʼldiriladi. Qaydnomalardan biri kafedrada, ikkinchisi dekanatda saqlanadi. Kurs ishini bajarish va himoya qilish natijasida 55 oʼtish ballini toʼplagan talabani reyting daftarchasiga ish rahbari tomonidan reyting ball qoʼyiladi. Topshiriqda koʼrsatilgan muddatda kurs ishini himoyaga taqdim etmagan va sababsiz himoyaga kelmagan talaba akademik qarzdor hisoblanadi. Аkademik guruh talabalarining kurs ishlari himoyasi yakunlangandan soʼng ishni bajarish jarayonida yoʼl qoʼyilgan turdosh kamchiliklar, eng yaxshi hamda sifatsiz kurs ishlari rahbar tomonidan tahlil qilinib suhbat oʼtkaziladi. Аmaliy va nazariy ahamiyatga ega boʼlgan kurs ishlari talabalar ilmiy jamiyati (TIJ) tanlovlariga taqdim etiladi va rektorning buyrugʼi bilan ragʼbatlantiriladi va amaliyotga joriy etish uchun taqdim etilishi mumkin. 1-ilova Tasdiqlayman: Kafedra mudiri___________ “______”____________________202_ Kafedra: Ingliz tili va adabiyoti KURS ISHI O’rganilayotgan til nazariy aspektlari fani bo’yicha Guruh___________ Talaba________________ Rahbar__________________ T O P SH I R I Q 1.Ish mavzusi _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2.Boshlangʼich maʼlumotlar: _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3.Qoʼllanmalar:_____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4.Аsosiy qismning tuzilishi, reja: _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5.Qoʼshimcha topshiriq va koʼrsatmalar: _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Kurs ishini topshirish davri: Reja____________ Аmalda_ 1 2 Bosqichlar 3 Himoya 4 5 Rahbar: __________________________________________ (Quyida ingliz tilida bajarilgan Соurse Paper – Kurs ishining Сontent (mundarija) , Introduction (Kirish) va Conclusion (Xulosa) qislari ilova qilinmoqda: THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF UZBEKISTAN NAVOIY STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE THE FACULTY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Course paper THEME: THE ROLE OF THE WOMAN IMAGE IN THE WORKS OF JANE AUSTEN (IN “PRIDE AND PREJUDICE”) SUBJECT: THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LITERATURE RESEARCHER: Ravshanova I. ____ (signature) Group 4A SCIENTIFIC ADVISER: _______ The work is defended on “__” ________(date) and is assessed at “___” scores Navoi – 2022 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….3 CHAPTER I. DEPICTION OF THE WOMEN IMAGES IN JANE AUSTEN’S WORKS……………………………………………………………………………. 1.1. “Woman’s Place” in Jane Austen’s England………………………………...... 1.2. The role of women in the society depicted by Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice………………………………………………………………………….... 1.3. The women perception of Jane Austen delivered in "Pride and Prejudice" ........ 1.4. Feminism in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice: the novel and the movie CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………… THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE …………………………………….. INTRODUCTION Throughout the history of humankind, women have been one of the most controversial themes. From the first’s orthopraxis such as Judaism, women could not have a leading role. In the old Greek civilization, where we can read about Pandora, who represented perdition of humanity because of her box. The same as Eve, who after eating the apple, became the symbol of human ruin on the Christian ideology. Nowadays we can find a similar discourse in the Muslim community: women being harassed due to a political and, therefore, interested lecture of the fountains of knowledge, that end up being unknown. But, can this behaviour find support in the scriptural sources? Islamic way of life granted women rights they could not have thought of before the revelation. It conceded her the right to vote, to have her own money, not depending only on her father, brother… to marry and stop “being married” to a man thanks to her own will, etc… In this paper I have undertaken to bring forth some feminist characteristics in the works of one of the foremost novelist of England Jane Austen with special emphasis on one of her most renowned works, The feminist movement with emphasis on the concept of gynocriticism (by the American feminist Elaine Showalter) is summarized to put Jane Austen as an important writer of feelings and conditions of women. The aim of the paper is to present some of what it is possible to discover about the actual status of women during Jane Austen’s time and to consider how these data correspond to Jane Austen’s representation of “woman’s place.” We intend to analyze the common features that tend to convey when defining the feminine personae in different contexts. The actuality of the theme. We have chosen Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice because it can demonstrate that all societies experience the same, or similar, progresses. Trying to demonstrate that women character is continuously being influenced by male’s (and unfortunately female’s) judgments and social 12 coactions. We will see that the ideal of liberty and freedom is illusionary and disappears when it matches stronger interests. Women were used, and are still being used, as a product or adjunct to confirm male’s reputation. Nowadays, our societies tend to draw their attention outside their frontiers, with the resulting damage of women’s rights and fear treatment. The tasks of the work. We put the following tasks forward: - To bring forth feminist characteristics in the works of Jane Austen; - To analyse the common features of women in her works; - To demonstrate the factors influencing on women character; The theoretical value of the work. The materials collected in the intention of describing women images in Jane Austen’s work “Pride and Prejuidice” can be applied by those who are interested in English literature or who study the women role in the society. The practical value of the work. The information brought into forth in the work are very useful for the students who study in English language and literature departments. Moreover, the analyses given in the work are practical for discourse analyses of the women character. The structure of the work. Hereby work consists of introduction, main chapter with 4 parts, conclusion and the list of the used literature. CONCLUSION We have to remark that the way Austen complains about women’s situation had to be fulfilled anonymously although her books tend to be fashionable. This may be due to the fact that she was reporting real situations and people, especially women, could identify their situation with that of the novel. What can give us an idea about the restrictions a liberal society applied. Male and female characters seem to be destabilized by the other’s presence and try to camouflage their fears. The author is inviting us all to recognize this fear and to act consequently. What corresponds then is a movement from the “other’s behaviour” to our own and personal contribution and being. This A vision of women through Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice approximation is furthermore adding impact to our presence making it worthy and not dependent on other’s appreciation or lack of recognition. The accent should once again be put on oneself rather than on the others. If men and women started to do so, they would not need to disapprove the other sex in order to fully being but would learn to enjoy a being together in the process of knowing oneself. Nowadays women suffer the same oppression because of this lack of self-knowledge on part of all of us. And men suffer their part too. We would share brief manifestation of this need of self-knowledge that is manifested through the word of Mr. Collins. We can appreciate weakness, pusillanimity and an intended superiority in his speech, but this is just because he feels inferior to a different being and because of that she destabilizes him: "When I do myself the honour of speaking to you next on this subject I shall hope to receive a more favourable answer than you have now given me; though I am far from accusing you of cruelty at present, because I know it to be the established custom of your sex to reject a man on the first application, and perhaps you have even now said as much to encourage my suit as would be consistent with the true delicacy of the female character." THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE 1. Austen Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Rupa Publication 1999. New Delhi. Print 2. Marshal Christine. "Dull Elves" and Feminists: A Summary of Feminist Criticism of Jane Austen.www.jasna.org.Arizona.Web.1992. 3. http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/printed/number14/marshall.pdf 4. Krishnaswamy N, Varghese John, Mishra Sunita. Contemporary Literary Theory.Mcamillan Publication 2013.Haryana.Print. 5. Cuddon J.A. Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Publication1999. England. Print. 6. Anonymous. Feminism in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice English Literature Essay.www.ukessays.com.n.d.Web.n.d. 7. http://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-literature/feminism-in-janeaustens- pride-and-prejudice-english-literature-essay.php 8. Anonymous. Feminism/ Pride And Prejudice paper.www.customessay.com.n.d.Web.n.d. 9. http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Feminism/11134.htm term