AUTOMATION AND GENERATION OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SUPPLY USING BLADE LESS WIND TURBINE
Dissertation Submitted For
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Specialization
Manufacturing Technology and Automation
Submitted By
ANKIT KUMAR
Enrolment no.:2102219001
Under the guidance of
Prof. (Dr.) Dilip Kumar
(Assistant Professor)
School of Engineering and Information Technology
Sanskriti University,Mathura,U.P. (281401)
1
In dedication to my parents for making me
who I am, and for supporting me all the
way!
2
Acknowledgement
I am extremely fortunate to be involved in an exciting and challenging project on
“Automation and Generation of Sustainable energy supply using Bladeless wind
Turbine”. It has enriched my intellect, giving me an opportunity to look at the horizon of
technology with a wide view and to come in contact with people endowed with many
superior qualities.
I would like to express my deep gratitude and respect to my Mentor/Guide Dr. Dilip
Kumar (Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering) for his excellent guidance,
suggestions and constructive criticism. I feel proud that I am one of his post graduate
students. The charming personality of Dr. Dilip Kumar has been unified perfectly with
knowledge that creates a permanent impression in my mind. I consider myself extremely
lucky to be able to work under the guidance of such a dynamic personality.
It would be a crime not to thank my beloved senior Rahul Kumar (JRF, ,Mechanical
Engineering, Sanskriti university) who stood by me whenever the need arose, be it
problem formulation, coding, results or drafting and most importantly through the odds and
evens of my life. He is the one true partner in research I had the good fortune of having.
I also like to convey my special thanks to Dr. Rahul Kumar (Assistant Professor &
Coordinator ,Mechanical Department) for sharing his valuable knowledge and also want to
thank Professor BALLU, (Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering).
I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all the staff members of Mechanical
Engineering Department, SU, MATHURA for their valuable suggestions and timely
support.
This thesis is a fruit of the fathomless love and affection of all the people around me – my
parents, my supervisor and my friends. If there is anything in this work that is of value –
the credit goes entirely to them.
Ankit kumar
M.Tech (Mechanical Engineering)
Splz: Manufacturing Technology and Automation
Enrolment no:- 2102219001
3
CERTIFICATE
Date: May 4, 2023
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “AUTOMATION AND GENERATION OF
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY USING BLADE LESS WIND TURBINE” being
submitted by Ankit Kumar (2102219001) for the partial fulfilment of the requirement of
Master of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering (Specialization: Manufacturing
Technology & Automation) is a bona-fide thesis work done in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Sanskriti University Mathura, India under our supervision and
guidance.
The results presented in this thesis have not been submitted elsewhere for the award of
any other degree.
Dr. Rahul Kumar
Course Co-ordinator(M.E.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Sanskriti University (Mathura)
Prof.(Dr.) Dilip Kumar
Project Supervisor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Sanskriti University (Mathura)
4
Table of Contents: 1. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….6
2. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………7
3. Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………8
4. Objective………………………………………………………………………………………9
5. Working Principle…………………………………………………………………………10
6. Working Methodology………………………………………………………………….13
7. Observation Table……………………………………………………………………….19
8. Mathematical Calculation ……………………………………………………………31
9. Applications…………………………………………………………………………………34
10. Advantages………………………………………………………………………………..35
11. Future scope of work………………………………………………………………….35
12. Few snaps of observation of our model………………………………………36
13. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….37
References…………………………………………………………………………………..38
5
1. ABSTRACT
Bladeless wind power generation uses a radically new approach to capture wind energy. The device
captures the energy of vorticity, an aerodynamic effect that has plagued structural engineers and
architects for ages (vortex shedding effect). As the wind strikes or passes the mast of the bladeless
power generator, it will create vortex also known as the spinning motion of air. The vortex then
exerts forces with certain frequency on the mast. When the frequency of the forces equals the natural
frequency of the mast, resonance will occur and eventually the mast will vibrate and start oscillating.
This phenomenon is known as Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV). The vibration of the mast will create
kinetic energy and this energy will be transformed into electrical energy with the help of alternator.
Naturally, the design of such devices is completely different from a traditional wind turbine. Instead
of the usual tower, nacelle and blades, the device has a fixed mast, a power generator and a hollow,
light weight and semi rigid fibreglass cylinder on top. This puts the technology at the very low range
of capital intensity for such projects, it also makes it highly competitive not only against generations
of alternative or renewable energy, but even compared to conventional technologies.
Key words: Vorticity, Aerodynamic effect, VIV
6
2. INTRODUCTION
The vortex flow wind turbine uses a radically new approach to capture wind energy. The device
captures the energy of vortex, an aerodynamic effect that has troubled engineers and designers for a
long period of time. As the wind bypasses a fixed structure, its flow changes and generates a cyclic
pattern of vortices. Once these forces are strong enough, the fixed structure starts oscillating due to
the vortices formed around the structure and spring placed at the bottom of the mast. The
fundamental principle of our design is that instead of preventing the losses of this aerodynamic effect
it maximizes the resulting oscillation and captures that energy. Naturally, the design of such device is
completely different from a traditional turbine. Instead of the usual tower, blades, gear box and motor
mounted on it, the device has fixed mast, spring to support mast on top of it, magnets, conductor
coil(with proper insulation), charging circuit etc. Therefore the technology becomes at the very low
range of capital investment, it also makes it highly competitive not only against generations of
alternative or renewable energy, but even compared to conventional technologies.
This proposal has been chosen due to its low initial setup cost, less maintenance, easy installation,
easy to fabricate, use of vortex in flowing wind. The changes that it will bring about are the quick
transportation unlike the conventional wind turbines. Construction and assembly are also simplified
which are required for the wind industry.
The impact on the life of birds will also be less since it won’t take as much space as the conventional
wind turbine. There will also be significant impact on the efficiency of such turbines as it will have
lesser components and so the losses will be less.
We had theoretical knowledge of vortex concept i.e. a whirling mass of fluid or air which actually
brings about loss to any moving object once it comes in vortex region, it tries to pull it towards the
centre, so people whenever designed anything they always took vortex in a negative perspective. But
we knew that moving vortex carries some momentum and energy with it, so we decided to use the
energy of vortex for the oscillation of mast.
7
3. LITERATURE REVIEW

The nature of the circulation regions around a bluff body in a cross flow can vary considerably from
the normal von Karman vortex-shedding mode when subjected to external excitations. Krishnan et
al.[1] correlated the spectral content and characteristics of the force coefficients for a square cylinder
externally excited by inline sinusoidal pulsation, to near body vortical events.

The effect of natural frequency of structure vortex induced vibration cylindrical structure in twodimensional unsteady flow studied by simulation of circular cylinder in cross flow conditions. Effect
of natural frequency of structure on its vortex-induced vibration had been studied.[2] Numerical
analysis of cylinder shows that maximum response occurs at frequency ratio close to unity and
reduced velocity (inverse of the oscillator natural frequency) ranging 4-10. This zone is referred as
lock-in zone.

Sareen A et al. [3] in their paper discussed that the effect of transverse rotation on the vortex induced
vibration response of sphere. The axis of rotation was perpendicular to the flow direction. Unlike
cylinder, the VIV response of the sphere reduced gradually and steadily with increase in the rotation
ratio.

Khan N.B. et al. [4] discussed in their paper that –
- large amplitude vibration through wake body synchronization.
- Noble wake pattern under fixed rotation.

Bourget R. et al. [5] observed that free oscillations of the rotating cylinder may also develop in the
absence of vortex shedding. The symmetry breaking due to the rotation is shown to directly impact
the selection of the higher harmonics appearing in the fluid force spectra. The rotation also influences
the mechanism of phasing between the force and the structural response.

D. J. Milborrow [6] in his article ‘Performance of arrays in wind turbines’ assesses the power
produced from the cluster or array of traditional wind turbines and results from these studies are
reviewed and compared and it is shown that there is reasonable agreement between the estimates for
the power loss due to interactive effects in a cluster generating 1000 MW (about 25% is lost, if the
rotors are spaced 10 m diameters apart).
8
4. OBJECTIVE
Present technological advancement requires high demand of electricity. Also at the same time it is to
keep in mind that due to high demand of electricity, environment must not be affected by more and
more consumption of fossil fuels and coals. Since the availability of fossil fuel and coal is limited in
nature. Therefore it is very much important to search for some alternative and renewable source of
energy. Wind energy is available abundantly in the earth. Traditional wind turbines are the devices
which extract energy from wind, however this proven set up has got some drawbacks. Firstly, it is not
economical in view of installation, running and maintenance, secondly, substantial wind is required
to rotate the blades, thirdly, heavy noise produced by rotor blades, which reduces the efficiency of the
system, and also becomes vulnerable for the birds.
It’s one of the areas that researchers and developers are looking to make more efficient so that a
greater current of electricity can be produced at slower speeds. Our objective of the present study to
design and fabricate a model that is able to generate electricity from wind energy as well as from
different modes of vibration. The proposed model is easy to install and very economical. Also it can
be placed over or near the area where vibration is present such as offshore, beside railway tracks,
beside highways etc. The proposed model is having a very simple construction and made up of easily
available materials. The model is based on fundamental principle of Von Karman vortex-shedding
effect which states that when an oscillating flow takes place when a fluid such as, air or water flow
past a bluff body at certain velocities, depending on the size and shape of the body. In this flow,
vortices are created at the back of the body and detached periodically from either side of the body.
Due to this effect, if any object placed in the direction of wind it oscillates. Due to relative motion
between the upper and lower part of the model, any vibration from base also can be utilized to
generate electricity through the alternator. Also, the proposed model can be designed in such a way
so that not only the flow of fluid but also the other types of vibration (on shore, railway tracks, etc.)
can be used to vibrate the mast.
9
5. WORKING PRINCIPLE
5.1 Vortex Shedding Effect: Vortex shedding is an oscillating flow that takes place when a fluid
such as air or water flows past a bluff (as opposed to streamlined) body at certain velocities,
depending on the size and shape of the body. In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body
and detach periodically from either side of the body.
The fluid flow past the object creates alternating low pressure vortices on the downstream side of the
object. The object will tend to move towards the low pressure zone if the bluff structure is not
mounted rigidly and the frequency of vortex shedding matches the resonance frequency of the
structure, then the structure can being to resonate vibrating with harmonic oscillations driven by the
energy of the flow. This phenomenon is known as Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV).
Figure1. Vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder
5.2 Von Karman Vortex Street: In fluid dynamics, a Von Karman vortex street is a repeating
pattern of swirling vortices, caused by a process known as vortex shedding which is responsible for
the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around blunt bodies.
Figure 2 : Von Karman street
10
5.3 Boundary layer separation: Boundary layer separation is the detachment of a boundary layer
from the surface into a broader wake. Boundary layer separation occurs when the portion of the
boundary layer closest to the wall or leading edge reverses in flow direction. The separation point is
defined as the point between the forward and backward flow, where the shear stress is zero. The
overall boundary layer initially thickens suddenly at the separation point and is then forced off the
surface by the reversed flow at its bottom.
Figure 3: Boundary layer separation
Figure 4: Boundary layer separation in a cylindrical bluff body
Figure 4 shows the flow past a circular cylinder, in an infinite medium.
11
Up to θ = 900 , the flow area is like a constricted passage and the flow behaviour is like that of a
nozzle.
Beyond θ = 900 the flow area is diverged, therefore, the flow behaviour is much similar to a diffuser
This dictates the inviscid pressure distribution on the cylinder which is shown by a firm line in Fig.4.
Here
P∞ : pressure in the free stream ,
the cylinder.
U∞ : velocity in the free stream and p : is the local pressure on
5.4 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic Induction:
First law- First Law of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction state that whenever a conductor are
placed in a varying magnetic field emf are induced which is called induced emf, if the conductor
circuit are closed current are also induced which is called induced current.
Second law- Second law of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction state that the induced emf is
equal to the rate of change of flux linkages.
Figure 5: Electromagnetic Induction
Mathematically,
 = - N d/dt , = BAcosө
where,
 = Instantaneous induced voltages in volts ,
B= Magnetic field
N = Number of turns in the coil ,
A= Area of coil
 = Magnetic flux in Webers,
Ө=Angle between A and B
t = Time in Seconds
12
6. WORKING METHODOLOGY
6.1 Basic components of the model
i) Selection of mast- The mast that may be selected must fulfill certain requirements. The important
properties are listed belowa) Light weight – The weight will play a significant role in the balancing of the whole device. Slight
variation in weight may cause failure of the device.
b) Rigidity- The mast must be having light weight but at the same time it must be rigid enough to
sustain the pressure exerted on its surface by blowing wind.
c) High heat transfer- The device would be in open and so it will experience a wide range of
temperature. If the material is having high heat transfer capability, it would easily conduct heat to the
surroundings.
The perfect choice of material for the mast can be carbon fiber or any polymer.
ii) Helical spring – Helical springs have been used to get lateral vibration. The springs have been
chosen in accordance with the mass of the mast. The stiffness of the spring is a important factor and
the mass of the mast will be adjusted according to the stiffness of the spring. Besides length of the
active spring is also a important factor for oscillation.
iii) Coil & Ring magnets - It is a part of tuning system and the current would be generated from the
relative motion of coil and magnets. A series of magnets is used to enhance the current output.
Figure 6 : Copper Coil
Figure 7: Ring Magnet
13
6.2 Oscillation of Mast
The working principle of the proposed model is based on fundamental principle of Von Karman
vortex shedding effect. Vortex shedding phenomenon, unlike other dynamic phenomena such as
fluttering or galloping are easily formed in circular section bodies. In the proposed model, the mast
considered as solid body, if placed in wind flow, the wind would strike on the surface of mast. The
vortex, usually present in the wind at higher altitudes will act on the periphery of surface and the
wake vortex will detach periodically.
After a certain point of time, the mast will start oscillating since the vortex carries some momentum
with it. As the wind strikes or passes the mast of the bladeless turbine it will create vortex also known
as the spinning motion of air. The vortex then exerts force with certain frequency on the mast. When
the frequency of the forces equals the natural frequency of the mast, resonance will occur and
eventually the mast will vibrate and start oscillating. This phenomenon is known as Vortex Induced
Vibration (VIV).The vibration of the mast will create kinetic energy and this energy will be
transformed into electrical energy with the help of alternator.
For the proposed model, mathematical calculations is done for finding frequency and time period of
the oscillation. Special care is taken for adjusting the center of gravity of the mast since any little
imbalance can cause buckling of the mast. As the frequency of vortex shedding is proportional to
wind speed which is not constant, we need a tuning system for a sustained and continuous vibration
over a period of time. Two pairs of permanent magnets have been added to the damped harmonic
oscillator. The same poles are facing each other. The oscillating mast has placed in between one pair
of magnet at a distance of 230mm above the base and another is placed at a distance of 320mm from
the base. Both pair of magnets are perpendicular to each other. Two pair of copper coil has mounted
on hollow steel road and the centre of each pair of magnet and coil are collinear. The magnetic force
that appears between two permanent magnets is inversely proportional to the square of the average
distance between their poles, in a way that they behave like a compression spring with non-constant
elasticity dependent on the displacement.
The recent study started with basic observation of lateral spring mass movement and is found that
there was a significant oscillations being observed during motion. So if the stand and light weight
mast pivoted, such that it oscillates on its axis, that can drive the electrical alternator connected with
it and a significant amount of electricity generated at the output. The current at output will be DC .By
use of filters or rectifiers that can be changed to AC current which can be used at spot or may be kept
in storage for future use. During design and development of the system the following two things have
to be maintained. 1) At equilibrium the centre of gravity of the system should lie on the axis of the system.
2) The set-up should start oscillating with a minimal amount of air flow hitting the mast.
Proposed model will be like the bottom portion of spring will be fixed to the base and hollow steel
rod is placed above top portion of the spring , will support the mast.The spring, which will help in
oscillating the mast as well as provide support for the rod to be straight. The proposed plan is
technically feasible since it will utilize the maximum amount of wind energy from the surrounding to
14
produce electricity. When wind passes one of the cylindrical object, it shears off the downward side
of the cylinder in a spinning whirlpool or vortex. That vortex then exerts force on the cylinder,
causing it to vibrate/oscillate. This kinetic energy of oscillating cylinder can be converted to
electricity through a linear generator similar to those used to harness wave energy. This wind
generator generates electricity through systems of coil and magnet.
During wind flow, if obstruction is created, wind energy is creating a natural vortex in way of the
obstruction area. Due to which the obstruction (if kept fixed at the bottom, i.e. it will act as a
cantilever) will create a random oscillation in the horizontal plane at top (say x-y plane).
Faraday’s Law of electromagnetism has been used for generation of induced emf and the circuit is
made closed for flow of current. Insulated copper coils are used during experiment in the Basic
Physics Lab (at Asansol Engineering College, Asansol, West Bengal) up to 147.83mA current was
generated with 4 coil of diameter 80 mm each with 160 turns and permanent magnet of magnetic
strength of 37 Gauss. Also the experiment was conducted with improper insulation to cross verify the
Faraday’s experiment. Based on the experiment, it was decided to make an array of system of coil
and magnets to generate more electricity.
Below is the list of components used in model:(A) Base: To provide strong foundation to mast.
(B) Spring: To support the load acting on it and for oscillation of mast.
(C) Mast: made up of glass fibre or polymer sheet due to its low weight.
(D) Hollow steel rod – To support the mass.
(E) Permanent ring magnets and Copper coil: For generating electricity.
(F) Full wave rectifier: To convert the output a.c. current to d.c.
(G) Charging circuit: The charging circuit use the micro controller which compare the generated
voltage with a predefined value and controls the relays. The relays act as a switch which helps in
charging only when power is adequate to charge the battery.
(H) Battery: It stores the charge when power is being generated and gives power to any load
connected to it.
(I) Load: It can be anything, depends on how much power is stored. In our case, it’s LED bulb.
The wind generator does not have any moving parts in contact, which eliminates the need for
lubrication and reduces the wear and tear. The design completely eliminates mechanical elements
that can suffer wear and tear due to friction leading to a reduction in maintenance cost compared to
the conventional wind turbine with blades. There is a huge scope of scaling up the model
geometrically, kinematically and kinetically with the help of dimensional and model analysis. The
dimensional scale up will depend upon the height of installation of turbine. If it’s is installed on high
rise buildings , even if the height of the mast is not more, higher output may be expected at higher
elevation, where wind speed will be high. This project has three main advantages(1) Utilizing less area; (2) generation of green electricity; (3) economical.
15
Figure 8: Prototype of new model
6.3 Tuning system
As assessed, the frequency of vortex shedding is proportional to the wind speed which is not
constant. On the other hand, the range of wind velocities within the structure resonates is narrow due
to the fact that the normal oscillation frequency of a structure is single one. To increase the number of
equivalent working hours per year, we have to increase this range of useful wind velocities.
An available strategy to increase the range of working wind velocities isTwo pairs of permanent magnets have been added to the damped harmonic oscillator. The same poles
are facing each other. The oscillating mast has placed in between one pair of magnet at a distance of
230mm above the base and another is placed at a distance of 320mm from the base. Both pair of
magnets are perpendicular to each other. Two pair of copper coil has mounted on hollow steel road
and the centre of each pair of magnet and coil are collinear. The magnetic force that appears between
two permanent magnets is inversely proportional to the square of the average distance between their
poles, in a way that they behave like a compression spring with non-constant elasticity dependent on
the displacement. As coils get closer to the respective magnets, the change in magnetic flux occurs.
Thus, the output is optimized.
16
Figure 9: Tuning system
Fig 10: circuit diagram showing
orientations of magnets
Fig 11: Circuit diagram showing
magnetic field lines
17
6.4 Previous models
6.4.1 First Model
The work started with this model. The material of the mast was a hard paper. The mast stood on a
helical spring. There were certain drawbacks of this model which compelled us to review the concept
again. We got output of 0.00325 watt power in one oscillation. This model has some drawbacks.
The drawbacks werea) The dynamic balancing was not achieved which sometimes led to buckling.
b) Bar magnets were used which were not fit to be used in this model. This led to the problem of
positioning of magnets.
c) The orientation was not proper for coil and magnets.
Figure 12: 3D drawing of first model
18
6.4.2 Second Model
The work started with this model. The material of the mast was a PVC polymer of thickness 0.75
mm. The mast stood on a helical spring. There were certain drawbacks of this model which
compelled us to review the concept again. We got output of 0.02629 watt in one oscillation. We
found drawbacks here also. The drawbacks werea) As there is a lack of proper shape and size of mast , required balance was not achieved.
b) The orientation was not proper for coil and magnets.
Figure 13: 3D drawing of first model
19
7. OBSERVATION TABLE
Table 1: Table of Load voltage, Wind velocity and Displacement at constant
load = 0.6 ohm
1. At Morning around 7:00 – 8:00 AM
LOAD
VOLTAGE
(mv)
WIND
VELOCITY
(m/s)
5.2
4.8
1.4
4.6
6.4
6.9
3.5
3.5
3.3
2.2
4.2
3.5
0.6
2.7
6.9
8.9
0.7
2.3
2.9
9.1
6.1
6.5
5.4
9.5
3.3
6.7
4.6
4.8
1.3
4.7
1.7
4.4
2.98
2.65
2.65
2.65
2.65
2.95
2.92
2.9
2.9
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.0.5
3.11
3.21
1.13
3.11
3.11
2.64
2.64
2.65
2.54
2.74
2.47
2.47
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.57
DISPLACEMENT
(cm)
2
1.5
1.5
2
1.5
1.5
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
0.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
2
2
1.5
2.5
1.5
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
LOAD VOLTAGE
(mv)
WIND VELOCITY
(m/s)
6.6
6.2
6
4.8
5.6
1.6
3.1
5.8
1.7
2.9
2.8
6.3
5.5
2.5
1.5
4.2
1.3
7.5
1.8
5.5
0.7
2.3
2.9
1.8
2.2
3.4
2.8
6.3
7.6
1.1
6
2.9
2.93
2.63
1.93
1.83
1.93
1.93
1.53
2.25
1.92
1.92
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.35
2.35
2.35
1.97
1.97
1.97
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.45
2.45
2.00
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.57
20
DISPLACEMENT
(cm)
2
2
1.5
1.5
2
1.5
1.5
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
1.5
2
0.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
15
2
1.5
3.2
1.57
1.5
3.9
2.57
1.5
4.7
4.7
39.1
15.2
16.5
15.5
15.4
22.8
2.5
6.9
7.2
10.5
2.1
7.4
17
11.8
12.1
15.8
7.7
9.3
7.5
2.5
3.1
2.6
9.7
6.9
2.9
1.5
7
18.6
12.2
4.9
7.7
7
3.6
1.4
6.4
15.2
16.5
15.5
15.4
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.4
2.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.26
3.26
3.26
3.11
3.11
2.39
3.59
3.53
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.22
2.22
2.65
2.65
3.99
2.62
2.16
2.16
2.27
2.27
2.79
2.79
2.79
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
1.5
1.5
5.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
5
1.5
2
2
2.5
1.5
2
4.5
2.5
2.5
3.5
2
2.5
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
2
1.5
1
2
4.5
2.5
1.5
2
2
1.5
1
2
3
3
3.5
3.5
2. At Evening around 5:00 – 6:00
3
0.8
5
7.3
3.6
4.8
2.9
1.7
2.2
6.5
2.8
3.01
9.2
5.2
2.5
3.1
4.3
1.7
5
1
4.8
2.8
2.1
4.5
3.2
8
3.5
8.1
4.5
8.9
4.8
5.3
2.7
2.9
2.1
3.1
14.7
11.2
16.8
20.7
26.8
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.13
3.53
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
3.46
3.46
3.38
3.38
3.38
3.37
3.2
3.2
3.52
3.52
2.52
3.52
3.52
2.62
3.65
3.65
3.65
3.55
3.55
3.55
2.6
2.85
2.35
2.2
3.02
3.5
1.5
0.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
2
1.5
1.5
2.5
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
2
0.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
3.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
21
6.5
15.7
27.7
16.8
9
8.9
3.1
1.3
6.2
0.84
7.8
17.6
4.7
39.1
32.1
35.5
34.3
7.8
9.6
19.6
9.2
9.3
13.4
2.05
2.3
3.01
2.56
2.25
2.25
2
2
2.5
1.25
3.25
2.26
2.01
4.52
4.52
4.52
4.52
2.51
2.52
3.01
2.05
2.05
2.75
2
3.5
4
3.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
2
0.5
2
3.5
1.5
5.5
5
5.5
5.5
2
2.5
4
2
2.5
2.5
22.8
12.8
15
16.5
25.5
13.5
46
3.9
4.3
5.8
14.5
16.5
19.4
16.5
20.5
12.6
14.6
15.8
20.5
19.6
15.8
0.4
2.6
2.52
2.52
2.52
2.52
3.25
2.52
4.62
2.52
2.52
1.75
2.45
3.45
2.45
2.45
3.56
2.56
2.51
2.5
3.45
2.46
2.45
2.65
2.65
Table 2: Table of no of oscillation, time, time period
No of
Oscillation
20
Time taken(sec)
21
26
14
21.9
24.8
31.8
25
29.2
16.2
19.4
45.4
26.9
17.5
18.9
16.7
Time period
1.2
1.34
0.7
1.095
1.24
1.59
1.25
1.46
0.81
0.97
2.27
1.34
0.86
0.945
0.835
22
4
2.5
3
3.5
5
3
5.5
3.5
1.5
2
3
3.5
3.5
3
4
2.5
2.5
3.5
5
4
3.5
3.5
1.5
27.9
21.6
27
28
16.2
19
18.3
26.8
27
27.3
18.9
15.2
19.6
27.8
1.44
1.08
1.35
1.28
0.84
0.96
0.915
1.34
1.42
1.45
0.945
0.6
0.97
1.39
Table 3: Table of wind velocity and current
WIND
VELOCITY
CURRENT
0.3
1.2
0.5
2.2
0.5
3.5
0.5
2.5
0.51
3.0
0.52
3.8
0.6
19.5
0.61
20.8
0.65
9.3
0.84
27.5
0.84
19.2
0.84
12.8
0.88
3.2
0.89
5.7
0.88
1.8
WIND
VELOCITY
CURRENT
WIND
VELOCITY
CURRENT
0.92
2.8
1.26
16.8
0.97
25.8
1.26
28.3
0.97
12.7
1.26
1.8
0.98
15.2
1.26
27.0
1.04
12.5
1.26
19.3
1.05
10.5
1.26
9.0
1.06
4.5
1.28
18.2
1.06
28.0
1.28
15.8
1.06
1.0
1.28
12.7
1.13
1.2
1.28
20.2
1.13
3.7
1.28
13.3
1.15
14.3
1.28
6.3
1.18
21.6
1.28
3.8
1.2
4.7
1.28
4.2
1.2
3.5
1.29
6.8
23
0.88
2.7
0.92
12.2
0.92
6.0
0.92
8.0
0.92
4.8
0.92
3.8
1.2
14.8
1.3
4.7
1.22
1.6
1.3
5.0
1.24
3.5
1.3
15.3
1.25
1.4
1.3
8.7
1.25
13.0
1.3
4.2
1.25
1.3
1.3
15.3
Table 4: Table of oscillating frequency and induced emf
OSCILLATING FREQUENCY
INDUCED EMF
11.5
0.47
13.1
7.5
1.6
9.1
7.7
3.6
7.6
6.1
11.7
0.62
3.4
7.3
15.5
3
16.5
16.8
1.7
1.3
1.9
0.8
0.3
2.9
0.6
5
1.1
4.8
2.7
0.44
0.63
0.68
0.69
0.69
0.70
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.81
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.98
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.11
1.16
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.23
1.25
1.43
1.67
24
Table 5: Table of wind velocity and oscillating frequency
WIND VELOCITY
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.52
0.52
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
1.05
1.19
1.25
1.27
1.29
1.30
1.32
1.35
1.94
2.56
3.25
4.54
5.0
5.5
OSCILLATING FREQUENCY
0.44
0.63
0.68
0.69
0.69
0.70
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.81
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.98
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.11
1.16
2.12
2.59
3.19
4.59
5.23
7.25
9.43
11.58
17.008
28.311
55.670
110.675
125.756
130.388
Some collected avg. data from above observations table
25
Table of Load Voltage, Wind Velocity, Current and Induced EMF
Resistance=0.6Ω
S.L. No.
Load voltage
(mV)
Wind velocity
(m/s)
Current (mA) Induced Emf (mV)
1
5
2
7.5
0.5
3.5
0.981
5.7
2.933
5.3
0.89
1.35
3
12.5
3.527
4
15.2
1.58
15.36
4.525
5
1.3
1.94
20.36
7.56
6
16.8
2.56
25.625
10.56
7
1.9
3.25
30.16
20.36
8
1.8
4.54
32.6
37.4
9
5.5
5.0
9.28
28
10
5.7
5.5
9.5
25
Table of Induced EMF and Oscillating frequency
S.L. NO.
INDUCED EMF (mV)
OSCILLATING
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
0.0
1.072
2
0.6
9.778
3
2.4
11.58
4
4.0
13.889
5
6.5
17.008
6
9.4
28.311
7
15.7
55.670
8
23.8
110.675
9
28.5
125.756
10
39.1
130.388
Table of Oscillating frequency and wind velocity
26
S.L. NO.
OSCIILATING
FREQUENCY(Hz)
WIND
VELOCITY(m/s)
1
1.072
0.5
2
9.778
3
11.58
0.89
1.35
4
13.889
1.58
5
17.008
1.94
6
28.311
2.56
7
55.670
3.25
8
110.675
4.54
9
125.756
5.0
10
130.388
5.5
Variation of Induced Emf with Wind Velocity
40
Induced Emf (mV)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Wind velocity (m/s)
Fig 14: Variation of induced emf with wind velocity for a particular spring
27
Variation of current with wind velocity
40
35
Current(mA)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Wind velocity (m/s)
Fig 15: Variation of generated current with wind velocity for a particular spring
Variation of induced emf with oscillating frequency
45
(mv)
35
Induced emf
40
25
30
20
15
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Oscillating frequency (hz)
Fig 16: Variation of induced emf with oscillating frequency for a particular
spring
28
Variation of Oscilating Frequency with Wind Velocity)
Osciilating frequency(hz)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Wind velocity(m/s)
Fig 17: Variation of oscillating frequency with wind velocity for a particular
spring
Calculation of power generated in one oscillation:
Average Velocity, vavg= 2.90 m/s
Average current, I = 14.63mA
Resistance of one coil = 0.6 Ω
Total no. of coils = 04
Total resistance, R = 2.4 Ω
Power generated (P) = I2 R = 0.0005137 W (approx.)
8. MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION
Kinematic equation of motion of mast;
Let,
x=displacement of mast in horizontal direction
t=time period of oscillation
g=acceleration due to gravity
l=length of mast
k=spring constant
29
m=mass of mast
When force applied on the mast, then it deflects in other side due to weight of the mast but due to
spring it deflects in another side and thus oscillating motion takes place.
Balancing the forces;
Bending force (force due to wind + force due to mast weight)-Restoring force (spring force) = 0
𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 +
𝑑 𝑥
𝑥−
𝑥 =0
+ 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡
and b =
Here, a =
Let, v=
Then,
𝑑 𝑥
𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
=𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
+ ax-bx2=0
V.dv= (bx2-ax).dx
𝑣
𝑏𝑥
𝑎𝑥
=
−
+𝑐
2
3
2
At, t=0, x=0
Therefore v=0, c=0
𝑣
𝑏𝑥
𝑎𝑥
=
−
2
3
2
Putting, v=
𝑑𝑥
√2𝑏
=
√𝑥 − (√𝑎)𝑥
𝑑𝑡
3
𝑑𝑥
√2𝑏
3 √𝑥 − (√𝑎)𝑥
𝑑𝑥
√2𝑏
𝑥 − (√𝑎)𝑥
3 √
√
∫
√
√
(√ )
*
√
= 𝑑𝑡
=
√
(√ )
√
(√ )
30
𝑑𝑡
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
√2𝑏
𝑥 + √𝑎 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
3 √
2𝑏
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥
3
√
√
∫
√
∫
√
√
𝑑𝑡
.dx=∫ 𝑑𝑡
√
. 𝑑𝑥+∫
=
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
Solving 1st part of equation
√2𝑏
𝑥
3 √
2𝑏
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥
3
. 𝑑𝑥
√
=∫
. 𝑑𝑥
√
√
=∫
√ (
)
. 𝑑𝑥
Let, x=t2
Then, dx=2t.dt
.
=∫
.
. 𝑑𝑡
=√ ∫
=√ *
=√ *
∗
ln
+c1
√
+c1
ln
√
Solving 2nd part of the equation
3
√2𝑏 𝑑𝑥
3𝑎
𝑥 −
𝑥
2𝑏
=∫
√
𝑑𝑥
31
3
𝐴
𝐵
√2𝑏
= +
3𝑎
𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑎
𝑥 𝑥−
2𝑏
2𝑏
Solving above equation
A=-
√
And, B=
3
√2𝑏
𝑑𝑥 =
3𝑎
𝑥 𝑥−
2𝑏
∫
√
−√2𝑏
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑥
√
𝑑𝑥 =
√
ln 𝑥 +
√
√2𝑏
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
3𝑎
𝑥−
2𝑏
ln(𝑥 −
)+C2
Therefore,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 =
t=√ *
ln
√
√
√2𝑏
𝑥 − (√𝑎)𝑥
3 √
+
√
ln 𝑥 +
√
ln(𝑥 −
)+C3
Where C3 is constant of integration
9. APPLICATIONS
The developed equipment can be brought to use at many places such as –









Outdoor lighting – for lighting up streets, parks etc.
For auxiliary purpose.
It can be installed at on-shore and off-shore where there is significant vibration from any source.
For pumping water at higher altitude for irrigation purpose.
It can be stored for future use or can be send to power grid.
It can be installed beside railway tracks.
It can also be used to some extent in very small scale industries for some work.
It can also be installed on either sides of roads in highways etc.
It can be used in remote areas with high air flow and vibration, where a lesser amount of electricity
is available.
32
10. ADVANTAGE




The impact on the bird population is expected to be much smaller
Reduction in maintenance costs compared to traditional wind turbine and easy installation
It does not have moving parts in contact, which eliminates the need for lubrication and reduces the
wear and tear.
Since, it is lighter in weight, transportation would be easier.
11. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK




To scale up the model dimensionally for increase in power output.
To study the CFD analysis of the model and working on every component precisely and optimizing
it.
To do testing for power output in an open field.
To form cluster or array of similar models and install it together for increase in net power output.
In a study by D.J. Milborrow, he assessed that there is a loss in power output (about 25% of the total
output) if the rotors diameter is less than 10 m and they are placed together. On basis of this study,
we are concluding that since our model doesn’t have any rotors like in traditional wind turbine, there
won’t be any loss in power output. Instead the net output may increase in array as in the below figure
it can been seen that the pathline of the breeze is such that the shedding which is formed at the first
device will go on increasing and in the last row, the vortex shedding will be maximum.
Figure 18: An array of system
33
12. FEW SNAPS OF OBSERVATION OF OUR MODEL
34
13. CONCLUSION
Today, there are lot of research and study going on across the globe in renewable energy sector. This
is the sector which is also growing at very fast rate. May be today the purpose of electricity
generation is being fulfilled with fossil fuels and natural gases. But it is need of the hour where we
have to realize that with the increase in power consumption and introduction of automation across all
the sectors, we have to leverage the sources of electricity generation. In this regard wind energy can
become a significant source of unlimited power generation. The major contribution of our model is
that it can give us significant power generation with less occupying area, less number of components
and can even work under low average wind speed. The allure of the model is its wide range of
installation points. It can be installed on the sides of highways, besides railway tracks and can also be
installed on the off-shore. For its optimization the model can be scaled up dimensionally and the
strength of components can be varied accordingly. As of now we are not aiming to increase the
power output, rather focus on auxiliary demands and for household purposes. To conclude, this
developed model can become challenging in the power sector of India if proper scaling up is done.
35
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