TRUSSES
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A truss is a structure that consists of members organised
into connected triangles so that the overall assembly
behaves as a single object.
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Trusses consist of triangular units constructed
with straight members.
The ends of these members are connected at
joints, known as nodes.
They are able to carry significant loads,
transferring them to supporting structures
such as load-bearing beams, walls or the
ground.
In general, trusses are used to:
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Achieve long spans.
Minimize the weight of a structure.
Reduced deflection.
Support heavy loads.
Trusses are typically made up of three
basic elements:
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ADVANTAGES
• Accuracy and quality
Since most of the activities are computerized, there are
minimal chances for mistakes or wrong calibrations. While it
may not offer the strength that a steel truss will offer, wooden
trusses are very strong as well.
• Customizable
There is no standard when it comes to roof trusses. Your house plan determines the trusses you will use as opposed
to the available trusses limiting the design you will choose.
• Cost-effective
Buying and installing wooden roof trusses is cheaper compared to other alternatives such as lumber or steel.
Moreover, since a crane is used to fix the roof, labour cost will be lower. Also, there is minimal material wastage.
A top chord which is usually in
compression.
• A bottom chord which is usually in
tension.
• Bracing between the top and
bottom chords.
• The top and bottom chords of the
truss provide resistance to
compression and tension and so
resistance to overall bending, whilst
the bracing resists shear forces.
Generally, the overall efficiency of a
truss is optimised by using less material
in the chords and more in the bracing
elements.
• Speedy installation
With roof trusses, the installation of the frame for the roof is a quick process. All the assembling is done before the
required day, and all that remains is to mount the roof onto your structure and fasten it.
DISADVANTAGES
•
The main disadvantage is that when you use roof trusses, you will be unable to have attic space.
REMARKS
TRUSSES AND SPACE FRAME
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
A
GROUP MEMBERS:
Mohd. Shahroz, Parnika Mishra, Parth Bhardwaj,
Shahzeb, Tajulwara, Tiyasha Paria
SHEET NO.
1
S PA C E F R A M E S
Typology • In architectural design, a space framing or space frame system is a truss-like,
lightweight, rigid structure manufactured from interlocking struts in a
geometric pattern.
• The size of the members, nodes, and high tensile bolts are determined by
the structural design.
• Space frames can be used efficiently to cover vast areas with minimal
internal support. Steel structure requires the right analysis, materials,
construction technologies, and building systems to truly scale new heights.
Flat covers
spherical domes
Flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted along the length of each
strut in the form of tension and compression loads. A strong form is
composed of interlocking tetrahedra with unit lengths of all struts. Space
frames are a common feature in current building construction; They are
often found in large roofs in modernist commercial and industrial buildings,
since they provide larger clear spans
barrel vaults
Single layer
Double layer
Triple layer
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Axial members known as tubes form the key components of
this type of structure.
These tubes can have circular hollow sections or rectangular hollow sections which can be connected to each other
using connectors.
There are four main types of connectors, namely tubal node connectors, nodus connectors, triodetic connectors, and
hemispherical dome connectors.
The type of connecter used in this type of structure depends on the type of tubes as well as the total design and
robustness requirements of the structure.
REMARKS
TRUSSES AND SPACE FRAME
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
A
GROUP MEMBERS:
Mohd. Shahroz, Parnika Mishra, Parth Bhardwaj,
Shahzeb, Tajulwara, Tiyasha Paria
SHEET NO.
2
HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER
Architects: Zaha Hadid Architects
The ceiling is made by steel trusses of nearly 1.5 meters height that support its self-weight as well, serving as a
cantilever of 25 meters and transferring loads to the element B –the tilt shear wall with a wide of 1.4 meter. Then
the loads are carried by 3.1 meters thick mat foundation and 1.1 meter thick piles underground.
Culturalcenter
Baku,Azerbaijan
Structural system is combination of
• RCC structure- mainly used to constructed shear
walls to act as partition between various internal
spaces & footing of the building.
Roof Height: 74 meters
Built Area: 57,510m2
Floors: 9 Span-3,200 m
Load transfer Mechanism
• The building consists of two main systems that collaborate:
• Space frame-In order to achieve large-scale column
free spaces that allow the visitor to experience the
fluidity of the interior, vertical structural elements
are absorbed by the envelope and curtain wall
system.
• Concrete structure combined with a system of spatial
RCC Structure
Space Frame
structure
• The first floor and second floor have a continuous large
space and transfer the self-weight to narrow reinforced
concrete beams and columns at the base.
• Then loads are transferred to the pile foundation.
• To reach a large span, the ceiling is constructed by two-way
system and adopt steel space frame.
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Due to the large span of the space frame, the
space frame will be subjected to a large
bending moment.
In order to solve this problem and ensure
structural stability, the structural engineer
will thicken the space grid
here, from the other parts of the single layer
into multi-layer, to provide adequate bending
resistance.
REMARKS
TRUSSES AND SPACE FRAME
Construction Material
• Reinforced Concrete:
121,000 cubic meters
• Mold Steel
19,000 tons of mold steel
• Formwork
194,000 tons of form work
• Panels:
• 17,000 panels of reinforced polyester And
•
5,500 tons of structural steel to hold them
• Semi reflective glass for facade
• Cladding Materials
• Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) and Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) .
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
A
GROUP MEMBERS:
Mohd. Shahroz, Parnika Mishra, Parth Bhardwaj,
Shahzeb, Tajulwara, Tiyasha Paria
SHEET NO.
3
LIVING STYLE MALL
JASOLA VIHAR, NEW DELHI
A bowstring truss is a structural device commonly used in bridge-building and, less often, in industrial
architecture. Used to span wide, column-free spaces, it consists of an arched beam (the bow) joined at each end
by a straight beam (the string), with diagonal support beams joining the two.
• the roof of the central part of the mall is made by
constructing a bow string truss which covers an area of 56m
in length and 20m in span.
• The truss is made up of steel, while the covering on the top
is polycarbonate.
• The truss members have a circular section.
(The Bow )
(The string )
• Welded joints being normally stronger than bolted joints, in great part
because their material does not have the perforations needed for bolted
joints are used.
• Use of Circular members for the truss.
• The shape of the top chord (parabolic) results in generally uniform
compressive stresses in top chord elements under uniform loads.
• The thrust forces at the ends of the top chord are resisted by the
bottom chord, which acts as a tie; these forces are transferred to
the bottom chord through the U shaped steel straps at the ends of
the truss.
• Due to this arch like behavior, stresses in web members are
relatively small under uniform load
REMARKS
TRUSSES AND SPACE FRAME
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
4m
A
GROUP MEMBERS:
Mohd. Shahroz, Parnika Mishra, Parth Bhardwaj,
Shahzeb, Tajulwara, Tiyasha Paria
SHEET NO.
4
LIC BUILDING, DELHI
Planning
• The office complex for the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) situated on the road of
Connaught circle
• The ground coverage of the building is 6200 square meters
Architects: Charles Correa
Connaught place, New Delhi
The building has number of other important elements that
contributes to the aesthetic beauty of the building
Space Frame that connects both the block as one unit
Stack Panel Glazing that is entirely used for the façade
Sandstone Wall Cladding that beautifies the entire building
Site plan
2250mm dia free
standing masonry
column
DIMENSIONS
MEMBER LENGTH =
Length of the member in space frame =1500mm
1500mm
HEIGHT OF THE SPACE SINCE, h= 1/2.a. 0.414
= 0.707a
FRAME =1060mm
= 0.707 x 1500mm (a=1500mm)
= 1060mm
Core
(Lift and
Staircase)
Fire staircase
service shaft
wind tower
It is composed of planar substructures. The
plan are channeled through the horizontal
bars and the shear forces are supported by
diagonals.
As 98 meters long pergola connects the two
buildings.
Public
Areas
SPACE FRAME
• It is a truss like, lightweght , rigid structure constructed from inter rlocking struts in a geometric pattern
•
Space frames can be used to span large area with few interior supports.
•
A space frame is strong because of:
1. The inherent rigidity of the triangle.
2. The bending moment is transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.
REMARKS
TRUSSES AND SPACE FRAME
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
A
GROUP MEMBERS:
Mohd. Shahroz, Parnika Mishra, Parth Bhardwaj,
Shahzeb, Tajulwara, Tiyasha Paria
SHEET NO.
5
METRO BRIDGE AT PUNJABI
BAGH
Architects: cc 28 contractors
• The entire structure is made of steel
and spans over a total length of 60 m ,
connecting the punjabhi bagh metro
station to pink line.
• The structure supports the train track
and is very high strength .
• The structure is temporarily supported
by 2 steel columns which are also
made by rectangular trusses .
The new platforms are 155 metres in
length and are connected with the FOB
by two extra-large lifts (each platform)
with capacity of 26 passengers each as
well as staircases.
The platforms for both up and down movement at the
station have been built in steel and are located right
above the Punjabi Bagh roundabout. The Green Line
viaduct has been modified to install these
prefabricated steel platforms.
Total length : 60 m
Location : Punjabi bagh metro station
The bridge is a BOW TRUSS bridge
REMARKS
TRUSSES AND SPACE FRAME
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
A
GROUP MEMBERS:
Mohd. Shahroz, Parnika Mishra, Parth Bhardwaj,
Shahzeb, Tajulwara, Tiyasha Paria
SHEET NO.
6
INFERENCE
• Long span and curve space frame is achievable with double layer grid
with closely packed grid frame with help of shear walls and curtain
walls.
• Space frame trusses can be used for platforms or overhead structures
that span over large distances without the need for internal loadbearing supports.
• Load is transferred to foundations that have a higher load carrying
capacity like pile foundations.
• The living style mall has a truss with welded joints as they are
comparatively stronger than boulted joints
• Chances of truss failure are comparatively low as the load system is
computer calculated.
• Making large truss structures require large open spaces and are hard to
transport.
• Use of rectangular truss members are preferred since they experience
lower bending moment comparatively to circular members.
• Skilled labour is required for installation of trusses and space frames.
• Welded joints are better as no perforations are made into the
members unlike for boulted joints which enhances the structural
integrity of the system.
REMARKS
TRUSSES AND SPACE FRAME
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
A
GROUP MEMBERS:
Mohd. Shahroz, Parnika Mishra, Parth Bhardwaj,
Shahzeb, Tajulwara, Tiyasha Paria
SHEET NO.
7