Avian Canine Swine Cross-species Feline IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER Other species Bovine/Ovine/Caprine Equine Question 1. 2. Leptospirosis treatment in cattle Bactericidal antibiotics 3. Late-term abortion in cattle Answer Di-hydro-streptomycin Fluoroquinolones / Penicillin / Cephalosporin / Aminoglycosides Leptospirosis Brucellosis Listeriosis Epizootic bovine abortion (borrelia) Bovine viral diarrhea Aspergillus Mid term abortion Neosporosis Akabane virus Early fetal death -Tritrichomonas fetus (early fetal death/resorption/repeat return to estrus) - Bovine viral diarrhea (infertility / embryonic death) - Campyolbacteriosis (vibriosis) 4. Pasteurella multocida causes Fowl cholera in birds Progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs (type D) 5. Clinical signs of Grass tetany is close related to the Cerebro spinal fluid levels of Mg: Red urine (hematuria / haemoglobinuria) in cows This is important as patients suffering from grass tetany may sometimes have normal serum levels of Mg Leptospirosis Bacillary haemoglobinuria Pyelonephritis Enzootic hematuria (brackenfern) First Hour – 60-90ml/KG IV Subsequently – 10-2m ml/kg/Hr Therefore C/s of udder heat, pain and reddening must be used as markers of coliform mastitis Serum Glutathione peroxidase activity 6. 7. Dehydrated horse fluid treatment 8. 9. Sows usually have a high SCC count and bacteria in their milk. How to determine Selenium deficiency? 10. Bite wound infections: 11. Cat scratch disease: Pasteurella is highly common Mixture of aerobes and anaerobes Anerobes: Bacteroides, Fusobacterium etc. Bartonella henselae Source B. henselae in humans: cats / cat fleas / flea faeces 12. Rat bite fever 13. Toxoplasmosis from cats? 14. Beef measles? 15. Akabane virus 16. Most frequently noted GIT zoonoses is: - Fleas are the main reservoir of CSD Streptobacillus moniliformis C/S – fever, polyarthritis, skin rash, endocarditis, meningitis Tx: penicillins Yes. If you consume sporulated oocysts found in cat feces, humans can become infected. However, eating uncooked meat is the major source of infection in Australia. Toxoplasma is only shed in feces for 10-14days by the cat. The oocyst in feces takes 1-3 days to sporulate (infective form). The cysts in the environment can survive for over 1 year. Cysticercus bovis (intermediate stage of Taenia saginata) Transmitted by Culicoides Ruminant (fetal) disease mainly Arthrogryposis, Hydraencephaly, kyphosis etc. Campylobacter > Salmonella And Salmonella Typhimurium, is the most common salmonella genotype. Eggs and food made with eggs are the most common source of salmonella in humans 17. Campylobacter food poisoning Cryptosporidium 18. Brucellosis in Australia (currently only B. suis and B. ovis) Mainly chicken (undercooked / bbq / raw) Raw unpasteurized dairy products Contact with calves, puppies, kittens and chickens Transmission to humans from companion animals not recorded. But possible. Water is the main source of infection (not food) Animals acts as reservoirs that contaminate water B. abortus – has been eradicated. Considered an exotic disease B. melitensis (in goats and sheep) – has never been reported in Australia. (***shed in milk) B. suis – present in feral pigs and hunting dogs. Occasional spills to the piggeries. **therefore people predominantly infected in Australia are males, in QLD and feral pig hunters. 19. Non-zoonotic Brucella 20 Streptococcus suis B. canis (and B. suis) cause infections in dogs Brucella ovis – is not zoonotic 1. meningitis – paddling pig (riding a bike) 2. septicaemia 🡪 acute deaths 3. pneumonia mostly affects weaners (4-8 weeks) – also suckers and finishers. 21. Q-fever ZOONOTIC – direct contact/ indirectly fomites or pork Bacteriemia and meningitis (rarely endocarditis) Coxiella burnetti Dermacentor tick transmission C/s: “fluelike”, asymptomatic, abortions and fetal malformations. Usually self limiting 1-4 weeks Incubation of approx. 20days from infection. Last in environment several months, 2 weeks in aerosol. Resistant to chemical and physical agents. 22. Non-radio opaque bladder stones Sheep - Infertility, abortion storms, weak neonates Urates and Cystines 23. kVP and maS – abdomen/thorax Thorax: low mAs / High kVp 24 “Surgical infection” Abdomen – high mAs / low kVp Infection within 30days from a surgery 25. Classification of surgical wounds 26. Diazepam reversal Clean Clean-contaminated Contaminated Infected Flumazenil 27 Lumpy jaw Actinomyces bovis 28. Wodden tongue Actinobacillus lignieresii 29 Bracken fern toxicity 30 Louping ill 31. Maedi visna 32. Jaagsiekete 33. Murray Valley Encephalitis - Cattle – enzootic hematuria, bone marrow depletion, acute hemorrhagic syndrome - Horses – “bracken stagger”thiamin deficiency (thiaminase in plant) - Sheep – Night blindness - “ovine encephalomyelitis” - Ixodes ricinius tick transmitted, viral disease of primarily sheep - Zoonotic and reportable exotic disease - “Ovine progressive pneumonia” - retroviral. Limited to the lungs and associated LNs - “Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma” - viral tumors - Arbovirus - Primary vector: mosquito (Culex spp.) 34. Hendra Virus 35. Anthrax 36. 37. Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherds Cattle abomasal worms 38 Flukes of Cattle - Primary host: wild-water birds - Neurological disease in Horses and humans (ZOONOTIC) - Prevention: mosquito control and avoiding bites - Paramyxovirus (ZOONOTIC) - Endemic in Australian fruit bats - Hendra virus vaccine is available - No recorded hendra outbreaks since vaccine was announced in Aug 2015 - Vaccination of horses is the highest order of risk management - Try to avoid exposure to the bats - C/S: acute illness, increased temp and HR, shifting leg lameness, rapid deterioration of health, respiratory, colic, or neurologic signs, weakness, inappetence or behaviour change. - Neurological signs: ataxia , blindness, aimless walking, circling, head tilt, muscle twitch - B. anthracis - Congenital disease - Ostertagia ostertagi - Trichostrongylus axei - Haemonchus placei - Fasciola hepatica | IH: snail | infe: water plants - Paramphistome | IH: snail | infe: water plants 39. Lung fluke of cats and togs 40 Taeniid tapeworms require 41 Diphylllobothrium latum tape worm infection in dogs Anoplocephala perfoliota tape worm in Horse Monezia tapeworm 42 43 44. 45. Ixodes ticks can be differentiated from other ticks because: Hamatobia exgua (horn fly in cattle) 46. Screw worm fly of cattle (Chrysomya) 47 Lucilia cuprina (Austrlian sheep blow fly) 48 In pigs - Dicrocoelium dendriticum | IH: Snail | Inf: ANTS - Paragonimus - Brown operculated eggs in feces - A mammalian intermediate host - Is by eating FISH - At the Ileocaecal valve Infection is by ingestion of Orbatidae mite Small intestine of ruminants Infection: ingestion of a mite Presence of pre anal groove - Lays eggs in: fresh cattle manura - Adults are found on the: resting on the cattle’s back - Females lay eggs in wounds / body orifices - Larvae penetrate into the tissue - Mature larvae drop to the ground - Fly worry in sheep - Louse: Haematopinus - Mite: Sarcoptes 49 In poultry - Scaly leg mite – Knemidocoptes mutans - Red mite (found in cracks in poultry house) – Dermanyssus gallinae - Chicken flea - Echidnophaga 50. Infections from undercooked pork 51 52. Preptatent period of Trichuris vulpis (whip) In German shepherds - Toxoplasma gondii - Trichinella spiralis - Taenia solium - 3 months 53 Dermatophytosis in goats 54 Dermatophytosis in cattle 56 Thiamine deficiency diet Trichophyton verrucosum Tri. Mentagrophytes High CHO diets (grains) 57 Metabolic oxygen requirement - 4-6 ml/kg/min (kg0.75 x 10ml/min)s Perianal fistulas are common (however, perineal hernia is not that common) Trichophyton verrucosum 58 59 60 Increasing the SHARPNESS of a radiograph Craniomandibular osteopathy Dog p4 at ovulation focal spot size: small object to screen distance: decreased focal spot to object distance: increased collimator size: small terrier breeds young dog disease affects the mandible / tympanic bullae / radius-ulnar - 5ng/ml of blood - Peak p4 level 61 XO mare (Turner’s syndrome) 62 Perineal laceration in mare 63 Artificially inseminate a mare 64 Diagnosing a cryptorchid horse 65 Auriculopalpebral nerve block in cow 66 A bad fixation of plates and screws will produce 25-50ng/ml (start of diestrus) - smaller stature horse. Small vulva anestrus ( infertile) missing and X chromosome first degree = mucosae and skin second degree= mucosae,skin + muscular third degree = all the way to the rectum place one hand in the vagina, insert the pipette through the cervix, and deposit the semen into the uterus - *** Stallion ejaculates in the uterus - rectal exam, hcg+testosterone test - blocks the orbicularis occuli muscle only motor innervation is inhibited used for ocular examination Sequestra formation - By bathing them with iodinated products 70 Protect foals in winter of dermatomycosis (ringworm) Aborted foal post-mortem shows necrotic lesions in liver Most common underlying cause of deep pyoderma is: Cat bite abscess 71 Bubonic plague: Atopy in dogs 72 Cutaneous asthenia 73 Primary seborrhea - Yersinia pestis - Seasonal / non-seasonal - c/s commonly on facial, pedal, axillary and inguinal - sometimes: only on ears - Primary skin lesion: PRURITUS (signs of pyoderma, dermatitis, alopecia etc. all secondary signs) - Inherited collagen defect - Characterized by abnormal skin elasticity and fragility - Is a disorder of keratinization 74 Common skin tumors in cats 67 68 69 - EHV-1 abortion - Demodicosis - Pasteurella multocida - Squamaous cell carcinoma Fibro sarcoma Basal cell carcinoma Mast-cell tumor *** Lipomas are NOT commonly seen in cats 75 Juvenile cellulitis (puppy strangles) 76. 77 Best treatment for biopsy confirmed chronic hepatitis in dog Mycobacterium in cats 78. Pancreatitis signs 79 80 Giardia treatment in dogs Coccidiosis 81 Acute nosocominal diarrhea 82 Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 83 84 Hallmark of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis Boxer colitis - Ears, face and muzzle swollen Demodex negative Idiopathic Lymphnode enlargement Pustules w/o bacteria Tx: Corticosteroids Prednisolone - My. bovis Cause GI signs Dogs – m. tuberculosis – resp signs Hypo calcemia Elevated ALP (and/or ALT) Neutrophilic leucocytosis Hyperglycemia Fenbendazole Usually only cause diarrhoea in young animals. Not an adult problem - Clostridial enteritis - Is usually accompanied by intestinal bacterial overgrowth - Marked Haemoconcentration - Histiocytic ulcerative colitis - Young-middle aged boxer dogs 85 Congenital potosystemic shunts - Will NOT have Ascites 86 Most common tape worm in dogs 87 Acute pancreatitis tx: 88 Cattle HR and RR - 89 Most common radiolucent calculi in dogs - Struvite crystals 90 Pyrethrin vs Permethrin - Pyrethrin – cats are more toxic to than dogs Affects the nervous systems of ticks and fleas by repeated firing of nerve impulses . Action on flea larvae and adult stages 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Most common cardiac abnormality that causes cyanosis is Chylothorax appears after thoracic duct damage Equine severe combined immune deficiency Dipylidium caninum Flea and lice are the intermediate host. Intravenous fluids Nothing orally HR = 60 – 80 RR = 12 – 36 - Permethrin – must NOT be used in cats - Tetralogy of fallot - 1 week after the damage - Seen in Arabian / part-bred Arabian foals - Complete lack of B and T lymphocytes - Tests: persistent lymphopenia / lack of serum IgM / lymphoid hypoplasia Best way to diagnose an ectopic ureter Last teeth to erupt in horse Eosinophillic ulcers are commonly seen in cats on the: Skin grafting requires: - Excretory urogram - PM4 at 4 years - Upper lip Stages of graft healing: - 1. Imbibition - 2. Inosculation - 3. Revascularization - Ability of the lung to stretch (“expand”) under pressure - MMVD - A granulation bed to grow on 98 Lung compliance? 99 Most common cardiomyopathy in dogs 100 - Compound tibial fracture (gaskin fracture) 101 What fracture is considered unrepairable in an adult horse Reducing scatter: 102 Side effects of sulfa-trimethoprim 103 Antibiotics that penetrate the prostate - - High kVp and low mAs KCS Thrombocytopenia Non-septic arthritis Erythromycins Ciprofloxacin / Enrofloxacin Sulfa-trim Chloramphenicol 104 Equine infectious anemia 105 Arrhythmias in horses: - most common arrhythmia - most common life-threatening arrhythmia: Fibrinogen in large animals 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 Ionophores are used to control: All permanent teeth in cattle and sheep are erupted by Acute pneumonia in neonatal lambs is commonly caused by Focal light coloured donut shaped lesion in the liver of foetuses (sheep) Multiple white foci in the placenta Vasectomized rams used in Estrus sync Clinical white muscle disease in sheep commonly occurs in Principal reservoir for blue tongue virus is - Clindamycin - Lentivirus - Transmission by biting flies – stable fly/horse fly (mechanical vector) - Coggins test - Vasculitis - No specific treatment or safe and effective vaccine is available. Atrial fibrillation Ventricular tachycardia - is an indicator of acute inflammation - Coccidiosis - 4 years of age - Pasteurella haemolytica - Campylobacter foetus - Toxoplasma gondii - Rams introduced 3 weeks prior to the onset of breeding season has an effect of estrus syncing of the ewes - Neonatal lambs (birth to 4 wks age) - Cattle (no clinical signs shown) - Blue tongue virus 115 116 Developmental diseases are commonly seen in ewes infected with Blue tongue virus in goats Transmission of blue tongue virus is via 117 In sheep, cysts are formed by 118 119 Haemorrhagic enterotoxaemia in new born lambs: Caprine-arthritis-encephalitis - Toxoplasma - Sarcocystis - Cl. perfrignes type C 120 Caseous lymphadenitis in goats 121 Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in: - Goat 🡪 Mycoplasma conjunctivae - Sheep 🡪 Chalmydia - Cattle – Moraxella bovis 122 Short interestrus intervals in goats - Normal. Seen at the onset of breeding season 115 - NO clinical signs in goats - Culicoides - Lenti virus in goats - Transmitted by milk - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - 123 Pseudopregnancy in goats 124 Johne’s disease in goats 125 Pregnancy toxaemia in goats Retained Corpus luteum Hydrometra in USS Resolve spontaneously – “cloudburst of fluid” Tx: Progesterone (luteolysis) NO diarrhea Long prepatent period (therefore only seen in goats over at least 1 year of age) - Cause ketonuria 126 Copper deficiency in goats - Enzootic ataxia in goat kids under 3 months 127 Sterility in bucks (goat) - Sperm granuloma Poor quality sperm in rams - Brucella ovis - Transketolase activity 129 Determination of polioencephalomalacia (thiamine deficiency) Propofol 130 Antiarrhythmics - Class 1 – Na channel blocker - Class 2 – - Class 3 – K+ channel blocker 131 Amyloidosis, Dog: Cat: 128 - GABA receptor agonist - Reduces intracranial and intraocular pressure - Metabolized extra- hepatically Glomerular Medullary 132 Blood volume as BW percentage: Dogs: 7.5-9% Cat: 5-6% Horse 7-10% Hypokalemia / Thiamine deficiency 133 Ventroflexion of the neck in cats 134 Osteosarcoma of cats: - commonly occur in the hind limbs - less metastatic to the lungs - better survival prognosis than dogs 135 Blocked cat would have: - Hyperkalemia (risk of cardio toxicity) - Metabolic acidosis - Increased BUN 136 Common clotting factor deficient in cats, but not causing clinical signs: - Factor XII (12) 137 The most severe transfusion reaction in cats occurs when: - Type B recipient 🡨 receives type A blood 138 Mast cell tumors in cats most frequently involve the: - Abdominal viscera - Skin 139 - Cryptococcosis 140 Most common systemic fungal infection in cats: Aminoglycosides can potentially cause 141 Renal threshold of glucose: 142 FIP effusions in cats - High Protein - Low cellularity - No bacteria 143 Infectious conjunctivitis aetio: 144 EPI in cats must be diagnosed by - 145 Pyothorax in cat - Mixed population of Gram –ve, anerobes. - Suitable antibiotic: Metronidazole 146 C/S of Portosystemic shunts can be exacerbated by - 147 Normal cow uterus should involute postpartum by - 25 days - complete endometrial repair takes about 45 days 148 First estrus post partum - 15-17 days (silent estrus) 149 Most common cause of lameness in adult cows - Sub-solar abscesses 150 pH of ruminant fluid on a roughage diet should be: - 5.5 – 6.5 151 Half-life of oxyctocin post injection is: - 1-2 minutes 152 Causes of diarrhea in calves - < 5days age = enterotoxigenic E. coli - 1-2 weeks = Rotavirus - 2-6 weeks = Salmonellosis 153 Shipping fever in calves - P. haemolytica - Signs seen 10-14 days after shipment of calves - Pulmonary abscesses common 154 BVD - Mucosal diseases by BVD is caused in the presence of both cyotpathic and non-cytopathic biotypes - Mostly subclinical infection - Panleukopenia is observed in acute disease - Neuromuscular blockade 🡪 subsequent Respiratory paralysis - Cats: 290mg/dl - Diabetic cat : 200mg/dl - Dogs 180mg/dl Feline rhinotracheitis virus Calici virus Mycoplasma Chlamydia Fecal proteolytic enzyme activity GI bleeding High protein diets Benzodiazepams Aromatic (long chain) amino acids 155 “Cohort study” advantage? - The study examines multiple factors 156 What does hCG do in mares? 157 Brucella canis in dogs - Helps with timed ovulation in-oestrus mares - Usually ovulate within 24-48 hours - Causes of Abortions in dog 158 Dichelobacter (foot rot organism) survives - 2 weeks in pasture for 159 Interdigital necrobacillosis 160 Cyanide intoxication treatment Cyanide toxicity - Foot rot in cattle Fusobacterium necrophorum Sodium nitrite Sodium thiosulfate IV - From eating seeds of fruits - Cn combines with Iron to prevent oxygen release of oxygen to cells (Bright red blood) - Cerebellar hypoplasia – Parvo virus / border disease - Arthrogryposis – Akabane/blue tongue - Hypomyelinogenesis – CSF / border disease 161 Congenital deformities due to viruses 162 Function of atropine 163 Furosemide mode of action 164 Treatment of Atrial fibrillation - Digoxin - Quinidine - Procainamide 165 Osmolarity of an isotonic solution - 300 mosm/L 166 Dermatophytes (most common) 167 Skin zoonoses - - Muscaranic receptor inhibitor at Parasympathetic effector organ - By inhibiting absorption of Na/ Cl and Water from the loop of HEnle - 168 Avian zoonoses - Cattle – T. verrucosum / T. mentagrophytes Horse – T. Equinnum Goats – T. verrucosum Dog – M. canis Cat – M. canis Dermatophytes Sporotrichosis Blastomyces Parapox (orf virus) Scabies Cutaneous larval migrans (Ancylostoma, hook worms) Anthrax (cutaneous form – malignant carbuncle), respiratory form – “wool sorter’s disease” Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Erysipeloid) MRSA / MRSP Chlamydia psitacci (Psitacoccis) – fever / flue like - Salmonellosis - Encephalitozoon hellem – KCS and systemic disease - Mycobacterium avium - Escherichia albertii – diarrhea in humans 169 Lyssa virus 170 Hendra virus 171 Companion animal zoonoses 172 Diseases associated with cats and their fleas 173 Major source of human infection of Toxoplasma Zoonotic diseases risk to pregnant mothers 174 - Genetically related to rabies (Rhabdo virus) Fruit bats and Micro bats transmit Encephalitis Transmission: bat bites / exposure of mucous membranes to bat saliva - A sick bat will show: paralysis, unable to fly, weak, aggressive, vocalization changes - Paramyxovirus - Range: mild influenza like disease 🡪 severe respiratory/neurological disease - Two syndromes in humans: - Influenza like illness - Acute progressive encephalitis - Horse signs: depression, anorexia, shifting leg lameness, respiratory distress, oedema, copious yellow frothy nasal discharge - Bite wounds – mixture or anaerobes and aerobes - Most common areobe: Pasteurella - Streptococcus, Staph, - Common anaerobe: Bacteroides, Fusobacterium.. - Dermatophytosis (ring worm) - Cat scratch disease - The plagues (Yersinia pestis) - Rat bite disease (Streptobacillus moniliformis) - Rickettsia felis (from fleas) – erythematous rash - Toxoplasmosis - Cat scratch disease - The plague - Cat typhus (Rickettsia felis) - Undercooked meats - via Lamb and Pork > Beef - Toxoplasma - Listeria - Q fever - Brucella - Tuberculosis - Chlamydia 175 Maternal antibodies passed in utero: - can be present for 2-3 weeks. 176 Legislative requirements for medicines - Drugs, poisons and Controlled Substances act 1981 177 178 Legislative responsibility of animal - State and Territory governments welfare is by: Veterinary Practice Act 2003 regulates the veterinary industry and establishes a Code of Conduct which is provided in the Veterinary Practice Regulation 2006. 179 Mycobacterium avium 180 Arsenic 181 Eosinophilic linear granuloma - Transmission via bird feces or carcass - Form granulomatous nodules in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestine of birds - Chronic weight loss - Demyelinating neuronal disease - CS: posterior paralysis/blind/ alert with good appetite - From ant baits/ wood preservatives - Lower lip (pouting cat) & caudal thigh Eosinophilic ulcer - Upper lip Eosinophilic plaque - Medial thigh and abdomen 182 “Mycosis fungoides” in dogs/cats? - Epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma - T-cell lymphoma - Common in dogs >>> cats 183 - Vomiting 184 Most common clinical signs with inflammatory bowel disease? Pseudorabies early signs 185 Anemia of Chronic disease - Cat – depression - Dog - excitement - Normocytic normochromic anemia - the serum Fe concentrations go down but the bone marrow stores iron. Therefore the cells are Normochromic 186 Taurine deficiency in cats - 187 Hyperthyroid treatment - Methimazole 188 Hyperadrenocorticism treatment - Trilostane / metotane 189 Most common nutritional disorder in cats - OBESITY (many household cats are over fed) 190 Most common tapeworm in dogs and cats - Dipylidium caninum 191 Obstructive / Non obstructive FLUTD DCM Central retinal detachment Reproductive failure Growth deformities in kitten - Feline idiopathic cystitis (sterile cystitis) - Uroliths - Mucous plug 192 Amyloidosis in cattle - 193 Cortical blindness in cattle - Polioencephalomalacia 194 Anthelmintic against all forms of the liver flukes in cattle: Abomasal volvulus in cattle causes: - Albendazole 195 196 197 198 199 200 In cattle, pruritic skin with scabs and thickened skin around the base of the tail: Papillary edema and CNS dysfunction in a feedlot steer Caudal vena caval thrombosis occurs sporadically in cattle with Left displacement abomasum (LDA) common occurs in the period of Overuse of Vitamin D3 in horses 201 Life span of transfused RBC 202 Motor innervation of hind limbs in cattle 203 In avians - Diarrhea Sub mandibular edema Hypo-protenemia Frequent urination Metabolic alkalosis Hypochloremia Hypokalemia Chorioptes bovis - Hypo vitaminosis A 🡪 increases CND pressure - Rumenitis - 4-6 weeks post partum - Hyperphosphatemia – as vitD3 reduce renal excretion of Phosphorous - Normo/Hyper calcemia - c/s – mineralization of soft tissues (endocardium and walls of great vessels) - horses – 2-4 days - Dog – 21days - L4,L5 – S1,S2 nerves - NCD is a Paramoxyviridae - Infectious coryza – Haemophilus paragallinarum. Haemophilus paragallinarum requires V and X factors for growth - Consolidation of lungs in turkey – P. multocida - 5 week broilers with resp. signs and coughing of blood – Laryngotracheitis (Herpes virus) – cause intra-nuclear inclusion bodies - Infectious bronchitis – Corona virus - Group of chicks struggling to breathe, gaping mouth etc – Brooder pneumonia (Aspergillus fumigatus) - Reo virus – affects musculoskeletal and GIT systems - Humoral immunity in poults: Thymus and Bursa - Chlamydiosis – hepatomegaly, pericarditis, splenitis, myocarditis, increased morality. - Chlamydiosis in turkeys is called - Ornithosis - Black head disease – Histomonas meleagridis. Distinct lesions in liver and caecum - Turkey poults with increased mortality and recumbency with paddling – Aspergillus / Encephalomalacia (Vit E defi) - Epidemic tremor – avaian encephalomyelitis - Bacillary white diarrhea – Pullorum disease - Avian influenza – type A, Orthomyxoviridae. This RNA virus has a highly unstable genetic code which can change. Turkeys are MOST often affected by A.I. - Brittle bone disease in broiler – Reo virus (abnormal bone and feather development) - IBD type 1 – chicken IBD type 2 – turkeys - IBD is most pathogenic in LAYER CHICKEN - Diagnostic sample to diagnose Marek’s disease –buffy coat, for lymphocytes that contain the virus - Marek’s disease: white nodules in liver, heart, lungs, spleen etc. (Also cause Range paralysis) - Vent gleet (urates flushing) – vent region is coated with urates and often infected cause of vent gleet is unknown - Blue comb – Coronaviral enteritis - Mycoplasma iowae – reduced hatchability in turkey - Ionophore antibiotics – coccidiosis - Vertical transmission: Mycoplasma / Salmonella / Avian encephalomyelitis - Turkeys of 7weeks with intestinal haemorrhage and increased mortality – Haemorrhagic enteritis (type 2 adenovirus) - Synovitis in turkey: Pasteurella – yellow, with debris Staph. Aureus – white, with debris - Excessive kidney urate deposits – is seen with IBD - Transverse plaques in duodenum – Eimeria acervulina - Haemorrhagic lesions in midintestine (no cecal lesions). Ballooning of intestine – Eimeria maxima - Coccidiosis causing high mortality and significant gross lesions – Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima - Chronic aflatoxicosis – hepatic lesions with bile duct hyperplasia - Erysipelas – occurs sporadically in turkeys - Infectious anemia (Chicken anemia) - cause Blue wing disease, a form of gangrenous dermaitits - NCD – GIT / resp / CNS signs GI signs – diarrhea / haemorrhages in serosal surfaces - Fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome – yellow liver with molded clots. Aetio: excessive dietary energy intake and restricted exercise - Urolithiasis in birds – most common in commercial egg layers it is thought to be associated with infectious bronchitis (corona virus) - Egg drop syndrome – Adenovirus - Necrotic enteritis – Cl. Perfringes A and C - Ulcerative enteritis – Cl. Colinum - Cholera in wild waterfowl - Pasteurella multocida Hepatic abscesses are typically seen. (ZOONOTIC) - Avian pox – wart like lesions on featherless skin surface - Duck plague – duck viral enteritis (NOT zoonotic) (HERPES VIRAL) 203 Consumption if improperly handled or cooked poultry meat and eggs can have - Salmonella - Campylobacter 204 Maintenance fluid requirement in a cow - 50ml/kg/day 205 Colostral antibodies are absorbed only in the: - First 24 hours of life - As in calves gut-closure occurs after 24hours 206 Haemogram of young calves with Salmonella typhimurium shows Primary bloat in cows - Leukopenia Myalgia, stiffness, recumbence in young claves: Aseptic laminitis occurs (cattle) - Vit E / Selenium deficiency 207 208 209 - Frothy bloat - Produces foam that traps rumen gases normally produced during fermentation - Rumen acidosis - Toxic metritis - Toxic mastitis - signs commonly seen in immediate postpartum cows 210 Listeriosis causes - Abortion in adult cows Encephalitis in adult cattle Septicaemia of foetuses and neonatal calves Encephalitis and abortions in humans - in the brain it causes: perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells and focal necrosis - In cattle: unilateral facial paralysis is common - Treatment in cattle: dihydrstreptomycin 211 Polioencephalomalacia 212 Bacterial meningitis in neonatal calves is most likely due to Incubation period of Johne’s disease in cattle is approx.: Vagal indigestion (vagal nerve damage) 213 214 - Thiamine deficiency - Associated with grain fed – young cattle - Microscopic lesion in the grey matter of the brain (focal/laminar necrosis) - Increased CSF pressure - E. coli - 2-6 years - Disrupts digestive function of the GIT - Slows heart down (Bradycardia) - L shaped rumen (left para-lumbar fossa and right ventral abdomen distended) 215 Normal pH range of rumen - Ph 5.5 – 7.0 216 Chronic rumen acidosis: - High incidence of abomasal disease - Indigestion - Laminitis - Rumen pH with chronic acidosis 5.0-5.5 - The proportion of butyric and propionic acids increase. Acetate decreases. - Tx: intravenous dexstrose - Prevent by good nutritional management of dry and recently calved cows. Avoid overconditioning 217 Post calving Ketosis 218 Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis - Histophilus somni - Disseminated multifocal haemorrhages in the spinal cord, brainstem and cerebral cortex - Infection originates via respiratory tract - Treat with antibiotics - Pyrexia, depression, anorexia and possible ataxia 219 Clinical signs of hypomagnesemia are closely related with - CSF fluid Magnesium levels 220 Reproductive failures with porcine parvo virus - <30days – embryonic loss - 30 – 70days – fetal death, mummification, prolonged gestation, failure to farrow - >70days – mount immune response and survive 221 Weaning a sow at 3-5 weeks, will return the sow in fertile estrus in - 4-8 days 222 Abortion outbreaks in sows is seen with - Brucella - Leptospirosis – abortions occur after 1-4 weeks of getting infected - Pseudorabies - Mycotoxin ingestion - ***PRRS – doesn’t cross placena till late gestation (>90d). therefore most abortions are only towards the end of the gestation. Results in autolysed foetuses / weak infected / healthy piglets that develop resp. diseases. 223 Diestrus period - 14-16days (sows / cows / mares) 224 Estrus sync of randomly cycling sows - Progestogens in feed for 2 weeks 225 PMSG(eCG) + hCG treatment - To sync estrus in sows post weaning - eCG for follicular development - hCG for ovulation 226 Batch weaning - Only in Lactating sows 227 Cystic ovaries in sows 228 Abortion in ewes - Low conception rates / erratic estrous cycles / anestrous - Aggressive behaviour - Large ovarian cysts present - Treatment efficacy – poor - Nymphomania is NOT seen in sows - Most common (abortion storms): 1. Chalmydia (Enzootic abortion) 2. Toxoplasma 3. Campylobacter (Vibriosis) 4. Border disease - Sporadic causes: 1. Q-fever 2. Salmonella 3. Leptospirosis 229 Pregnancy toxemia in ewes - Associated with poor nutrition, multiple foetuses and physiological stress - Lab: hypoglycaemia and ketonuria 230 Normal lochia in cows - Progressive change from reddish-brown to a lighter lymph like colour. - No odour. - Decreased volume over time. 231 Breeding management of stallions - Responds to artificial lighting - Requires regular exercise to prevent vices and maintain good body condition 232 Ejaculatory disorders in stallions - Emission and ejaculation failure due to psychogenic / myusculoskeletal disorders - Urine contamination of sperm (urospermia) - Premature ejaculation - Hemospermia 233 Most common venereal diseases in horses - 234 Estrogen used in horses to prevent pregnancy in dogs can: - Pyometra - Aplastic anemia 235 “Pinking up” of cats - External signs of pregnancy seen in cats in the first 2-3 weeks of gestation Equine herpes viral (equine coital exanthema) Contagious equine metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis) Equine viral arteritis Pseudomonas Klebsiella - Hyperemia of nipples 236 Unmated queen - Do not ovulate unless mated. Therefore has a interestrus (instead of a diestrus) - Come into heat regularly at 1 week durations because of it. - Seasonally polyestruous 237 Anatomic structure that makes it difficult to cannulate the cervix of a bitch Most effective breeding management of dogs: - Dorsal median vaginal fold 239 Gestation length in dogs from the time of first breeding - Mating can occur from 7days before ovulation to 5 days after ovulation - Therefore a period of 58-72 days is considered 240 Mastitis and Metritis - Seen in bitches usually one week after parturition - Bitch is febrile and depressed - Pups are not thriving well 241 For ovulation in queens - Require multiple matings at peak follicular activity (day 2 of estrus) for successful LH surge 242 - Uterine inertia 243 Most common cause of dystocia in queens Estrous signs in queen 244 Viruses causing abortions in cat: - Herpes, Corona, Leukemia and Parvo 245 Sub involution of placental sites: - *** Calici virus doesn’t cause abortions - one-time occurrence in first-time bitches 246 In cattle, there are no vaccines to prevent abortions by 238 - Breed every 2-3 days throughout standing heat - Increased affection, rolling and calling - Listeria - ***Vaccines are available for IBRT(herpes), Brucella, BVD and trichomoniasis - Trichomoniasis 247 Post-coital pyometra in cattle is usually pathognomonic of: 248 - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 249 Cause of abortion due to fetal disease in cattle Causes of abortion due to placental: 250 Corpus haemorrhagicum of a cow is - Large and soft to touch 251 Schistosomus reflex is characterized by: - Ventral abdominal defect and ventrodorsally curved spine - Brucellosis Aspergillosis Campylobacteriosis Trichomoniasis 252 Uterine prolapse is associated with 253 Most mummified fetuses have dies at about Ovulation in mares occur: 254 - Hypocalcemia - 3.5 months in to gestation - 2 days before end of estrus - within 90 minutes from fetal delivery 255 In mares, the placenta must be expelled in 256 Criteria to determine readiness for parturition induction: - 257 Induction of parturition in mares - Oxytocin in cow – 8 hours at least 330 days of gestation Waxing of the teats Cervical relaxation - Giving Prostaglandin may cause premature placental separation*** 258 Stallion usually ejaculate into the - Uterus of mare 259 Artificially inseminate the mare: - Insert hand in to the vagina - Guide the pipette through the cervix - Deposit semen in uterus 260 Penis type of stallion - Musculocavenous 261 Time taken for spermatogenesis in statllion - 55 days 262 Accessory sex glands of stallion - seminal vesicles (vesicular glands) - prostate gland - bulbourethral glands 263 Inducing parturition in sow - day 112 – prostaglandin injection - day 113 – Oxytocin - parturition begins 24-30 hrs after the prostaglandin injection 264 Still births in swine are primarily due to - Non-infectious causes that occur during farrowing 265 Concerning abortion in swine - Nearly 70% from non-infectious causes - Diagnosed cases tend be those of infectious cause 266 Ovulation in sows occur - 36-40 hours after onset of estrus 267 Maternal “recognition” of pregnancy is due to - fetal estrogen - 35days in Boar - 4 embryos 269 Minimum number of embryos to necessary in the uterus in sow by day 12 of mating Boar semen volume average 270 Late term abortion in sows 280 Most common cause of dystocia in sow - Parvo virus - Leptospira (L. pomona) - Pseudorabies - Encephalomyocarditis virus ***only leptospirosis cause HERD ABORTIONS. Others are individual. - Uterine inertia 281 Normal duration of ejaculation in boars: - 4-6 minutes 282 Boar penis - fibroelasti and coiled counter clockwise at the tip (corkscrew penis) 283 Most common physical injury to the penis of boar - Laceration of distal end of penis (due to masturbation / homosexual activity, biting and fighting) 284 Most reliable way of inducing oestrus and synchronize in mature ewes during anoestrus: - Progesterone 12-14 days - Followed by PMSG (eCG) 285 Optimum time to inseminate an ewe is - 12-15 hours after on set of estrus. Doe’s ovulate at - 12 – 36 hours after standing heat 286 Goats and Sheep have the smallest volume of ejaculates - 1-1.5ml 287 Sign of estrus in ewes: - Bleating - Tail wagging 288 Artificial insemination in ewes is difficult - Due to the anatomy of the ovine cervix. - It doesn’t allow semen deposition into cranial cervix. 289 Induction of parturition in ewes - Dexamethasone 268 - 250 ml - *** the placenta assumes the function of the CL in late gestation. Parturition can be induced by glucocorticoids or estrogens 290 Artificial insemination in a Doe - transcervical insemination using a vaginal speculum 291 Most common infectious causes of caprine abortion: - Chlamydia - Coxiella - Toxoplasma 292 In goats the source of progesterone is maintained by the - CL throughout the pregnancy (not so in ewes) 293 Prostaglandins can be used to induce abortion in goats: - At any stage of pregnancy. - The CL must be 5-7 days before it can respond to the effects of prostaglandin 294 Most common cause of dystocia in a doe - Attempted expulsion of multiple fetuses at once. 295 Causes of retained placenta 296 Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within conjunctival epithelium of cats - 297 Ulcerative keratitis in cats Metritis Dystocia Se deficiency Abortion Chlamydial infection - Topical treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis: Tetracycline - Feline herpes virus - Tx: idoxiuridine 298 Tongue ulceration in cats - Feline calicivirus 299 FeLV and FIV are primarily transmitted by - Saliva of cats 300 Hallmark of FIP is widespread vasculitis caused by: - Deposition of Ag-Ab complexes (therefore serum Hyperglobulinemia) - The effusive form: pyogranulomatous exudate - Anterior uveitis (ocular form of FIP) 301 Fecal toxoplasma oocysts is only shed in: - Cats 302 Anterior uveitis in cats: - 303 Unilateral pleural effusion in cats is common with: - PYOTHORAX - This occurs due to the walling off process of the infection, confining it to one hemithorax. 304. IBD in cats is most commonly Cryptococcus Toxoplasma FIP FeLV - Lymphocytic / lymphoplasmocytic 305 Treatment for idiopathic megacolon: - Medical therapy is ineffective - Requires surgical tx: Subtotal colectomy 306 Urethral obstruction in cat - Metabolicacidosis - Progressive hyperkalemia 307 308 Diabetic cataracts in cat Colostrum immunity can interfere with vaccination immunity up to: - NOT SEEN (only dogs) - 14-16 weeks (up to 4 months) 309 Side effects of exogenous progestogens in cats - 310 Equine hypersalivation due to esophageal - Hyponatremia obstruction results in: - Hypochloremia - And metabolic alkalosis 311 Daily fluid requirement of a horse: - 40 – 80ml/kg 312 Drug that inhibits endotoxic induced thromboxane A2 production: - Flunixin 313 Segment of bowel without taeniae n horse - Small intestine - Pelvic flexure 314 Enzyme specific for liver damage in horse - Sorbitol dehydrogenase 315 Cause of hyperlipemia mainly in ponies: - A sudden decrease in calorie intake - Especially in fat ponies 316 Renal failure in horses is commonly associated with - Acute tubular necrosis 317 First clinicopathological indication of aminoglycoside toxicity in horse: - Enzymeuria (elevated G-GT) 318 Common sequel of Retained placenta: - Laminitis 319 Foot and leg mange of horses: - Chorioptes equi 320 Mares of which blood group are more prone to developing neonatal isoerthrolysis: Monensin hypersensitivity in horses: - Aa and Qa negative Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in horses: - Chronic dietary deficiency of Calcium and excess phosphorous 321 322 Obesity Behavioural changes Mammary gland dysplasia Adrenal gland suppression - Pale myocardial fibers - Mitochondrial vacuolation 323 Vitamin D toxicity - Hypercalcemia - Hyperphosphatemia - Soft-tissue calcification 324 325 Specific nerve block to identify navicular disease in horse is: “Sweeny” in horses: - Caudal digital nerve block - Atrophy of the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus muscles of the shoulder - Due to damage of the supra-scapular nerve - Elbow, carpal and digital joints 327 Radial nerve innervates the extensors of the: Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis 328 Rhodococcus equi can cause - Pneumonia - Diarrhea 329 Diarrhea in adult horses, most common causative bacteria: - Salmonella 330 Rectal strictures in pig secondary to - Salmonella typhimurium infection 326 331 Finisher pigs with cutaneous hyperemia, pneumonia, splenomegaly: - Genetic disorder – autosomal dominant - These strictures can cause subsequent megacolon in the pigs - The major source of infection of pigs is by: other pigs - Salmonella choleraesuis - Post mortem: paratyphoid nodules in liver – histiocyte infiltration (hepatonecrotic nodules) - Colibacillosis - TGE (corona) - Clostridial enterotoxemia - Rota virus - Coccidiosis 332 Scours in piglets/ nursing 333 Scours in weaned and finishers - 334 Vaccination of pre-parturient sows to increase passive colostral immunity is: - E. coli - Clostridia - Corona (TGE) TGE Proliferative ileitis/adenomatosis (Lawsonia) Swine dysentery Salmonellosis - No vaccine against Coccidiosis/ proliferative adenomatosis 335 Lesions of the brain of a 8 week old piglet: - Edema disease (E. coli) - Streptococcus suis type 2 Nervous signs in 3days old piglet: - Streptococcus suis Pseudorabies Hypoglycemia Endotoxic effect of numerous ascending coliform bacteria - ***No colonization of just one form of bacteria 336 Coliform mastitis in sow 337 Salt intoxication in swine causes: - Encephalitis - Reduced feed intake 338 “Mulberry heart disease” 339 Epidural in pigs: - peracute oxidative crisis – cardiac and hepatic lesions - Vitamin E deficiency - Lumbosacral space 340 341 Possible outcome of rectal prolapse repair - All methods of repair may lead to rectal strictures Markedly hypothermic neonatal piglets - Hypoglycemia (large litters) (with signs of paddling/ foamy saliva etc) Respiratory signs in neonatal piglets - Herpes virus (porcine cytomegalovirus) – intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion bodies of turbinates 342 - Pseudorabies 343 Eperythrozoonosis - Mycoplasma suis - Can occur in few days old pigleets - C/s – listeless/ fever / haemolytic anemia / icterus - Tx: tetracyclines 344 Fibrinopurulent exudate in liver and kidney - Mycoplasma hyorhinis - Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s disease) 345 Adult sows with acute diarrhea and dehydration: - TGE (corona virus) 346 Suppurative deramatits of young piglets: - Exudative epidermatitis 347 eCG and hCG combination is used in sows to: - Accelerate puberty - Synchronizing estrus in non-cyclic sows 348 Enzootic pneumonia in adult pigs - Mycoplasma hypopneumonia - Seen in nearly 80% of adult pigs - Cause chronic pneumonia 349 Best location for a skin scrape for sarcoptes in pigs: - Sarcoptes scabei 350 Liver lesions in sow - White and fibrotic – Ascaris suum - Focal areas of necrosis – Pseudorabies 351 Zoonotic swine bacterial diseases: - Nodultes of histiocytes and necrosis – Paratyphoid nodules – Salmonella choleraesuis - Salmonella / Strep suis / Brucella / Erysipelas 352 Hog cholera - A.k.a Classical swine fever - C/S: anorexia / conjunctivitis / lethargy / chilling / yellowish-grey diarrhea 353 Atrophic rhinitis 354 Most sensitive test hyperadrenocorticism diagnosis: Linear preputial dermatosis 355 356 357 Corona viral vasculitis in dogs is best treated by Complications of mast cell tumors: - Bordetella bronchoseptica – damage the mucosa - P. multocida(type D) – can then colonize - LDDST - Characteristic sign of Sertoli cell tumor in dogs - Azathioprine and Corticosteroids - Mast cell tumors produce: heparin and histamine - Shock Hameorrhage Erythema and edema Delayed wound healing Most common cause of vaccine failure in dogs and cats: Distichiasis? - Inference with maternally derived immunity - Antigen test (with ELISA) 362 Most sensitive lab test for heartworm infection: Earliest time in gestation that radiographs can be taken to diagnoses pregnancy in dogs: Period for microfilaria to appear in blood 363 Heartworm prevention drugs 364 PA alkaloid toxicity is characterized by - Megalocytosis of hepatocytes - Fibros - Biliary hyperplasia 365 Dystrophic calcification - Mineralization of dead or damaged cells 358 359 360 361 - Double rows of eye lashes - 45 days - 6 months from infective date. Milbemycin Ivermectin Diethylcarbamizine - BVD 367 Ulcers in mouth, esophagus, ileum in a cow with diarrhea Furunculosis 368 Bacterial infection of the hair follicle - Bacterial folliculitis 369 370 Cutaneous mast cell tumors are malignant - Dogs (benign in all other species) in Cats with diabetes mellitus pancreas: - Amyloidosis of the islets 371 Most common brain neoplasm - Dog – Astrocytoma - Cat – Meningioma 372 Principal histological finding of the brain of a dog with distemper is: - Demyelination - Intracytoplasmic Eosinophilic inclusion bodies. 373 Wallerian degeneration of the spinal cord - Commonly seen with spinal cord compression 374 Aetio of chylothorax in cats - Thoracic duct rupture - Congestive cardiomyopathy 366 - Rupture of the hair follicle - ***thoracic masses will not cause chylous effusion 375 Gross lesion of atrophic rhinitis - resorption of nasal turbinates 376 Haemorrhagic pericardial effusion in aged dog: Periodic ophthalmia in horses: - most likely hemagngiosarcoma Platelets are NOT required for the initiation of the blood clotting cascade Rate of IV infusion of potassium ions should not increase: - However, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by it. Most common cause of hyperadrenocorticism: Potential complications of hyperA - Pituitary tumor 377 378 379 380 381 - Recurrent uveitis - 0.5mEq/kg/Hour - otherwise cause cardiotoxicity - Diabetes mellitus / CHF / Pulmonary thromboembolism / calcinosis cutis / respiratory muscle weakness - C/S: PUPD, polyphagia, hepatomegaly, neutrophilia and eosinopenia, increased ALP 382 383 384 Facial excoriation with severe pruritus of the head, neck and ears. Non-responsive to prednisolone (Cats) Whipworms are rare in cats Clinical manifestation of cholelithiasis in horses: - Food allergy - Mild intermittent colic 385 Phenytoin - Na and Ca blocker if skeletal muscles - Used as a muscle relaxing agent to treat exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses 386 Metaldehyde (acetaldehyde derivative) 387 Metaldehyde treatment - 388 Horse semen evaluation - The second sample taken 1 hour later should have approximately half the sperm number of the first 389 Wobbler syndrome in horse - Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy - Dynamic – 6-18mon horse – C3-C5 - Static – older horse – C5 – C7 390 Severe fatal haemorrhage from the upper respiratory tract in horses can occur with: - Guttural pouch mycosis 391 Granulomatous reaction after a castration in a bull - Due to prolapsed fatty tissue (this must be removed) 392 Calving associated paresis of the hind legs is due to - Sciatic nerve damage 393 Chemotherapy side effects - 394 - 70 – 180 mmHg (mean arterial blood pressure) 395 Renal autoregulation (blood flow rate to the kidney) is constant when the systemic BP is maintained between Aldosterone: 396 Treatment of glomerular nephritis - No effective pharmacotherapy for glomerular nephritis 397 White blood cell casts in the urinary sediment strongly suggests: - Pyelonephritis 398 Nephrotic syndrome: - Proteinuria, hypoalbuminamia, hypercholesterolemia and Edema Found in snail bait Inhibits GABA 🡪 convulsant Also cause metabolic acidosis Signs appear peracutely – 1-3hr of ingestion Symptomatic treatment (treat neuro and acidosis) Doxyrubicin – cardiotoxicity, urticaria Cyclophosphamide – Haemorrhagic cystitis (sterile) Cisplatin – pulmonary edema (cats) 5-fu – neurological signs (cats) L-asparginase - anaphylaxis - Na reabsorption and K+ excretion - At the Distal tubules - Approx. 5% the Na+ in glomerular filterate is reabsorbed Postpartum uterus must be grossly involuted in a cow by Sleepy foal disease - Day 25 “Chipped bones” in horses, are most commonly found at the: Mammary gland hyperplasia in cats - 403 Chicken with bended legs at the Gastrocnemius: 404 “Nodular worm” in sheep - Mn deficiency - Slippage of gastrocnemius tendon from the condyles - Oesophagostomum 405 Treatment of chylothorax - Ligation of the thoracic duct at the level of the diaphragm 406 Non-septic peritonitis - Uroabdomen 407 Last tooth to erupt in horses: - PM 4 408 Treatment of guttural pouch mycosis - Internal carotid artery ligation 409 Acts - 410 Legislative responsibility for Animal welfare rest primarily on: Q fever route of infection: - State and territory governments 399 400 401 402 411 - Actinobacillus equuli Found in horse feces Cause disease in 24 hours Purulent nephritis (kidney microabscesses) Highly fatal septicemia in neonatal foals Radiocarpal (knee) Fetlock Benign condition Rapid abnormal growth of one or more mammary glands - Seen in young-cyclic cats, due to progesterone (pregnancy / external) - Occasionally seen in males and spayed females - Must be differentiated from neoplasia Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act Radiation Control Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Veterinary Practice Act Companion Animals Act - Usual route of infection in humans is by inhalation of aerosols containing the organism - Other routes: abrasions of skin, ingestion, sexual and transplacental transmission 412 Stages of wound healing - Inflammatory phase – 5-10 mins from injury - Repair phase – day 3-5 - Maturation phase - Reepithelialization occurs independent to wound contraction and commence within 12 hours of injury 413 Bactericidal antibiotics - Penicillins Cephalosporins Aminoglycosides Fluroquinolones 414 Apomorphine - Pure dopamine agonist Synthetic derivative of opiates Acts centrally on CRTZ Emesis within 20 minutes 415 Sperm fertilize the ova at the - Ampullary region of the fallopian tube 416 Arthrgryposis is seen with 417 Mastitis that can lead to death - 418 Relative echogenicity - Spleen =prostate > Liver = Renal cortex 419 USS of intestine - 420 Main cause of congestive heart failure in dogs: - MMVD (mitral regurgitation) 421 Intranuclear inclusion bodies in: - Herpes virus - Adeno virus - Papilloma virus Akabane Blue tongue virus Lucine toxicity Coliform mastitis 5 alternating echogenic layers mucosal surface – hyper mucosa – hypo sub mucosa – hyper muscularis – hypo serosa – hyper
