Application No.:
(for RO use only)
(Revised September 2022)
FORM A
CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
RESEARCH COMMITTEE
Human Research Ethics Checklist for Student Application
Notes:
- Please read the attached guidelines for ethical review, which is also available at
https://www.cityu.edu.hk/ro/studentlan/dlHuman.htm, before completing this form.
- This form must be typewritten and completed in English.
- No data collection or analysis can be commenced before obtaining ethics approval.
- In addition to the human research ethics, applicants are reminded to comply with the University’s requirement for
the safety/ethics clearance if artefacts, animal, chemical, biological substances, ionizing/non-ionizing radiation
will be used.
The completed form should be forwarded to College/School Human Subjects Ethics Sub-Committee via
respective College/School offices
Part A: Basic Information
Please check as appropriate:
√ New Study
OR
Continuation of the approved study
(please provide approved ethics application no.:
)
Title of Student Research Project
The liberation and discipline of women’s consciousness by
social media under the wave of feminism
Name of Principal Investigator
(PI)/Supervisor*
Dept/Email/Tel
Dr. Danilo A. Reyes/PIA/adreyes2@cityu.edu.hk
Name of Student Investigator*
Dept/Email/Tel
Xuan Yonghui, Lu Yajing, Zhang Xiaohang, Ye
Yumeng/PIA/yonghxuan2-c@my.cityu.edu.hk, jingylu6c@my.cityu.edu.hk, xhzhang37-c@my.cityu.edu.hk
yumengye3-c@my.cityu.edu.hk
Study Programme
Master of Arts in International Studies
(Bachelor’s Degree, MPhil, PhD etc.
Please specify)
Co-Investigator(s):
Name/Unit/Organization
* For student research, the supervisor assumes the responsibility of the project Principal Investigator
(PI).
Part B: Research Methods and Other details
i)
Research Method and Source of Data
Please check that apply:
Interview
Observation
Survey
-1-
Focus Group
Ethnographic
Textual analysis (including diagnostic test results or medical records (such as imaging or laboratory
testing, academic records, personal documents)
√ Use of data sets / secondary data / archival data:
Please
specify
the
name
and
source
of
data
Refer to our Research
Proposal
Data linkage
Intervention
Action research
Experimental procedures
Human Cells and Materials
Drugs or isotopes
Epidemiological
Blood sampling
Laboratory study on stored samples
Clinical Trial
√ Others: Please specify Questionnaire
ii)
Where will the data collection/experiment take place? Please specify the place, region or
country.
China
iii)
Will the external co-investigator(s) or collaborators be responsible for data collection at
their institution? If yes, please provide the proof of ethics approval. If such approval is not
available at the time of ethics application, please provide reason and indicate the timelines of
obtaining such approval.
_NO
iv)
Is outsourcing of research work or subcontract activity required for the project?
Yes
√ No
If yes, please specify the work to be conducted by the service providers and what measures to
be taken for ensuring the compliance with the CityU’s ethical standard by the service
provider:
(Note: The PI should undertake the responsibility for ensuring the compliance with the
CityU’s ethical standard by the service provider for the said outsourcing or subcontracting
activities.)
v)
Is ethics approval from other authorities required? e.g., Hospital Authority.
Yes
√ No
If yes, please indicate the names of the approval authorities and provide a copy of the
approval document. If such approval is not available at the time of the ethics application,
please provide the reason and indicate the timelines of obtaining such approval.
-2-
Part C: Ethical Issues
To determine whether an expedited review or a full review is required, please check the following
items and forward to your Head of Department for endorsement.
If you have checked “yes” to any of the items below, you must go through a full review. Please fill
in the completed checklist (Form A) AND submit the application form for full review (Form B). The
application form is available at http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ro/studentlan/dlHuman.htm.
Yes
No
1
Will the study involve participants who do not
possess the legal, physical or mental capacity to
provide valid informed consent to participate in the
study (e.g. children under a certain age which
requires parental/guardian custody by law (i.e. under
the age of 18 in Hong Kong), people with
developmental disabilities)? If so, parental/guardian
consent must be obtained.
√
2.
Will deception of participants e.g. misleading
participants be necessary during the study?
√
3.
Will financial inducements/incentives (other than
reasonable expenses and compensation for time
applicable to the nature of the study for the discipline
concerned) be offered to participants?
√
If so, please specify details e.g. value, in cash or in
kind, the usual rate for the discipline concerned and
applicable precedent cases
4.
Will the study involve sensitive aspects of the
participant’s own behaviour such as illegal conduct,
drug or alcohol use, and sexual conduct?
√
5.
If the observations on the participants are disclosed,
will it reasonably place the participant at risk of
criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the
participant’s financial standing, employability, or
reputation?
√
6.
Will the study/experiment induce psychological
stress?
√
7.
Is pain or discomfort likely to result from the
study?
√
-3-
Please provide relevant
information under each item to
facilitate consideration for an
expedited review
8.
Will the study involve prolonged and repetitive
testing sessions which result in pain, fatigue, other
form of physical discomfort, danger, physical harm
or medical risks or other risks?
√
If so, please explain the duration and the times of the
testing sessions.
9.
Will the study involve the collection of identifiable
or personal information (i.e. information that is not
anonymous) from participants? Is re-identification
possible during the data extraction process of using
a unique identifier such as human cells or personal
data?
√
If so, explain a) whether sensitive or private
information, including contact details will be
collected, b) how confidentiality of the information
collected will be maintained, c) the arrangements for
the disposal of electronic and physical records when
the research project is completed and d) the timing
of such disposal.
10.
Is/Are the researcher(s) in a position of power vis-
√
à-vis the participants e.g. teacher-student,
employer-employee?
11.
Will the study involve human subjects/biological
materials/data in the clinical or biomedical research
studies?
√
If you have checked “yes” to any of the above items, you must go through a full review. Please fill
in the completed checklist (Form A) and submit the application form for full review (Form B). The
application form is available at http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ro/studentlan/dlHuman.htmIn general, a full
review is not required for:
a. research studies that are based entirely on authorized use of publicly available information,
documents, records, works, performances, or archival materials
b. research studies that involve only surveys or observation of officials/individuals in the public
arena in a public capacity.
c. studies that involve identifiable participants but no sensitive or private information will be
collected.
-4-
Part D: Checklist of attachments:
Research Proposal / plan
English)
-
(i) Sample of the consent form for Human
Subjects; and
(ii) Sample of the Agreement of the Use of
Photography, Audio/Video Recording (if
applicable)
-
/ activities
(in √ YES
-
YES
N/A
 N/A
(Note: The sample(s) of the consent form and/or the
agreement for the use of photography, audio/video
recording must be appended to this ethics application
unless no human subject/participant is involved.)
-
Signed confidentiality pledges by PI and/or
team members
 YES
√
N/A
- Evidence of ethics approval from external
investigator(s) or collaborator(s) (Part B (iii)
refers)
YES
√ N/A
-
YES
√ N/A
Evidence of ethics approval from other
authorities (Part B (v) refers)
Declaration by the Student Investigator and Supervisor
I have read the guidelines on ethical review of human research and undertake to exercise reasonable
care to ensure that the proposed research is conducted in a manner that is consistent with these
standards of ethical practice.
I understand that failure to observe the University's published protocol may constitute malpractice
and be a ground for disciplinary action by the University.
I undertake to conduct the research and/or activities in compliance with the local laws, permission or
customs for any research to be conducted in Hong Kong and/or outside Hong Kong.
I understand that no data collection or analysis can be started before obtaining final approval from the
respective authority.
I confirm that any service provider(s) involved with the project have in place appropriate policies which
are compliant with the ethical requirements and standards of CityU. I undertake responsibility for
ensuring compliance with the CityU’s ethical requirement/standard during the project.
Signature
(Student Investigator)
Signature
(Supervisor)
Date:10,4.2023
Date:
-5-
To be Completed by Head of Department / Line Manager
I endorse this application on the basis of information provided and declaration of the Student and
PI/Supervisor.
Signature
(
Date
)
Checklist for Human Ethical Review (September 2022)
-6-
l.Literature Review
Feminism is the movement to end gender discrimination, sexual exploitation, and
oppression. (hooks, 1984) The West has experienced four waves of feminism,
including (1) fighting for women's right to vote. (2) Changing structural inequalities
and oppression in society. (3) Focusing on the intersection of women's identities in
different experiences of oppression. (4) Allowing women to use digital media to build
a robust, popular, responsive online movement. (Whelehan, 1995; Mendes, 2012;
Bronstein, 2005; Cochrane, 2013) Asia must avoid a single feminist narrative due to
its geographical conditions and cultural diversity. The development of a distinct
feminist theory in each Asian country is a conscious acknowledgment of its
'differences' from the 'West.' Yu (2015) talks about some huge cultural differences
between China and Western countries and how Chinese scholars translate feminist
ideas and promote them in China. Angeloff and Lieber（2012) emphasize that the
success of reform and opening up is closely related to women, but many gender
inequality problems are hidden under it. In the twenty-first century, China has seen an
initial resurgence in the participation of transnational social movements in the recent
past. The recent challenge has been to remove the impediments of nationalist ideology
for women activists to respond to the feminist agenda as Chinese women . (Roces and
Edwards, 2010)
Scholars have been discussing the impact of education, social change, and other
factors in accelerating the transition from women's awakening to self-awareness.
Ambedkar (2014) suggested that education as a cornerstone of women's liberation
will lead to a just and equal society. Education also be considering a fundamental
instrument of women's liberation from an oppressive patriarchal social structure
(Velaskar 2012). It is also a bedrock of the subsequent feminist movement and the
primary driving force of the process of female self-awareness and liberation (Pal and
Makepeace 2003). By reforming the political and legal system, women will enjoy
equal access to opportunities and social resources. When the regulation of female
education and employment becomes more comprehensive and well-developed, it will
establish a sustainable environment to improve women's educational level and
cultivate their professional capacity. As a result, it will strengthen women's selfperception and self-confidence, ultimately improving women's social status and
influence (Ford 2002).Indeed, previous scholars provided a comprehensive theory and
explanation of women's self-awareness at a macro level. They are more focused on
women's liberation as a collective and group transformation rather than from an
individual perspective. However, we should not ignore the importance of factors at a
micro level, such as social media. Since social media is well-connected to people's
personal life and social circles, it undeniably contributes to women's liberation. By
2022, the number of social media users worldwide has reached 4.74 billion,
accounting for 55.1% of the global population. Among them, women use social media
more than men (tech. co 2023). This study will therefore describe and analyse the
impact of social media on women's emancipation.
Social media has played an essential role in the wave of feminist movements in the
West. It has contributed to the feminist movement by three ways：(1) raising the
visibility of women's issues and mobilizing the masses; (2)creating public spaces for
sharing information and empowering women's voices; (3)shaping diverse gender roles
and values through education. Specifically, Crossley (2015) suggests that Facebook
-7-
and feminist blogs have expanded and nourished feminist networks and expanded
recruitment bases for online and offline mobilization. Facebook, Twitter, and blogs
have enabled many women to 'share their stories' and discuss complex issues across
cultural, geographical, and generational boundaries. (Martin, Valenti,2012) Bonila
and Rosa (2015) mentioned that an essential feminist outcome of the #MeToo
movement is awareness of sexual harassment and assault because hashtags have an
"indexing function" to Category information. However, the use of social media also
poses challenges for feminism, mainly in terms of (1) violence and group polarisation
in cyberspace; (2)the regulation and aesthetic homogenization of the female body;
(3)social media can become a tool of social control; and (4)the loss of critical thinking
and reflection. Firstly, other groups can easily manipulate social media due to its
immense influence. Megarry (2020) points out from a radical feminist perspective that
digital spaces provide more opportunities for men to intervene and monitor feminist
debates.Secondly, Fardouly, Pinkus, and Vartanian (2017) suggest that appearance
comparisons made via social media may be more harmful than comparisons made in
person. Thirdly, critical internet scholarship has drawn attention to digital power
relations and highlighted how state and corporate surveillance structure digital
political activism (Fuchs, 2017; Lovink, 2016). Finally, critical internet scholarship
argues that social media promotes user passivity by facilitating content sharing and
liking rather than critical engagement. (Lovink, Rossiter, 2018) So, based on the
above theory, we hope to verify whether social media in China also has these positive
and negative effects on feminism.
As well as looking at the similarities in influence, we also need to look at the
differences in the process of feminist influence in the Chinese and Western media. In
China, the role of social media in promoting the feminist movement can be clearly
seen, but this behavior is limited seriously. On the one hand, the differences in China's
political system, ideology and social conditions have created a different style and
perception of feminist movements on the Chinese Internet and social media than in
the Western world. This different logic of thinking has in turn influenced the views,
perceptions and attitudes of Chinese Internet users - especially women - towards
feminism (Mao, 2020). Moreover, the use of social media to support the feminist
movement is hindered. Censorship is an explicit form of repression, but other
invisible linguistic and cultural barriers can limit feminist activity online. (Wang and
Driscoll, 2019) However, overall the positive effects of social media are gradually
emerging. Xie and Chao (2022) point out that although Chinese social institutions
create barriers and resistance, information technology and social media provide
platforms and opportunities for women and raise public awareness of gender issues in
Chinese society. Thus, even with China's strict media censorship and long tradition of
patriarchy, the impact of social media on women's emancipation today cannot be
ignored.
For Xiaohongshu, the peculiarities of a social media platform that lives under China's
strict censorship have made it attract the attention of many sexist researchers, starting
with the fact that three-quarters of its 200 million daily users are post-90s - considered
to some extent the most receptive young people in China to Western ideas (Travis,
2019) - and that half of its users live in relatively economically developed cities. As a
result, Xiaohongshu is also considered to be a more female-oriented app, not only
supporting women's expression and voice, helping them to build their identity and
self-identity, but most importantly, creating a supportive social environment for
-8-
women that is different from the overall misogynistic atmosphere of the Internet (Jia
Shi, Yang Sui et al., 2021). In other words, Xiaohongshu has become a somewhat
unique social media for women, allowing women bloggers from all over the world to
share their experiences and routines, creating a special group benefit that allows
ordinary women living in China to demand a more equal social status (Keyin Lian, Zu
Chen et al., 2021),Under China's strict media censorship, the emergence of such a
dynamic and female-specific platform is noteworthy. However, it is interesting to note
that despite its relative female-friendliness, the increasing influx of male users to
Xiaohongshu as it transitions - the epidemic-influenced e-commerce decadence and
the shift towards a how-to app - in addition to criticisms of its promotion of feminine
stereotypical influences and appearance anxiety, are affecting Xiaohongshu's as a
social media outlet that plays a role in Chinese women's perceptions of gender and
true gender equality.This tension leads to our main research question: to what extent
Little Red Book social media can promote the liberation of Chinese women's
consciousness？
In order to look more specifically at changes in women's self-awareness, this study
turns its attention to the media images of women. The images of women presented on
social media influence users' perceptions, attitudes and behaviour towards female
values. And the feedback provided by users can validate whether the communicators'
aims are being achieved. Lippmann (1965) states that the mass media create a virtual
environment for society through news reporting. which is an essential basis for
evaluation, reference, and decision-making. Current research on the media images of
women in Xiaohongshu focuses on generalizations and critical reflections on the
media images. Zhang (2023) summarises five classic ideas presented by female
bloggers on Xiaohongshu: the "perfect goddess" in appearance, the "all-around hot
mother" in the family, the "sharing expert" in life, the "elite woman" in the workplace,
and the "active fighter" in emotion. Contemporary women also use exaggerated
means to resist the male gaze. For example, The male gaze is transformed into an
examination of the creative content to enhance the attraction of the content. (Wang,
2022) Luan (2023) further r demonstrates the tension between the emancipation and
discipline of women in Xiaohongshu. Qiu (2023) finds that while Little Red Book
provides a reference for dress, it also brings about homogeneous aesthetics and
anxiety. However, in understanding the messages of the Xiaohongshu platform from a
socially constructed perspective, only some scholars have examined whether
Xiaohongshu's influence on women is effective from the standpoint of user feedback.
Therefore, this study will combine the views of both communicator constructs and
recipient feedback to observe Xiaohongshu's emancipation and regulation of women.
Firstly, this study will summarise what kind of images of women are constructed by
Xiaohongshu based on previous data and perspectives about media images and then
verify whether these images change users' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours from
the standpoint of user feedback.
In conclusion, Asia and the West's different ideological and cultural contexts require
scholars to look at feminist narratives in Asian countries from a more specific
perspective. Based on the positive and negative effects of Western social media on the
feminist movement, this study hopes to use Xiaohongshu as an example to observe
the impact of Chinese social media on the liberation and regulation of women's
consciousness from the perspective of user feedback. Finally, this study can fill in the
gaps in user observation in current research related to the construction of women's
-9-
images in Xiaohongshu. Thus, it can provide suggestions for how to guide women's
values in social media in the future.
Reference
Ambedkar, B. R. (2014) Annihilation of Caste (The Annotated Critical Edition)
, Navayana, New Delhi.
Angeloff, T., & Lieber, M. (2012). Equality, did you say? China Perspectives,
2012(4), 1724.
BONILLA, Y. & ROSA, J. (2015) #Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography,
and the racial politics of social media in the United States. American ethnologist.
[Online] 42 (1), 4–17
Bronstein, C. (2005). Representing the third wave: Mainstream print media framing of
a new feminist movement. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(4), 783–
803.
Cochrane, K. (2013, December 10). The fourth wave of feminism: meet the rebel
women. The Guardian. Retrieved from:
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women
Crossley, A. D. (2015) FACEBOOK FEMINISM: SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOGS, AND
NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF CONTEMPORARY US FEMINISM. Mobilization
(San Diego, Calif.). 20 (2), 252–267.
Chengting Mao(2020), Feminist activism via social media in China, Asian Journal of
Women's Studies, Volume 26, Issue 2, pp 245-258.
Ford, L. E. (2002) Women and politics : the pursuit of equality. Boston, Mass:
Houghton Mifflin.
Fardouly, J. et al. (2017) The impact of appearance comparisons made through social
media, traditional media, and in person in women’s everyday lives. Body image.
[Online] 2031–39.
Fuchs, C. (2017) Social media : a critical introduction. Second edition. Los Angeles:
Sage.
Hooks, b. (1984). Feminist theory: From margin to center. Boston: South End Press
Jia Shi&Yang Sui et al.(2021), The Role of Social Media in Female Gender
Construction Under Feminism, Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference
on Humanities Education and Social Sciences.
https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.178
Keyin Lian&Zu Chen et al.(2021), From the Perspective of Feminism: Market
Positioning of Xiaohongshu, Proceedings of the 2021 5th International Seminar on
Education, Management and Social Sciences,
https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210806.037
Lippmann, W. (1965) Public opinion. New York: Free Press.
Lovink, Geert, and Ned Rossiter. (2018) Organization After Social Media. Brooklyn:
Autonomedia.
Lovink, Geert.(2016) Social Media Abyss: Critical Net Cultures and the Force of
Negation. Cambridge: Polity.
Luan Qian.(2022)'A Study on the female Media Image of XiaoHongshu from the
perspective of Consumer Culture',Jilin
University,doi:10.27162/d.cnki.gjlin.2022.007474.
Martin, Courtney, and Vanessa Valenti. (2012). #FemFuture: Online Revolution. New
Feminist Solution Series: Barnard Centre for Research on
Women, http://bcrw.barnard.edu/wp-content/nfs/reports/NFS8-FemFuture-OnlineRevolution-Report-April-15-2013.pdf.
- 10 -
Megarry, J. (2020) The limitations of social media feminism : no space of our own.
1st ed. 2020. [Online]. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Mendes, K. (2012) ‘Feminism rules! Now, where’s my swimsuit?’ Re-evaluating
feminist discourse in print media 1968–2008. Media, culture & society. [Online] 34
(5), 554–570.
Pal, S. & Makepeace, G. (2003) Current Contraceptive Use in India: Has the Role of
Women’s Education Been Overemphasised? European journal of development
research. [Online] 15 (1), 146–169.
Qiu Qing (2023) Analysis of Aesthetic Homogeneity Based on the Theory of The
Society of the Spectacle — Taking Xiaohongshu as an Example. SHS web of
conferences. [Online] 15902006–.
Roces, M. & Edwards, L. P. (2010) Women’s movements in Asia feminisms and
transnational activism. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ;: Routledge.
Travis S.K. Kong(2019), Transnational queer sociological analysis of sexual identity
and civic-political activism in Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China, The British
Journal of Sociology, Volume 70, Issue 5, pp 1904-1925.
Velaskar, P. (2012) Education for Liberation: Ambedkar’s Thought and Dalit
Women’s Perspectives. Contemporary Education Dialogue. [Online] 9 (2), 245–271.
Wang, B. & Driscoll, C. (2019) Chinese feminists on social media: articulating
different voices, building strategic alliances. Continuum (Mount Lawley, W.A.).
[Online] 33 (1), 1–15.
Wang Yajie.(2021)'The meaning of "female image" : An analysis of Xiaohongshu
APP Mythology',Hebei University,doi:10.27103/d.cnki.ghebu.2021.001372.
Whelehan, I. (1995). Modern feminist thought: From the second wave to “postfeminism.” New York: New York University Press.
Xie, M. & Chao, C.-C. (2022) Digital Feminism: Social Media Portrayal of
Housewives and ‘[phrase omitted]’ in Chinese Society. China media research. 18 (1),
101–.
Yu, Z. (2015) Translating feminism in China : gender, sexuality and censorship.
Abingdon, Oxon ;: Routledge.
Zhang Linqun.(2022)'A study on self-presentation of female bloggers in
Xiaohongshu',Anhui University of Finance and
Economics,doi:10.26916/d.cnki.gahcc.2022.000222.
- 11 -
ll.Methodology
The research question of this study is whether social media under the fourth wave of
feminism liberates or restricts women's consciousness. This study will analyze and
compare two cases (Xiaohongshu and Instagram ) to answer the following questions :
(1) What are the characteristics of the media images of women presented on social
media? (2) What role has social media played in the rise of female consciousness, and
is this role positive or negative? This study is divided into two parts: the first part will
introduce the relevant background and theories of the feminist wave. The second part
focuses on using qualitative analysis to summarize the impact of Xiaohongshu and
Instagram 's algorithms and designs on women's consciousness, and combines the
cultural background and political system of the two countries to explore the impact of
social media on women's consciousness. The research methods used in this study
include literature review method and questionnaire.
Specifically, select Instagram and the users of Xiaohongshu platform are representative
and significant as research objects. The two mediums have similarities in terms of how
information is presented and the popularity of the masses.The former is one of the top
social platforms in the world, with at least 1.44 billion users worldwide, so Instagram
is a good source of common female media images. Xiaohongshu is a Chinese social
media platform that integrates creation, sharing, selling and searching. It has more than
200 million monthly active users by 2022 . 88.8 % of users are women . The
performance of Xiaohongshu users on social media can present the characteristics of
female media images in the Chinese context. This provides the basis for the comparison
between the two later.
In order to observe the impact of different media function settings on women's
consciousness, this study adopted different research methods for two research objects .
For Instagram , this research mainly adopts the method of using secondary data , such
as the content pushed by Instagram ’s algorithm according to the user’s interest and
interaction history, the data recommended by Instagram on the search function page,
etc., to analyze the possibility of Instagram under the big data algorithm affect women's
self-perception. For example, searching the percentage of male and female users, and
popular topics among user reports. Similarly, Instagram's user reports will also provide
relevant data. Some articles relate to Instagram and feminism would also be helpful.
For Xiaohongshu, this research adopts the method of textual analysis and questionnaire.
Through the questionnaire of female users of Xiaohongshu, the respondents’
acceptance of some popular female impressions is studied. For example, some
fashionable clothes, if the respondents agree to wear them on the street. Moreover, the
questionnaire is anonymous, so we do not need to worry about privacy issues.
In summary, this study analyses and compares the cases of Xiaohongshu and Instagram
through the method of secondary sources and questionnaire. Ultimately, we hope to
explore the impact of social media on women's consciousness in China under the fourth
wave of feminism.
- 12 -
lll.Research Plan and Timeline
April 16
Awaiting approval of ethnics review
May 8
Data collection
May 18
Data classification and sorting
May 23
Data analysis and discuss with group members about report framework
May 30
Refer to related literature and begin to construct a rough draft of research.
paper
June 23
Post-proofreading and revision
June 26
Complete draft of paper, send out for editing, complete final revisions
- 13 -