Earth and Life Science - Grade 11 Quarter 1 - Module 2: Lesson 1: Classification of rocks Lesson 2: Source of the heat in Earth’s interior LESSON/S 1. Classification rocks OBJECTIVES CODES WEEK Classify rocks into of igneous, sedimentary, (S11/12ES -Ib-10) and metamorphic Week 2 2. Source of the heat Describe where the (S11/12ES -Ib-14) in Earth’s interior Earth’s internal heat comes from What This Module is About As we all know Earth is a very complex system which comprises of four main components that are building blocks of life. These components are referred to as Earth’s materials and include minerals, rocks, soil and water. The Earth outermost layer is known as crust. This module discuss about Earth and Life Process specifically rock cycle and different classification of rocks. How to Learn from this Module To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following: • • • Take your time reading the lessons carefully. Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently. Answer all the given tests and exercises. MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 1 What I Know NAME: _______________________________________________________ SECTION: ______________________________ Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices. 1. Igneous rocks are strong because of their A. Temperature C. Water Content B. Color D. Interlocking grain textures 2. Which of the following is one of the most durable igneous rocks? A. Granite C. Marble B. Sandstone D. Limestone 3. The pressure required for the metamorphism can be generated by A. Pressure from weight of overlying rock. B. Heat from magma bodies in touch with surrounding rock C. Cementation and lithification D. Hydrothermal solutions 4. Minerals that crystallize at higher temperatures as a result of contact A. Coal deposits C. Coral reefs B. Bodies of Water D. Igneous intrusions 5. Metamorphic rocks that lack mineral grains with long axes oriented in one direction are described as A. Marble-like B. Quartzite-like C. Foliated D. nonfoliated 6. What kind of rock that forms when magma cools? A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C. Sedimentary D. Cement MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 2 What I Need to Know Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals are referred to as naturally occurring because they are formed though natural geological processes. Now that we know what minerals are, we can discuss rocks. Rock is made up of naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals. What’s New NAME: _______________________________________________________ SECTION: ______________________________ Activity 1: Classifying Rocks Complete the table below: Type of Rocks Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous How it is form? What it looks like? Examples of this rocks MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 3 What Is It Rocks are found everywhere in the Earth surface or beneath land surface. There are three types of rocks the sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. These rocks undergo rock cycle. During weathering and erosion these rocks on the earth surface are constantly being broken down and by wind and water. Sedimentary rocks are formed sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans this sediments are the minerals, small pieces of plant and other organic matter, pre-existing rocks or pieces of remains of living organism that accumulate in Earth Surface. These sediments are compressed over a long period of time before they combine into solid layers of rocks. Sedimentary rocks cover most of the rocky Earth surface and less amount of the Earth’s crust. When these rocks are exposed to extreme heat caused by magma or by the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates which lead to changes in their mineralogy and texture of the rock the Metamorphic rock is formed. Those rocks that are found beneath the Earth surface melts and become magma when a volcano erupts, magma flows out of it. (When magma is on the earth’s surface, it is called lava.) As the lava cools it hardens and becomes igneous rock. As soon as new igneous rock is formed, the processes of weathering and erosion begin, starting the whole cycle over again! Sedimentary structures include features like bedding, ripple marks, fossil tracks and trails, and mud cracks. Sandstone, rock salt and limestone are sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic textures are salty, schistose, gneissose, granoblastic and Hornfelsic. Anthracite and Marble are metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks usually hence no layering made up of two or more minerals and they are either glassy or coarse in appearance. Basalt, granite, pumice, obsidian are examples of igneous rocks. What’s More NAME: _______________________________________________________ SECTION: ______________________________ Activity 2: Types of Rock Concept Map Complete the concept Map: MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 4 What I Have Learned NAME: _______________________________________________________ SECTION: ______________________________ Activity 3: The Rock Cycle Label each blank below as igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks: Answer the following question: 1. How igneous rocks are formed? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 2. What will happen to igneous rocks that undergo weathering and erosion? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________. 3. How do sediments become sedimentary rock? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________. 4. What forces cause sedimentary rocks to be transformed into metamorphic rocks? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________. CRITERIA FOR ESSAY 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% FOCUS CONTENT ORGANIZATION STYLE CONVENTIONS What I Can TOTAL 100% Do MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 5 NAME: _______________________________________________________ SECTION: ______________________________ Activity 4: Find Your Rock Gather rocks in your surrounding and take a picture and answer the following questions. PICTURE OF YOUR ROCK. Name of the rock: _____________________ Type : _______________________ Color : _______________________ Size : _______________________ Where is it found? _____________________ How is it formed? _____________________ What are some uses? ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________. What is it made of? _______________________________ MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 6 What’s In In lesson 1, we learned the three types of rocks the sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous and rock cycle. We have also discuss the characteristics of each type of rock. In Lesson 2, we will discuss the source Of Internal heat of the Earth and how it transfer from internal surface of the Earth to the ground. What I Need to Know The Earth is composed of three distinct layers, mantle, crust and core. The hottest layer is the core that produces heat. In this Lesson, we will be able to answer the following questions 1. How heat is originated in the Earth internal surface? 2. What are the sources Earth’s Internal Heat? 3. What are the different process on heat transfer? What I Know NAME: _______________________________________________________ SECTION: ______________________________ Instruction: Ring the letter of the correct answer. 1. What is the primary source of Earth’s internal heat? a. Radioactive decay c. Conduction b. Convection d. Sun 2. Which of the following is NOT a major process that has contributed to Earth's internal heat? A. Heat released by colliding particles during the formation of the Earth B. Heat released as iron crystallized to form the inner core C. Heat from the sun since the beginning of Earth history D. Heat from radioactivity of radioactive isotopes of U, Th and K 3. What are the types of heat transfer? A Conduction and Convection B. mantle and Crust C. Earth layer D. None of the Above 4. A heat that transfer when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then travels away from the source A. Conduction C. Radiation B. Convection D. Energy 5. A heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter. A. Conduction C. Radiation B. Convection D. Energy MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 7 What Is It Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occurs beneath the surface of the Earth. Forces that cause the Earth surface to move is Endogenic forces. There are two categories of heat the primordial heat, generated during earth’s formation and radioactive heat generated by long-term radioactive. The bowels of the Earth closely resemble a giant thermal power station, powered by convection currents that heat the surface by taking energy from the rocks buried deeper underground. At the very centre of this giant factory we have the inner core and the molten outer core. Moving outwards, we have the terrestrial mantle, followed by the Earth’s crust. The outer layer of the mantle and the whole of the crust are sometimes collectively referred to as the lithosphere: a puzzle comprised of twelve enormous pieces that move against each other to the rhythm of powerful subterranean currents. These pieces are known as tectonic plates, and the boundaries between them are where the Earth’s inner workings can most clearly be seen; as these are places where one frequently finds earthquakes and volcanoes. A major source of Earth’s heat is radioactivity, the energy released when the unstable atoms decay. The radioactive isotopes uranium-235 (235U), uranium-238 (238U), potassium-40 (40K), and thorium-232 (232Th) in Earth’s mantle are the first source decay produced more heat early in Earth’s history than it does today, because fewer atoms of these isotopes are left today (Figure 3.14). Heat contributed by radioactivity is now roughly 1 / 4 what it had been when Earth formed. Production of heat within the Earth over time by radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium. Heat production has decreased over time as the abundance of radioactive atoms has decreased. MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 8 Source: Steven Earle (2015) CC BY 4.0 modified after Arevalo et al. (2009) The Heat from Earth’s interior is distributed through heat transfer the Convection and Conduction. Heat transfer is that the movement of thermal energy from a hotter place to a cooler place. Convection is a heat transfer when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then travels away from the source, it carries the thermal energy along. Conduction heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter. Convection in Earth's Mantle Convection is typically discussed as it relates to heat flow in liquids and gases. Warmer parts of a fluid tend to rise, while cooler parts tend to sink. This results in convection currents that help distribute heat more evenly throughout the fluid. Warm Particle Rises Cold Particles Sink Convection currents occur when warmer parts of a fluid rise, while cooler parts sink. Convection can also occur in some solids. For example, pressure and temperature conditions in the Earth's mantle allow mantle rock to slowly convert. Hotter rock rises and cooler rock sinks in mantle convection cells, or currents. This process is related to several other processes, including the movement of tectonic plates and the outward transfer of Earth's internal heat. MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 9 What’s More NAME: _______________________________________________________ SECTION: ______________________________ Convection Experiment Materials • • • • • glass (empty) soda bottles oil quarters hot water bowl Procedure: 1. Put a drop of oil side of the quarter 2. Put the glass bottle in the bowl. 3. Place the quarter on top of the glass soda bottle, with the oil side facing down. (The oil acts as a sealant and keeps the air trapped inside the bottle). 4. Observe the quarter while you pour hot water (near boiling) into the bowl. Answer the following questions 1. What heat process is taking place in the experiment? 2. What happened to the quarter when you pour hot water into the bowl? 3. Describe how convection current form 4. What will happen to the convection currents in the mantle if Earth’s interior eventually cools down? Explain. MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 10 What I Have Learned NAME: _______________________________________________________ SECTION: ______________________________ Activity 2: Create your own flowchart II. Create a flow chart on how the heat from the interior travels to the Earth surface base on the image below. CREATE HERE: Assessment: (Post-Test) Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from among the given choices. Ring the letter of the correct answer. 1. What type of heat transfer when there is rising of warm air currents? A. Radiation C. Convection B. Conduction D. None of the Above 2. What is the definition of CONDUCTION? A. When heat is transferred through waves of heat across a distance. B. When heat transfers from objects that are touching. C. When heat is transferred through circulation of liquid or gases D. All of the Above 3. During convection, hot substances _________________ while cooler substances_______________. A. rise, remains at rest C. sink, rise B. rise, sink D. sink, remains at rest 4. From deep within the earth molten magma bubbles up, heating rocks that surround it. This process turns igneous and sedimentary rocks: A. gnesis C. marble B. slate D. Metamorphic rocks 5. A rigid substance composed of one or more minerals. A. solid C. earth surface B. rock D. Particles MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 11 6. A type of rock that results from the cooling of the magma A. Igneous C. Sedimentary B. Metamorphic D. None of the Above 7. Rocks changed by temperature, pressure, and hot liquids A. Igneous C. Sedimentary B. Metamorphic D. None of the Above 8. It is called a molten rock below the surface of the Earth A. Lava C. Rocks B. Magma D. Minerals 9. What layer of the Earth does convection currents occur in? A. Crust C. Mantle B. Outer Core D. Inner Core 10. Geological processes that occurs beneath the surface of the Earth. A. Earthquake C. Exogenic B. Endogenic D. Tectonism References Arevalo, Ricardo, and William F. McDonough. "Tungsten geochemistry and implications for understanding the Earth's interior." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 272, no. 3-4 (2008), 656-665. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.031. 10(F) Characteristics Of Sedimentary Rocks". http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10f.html. 2020. Physicalgeography.Net. Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary Structures". 2020. Encyclopedia https://www.britannica.com/science/sedimentary-rock/Sedimentary-structures. King, Hobart. 2020. "Sedimentary Rocks | Pictures, Characteristics, Types". Geology.Com. https://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml. Britannica. Textures, "What Are Metamorphic Rocks?" Last modified 2012. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-aremetamorphic-rocks-0?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products. Metamorphic Rock Facts For Kids - Information & Examples". 2020. Sciencekids.Co.Nz. https://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/earth/metamorphicrocks.html. "Radioactive Decay Accounts for Half of Earth's Heat – Physics World." Physics World. Last modified August 29, 2017. https://physicsworld.com/a/radioactive-decay-accounts-for-half-ofearths-heat/. "Earth's Internal Heat Source: Physical Science 2." Accessed June https://ops.instructure.com/courses/10087/pages/earths-internal-heat-source. 25, 2020. "What Are Metamorphic Rocks?" Last modified 2012. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-aremetamorphic-rocks-0?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products. MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Ms. Donna Francisco and Ms. Joan Mohillo PAGE 12
