Name __________________________________________________________
Chapter 14 – Quick Quiz 1
1.
During the germinal stage, the fertilized egg is called a(n):
a. fertilized egg.
c. fetus.
b. embryo.
d. zygote.
2.
The most common result of _______________ during pregnancy is deafness.
a. alcohol use
c. cigarette smoking
b. German measles
d. cocaine use
3.
The research by Margaret and Harry Harlow demonstrated a need for _______________ in young rhesus
monkeys.
a. contact comfort
c. maternal sensitivity
b. adequate nutrition
d. a peer group
4.
Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language at:
a. 2 to 3 months.
c. 6 to 8 months.
b. 4 to 6 months.
d. 8 to 12 months.
5.
Object permanence develops during the _______________ stage.
a. sensorimotor
c. concrete operations
b. preoperational
d. formal operations
6.
All of the following factors promote the development of an insecure attachment EXCEPT:
a. temperament.
c. family stressors.
b. being a twin.
d. parental rejection.
7.
The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and behaviors associated with being masculine or
feminine in their culture is called:
a. gender schema.
c. gender identification.
b. gender typing.
d. gender development.
8.
Which of the following is NOT more common in adolescence than in childhood or adulthood?
a. Conflict with parents
c. Aggressive behavior
b. Reckless and risky behavior
d. Mood swings and depression
9.
According to Erickson, in what age group does the challenge of generativity vs. stagnation occur?
a. Adolescence
c. Middle adulthood
b. Young adulthood
d. Late adulthood
10.
_______________ is the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve
problems.
a. Cognitive ability
c. Fluid intelligence
b. IQ
d. Crystallized intelligence
691
Chapter 14 – Quick Quiz 1
Answer Key
1.
d
Explanation: From the moment of fertilization until its implantation in the uterine
wall, the fertilized egg is called a zygote. (Page 522, Factual)
2.
b
Explanation: German measles during pregnancy can cause eye, ear, and heart
problems, but the most common effect is deafness. (Page 523, Factual)
3.
a
Explanation: The Harlows found that infant monkeys would cling to and get
support from the “cloth mother,” even when it did not supply nutrition. (Page
525, Factual)
4.
b
Explanation: By 4 to 6 months, babies can often recognize their own name and
key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language. (Page 503,
Factual)
5.
a
Explanation: Object permanence, the understanding that an object continues to
exist even when it is not sensed, occurs in the sensorimotor stage, according to
Piaget. Later researchers demonstrated that it occurred much earlier than Piaget
thought. (Page 504, Factual)
6.
b
Explanation: Being a twin is unrelated to attachment. (Page 527, Factual)
7.
b
Explanation: This is a definition of gender typing. (Page 542, Factual)
8.
c
Explanation: Three types of problems are more common in adolescence than in
childhood and adulthood: conflict with parents, reckless and risky behavior, and
mood swings and depression. (Page 551, Factual)
9.
c
Explanation: According to Erikson, people either experience creativity and
renewal (generativity) or complacency and selfishness (stagnation). (Page 553,
Factual)
10.
c
Explanation: Fluid intelligence follows the course of other biological capacities
in its growth and later decline in late adulthood. (Page 558, Factual)
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Name __________________________________________________________
Chapter 14 – Quick Quiz 2
1.
Once implantation is complete, the _______________ stage begins.
a. germinal
c. embryonic
b. fetal
d. uterine
2.
An increased likelihood of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight results from
_______________ during pregnancy.
a. alcohol use
c. cigarette smoking
b. German measles
d. cocaine use
3.
The Strange Situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth was designed to measure:
a. attachment styles.
c. need for affiliation.
b. hyperactivity.
d. emotional and social skills.
4.
Children begin to name objects at about the age of:
a. 3 months.
c. 2 years.
b. 12 months.
d. 3 years.
5.
Understanding of conservation, identity, and serial ordering occurs during the _______________ stage.
a. sensorimotor
c. concrete operations
b. preoperational
d. formal operations
6.
Most children become wary or fearful of strangers between the ages of:
a. 2 to 3 months.
b. 4 to 6 months.
c. 6 to 8 months.
d. 10 to 12 months.
7.
The fundamental sense of being male or female is a definition of:
a. gender schema.
c. gender identity.
b. gender typing.
d. gender development.
8.
In what age group does the challenge of initiative vs. guilt occur?
a. The toddler years
c. The elementary school years
b. The preschool years
d. Middle adulthood
9.
What percent of women report regret at reaching menopause?
a. 3 percent
c. 27 percent
b. 17 percent
d. 53 percent
10.
Which of the following is NOT related to resilience in children?
a. Easygoing temperament
c. Support by caring adults
b. Reactive temperament
d. Traits such as self-efficacy and high self-esteem
693
Chapter 14 – Quick Quiz 2
Answer Key
1.
c
Explanation: The embryonic stage lasts from 2 weeks until 8 weeks after
conception. (Page 522, Factual)
2.
c
Explanation: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy not only increases the
likelihood of miscarriage, premature birth, abnormal fetal heartbeat, and low birth
weight, but its effects may show up later in increased rates of infant sickness,
sudden infant death syndrome, hyperactivity, and learning difficulties. (Page 523,
Factual)
3.
a
Explanation: Mary Ainsworth was interested in studying the nature of the
attachment between mothers and babies. (Page 526, Factual)
4.
b
Explanation: By the end of the first year, infants start to name things based
on familiar concepts and use symbolic gestures to communicate. (Page 531,
Factual)
5.
c
Explanation: Once children have acquired language, the nature and quality of
their thought processes, though still concrete, change significantly. (Pages 531532, Factual)
6.
c
Explanation: Once babies are emotionally attached to the mother or other
caregiver, separation can be a wrenching experience. Separation anxiety typically
begins at about 6-8 months and lasts until the middle of the second year. (Page
526, Factual)
7.
c
Explanation: This is the definition of gender identity. (Page 542, Factual)
8.
b
Explanation: Preschoolers are learning new skills that will prepare them for adult
life. They are enjoying their new talents, but, at the same time, they must learn to
control impulses or a sense of guilt may develop. (Page 553, Factual)
9.
a
Explanation: Menopause is not nearly as traumatic an experience as most people
think. Only a very small number of women regret reaching menopause and most
do not experience severe symptoms. (Page 556, Factual)
10.
b
Explanation: Children who have an easygoing, nonreactive temperament tend to
roll with the punches and cope well with stress. (Pages 528-529, Factual)
694
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
Our concepts of the human life span have changed over time; the contemporary view includes
the notion that:
a. childhood consists of formative years that determine what kind of adult the child will become.
b. many people are experiencing life events out of order, if they are engaging in these events at all.
c. life events occur in a predictable pattern due to improvements in health care.
d. society is turning to the elderly as wise individuals who can model living through extensive change.
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 521
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: Events over the life span are no longer as predictable as they were just a few decades ago
because of advances in health care, changes in the economy, a high divorce rate, and advances in
reproductive technology.
2.
Psychologists who study universal aspects of life-span development, as well as investigating cultural and
individual variations, are called:
a. developmental psychologists.
b. cross-cultural psychologists.
c. maturational psychologists.
d. individualist psychologists.
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 521
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: This is a definition of the field of developmental psychology.
3.
_______________ is the process in which children learn the rules and behavior expected of them by
society.
a. Socialization
b. Maturation
c. Development
d. Acculturation
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 521
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: This is a definition of socialization.
4.
The germinal stage of conception begins with:
a. the maturation of the female ovum and its entry into the fallopian tube.
b. the uniting of the female ovum and the male sperm.
c. the entry of the zygote into the uterus.
d. the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 522
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: The germinal stage begins at conception and lasts until the zygote attaches to the uterine wall,
about 2 weeks.
5.
The placenta serves all of the following functions in pregnancy EXCEPT for:
a. transmitting food from the mother to the growing embryo.
b. eliminating wastes from the embryo to the mother.
c. screening out of some, but not all, harmful substances.
d. secreting testosterone when the embryo is male.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 522
Type: Conceptual
Answer: d
Explanation: The placenta does not secrete testosterone. That is done by the rudimentary testes of embryos
that are genetically male.
695
6.
Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily’s uterus by means of an ultrasound. The
physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby’s fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system
are developing as expected. The couple is surprised to learn that the baby is only 1½ inches long. Emily’s baby is
in the:
a. embryonic stage.
b. stage of the zygote.
c. germinal stage.
d. fetal stage.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 522
Type: Applied
Answer: a
Explanation: At the end of the embryonic stage, the baby is about 1½ inches long.
7.
During the fetal stage of development, which begins at _______________, further development of
the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary form in the embryonic stage occurs.
a. two weeks
b. six weeks
c. eight weeks
d. 10 weeks
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: The fetal stage begins at eight weeks and lasts until birth, normally at 40 weeks.
8.
Important gains in brain and nervous system development occur:
a. between conception and the fourth week of prenatal development.
b. between the fifth week and the twelfth week of prenatal development.
c. between the thirteenth week and the twenty-seventh week of prenatal development.
d. all throughout the nine-month gestation period.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: Although it used to be thought that the last trimester was the most important time for growth
of the nervous system, we now know that important events in neural development occur throughout
gestation.
9.
Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy?
a. Defects in the eye, ear, and heart
b. Attention problems and lower IQ
c. Increased likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight
d. Mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Use of any drug during pregnancy, even ones that seem relatively mild, can cause problems for
the fetus. In addition to increased risk of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight, smoking can also
cause increased rates of infant sickness, sudden infant death syndrome, and later hyperactivity and learning
difficulties.
10.
Which of the following outcomes occurs when the mother has German measles early in pregnancy?
a. Defects in the eye, ear, and heart
b. Attention problems and lower IQ
c. Increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight
d. Mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: The most common result of German measles is deafness, in addition to other possible defects in
the eye, ear, and heart.
696
11.
Dr. McKenzie decides to perform a cesarean section in order to avoid potential harm to a baby during birth.
She is most likely concerned about the mother’s:
a. exposure to lead during the last weeks of pregnancy.
b. outbreak of genital herpes.
c. cigarette smoking just before the onset of labor.
d. consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks per day.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Applied
Answer: b
Explanation: If the mother has an outbreak of genital herpes at the time of delivery, the baby will be exposed
to the virus during a vaginal birth. Cesarean section can eliminate the risk.
The negative effects of _______________ may show up long after birth in the increased rates of infant
sickness, sudden infant death syndrome, hyperactivity, and learning difficulties.
a. German measles (rubella)
b. X-rays or other radiation
c. fetal alcohol syndrome
d. cigarette smoking
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: In addition to increased risk of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight, smoking can
also cause increased rates of infant sickness, sudden infant death syndrome, and later hyperactivity and
learning difficulties.
12.
13.
Which of the following is NOT true?
a. While illicit drugs can cause harm to the fetus, there is little or no risk from over-the-counter drugs
such as aspirin or cold medications.
b. Drug use by the father, as well as by the mother, may cause fetal defects.
c. Cocaine causes subtle impairments in children’s cognitive and language abilities.
d. No drugs of any kind should be used by a pregnant women without a doctor’s approval.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: Any kind of drug, whether illicit, prescription, or over-the-counter, may pose risks to the fetus.
14.
The newborn infant has a number of _______________ such as sucking, grasping, and rooting that aid in
his or her survival.
a. instincts
b. traits
c. motor reflexes
d. innate perceptual abilities
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 524
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Many motor reflexes will disappear as the child grows because they are no longer necessary,
but others, like the eye blink reflex or the sneeze reflex, remain.
15.
The sensory abilities of newborn infants:
a. are poor, resulting in a confused picture of the world.
b. include the ability to see and hear, but not to discriminate tastes and smells.
c. include visual abilities that are much like that of an adult.
d. include the ability to discriminate smells, tastes, and sounds almost immediately.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 524
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the sensory abilities are functional at birth and the infant is able to discriminate many
different sensations. The sense of vision has a focus range of only about 8 inches, but it develops rapidly.
697
16.
Which of the following is true about the effects of culture on maturation?
a. Developmental milestones, such as the age at which crawling typically occurs, do not change.
b. Navajo babies who are strapped to cradle boards do not develop normal walking ability until they are
2-3 years old.
c. Mayan Indians, rural Italians, African villagers, and urban Japanese typically let the infant sleep with
the mother for the first few years of life, waking every 4 hours to nurse.
d. Doctors now recommend that babies sleep on their stomachs so that they do not risk choking if they
spit up during the night.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 524-525
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: There are many cultural variations in infant care, but the infants seem to follow the same
maturational sequence and turn out normally.
17.
_______________, the pleasure of being touched and held, is important throughout life.
a. Socialization
b. Contact comfort
c. Synchrony
d. Maturation
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 525
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: Infants who are not held and cuddled may become emotionally despairing, remote, and listless
even though they are physically healthy.
How did infant rhesus monkeys that were raised with both an artificial “wire mother” and an artificial
“cloth mother” respond to these objects?
a. They became attached to the artificial mother that supplied milk.
b. They avoided both mothers except when they were hungry.
c. They would not eat or drink, and soon died.
d. They would cling to the “cloth mother,” especially when they were frightened or startled.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 525
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: These studies showed that attachment does not depend on feeding. The infant will become
attached to the person (or artificial mother) that provides contact comfort.
18.
19.
Between the ages of _______________, children begin to show separation anxiety.
a. 1 to 2 months
b. 3 to 5 months
c. 6 to 8 months
d. 10 to 12 months
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 526
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Once babies are emotionally attached to the mother or other caregiver, separation can be a
wrenching experience. Separation anxiety typically begins at about 6-8 months and lasts until the middle of
the second year.
698
After greeting her relatives at the airport, Joey’s mother leaves him with his grandma and gets the luggage.
Eight-month-old Joey becomes fearful of the stranger holding him and he begins to wail. This distress
would be an example of:
a. insecure attachment.
b. separation anxiety.
c. avoidant attachment.
d. sensorimotor thinking.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 526
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: Once babies are emotionally attached to the mother or other caregiver, separation can be a
wrenching experience. Separation anxiety typically begins at about 6-8 months and lasts until the middle of
the second year.
20.
21.
Mary Ainsworth devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation in order to determine:
a. the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies.
b. aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment.
c. parental discipline styles in the first year of life.
d. the nature of attachment between mothers and babies.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 496
Type: Conceptual
Answer: d
Explanation: Ainsworth was interested in the nature of the attachment between mothers and babies.
22.
Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants:
a. do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return.
b. protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns.
c. cry or protest if the mother leaves the room and welcome her back when she returns.
d. are not concerned upon separation, but cry to be picked up and held on her return.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 527
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Securely attached infants cry or protest when the mother leaves, whereas insecurely attached
infants may ignore the mother or protest loudly when she leaves.
23.
The two types of insecure attachment, according to Mary Ainsworth, are:
a. avoidant attachment and anxious-ambivalent attachment.
b. hostile attachment and withdrawn attachment.
c. anxious attachment and withdrawn attachment.
d. resistant attachment and hostile attachment.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 527
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: The child may show avoidant attachment, ignoring the mother when she leaves and returns, or
anxious-ambivalent attachment, protesting loudly when the mother leaves, but resisting contact with the
mother on her return.
24.
Mary Ainsworth believed that insecure attachment results primarily from the way mothers treat their
children during the:
a. first week of life.
b. first month of life.
c. first year of life.
d. first three years of life.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 527
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Mothers who are sensitive and responsive to their babies’ needs during the first year create
securely attached infants.
699
25.
Which of the following statements about attachment is NOT true?
a. Children who are in day care more than 30 hours a week tend to develop insecure attachment.
b. A child who lives in a large, extended family may not become avoidant in the Strange Situation
because they do not panic when the mother leaves.
c. Most children, all over the world, form a secure attachment to their mothers in spite of wide variations
in child-rearing practices.
d. There is only a modest correlation between the mother’s sensitivity and a child’s secure attachment.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 527-528
Type: Conceptual
Answer: a
Explanation: Time in day care has no effect on the security of a child’s attachment.
Which of the following does NOT occur during the baby’s first 15 months?
a. There is an explosion of new synapses, the connections among neurons in the brain.
b. Many of the synapses, or connections, between neurons are lost.
c. Infants need maximum stimulation for their brain to develop normally.
d. The neural network in the brain becomes more efficient.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 529
Type: Conceptual
Answer: c
Explanation: Brain development can be impaired by complete deprivation of contact comfort and attention,
but there is tremendous variation in infant stimulation with no ill effects.
26.
27.
Psychologists studying the acquisition of language have found that:
a. at 12 months of age, babies begin to recognize their own names.
b. the process begins when babies recognize the sound structure of their native language.
c. the process begins in the first months, with crying and cooing.
d. at 6 months of age, babies begin to respond to the pitch and sound of language.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530
Type: Conceptual
Answer: c
Explanation: The acquisition of language begins very early when babies cry and coo during their first few
months. Babies also begin to respond to the pitch, intensity, and sound of language, and even to the emotions
and rhythms in voices.
Researchers have found that “baby talk” by parents:
a. helps babies learn the melody and the rhythm of their native language.
b. holds children back from learning real language faster.
c. promotes telegraphic speech, especially if overused.
d. teaches children the correct grammar of their native language.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: Adult use of baby talk, called parentese, is higher in pitch and more varied that usual. It helps
babies learn the “melody” and rhythm of their native language. Parentese has been documented in cultures
all over the world.
28.
Emily calls her husband into the living room saying, “I’m just sure that the baby recognized the word
‘Mommy’!” If Emily is right, then her baby is most likely:
a. 1 to 3 months of age.
b. 4 to 6 months of age.
c. 7 to 9 months of age.
d. 10 to 12 months of age.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 531
Type: Applied
Answer: b
Explanation: By 4 to 6 months of age, babies can often recognize their own names and other words that are
regularly spoken with emotion, such as “mommy” and “daddy.”
29.
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30.
A toddler smacks her lips to let her parents know that she wants food. This is an example of:
a. telegraphic speech.
b. parentese.
c. a language acquisition device.
d. a symbolic gesture.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 531
Type: Conceptual
Answer: d
Explanation: The development of symbolic gestures at the end of the first year is an important development
with regard to language acquisition.
Ali sees a butterfly and chases it saying, “Birdie!” Piaget would say that this is an example of:
a. accommodation.
b. preoperational thought.
c. assimilation.
d. egocentric thinking.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Applied
Answer: c
Explanation: Assimilation refers to trying to fit new information or experience into existing mental
categories.
31.
Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says, “Birdie”! Her mother says, “That flies like a bird, Janis, but
that is a bat.” Janis begins pointing saying, “Bat! Bat! Bat!” Piaget would say that this is an example of:
a. accommodation.
b. preoperational thought.
c. assimilation.
d. egocentric thinking.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Applied
Answer: a
Explanation: Accommodation occurs when a child must change their mental categories to fit new experiences
or information.
32.
In Piaget’s theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called:
a. operations.
b. assimilation.
c. conservation.
d. accommodation.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: Assimilation refers to trying to fit new information or experience into existing mental
categories.
33.
In Piaget’s theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new
information is called:
a. operations.
b. accommodation.
c. conservation.
d. assimilation.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: Accommodation occurs when a child must change his or her mental categories to fit new
experiences or information.
34.
701
According to Piaget, _______________represents the beginning of the child’s capacity to use mental
imagery and other symbolic systems.
a. egocentric thinking
b. accommodation
c. object permanence
d. assimilation
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532-533
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: When object permanence develops, a child becomes able to hold a concept in mind and use
mental imagery and symbols to represent the object.
35.
Layla understands that “Daddy” is her father but does not yet understand that she is Daddy’s daughter.
Piaget would say that Layla is in the:
a. preoperational stage.
b. formal operations stage.
c. sensorimotor stage.
d. concrete operations stage.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 533
Type: Conceptual
Answer: a
Explanation: A child in the preoperational stage is unable to reverse mental operations.
36.
A child in Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development will be able to:
a. understand that 2 × 6 = 12 is the reverse operation of 12 ÷ 2 = 6.
b. reason that the number of pennies stays the same whether spread out or stacked.
c. pretend to drink juice out of toy buckets in the sandbox.
d. judge liquid by its quantity rather than by changes in its appearance.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 533
Type: Conceptual
Answer: c
Explanation: The capacity to pretend and engage in fantasy develops during the preoperational stage,
though the child lacks understanding of reversibility and conservation.
37.
38.
Piaget mistakenly believed that:
a. children began to grasp the concept of object permanence during the sensorimotor stage.
b. during the stage of concrete operations, children have the ability to compare and classify ideas.
c. an understanding of serial ordering does not emerge until the stage of formal operations.
d. preoperational children cannot take another person’s point of view.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 533
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: Piaget believed that preoperational children were egocentric and could see the world only from
their own frame of reference, but this was later shown to be inaccurate.
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
a. Preoperationalconcrete operationssensorimotor formal operations
b. Concrete operations sensorimotorpreoperationalformal operations
c. Sensorimotorpreoperationalconcrete operationsformal operations
d. Preoperationalsensorimotorconcrete operationsformal operations
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 534
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: The series of stages in Piaget’s theory are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations,
and formal operations.
39.
702
40.
In the concrete operations stage, children come to understand all of the following EXCEPT:
a. principles of conservation.
b. abstract thought.
c. reversibility of mental operations.
d. cause and effect.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 534
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: Children do not acquire the ability to think abstractly until the formal operations stage that
begins at about age 12.
41.
Lev Vygotsky emphasized the:
a. children’s need for contact comfort on early attachment relationships.
b. sociocultural influences on children’s cognitive development.
c. natural unfolding of a child’s cognition, much like a flower grows and blooms.
d. anxiety babies and toddlers feel when separated from a primary caregiver.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: Vygotsky believed that culture and language are important and that parents and other adults
play a major role in children’s development by constantly guiding and teaching them.
42.
The theorist most closely associated with the concept of private speech is:
a. Jean Piaget.
b. Mary Ainsworth.
c. Erik Erikson.
d. Lev Vygotsky.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: Vygotsky said that once children acquire language and internalize the rules of their culture,
they start using private speech to talk to themselves and to direct their own behavior.
Which of the following research findings regarding cognitive development is NOT a challenge to Piaget’s
theory?
a. Cognitive development depends on the child’s education and culture.
b. Babies seem to understand basic principles of physics during the first year of life.
c. New reasoning abilities depend on the emergence of previous abilities.
d. Cognitive abilities develop in overlapping waves rather than in discrete steps.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: As Piaget suggested in his theory of stages, new reasoning abilities depend on the emergence of
previous ones.
43.
Which of the following challenges to Piaget’s theory is NOT correct?
a. Cognitive abilities develop in continuous, overlapping waves rather than discrete steps or stages.
b. Young children do not understand as much as Piaget gave them credit for.
c. Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought.
d. Cognitive development is greatly affected by a child’s culture.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535-536
Type: Conceptual
Answer: c
Explanation: Research has shown that children understand far more than Piaget gave them credit for. For
example, they may be born with “mental modules” for numbers, spatial relations of objects, and other
features of the physical world.
44.
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45.
Piaget was a pioneer in the study of cognitive development and in the study of:
a. moral reasoning.
b. emotional attachment.
c. parental discipline.
d. language acquisition.
Section: Moral Development
Page(s): 538
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: While Piaget is best known for his theory of cognitive development, he also examined moral
development.
46.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. When African-American parents use stern discipline, their children tend to regard it as evidence of
concern, not abusiveness.
b. The context in which power assertion occurs makes an enormous difference in terms of the effect the
discipline has on the child.
c. The temperament of the child affects how a parent treats the child and how the child responds to
discipline.
d. Parents who use induction tend to be overly permissive, letting children do anything that they want to
do.
Section: Moral Development
Page(s): 538-539
Type: Conceptual
Answer: d
Explanation: Induction does not mean permissiveness. It means being authoritative and democratic rather
than arbitrarily authoritarian or permissive.
47.
Power assertion is defined as:
a. setting reasonable limits that are within the child’s power to follow.
b. discipline that leads a child to internalize moral values.
c. using punishment and authority to correct a child’s misbehavior.
d. correcting a child’s misbehavior by appealing to the child’s own resources.
Section: Moral Development
Page(s): 538
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Power assertion depends on being bigger, stronger, and more powerful than a child and taking
advantage of that power.
Ruth’s parents frequently slap and spank her when she misbehaves. When they want her to do something,
instead of asking her nicely, they bully her into doing it. Ruth is most likely to:
a. develop a strong sense of moral feelings.
b. be impulsive, unmotivated, and irresponsible.
c. confess rather than lie when she misbehaves.
d. have reduced empathy for others and behave more aggressively.
Section: Moral Development
Page(s): 539
Type: Applied
Answer: d
Explanation: Power assertion often results in greater aggressiveness in children, reduced empathy, and
poorer moral reasoning ability.
48.
Isaiah’s parents discipline him using induction. It is most likely that he will:
a. fail to internalize moral values.
b. be impulsive, unmotivated, and irresponsible.
c. develop a strong sense of moral feelings.
d. have poor self-control and poor social skills.
Section: Moral Development
Page(s): 539
Type: Applied
Answer: c
Explanation: Induction helps children to internalize standards of right and wrong and be considerate of
others.
49.
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50.
Parents who use induction tend to be _______________ parents.
a. neglectful
b. permissive
c. authoritative
d. authoritarian
Section: Moral Development
Page(s): 539
Type: Factual
Explanation: Parents who use induction tend to be authoritative and democratic.
Answer: c
51.
Children who have internalized a sense of right and wrong would be most likely to have parents who:
a. give emotional support and teach children how to meet reasonable expectations.
b. deprive the children of privileges until reasonable expectations are met.
c. give children the independence to do anything they want.
d. actively prevent their children from falling into the wrong cliques at school.
Section: Moral Development
Page(s): 539
Type: Conceptual
Answer: a
Explanation: Children whose parents use induction are more likely to internalize standards of right and
wrong and be considerate of others.
52.
Which method of disciplining an aggressive child is most likely to teach empathy?
a. Physical punishment
b. Power assertion
c. Induction
d. Authoritarian firmness
Section: Moral Development
Page(s): 539-540
Type: Conceptual
Answer: c
Explanation: In an aggressive child, use of power assertion leads to even more aggression, so induction is
more successful.
All of the following would be considered “gender differences” EXCEPT for:
a. the difference between men and women in regard to sexual attitudes.
b. the difference between men and women in regard to doing laundry.
c. the difference between men and women in regard to reading romance novels.
d. the difference between men and women in regard to color blindness.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 542-543
Type: Conceptual
Answer: d
Explanation: Traditionally gender refers to learned characteristics while sex refers to physiological or
anatomical characteristics. Thus, color blindness would be a sex difference, not a gender difference.
53.
54.
The fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether you conform to the social rules of
gender, is called:
a. gender typing.
b. gender identity.
c. gender schema.
d. gender development.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 542
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: This is a definition of gender identity.
705
Intersex conditions, where a child is born with ambiguous genitals or genitals that conflict with the infant’s
chromosomes, occur in about one of every _______________ births.
a. 200
b. 2,000
c. 12,000
d. 100,000
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 543
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: Chromosomal or hormonal anomalies causing ambiguous genitals or genitals inconsistent with
chromosomes occur in about one of every 2,000 births.
55.
56.
In the dramatic case where a young boy lost his penis in a freak accident and was raised as a girl named
Brenda beginning at the age of 2:
a. Brenda was happy as a girl and ended up with a female gender identity.
b. Brenda preferred “boys’ toys” for a while, but by the age of 14 had successfully identified herself as a
girl.
c. Brenda was never happy as a girl and at the age of 14 refused to keep living as a female.
d. Brenda was confused about her sense of gender identity, identifying herself as neither a boy nor a girl.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 544
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: When Brenda was 14 and refused to live as a girl, his father finally told him the truth.
Brenda’s name was changed to David and he began living as a boy. He eventually married, but later
committed suicide.
57.
The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with
being masculine or feminine in their culture is called:
a. gender typing.
b. gender identity formation.
c. gender schema development.
d. learned gender differences.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 542
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: This is a definition of gender typing.
58.
Toddlers are able to:
a. understand, but not conform to, cultural rules of gender.
b. know that a boy stays a boy even with long hair.
c. label themselves as either boys or girls.
d. have strong gender identities but not be gender typed.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545
Type: Conceptual
Answer: c
Explanation: By the age of 2 to 3, toddlers can label themselves as boys or girls, but they do not develop a
stable gender identity until the age of 4 or 5.
59.
Most children develop a secure gender identity at _______________ years of age.
a. 1 or 2
b. 4 or 5
c. 7 or 8
d. 10 or 11
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: By the age of 2 to 3, toddlers can label themselves as boys or girls, but they do not develop a
stable gender identity until the age of 4 or 5.
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60.
Starting in _______________, boys and girls congregate primarily with other children of the same sex.
a. preschool
b. kindergarten
c. the early school years
d. the later school years
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: As soon as children identify themselves as boys or girls, they change their behavior to conform
to their sex, including playing with same-sex playmates.
61.
When boys and girls have a choice of same-sex or opposite-sex playmates,
a. their choices reflect whether parents encourage boys and girls to play together.
b. children all over the world have a preference for same-sex friends.
c. their choices reflect whether their culture provides distinctive “boy toys” and “girl toys.”
d. children from individualist cultures choose same-sex and opposite-sex friends equally.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545-546
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: Children all over the world seem to choose same-sex friends and playmates, regardless of
culture or religion.
62.
A learning theorist notices that a 3-year-old boy is building roads for his car in the sandbox while saying,
“Vroom. Vroom. Vrooooooom!” What explanation would the theorist give for this behavior?
a. Exposure to androgens in the prenatal environment
b. Brain organization during the prenatal period and early infancy
c. Gender socialization by parents and preschool teachers
d. Genetic predispositions to engage in physical play
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 546-547
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Adults treat boys and girls differently even though they don’t always realize it. Thus, children
are socialized to act in ways that are consistent with society’s expectations of what is appropriate for a boy or
for a girl.
63.
Dr. Cutcher states that, as they mature, children develop a mental network of beliefs explaining what it
means to be male or female. Dr. Cutcher is most likely a:
a. biological psychologist.
b. behavioral theorist.
c. social-cognitive learning theorist.
d. cognitive psychologist.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545
Type: Applied
Answer: d
Explanation: A mental network of beliefs about what it means to be male or female is called a gender
schema, that is, a cognitive schema related to gender.
Children’s gender schemas are most rigid during the ages:
a. 2-3
b. 5-6
c. 8-12
d. 13-16
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: Young children are very rigid in their gender schemas, especially between the ages of 5 and 7;
at this age it is very difficult to dislodge a child’s notion of what boys and girls can do.
64.
707
65.
Researchers have found that:
a. girls’ gender schemas are more rigid than are boys’ gender schemas.
b. when boys play with girls, the boys lose status.
c. when girls behave like boys, the girls lose status.
d. girls express stronger preferences for feminine toys than boys do for masculine toys.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 546
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: Most societies value masculine occupations and traits more than feminine ones and males have
higher status, so when boys play with girls they lose status.
66.
Learning theorists believe that gender socialization begins:
a. at the moment of a child’s birth.
b. when the child comprehends speech.
c. when children label themselves boys or girls.
d. when children have developed a secure gender identity.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 546
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: Gender socialization begins at the moment of birth (or even before!) when the doctor
announces, “It’s a boy!” or “It’s a girl!” and parents and others start to treat the child in a way consistent
with their gender schemas. For example, what mother would dress her newborn son in a frilly pink dress?
67.
The study of gender over the life span has revealed that:
a. gender differences in personality traits are greatest during the early adult years as individuals establish
intimate relationships.
b. women often become more achievement oriented and men often become more nurturant when they
reach middle age.
c. children growing up in extremely gender-typed families usually choose gender-typed careers and
relationships as adults.
d. gender-typed behaviors at the age of 3 are positively correlated with gender behaviors in early
adulthood.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 547
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: Gender differences in interests and motivations are greatest in childhood and adolescence, but
decline significantly in adulthood in North America.
68.
Adolescence refers to the period of development between _______________.
a. age 13 and age 19
b. grade school and college
c. puberty and adulthood
d. high school and marriage
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 548
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: In some societies, adolescents almost immediately assume adult roles and responsibilities, but in
modern Western society adolescence is relatively long.
69.
Puberty is defined as the age at which a person
a. enters middle school or junior high.
b. begins to be treated in an adult manner.
c. experiences his or her growth spurt.
d. becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 548
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: Puberty is biologically determined as the time at which sexual maturity is achieved.
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70.
Puberty is defined as:
a. the age at which the pituitary stimulates hormone production in the reproductive glands.
b. the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
c. the age at which a person reaches the peak of the adolescent growth spurt.
d. the age at which secondary sex characteristics, such as pubic hair, begin to emerge.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 548
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: Puberty is biologically determined as the time at which sexual maturity is achieved.
71.
Comparisons of hormone production in boys and girls show that:
a. before puberty, boys have higher levels of estrogen than do girls.
b. from puberty on, boys and girls produce the same amounts of androgens and estrogens.
c. before puberty, girls have higher levels of estrogen than do boys.
d. from puberty on, boys produce more androgens and girls produce more estrogens.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: Before puberty, hormone levels are the same in boys and girls, but beginning at puberty boys
produce relatively more androgens and girls produce relatively more estrogens.
72.
Gwen and her brother Henry produce roughly the same levels of male hormones and female hormones.
Given this information, it is likely that:
a. Gwen and Henry have not yet reached puberty.
b. Gwen has reached puberty but Henry has not.
c. Henry has reached puberty but Gwen has not.
d. Gwen and Henry have both reached puberty.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Applied
Answer: a
Explanation: Before puberty, hormone levels are the same in boys and girls, but beginning at puberty boys
produce relatively more androgens and girls produce relatively more estrogens.
73.
An adolescent has just experienced menarche. This means that:
a. the onset of menstruation has occurred.
b. facial and chest hair has begun to appear.
c. breasts have begun to develop and pubic hair has appeared.
d. the testes have begun to mature and to produce sperm.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Conceptual
Explanation: Menarche means the onset of menstruation.
Research on the onset of puberty has revealed that:
a. changes in the timing of puberty have been caused by hormones in food.
b. the average age at puberty is increasing in Europe and North America.
c. menarche depends on a critical level of body fat.
d. white girls tend to develop breasts at younger ages than do black girls.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Factual
Explanation: Body fat triggers the hormonal changes associate with puberty.
Answer: a
74.
709
Answer: c
75.
Early maturing boys generally have _______________ than do late-maturing boys.
a. more negative concepts about their bodies
b. fewer problems with the law
c. more fights with parents about being sexually precocious
d. more size and strength advantages to boost sports skills
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: Because puberty results in growth of muscles and bones, early maturing boys may have an
advantage in sports.
76.
Hillary has a history of behavior problems and conflicts with her parents. Now, she is in sixth grade and is
the first girl in her class to become sexually mature. Hillary is more likely than later-maturing girls to:
a. develop positive communication patterns with her parents.
b. have a positive body image and gain prestige for athletic skills.
c. drop out of school and have emotional problems.
d. be socially unpopular for being “off-time” in maturation.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Applied
Answer: c
Explanation: Partly because others in their peer group regard them as being sexually precocious, early
maturing girls are more likely to fight with parents, drop out of school, have a negative body image, and be
angry or depressed.
77.
As the mother of a late-maturing boy, Betty is concerned that her son will:
a. use drugs and alcohol.
b. have less success in sports.
c. disobey school regulations.
d. smoke cigarettes to fit in with peers.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Applied
Answer: b
Explanation: Late-maturing boys often have less athletic ability than their peers because they are slower to
develop the increased strength and size that begins at puberty.
78.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three kinds of problems that are more common during
adolescence than during other developmental stages?
a. Conflicts with parents over autonomy
b. Physical inactivity and passivity
c. Mood swings and depression
d. Reckless behavior and rule-breaking
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Factual
Answer: b
Explanation: The three types of problems that are more common in adolescence than in childhood or
adulthood are conflict with parents, mood swings and depression, and higher rates of reckless, rule-breaking,
and risky behavior.
79.
For adolescents in Western societies, quarrels with parents signify:
a. a lack of family loyalty and allegiance.
b. a disregard for family harmony.
c. a desire to sever the connection with parents.
d. a change to a reciprocal, adult relationship.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: Conflict with parents is painful, but it signifies a change from one-sided parental authority to a
more reciprocal adult relationship.
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80.
Adolescent boys who are lonely, depressed, worried, or angry are more likely than girls to express these
concerns by:
a. externalizing their emotional problems in acts of aggression and other antisocial behavior.
b. becoming depressed and attempting suicide.
c. internalizing their problems and, as a result, having low self-esteem.
d. internalizing their feelings and becoming more withdrawn.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Factual `
Answer: a
Explanation: Boys tend to externalize their emotional problems and show outward acts of aggression and
other antisocial behavior, whereas girls tend to internalize their feelings and problems, becoming withdrawn
or developing eating disorders.
81.
Adolescent girls who are lonely, depressed, worried, or angry are more likely than boys to express these
concerns by:
a. externalizing their problems and engaging in rule-breaking and risk-taking behaviors.
b. internalizing their feelings and becoming withdrawn.
c. externalizing their problems, becoming aggressive, and acting out sexually.
d. attempting suicide.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Factual `
Answer: b
Explanation: Boys tend to externalize their emotional problems and show outward acts of aggression and
other antisocial behavior, whereas girls tend to internalize their feelings and problems, becoming withdrawn
or developing eating disorders.
82.
Developmental psychologists, neuroscientists, social psychologists, and others claim that:
a. adolescents who commit violent crimes should be tried as adults because their cognitive abilities and
moral reasoning abilities are like those of an adult.
b. the brain is not fully mature until the early to mid-twenties, so adolescents should not be held fully
responsible for violent acts that they commit before that time.
c. changes in the brain, such as development of the cerebellum and the hypothalamus, do not occur until
late adolescence, so adolescents younger than 16 do not have the cognitive abilities of an adult.
d. adolescents should be considered as adults in the eyes of the law as soon as they have completed
puberty, because physically they are adults at that point.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 550
Type: Conceptual`
Answer: b
Explanation: Changes in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for impulse control and planning, and
the limbic system, which is involved in emotional processing, occur throughout adolescence and are not
complete until the early to mid-twenties.
Which of the following statements best sums up Erik Erikson’s theory?
a. Personality is formed by the time a child turns 5 or 6 years old.
b. Stage theories are inadequate in capturing life’s developmental changes.
c. Eight inevitable crises must be resolved as one moves through life.
d. Adult development is characterized by transitions and milestones.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 552
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Erikson said that all individuals go through eight stages in their lives and that each stage is
characterized by a particular challenge or “crisis.”
83.
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A person experiences too strong of a sense of guilt over his fantasies. According to Erikson’s theory, he
had difficulty resolving the inevitable crisis that occurred when he was:
a. an infant.
b. a preschooler.
c. a young adult.
d. in his middle years.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: The preschooler must learn to control his or her newfound physical and mental abilities or he
or she will feel a sense of guilt. The danger lies in developing too strong a sense of guilt over his or her wishes
and fantasies.
84.
85.
A person feels competent in acquiring skills, using tools, and learning to make things. According to
Erikson’s theory, she has successfully resolved the inevitable crisis that occurred when she was:
a. a preschooler.
b. a school child.
c. an adolescent.
d. a young adult.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: The school-age child must develop a sense of mastery and competence or end the stage feeling
inadequate and inferior.
86.
Will you sink into complacency and selfishness, or will you experience the pleasure of creativity and
renewal? According to Erik Erikson, this is the crisis of:
a. initiative versus guilt.
b. ego integrity versus despair.
c. identity versus role confusion.
d. generativity versus stagnation.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553
Type: Conceptual
Answer: d
Explanation: The middle adult years are characterized by the challenge of generativity (creativity and
renewal) or stagnation (complacency and selfishness).
During Erikson’s stage of _______________, a person must learn to be independent about his actions.
a. trust versus mistrust
b. ego integrity versus despair
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. generativity versus stagnation
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553
Type: Factual
Answer: c
Explanation: Independence begins to develop in the toddler years when the child faces the crisis of autonomy
vs. shame and doubt.
87.
88.
Deanna is in her twenties and has successfully resolved each life crisis as it has occurred throughout her
development. According to Erikson, Deanna now must resolve the crisis of _______________.
a. trust versus mistrust
b. intimacy versus isolation
c. initiative versus guilt
d. ego integrity versus despair
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553
Type: Applied
Answer: b
Explanation: The challenge of early adulthood is learning to share yourself with another and make
commitments, that is, intimacy vs. isolation.
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89.
A baby learns that when he is hungry, food is provided, and when he is in pain, he is cuddled and
comforted. Erikson suggested that this baby would be developing a sense of _______________.
a. intimacy
b. trust
c. integrity
d. identity
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: An infant whose parents are sensitive to his or her needs and sees that they are satisfied will
instill a sense of trust in the infant.
Erikson’s work was important because he:
a. placed adult development in the context of family and society.
b. identified universal stages of life-span development.
c. identified essential crises that define the process of aging.
d. placed life-span development in the context of cultural social clocks.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553
Type: Factual
Answer: a
Explanation: Erikson’s work was important because he recognized the importance of family, work, and
society to adult development.
90.
91.
A developmental psychologist who stresses the importance of the social clock would be likely to agree that:
a. the universal crisis of the adolescent years occurs as teens worldwide decide what they hope to
make of their lives.
b. the transitions of life themselves are less important than whether the transitions are shared with
others of one’s generation.
c. life occurs in a series of predictable stages set by the norms of each culture and of each historical
period.
d. the midlife crisis of men is due to the culture’s social clock but the negative reactions of women to
menopause are biological.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 554-555
Type: Conceptual
Answer: b
Explanation: The social clock consists of norms governing what people of the same age and historical
generation are expected to do.
92.
Emerging adulthood, the years between the ages of 18 and 25, are considered to be a new phase of life in
which:
a. people feel that they are no longer adolescents but are not yet adults.
b. rates of emotional distress increase greatly as people assume adult responsibilities.
c. people living in nonindustrialized cultures develop feelings of dissatisfaction with their countries and
desire to move to more developed nations.
d. crises similar to midlife crises commonly occur.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 555
Type: Conceptual
Answer: a
Explanation: In industrialized nations, major demographic changes have postponed the timing of career
decisions, marriage or cohabitation, and parenthood creating, as a result, a new phase of life involving
prolonged exploration and freedom.
93.
Midlife is typically a time of all of the following EXCEPT:
a. community involvement.
b. productivity.
c. midlife crisis.
d. good health.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 556
Type: Conceptual
Explanation: A midlife crisis is not an inevitable occurrence in adults.
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Answer: c
94.
About _______________ of all women have severe physical symptoms during menopause.
a. 10 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 20 percent
d. 25 percent
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 556
Type: Conceptual
Answer: a
Explanation: Menopause does produce physical symptoms in many women, but only about 10 percent report
severe symptoms and only 3 percent express regret at having reached menopause.
95.
The fastest-growing segment of the population in North America consists of people:
a. born in the past 10 years.
b. born during the “baby boom” (beginning in 1946).
c. born during the “Great Depression” (beginning in 1929).
d. born in the midst of World War I (born before 1918).
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 557
Type: Conceptual
Answer: d
Explanation: The fastest-growing segment of the populations is people over the age of 85.
96.
Gerontologists estimate that about _______________ of the physical losses of old age are genetically
based.
a. 30 percent
b. 50 percent
c. 70 percent
d. 90 percent
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 559
Type: Conceptual
Answer: a
Explanation: Only 30 percent of physical changes in old age are genetically based. The rest have to do with
behavioral and psychological factors.
97.
The frequency of intense negative emotions is highest among people aged:
a.
18 to 34 years.
b.
35 to 45 years.
c.
46 to 55 years.
d.
56 to 65 years.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 559
Type: Conceptual
Answer: a
Explanation: The frequency of intense negative emotions is highest from age 18 to 34 and then drops sharply
until age 65, when it levels off.
98.
Which of the following is NOT one of the child-rearing practices recommended by researchers in child
development?
a. Set high expectations that are appropriate to the child’s age.
b. Allow children to express their disagreements about rules.
c. Encourage empathy by showing how fighting hurts and disrupts others.
d. Always punish behavior that violates family rules to effectively teach a child what is right.
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Page(s): 559
Type: Factual
Answer: d
Explanation: The recommended child-rearing practices are to set high but age-appropriate expectations; to
explain (and explain again and again); to encourage empathy; and to notice, approve of, and reward good
behavior.
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True-False Questions
99.
During the early 1900s, adolescence became shorter and shorter as individuals rapidly entered the work
force.
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 521
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Adolescence became longer and longer and filled with turmoil and turbulence.
100.
During the first half of the twentieth century, childhood was seen as a time when formative experiences
determined the kind of adult an individual would become.
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 521
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
101.
Socialization is the process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of
them by their society or culture.
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 522
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
102.
Maturation is the process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of
them by their society or culture.
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 521
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: This is a definition of socialization, not maturation.
103.
Maturation is defined as the unfolding of genetically influenced behaviors and physical characteristics.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 524
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
104.
Socialization is defined as the unfolding of genetically influenced behaviors and physical characteristics.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 524
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: This is the definition of maturation, not socialization.
105.
The germinal stage begins at conception and ends when implantation in the uterine wall is complete.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 522
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
106.
The greatest gains in brain and nervous system development occur during the last 12 weeks of a full-term
pregnancy.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
107.
The greatest gains in brain and nervous system development occur during the second trimester of
pregnancy.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: The greatest gains in brain and nervous system development occur during the last 12 weeks of
a full-term pregnancy.
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108.
When a mother contracts rubella early in the pregnancy, the most common consequence to the embryo is
deafness.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
109.
When a mother is exposed to lead during pregnancy, then fetal abnormalities and deformities can occur.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
110.
Maternal use of cigarettes during pregnancy causes damage to the placenta but not to the baby itself.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Cigarette use can cause SIDS, hyperactivity, and learning disabilities.
111.
In tests of their sensory abilities, newborn babies have shown taste preferences for bananas and sugar
water.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 524
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
112.
Infants use their perceptual abilities in a random manner until they reach about 6 weeks of age.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 524
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Infants use a variety of perceptual abilities appropriately beginning at birth.
113.
Emotional attachment is a universal capacity of all primates.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 525
Type: Factual
Explanation: Statement of fact.
Answer: True
114.
Babies become attached to their mothers because their mothers provide them with food and warmth.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 525
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Babies become attached to their mothers because of contact comfort.
115.
Child-rearing practices influence the strength of separation anxiety and how long it lasts.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 526
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
116.
The Strange Situation is an experimental method devised in order to test an infant’s depth perception.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 526
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: It is used to study the nature of the attachment between mothers and babies.
117.
Mothers who are sensitive and responsive to their babies’ needs create securely attached infants.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 526
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
118.
Differences in normal child-rearing practices do not affect a child’s attachment style.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 526
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
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119.
Most German babies show insecure attachments to their mothers due to the cultural belief that babies
should be left on their own for a few hours at a stretch in order to develop self-reliance.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 527
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: German child-rearing practices do not affect the nature of attachment.
120.
Time spent in good day care has no effect on the security of a child’s attachment.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 527
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
121.
The child’s temperament has no effect on the security of a child’s attachment.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 527
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: A child’s own genetically influenced temperament does affect attachment. For example, babies
who are fearful and prone to crying from birth are more likely to show insecure behavior.
122.
The process of acquiring language begins in the first months, with crying and cooing.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
123.
Until the age of 12 months, babies have difficulty responding to the pitch, intensity, and sound of language.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Babies respond to pitch, intensity, and sound of language in the first few months of life.
124.
Parentese is defined as the parental use of symbolic gestures as a tool of communication with an infant.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Parentese refers to “baby talk” that is higher in pitch and more varied than usual with
exaggerated emphasis on vowels.
125.
When a child’s first word combinations omit unnecessary words, it is called telegraphic speech.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
126.
By the time a baby speaks her first word, she already has some mental concepts for familiar people and
objects.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530-531
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
127.
Children whose parents encourage them to use gestures acquire smaller vocabularies than babies who are
not encouraged to use gestures.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 531
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Children whose parents encourage them to use gestures acquire larger vocabularies, have
better comprehension, are better listeners, and are less frustrated in their efforts to communicate than babies
who are not encouraged to use gestures.
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128.
Until the preschool years, children tend to acquire new words slowly.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 531
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Young children acquire words rapidly at the rate of about five to eight new words a day.
129.
Parents should encourage the use of gestures as their children become familiar with language.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 531
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
130.
Jean Piaget said that strategies used by children to solve problems are meaningless until about 7 years of
age.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Children’s minds constantly adapt to new situations and experiences using the processes of
assimilation and accommodation.
131.
Piaget proposed that children’s errors in solving problems are as interesting as their correct responses.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
132.
Assimilation occurs when you fit new information into your present system of knowledge and beliefs.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
133.
A major accomplishment during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is grasping the concept
of conservation.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 534
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Gaining an understanding of conservation occurs during the concrete operations stage.
134.
Piaget said that in the first few months of life, infants seem to follow the motto ”out of sight, out of mind.”
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
135.
Babies begin to love the game of “peekaboo” once they have attained object permanence.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 533
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
136.
Recent research has shown that preschoolers are more egocentric than Piaget thought.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 533
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Preschoolers are less egocentric than Piaget thought.
137.
Vygotsky emphasized the sociocultural influences on children’s cognitive development.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
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138.
According to Vygotsky, children’s private speech is first spoken aloud.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535
Type: Factual
Explanation: Statement of fact.
Answer: True
139.
Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought. In fact, most 3- and 4-year-olds can take another
person’s perspective.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
140.
Piaget overestimated the cognitive skills of young children.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535
Type: Factual
Explanation: Statement of Fact.
141.
Piaget underestimated the cognitive skills of adults.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 536
Type: Factual
Explanation: Piaget may have overestimated the cognitive skills of many adults.
Answer: False
Answer: False
142.
Piaget underestimated the cognitive skills of young children and overestimated the cognitive skills of
adults.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535-536
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
The term “gender” is used to refer to the cultural and psychological attributes that children learn are
appropriate for the sexes.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 542
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
143.
144.
Psychologists use the terms “sex” and “gender” interchangeably.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 542
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Today, these two terms are often used interchangeably, but they have separate meanings and
psychologists still try to discriminate the two terms.
145.
By the age of 9 months, most babies can distinguish male faces from female faces.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): ?
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
146.
By the age of 9 months, most babies can match female faces with female voices.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): ?
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
147.
Before children can recognize that there are two sexes, they must develop a gender schema.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Children typically recognize that there are two sexes before they can speak, but don’t develop
gender schema until the age of 5.
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148.
All over the world, boys’ gender schemas are more rigid than are girls’ gender schemas.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
149.
Gender schemas reflect the status of men and women in society.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 545-546
Type: Factual
Explanation: Statement of fact.
Answer: True
150.
Adults respond to the same baby differently, depending on how the child is dressed.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 547
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
151.
Adults respond to boys and girls in the same way as long as the children are behaving in the same way.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 547
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Adults treat boys and girls differently even when they are behaving in the same way.
152.
In contemporary Western society, gender development is usually completed during adolescence.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 548
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Gender development has become a lifelong process in today’s fast-moving world.
153.
Gender schemas are permanent conceptualizations of what it means to be masculine or feminine.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 547
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: A person’s gender schema can change at any point during life and is likely to change during
adulthood.
154.
Puberty is defined as the age at which a person enters middle school or junior high.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 548
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Puberty is the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
155.
Puberty is defined as the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 548
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
156.
Menarche is defined as the onset of menstruation.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Factual
Explanation: Statement of fact.
Answer: True
157.
Extreme turmoil and unhappiness during adolescence are the exception, not the rule.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 549
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
158.
Boys who are lonely and depressed are more likely than depressed girls to become withdrawn and
internalize their problems.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Boys are more likely to externalize their problems, whereas girls internalize them.
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159.
Girls who are lonely and depressed are more likely than boys to become withdrawn and internalize their
problems.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
160.
Most parents and their adolescents go through periods of time in which there are strong rifts.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Most teenage and college-age children of baby-boomers feel close to their parents, whom they
typically see as allies rather than adversaries.
161.
Erikson showed that development is an ongoing process.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553
Type: Factual
Explanation: Statement of fact.
Answer: True
162.
According to the social clock in the United States, the most appropriate time to begin college is directly
after high school is completed.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 553-554
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
163.
Apparent senility in the elderly is often caused by harmful combinations of over-the-counter and
prescription medicines.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 558
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
164.
Weakness and frailty in the elderly is an inevitable part of old age.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 558
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Explanation: Weakness and frailty in the elderly does occur but is not inevitable. Aerobic exercise and
strength training can help a person to maintain a healthy body.
165.
The majority of the children of abusive or alcoholic parents do not become abusers themselves.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 560
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
166.
By adulthood, most victims of childhood sexual abuse are as well adjusted as people in the general
population.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 560-561
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
167.
Telling a child why a parent has applied a rule teaches a child to be responsible.
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Page(s): 561-562
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Explanation: Statement of fact.
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Matching Questions
Set A
Instructions: Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
168.
The innate pleasure derived from close physical contact.
169.
A method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the
child’s own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for
others in correcting the child’s misbehavior.
170.
The understanding that an object continues to exist even when
you cannot see it or touch it.
171.
The understanding that the physical properties of objects can
remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.
172.
A method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment
and authority to correct the child’s misbehavior.
Answers: 168-b, 169-d, 170-a, 171-e, 172-c
Set B
Instructions: Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
173.
The fundamental sense of being male or female.
174.
A mental network of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and
expectations about what it means to be male or female.
175.
Learned aspects that determine whether one is male or female.
176.
The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and
behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their
culture.
177.
Biological characteristics that determine whether one is male or
female.
Answers: 173-c, 174-a, 175-d, 176-b, 177-e
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Object permanence
Contact comfort
Power assertion
Induction
Conservation
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Gender schema
Gender typing
Gender identity
Gender
Sex
Set C
Instructions: Match the descriptions of language development with the age at which they occur.
178.
They begin to speak in two- and three-word phrases (telegraphic
a. 4-6 months
speech).
b. 6 months-1 year
179.
Their familiarity with the sound structure of their native language
c. End of first year
increases; they can eventually recognize the same word when it is
d. 18-24 months
spoken by different people.
e. 2-6 years
180.
They start to name things based on familiar concepts and use
symbolic gestures to communicate.
181.
They begin to recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their
native language.
182.
They rapidly acquire new words in the context in which they hear
them.
Answers: 178-d, 179-b, 180-c, 181-a, 182-e
Set D
Instructions: Match the accomplishments with the stage in which they occur.
183.
Accelerated use of symbols and language
184.
Object permanence
185.
Abstract reasoning
186.
Understanding of conservation
Answers: 183-b, 184-a, 185-d, 186-c
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operations stage
Formal operations stage
Set E
Instructions: Match each crisis with the stage in which it occurs.
187.
Intimacy vs. isolation
188.
Competence vs. inferiority
189.
Trust vs. mistrust
190.
Generativity vs. stagnation
191.
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
Answers: 187-d, 188-c, 189-a, 190-e, 191-b
Set F
Instructions: Match each name with the appropriate concept or theory.
192.
Lev Vygotsky
193.
Margaret & Harry Harlow
194.
Jean Piaget
195.
Mary Ainsworth
196.
Laurence Kohlberg
Answers: 192-c, 193-d, 194-b, 195-e, 196-a
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Stage 1 – Baby’s first year
Stage 2 – The toddler years
Stage 4 – The school years
Stage 6 – Young adulthood
Stage 7 – Middle adulthood
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Moral development
Object permanence
Private speech
Contact comfort
Strange situation test.
Short Answer Questions
197.
Julia finds out from her physician that she needs a vaccination for rubella. Why is it important for her to be
vaccinated before she plans to become pregnant?
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Having German measles during pregnancy can affect the fetus’s eyes, ears, and heart.
 The most common consequence is deafness.
198.
Why has there been public concern about the exposure of pregnant women to lead?
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key point.
 Exposure to lead is associated with attention problems and lower IQ scores.
199.
Given the information on alcohol and its effects on the developing baby, what advice would you give to a
pregnant friend regarding alcoholic drinks? What evidence could you cite from the text to support your
view?
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 523-524
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 It is recommended that pregnant women totally abstain from the consumption of alcohol
during pregnancy.
 Having more than two drinks a day significantly increases the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS).
 FAS is associated with low birth weight, a smaller brain, facial deformities, lack of
coordination, and mental retardation.
 FAS is the leading cause of nonhereditary mental retardation.
 Defects resulting from alcohol consumption during pregnancy can vary from no defects to
severe problems.
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200.
Explain how cultural differences in infant care practices may influence aspects of the baby’s maturation.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 524-525
Type; Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Despite widespread cultural differences in infant care practices, most children develop
totally normally.
 Example – Infants in some cultures typically sleep with the mother for their first several
years, waking every 4 hours to nurse, while infants in other cultures are expected to sleep
alone and sleep through the night by 4 to 5 months old. Both learn to sleep alone and sleep
through the night and become independent.
 Navajo babies are strapped to a cradle board for the early months, some babies are put to
sleep on their backs which slows the development of crawling, and others sleep on their
stomachs which helps to trigger crawling. All eventually get up and walk.
201.
How did Margaret and Harry Harlow first demonstrate the importance of contact comfort in the formation
of attachment relationships?
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 525
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 The Harlows raised infant rhesus monkeys with “wire mothers” or with “cloth mothers.”
 The “wire mothers” had nursing bottles attached.
 The infants would cling to the “cloth mothers,” receiving contact comfort, especially when
they were frightened or startled.
202.
About two-thirds of all children become securely attached despite the fact that they are being raised
according to a wide range of parental practices. Describe some of the diverse cultural child-rearing
practices typical in various parts of the world that lead to healthy attachment relationships.
Section: From Conception Through the First Year
Page(s): 526-527
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 German babies are frequently left on their own for a few hours at a stretch.
 Babies among the Efe of Africa spend about half their time away from their mothers in the
care of older children and other adults.
 Some American children spend 30 hours or more a week in day care.
 All of these children typically develop secure attachment.
203.
What is meant by “parentese”? What seems to be its purpose? What have researchers discovered when
they have observed parent-infant language throughout the world?
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Parentese refers to the baby talk typically spoken by adults to infants.
 Pitch is higher and more varied and intonation and emphasis on vowels are exaggerated.
 Parentese helps babies learn the “melody” and rhythm of their native language.
 Parentese is found all over the world in highly varied cultures.
204.
In what ways are the two- or three-word combinations spoken by a toddler similar to the speech found in a
telegram?
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 531
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Unnecessary articles and auxiliary verbs are dropped in telegrams.
 Word endings, articles, auxiliary verbs, and other parts of speech are dropped by toddlers.
 Toddler sentences consist of two to three words, similar to telegrams.
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205.
Harry learns the schema for a “dog” by playing with his golden retriever. On a trip to a farm, he sees a
collie and points saying, “Doggie!” Then he notices a lamb and says, “Doggie!” Explain Harry’s schema
using Piaget’s concepts of assimilation and accommodation.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532
Type: Applied
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Harry first acquired the schema doggie by playing with a golden retriever.
 Seeing a collie, Harry called it doggie, illustrating assimilation, or fitting new information
into an existing schema or mental category.
 Seeing a lamb, Harry also called it doggie. However a lamb is not a dog so Harry will have
to accommodate and learn a new concept.
206.
Explain the ways in which a baby learns about the world during the sensorimotor stage. What are the
major cognitive accomplishments of this stage?
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 532-533
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 The infant learns through concrete actions like looking, touching, putting things in the
mouth, sucking, and grasping.
 Thinking consists of coordinating sensory information with bodily movements.
 A major accomplishment in the sensorimotor stage is the understanding of object
permanence.
207.
What differences did Piaget observe in children’s thinking between the preoperational stage and the stage
of concrete operations?
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 533-534
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 In the preoperational stage, children lack the cognitive abilities necessary for understanding
abstract principles, cause and effect, mental operations, and reversibility.
 Children are egocentric or unable to imagine another’s point of view.
 Children cannot grasp the concept of conservation.
 By the concrete operations stage, they still cannot think abstractly, but they have acquired
all the other abilities and they are less egocentric.
 In particular, they have acquired the concept of conservation.
208.
What differences did Piaget observe in children’s thinking between the stage of concrete operations and
formal operations?
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 534
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key point.
 The major difference is that in the formal operations stage children can now think
abstractly, whereas they could not do so in the concrete operations stage.
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209.
Fill in the blanks with the names of Piaget’s stages and list one major accomplishment in each stage.
Age
Birth to age 2 years
Ages 2 to 7 years
Ages 7 to 11 years
Ages 12 to adulthood
Stage
Major Accomplishments
Section: Cognitive Development
Type: Applied
Answer: A correct answer will have the following information.
Age
Birth to age 2 years
Ages 2 to 7 years
Ages 7 to 11 years
Ages 12 to adulthood
Stage
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operations
Formal Operations
Page(s): 534
Major Accomplishments
Object permanence, representational thought
Accelerated use of symbols and language
Understanding of conservation, identity, serial ordering
Abstract reasoning, ability to compare and classify ideas
210.
Explain Vygotsky’s concept of private speech.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 535
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key point.
 Private speech occurs when children talk to themselves to direct their own behavior.
211.
Describe the distinction emphasized by the use of the terms “sex” and “gender.” Give an example of a “sex
difference” and a “gender difference.”
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 542
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Sex refers to biological aspects of being a male or a female.
 A sex difference between males and females would be genital anatomy. Males have a
scrotum and penis, while females have a clitoris and vagina.
 Gender refers to learned aspects of being a male or a female.
 A gender difference is that men cover only the bottom half of their body when swimming,
while women cover both the upper and lower parts of their body.
212.
In an observational study designed to assess gender behavior and gender socialization, 12- to 16-month-old
boys and girls were found to be similar in their attempts to communicate and in their assertiveness (for
example, their efforts to get a teacher’s attention). How did the teachers tend to respond to these children?
What did the researchers find when they observed the same children one year later?
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 547
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Teachers responded far more often to assertive boys than to shy ones.
 Teachers responded far more often to verbal girls than to nonverbal ones.
 Teachers were inadvertently reinforcing behavior that conformed to gender-typed behavior.
 A year later, the gender difference was not apparent in the children’s behavior.
 Boys were behaving more assertively and girls were talking more to teachers.
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213.
By middle age, many people report a “gender crossover.” Explain what is meant by this statement.
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 546-547
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Gender crossover refers to the fact that people report that they are exploring aspects of
themselves that they had previously suppressed because they were more typical of the
opposite sex.
 For example, males may become more nurturant and family oriented, while females may
become more achievement oriented.
214.
List three kinds of problems that are more common during adolescence than during childhood or adulthood.
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer will include the following points.
 Conflict with parents.
 Mood swings and depression.
 Higher rates of reckless, rule-breaking, and risky behavior.
215.
Analyze the statement made by Wade and Tavris that “the Sphinx was the first life-span theorist.”
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 552
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 In the Greek legend, the Sphinx asked each traveler a question. If they couldn’t answer
correctly they were killed.
 The question was this: What animal walks on four feet in the morning, two feet at noon, and
three feet in the evening?
 Oedipus was the only one to give the correct answer.
 The animal is man who crawls on all fours as a baby, walks upright as an adult, and limps in
old age with the aid of a staff.
216.
Individuals evaluate their transitions in life as “on time” or “off time.” Describe two ways in which the
traditional social clocks in Western societies are changing.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 554-555
Type: Applied
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Many men now postpone marriage until they can support a family, often not until they are
in their 30s.
 Many people no longer retire at 65. Some may work longer as long as they are healthy and
enjoy their work. Others may retire early if they are financially able to do so, taking up
leisure pursuits, volunteer work, or travel.
217.
How is the brain influenced by physical exercise and mental stimulation during old age?
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 558-559
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Mental stimulation promotes the growth of neural connections in the brain.
 Aerobic exercise and strength training boost the brain’s blood supply and promote the
development of new cells.
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218.
What characteristics tend to promote resilience in a child?
Section: Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?
Page(s): 560-561
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Easygoing temperaments or personality traits such as self-efficacy help children roll with the
punches.
 Some children are rescued by love and attention from siblings, extended family, peers, or
caring adults outside the family.
 Some receive support in schools, places of worship, or other organizations that promote a
sense of competence, moral support, solace, religious faith, and self-esteem.
Essay Questions
219.
Describe, in detail, the process of language acquisition beginning in the first months of life and extending
to the age of 2 years. In your essay, include the developmental changes in the baby’s language as well as
the characteristics of adult language addressed to the baby.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 530-531
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 During the first few months, infants can only cry and coo, but they respond to emotions and
rhythms in voices.
 Adults use “baby talk” or parentese in talking to infants, which helps them to recognize the
“melody” and rhythm of their native language.
 By 4 to 6 months infants begin to recognize key vowel and consonant sounds in their native
language.
 Between 6 months and 1 year they show increasing familiarity with the sound structure of
their native language and can distinguish words from the flow of speech.
 Babbling begins with the production of repeated syllables (e.g., ba-ba).
 At 7 ½ months they can remember words they have heard and by 10 ½ months recognize the
same word when it is spoken by different people.
 By the end of the first year, they begin to name familiar objects and use symbolic gestures.
 Between 18 and 24 months they begin to speak in two- and three-word sentences using
telegraphic speech.
 From 2-6 years they rapidly acquire new words at the rate of about eight per day.
 At age 6 the average child has a vocabulary of 8,000 to 14,000 words.
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220.
Dr. Savory asks a 3-year-old child whether one of these two rows of buttons has more:




When she says that the two rows have the same number of buttons, Dr. Savory spreads out one row:



Once again, he asks the child whether one of the rows has more. Then Dr. Savory repeats this task with her
older sister, who is 8 years of age. Given your knowledge of Piaget’s theory, compare and contrast the
likely responses of each child. Incorporate Piaget’s terms in your essay.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 533-534
Type: Applied
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 The 3-year-old will think that the second row contains more buttons.
 She has not yet acquired the concept of conservation and does not understand that physical
properties of objects do not change when their appearance changes.
 She is in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget.
 The 8-year-old will know that both rows of buttons have the same number.
 She is in the concrete operations stage and understands conservation.
221.
Explain the ways in which children can understand far more than Piaget gave them credit for. Include in
your essay the research on babies’ responses to “impossible” and “possible” events.
Section: Cognitive Development
Page(s): 533-534
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Researchers have developed techniques to study younger, preverbal, children by taking
advantage of the fact that they will look longer at novel or surprising stimuli than at familiar
ones.
 These studies suggest that infants may be born with “mental modules” for numbers, spatial
relations of objects, and other features of the physical world.
 For example, at only 4 months, infants will stare longer at a ball that seems to roll through a
solid barrier, leap between two platforms, or hang in mid-air.
 Infants as young as 2 ½ to 3 ½ months seem to be aware of object permanence.
222.
Many adults say that they treat boys and girls equally or that “my little girl was just naturally feminine but
my boy was born feisty.” Explain how learning theorists would respond to these statements. What
evidence do learning theorists cite to support their position?
Section: Gender Development
Page(s): 546-547
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Many adults say that they treat boys and girls equally, but research shows that they do not.
 Gender socialization begins at birth as parents and other adults treat boys and girls
differently.
 For example, girls may be described as delicate, boys as strong; and girls will be dressed in
pink, boys in blue.
 Adults respond to the same baby differently when they do not know the sex and the child is
dressed in opposite-sex clothing.
 Adults respond to boys and girls differently and inadvertently reinforce different behaviors
with attention, even when they are behaving in exactly the same way.
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
Adults convey their gender beliefs and expectations without realizing it when, for example,
they talk about their boy’s natural athletic ability or about how their girl has worked hard
and become a good athlete.
223.
How typical is the behavior shown by the 15-year-old boy who stole a small private plane and crashed it
into a building in January 2002? Are most teenagers angry and unhappy? What are the three kinds of
problems that are more common during adolescence than they were in childhood or will be in adulthood?
Section: Adolescence
Page(s): 551
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Incidents such as the 15-year-old stealing a plane are sensationalized by the media, but are
actually quite rare.
 Studies show that most teenagers are happy, have a sense of purpose and self-confidence,
have good friends, and have good coping skills.
 A small minority are seriously troubled, angry, or unhappy.
 Three kinds of problems, however, are more common during adolescence than during
childhood or adulthood including:
o conflict with parents,
o mood swings and depression, and
o higher rates of reckless, rule-breaking, and risky behavior.
224.
Describe the ways in which gerontologists have made great strides in separating conditions once thought to
be an inevitable part of old age from those that are preventable or treatable.
Section: Adulthood
Page(s): 557-558
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Apparent senility may be caused by prescription medications, harmful combinations of
medications, and even by over-the-counter drugs.
 Depression and passivity may result from the loss of meaningful activity, intellectual
stimulation, and control over events.
 Weakness and frailty are often caused by being inactive and sedentary.
225.
One of your friends claims that traumatic childhood experiences affect a person forever. What evidence
can you produce to dispute this claim?
Section: Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?
Page(s): 528-529
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Studies show that most children are remarkably resilient, eventually overcoming even the
effects of war, serious childhood illness, abusive or alcoholic parents, early deprivation, or
sexual molestation.
 Psychologist Ann Masten observed that most people assume that the child who recovers
from adversity is rare, but the surprise is that resilience is very common in children.
226.
Examine the importance of setting high expectations for children and teaching children how to meet these
expectations.
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Page(s): 561
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 The children of parents who make few demands and don’t set standards tend to be
aggressive, impulsive, and immature.
 The children of parents who have high expectations tend to be helpful and above average in
competence and self-confidence as long as the demands are age-appropriate.
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Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters
227.
It has been suggested that children could not be socialized without a moral sense and that this capacity for
moral feeling is inborn. Integrate this information with the age-old debate over the relative contributions of
“nature” and “nurture.” Describe your own perspective on this topic, providing supporting evidence from
the textbook.
Chapter 3
Page(s): 78-80
Chapter 13
Page(s): 497-498
Chapter 14
Pages(s): 538-539
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 As with language, the capacity for moral feeling seems to be inborn.
 Researchers have demonstrated that most personality characteristics are influenced by
genetics and have a heritability of about .50.
 Research on behavior genetics shows that all human characteristics, not just physical ones,
are influenced by both nature and nurture, though the relative contribution of each may
vary.
 Even highly heritable traits can be influenced by environment and traits that seem to be
almost entirely learned (e.g., amount of television viewing) can be influenced by genetics.
 In these respects, moral behavior is no different than other behaviors.
228.
Some children from troubled homes suffer lasting emotional damage, but other children, from equally
troubled homes, become well-adjusted adults with no emotional disorders. Incorporate research on
temperament and reactive/nonreactive children into an explanation of this finding.
Chapter 13
Page(s): 497-498
Chapter 14
Page(s): 528
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 One example of a characteristic that can influence resilience is temperament. That is,
children with easygoing temperaments (nonreactive) tend to be more resilient than children
with more reactive temperaments.
 Kagan’s and Suomi’s research demonstrates that temperament is highly influenced by
genetics and is apparent almost from birth onward.
229.
“It’s a boy” or “It’s a girl” is now being announced in the middle of pregnancy by many excited expectant
parents. Even before birth, gender socialization has begun! Integrate the developmental influences on
gender with your knowledge regarding roles and norms from Chapter Eight (Behavior in Social and
Cultural Context).
Chapter 8
Page(s): 477-478
Chapter 14
Page(s): 545-547
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Influences on the development of gender include social-cognitive factors and learning, as
well as biological factors.
 Once children identify themselves as male or female, they immediately begin to behave in
sex-typed ways.
 They have learned that boys and girls are expected to play certain roles in society.
 The requirements of the social role are also affected by culture. Thus, boys and girls in
different cultures behave in different ways.
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