The Register 1999 / 2000 page 38 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 0=AFRICA geosector This geosector covers 44 sets of languages (237 outer languages, comprising 763 inner languages) spoken by communities across the African continent south of the Sahara, from West Africa to East Africa, and in southwestern Africa. These sets comprise all languages of Africa not covered by phylosectors 1=Afro-Asian, 3=Austronesian, 5=Indo-European and 9=Transafrican. Zones 00= to 07= cover languages spoken in a belt of great linguistic diversity, extending from Senegal to Tanzania: 00= MANDIC phylozone 03= SUDANIC phylozone 06= KORDOFANIC phylozone 01= SONGHAIC phylozone 04= NILOTIC phylozone 07= RIFT-VALLEY geozone 02= SAHARIC phylozone 05= EAST-SAHEL geozone Zones 08= to 09= cover languages spoken in Southwestern Africa, in and around the Kalahari desert: 08= KHOISANIC phylozone 09= KALAHARI geozone Languages of zones 00= and 01= have constituted a "Mande+ Songhai" hypothesis, and languages of zones 01= to 05= have constituted an overlapping "Nilo-Saharan" hypothesis. Languages of zones 00= and 06= have been included in the "CongoKordofanian" or "new Niger-Congo" hypothesis (together with languages of phylosector 9=), and languages of zones 08= (as "Central Khoisan") and 09= (as "North Khoisan" plus "South Khoisan") have constituted the major part of a "wider Khoisan" hypothesis. Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will be welcomed by e-mail at: REGISTER@LINGUASPHERE.ORG, or by letter-post at: LINGUASPHERE PRESS, HEBRON SA34 0XT, WALES (UK). COLUMN 1 & 2 COLUMN 3 layers of reference other nomenclature and notes codes and reference names 00= MANDIC phylozone covers the " M a n d e " grouping (part of the "CongoKordofanian", "new Niger-Congo" hypothesis; and part of the "Mande+Songhai" hypothesis); comprising 4 sets of languages (= 35 outer languages) spoken by communities within or around the Niger basin of West Africa: COLUMNS 4 & 5 nation states (+ provinces) and scale of voices Burkina Faso; Côte d'Ivoire; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; GuineaBissau; Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone 7 manding-W., in [51] Français: malinké-W., part of mandingo+ bambara Gambia; Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Mali Υ 6* mandinga, mandingo-NW., sose-N., in [51] Français: malinké-NW. Gambia; Senegal; Guinea-Bissau 5 00-A MANDINKA+ MENDE 00-C SEMBLA+ JUNG 00-B SONINKE+ SOROGAMA 00-D DAN+ SYA 00-AAA-aa MANDINKA+ MENDE set MANDINKA+ SOSO chain MANDINKA+ BAMANAN net Mandinka+ Khasonka mandinka-kango 00-AAA-aaa mandinka-'gambia' Gambia 00-AAA-aab mandinka-'casamance' Senegal (Casamance) 00-AAA-aac woyinko Guinea-Bissau 00-AAA-aad bilaso 00-AAA-ab sijanka, sidyanka, sidyanké Guinea-Bissau; Senegal; Gambia 00-AAA-ac sijanka-kango maninka-W. maninka-xanwo, maninka-kanwo, mandingo-W., in [51] Français: malinké-W. distinct from [00] Maninka-E. ⊕Mali town… Kédougou… Kéniéba Guinea (Mali…); Senegal (Sénégal-Oriental); Mali (KayèsSW.) 00-AAA-ad kalanke-kango kalanke Gambia 00-A 00-AA 00-AAA 00-AAA-a MANDE-WEST Arabic; Latin; also indigenous Mande scripts MANDE-NORTHWEST #suffixes -kan, -kã, -kango, -qango, -xango, -xanwo =«language» MANDING, mande "proper", manden-kan-W., mandekan-W., malinkéW., in [90] Wolof: sosé Guinea-Bissau 5 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 39 00-AAA-ae jakhanka-kango jakhanka, jaxanka, jahanka, dyaxanka, jahanqué, jahonqué, in [51] Français: diakkanké, diakhanké, dyakhanké, dyakanké ⊕Boké… Guinea; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau 4 00-AAA-af khasonka-xango xasonka, khasonka, khassonka, kassonka, kasonke, kasson, kasso, xasonke, in [51] Français: khassonké, kassonké ⊕Bafoulabé... Kayès... Kita... Yélémané... Mali (Kayès); Senegal (SénégalOriental); Gambia 5 00-AAA-ag kakolo-qango maninka-E. kakolo, kagoro, logoro Mali (Kaarta-Bine; Gumbu) 4 00-AAA-ah maninka-kan, mandingo-NE. distinct from [00] Maninka-W. Mali (Kayès-SE.; Bamako); Guinea (Siguiri, Kankan…) 5 00-AAA-aha kita ⊕Kita>W. Mali 00-AAA-ahb jalonke-N. jalonka-N. distinct from [00] Yalunka (Jalonke-S.) Guinea 00-AAA-ahc fulunke 00-AAA-b Bamanan+ Manenka manding-E., manden-kan-E., mandekan-E., part of mandingo+ bambara forming (with Mandinka+ Khasonka, above) a continuous area of communication from Gambia to the borders of Ghana Mali; Burkina Faso; Côte d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone; Gambia; Senegal Υ 7 00-AAA-ba bamanan-kan bambara, bamanan, bamana also Bambara syllabic script Mali; also Guinea; migration> Burkina Faso; Côte d'Ivoire; Senegal; Gambia 6 00-AAA-baa bamanan-V. "vehicular bambara" transition to [00] Jula in the southeast Mali… 00-AAA-bab segu ségou, " bambara-E." ⊕Ségou… Mali (Ségou, Sikasso, Gao) 00-AAA-bac bamako "bambara"-C. ⊕Bamako… Mali (Bamako, Kayes, Sikasso) 00-AAA-bad tilibonka "vehicular bambara"-W., in [51] Français: bambara du chemin-de-fer (=«railway» bambara) Mali (Kayes), Senegal (SénégalOriental); Gambia 00-AAA-bae kalongo kalunka influenced by [00] Soninke ⊕Mourdiah environs Mali (Bamako-N.) 00-AAA-baf kagoro "bambara"-N. influenced by [00] Soninke ⊕Kolokani… Nioro… Nara… Mali (Kayes-N.; Bamako-N.) 00-AAA-bag jangirte dyangirte ⊕Nioro environs influenced by [00] Soninke Mali (Kayes-N.) 00-AAA-bah nyamasa ⊕Nioro cercle influenced by [00] Soninke ⊕Nioro Mali (Kayes-N.) 00-AAA-bai masasi bambara-masasi ⊕Nioro>S. Mali (Kayes-N.) 00-AAA-baj somono-W. ⊕Niger valley: Ké-Masina upstream ¶spoken by fishing community Mali (Ségou) 00-AAA-bak toro toro-ga, toro-ke community ⊕Bissandougou>NE. Guinea (Kankan) 00-AAA-bb manenka-kan manenka, maninka-S., mandingo-S., madingo, in [51] Français: malinké-S. also N'ko (Manenka-mori) script Mali (Kayès; Bamako); Guinea (Siguiri, Kankan…); Sierra Leone (Kono); Liberia (Loffa; Cape Mount) 00-AAA-bba mandenka ⊕Mandé, Manden country (Kayès; Bamako) 00-AAA-bbb manenka-mori manenka-mori-kan ⊕Kankan (Siguiri, Kankan…) 00-AAA-bbc manenka-sefadu ⊕Sefadu (Kono) 00-AAA-bbd manenka-lofa ⊕Loffa valley 00-AAA-bc mikifore-kan mikifore ¶spoken by community founded in 19 century by refugees from slavery in the Futa Jalon highlands Guinea (Boké) 3 00-AAA-bd manya-kan wasulunka-kan manya ⊕scattered between the Liberian interior and the coast Liberia-W. 4 00-AAA-be wasulunka, wasulu, wassulu, wassulunka, wassulunke, fula-bambara, in [51] Français: ouassoulounké Guinea (Kankan); Mali (Sikasso); Côte d'Ivoire (Odienné) 5 00-AAA-bf konyanka-kan konyanka Guinea (Beyla); Côte d'Ivoire (Touba) 00-AAA-bg mauka-kan mauka, mõka-kan, maou, mau, mauke, maouka; mahu, mahou community ⊕Konan… Ganhoué… Touba Côte d'Ivoire (Touba) 4 00-AAA-bh ⊕Guintéguéla Côte d'Ivoire (Touba) 3 koroka ⊕Koro Côte d'Ivoire (Touba) 3 00-AAA-bj tenenga-kan koroka-kan baralaka+ finanga Côte d'Ivoire (Touba) 4 00-AAA-bja finanga-kan finanga ⊕Borotou (Touba) 3 00-AAA-bjb baralaka-kan baralaka, beaka-kan, baalaka-kan ⊕Booko (Touba) 4 00-AAA-bk sienkoka, shyenkoka-kan ⊕Bako Côte d'Ivoire (Odienné) 4 00-AAA-bl sienkoka-kan wojeneka-kan wojeneka, including seduguka-kan… samangoka-kan…, in [51] Français: dioula d'Odienné ⊕Seydougou… Odienné, Wojene… Tiémé Côte d'Ivoire (Odienné) 4 00-AAA-bm gbelebanka+ foloka Côte d'Ivoire (Odienné); Guinea (Beyla; Kankan) adjacent 4 00-AAA-bma gbelebanka-kan gbelebanka, gbélébanka ⊕Gbéléban… Gbanhala villages (Odienné)… 3 00-AAA-bmb foloka-kan foloka ⊕Maninian (Odienné)… 3 00-AAA-bn boduguka ⊕Tienko, Bodougou country Côte d'Ivoire (Odienné) 3 tuduguka ⊕Goulia, Toudougou country Côte d'Ivoire (Odienné) 4 vanduguka ⊕Wahiré, Vandougou country Côte d'Ivoire (Odienné) 4 nowoloka ⊕Madinani Côte d'Ivoire (Odienné) 4 karanjanka ⊕Djiborosso Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 4 00-AAA-bs boduguka-kan tuduguka-kan vanduguka-kan nowoloka-kan karanjanka-kan woroduguka-kan woroduguka, wöduuka-kan, worodugu-jula, worodougou-jula, ouorodougouka, in [51] Français: dioula d'Ouorodou ⊕Worodu, Ouorodou country Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 4 00-AAA-bsa watara-kan watara, ouatara ⊕Kato (Séguéla) 3 00-AAA-bsb nigbika-kan nigbika ⊕Worofla-S. (Séguéla) 3 00-AAA-bsc sgbelaka-kan sgbelaka ⊕Séguéla (Séguéla) 4 00-AAA-bi 00-AAA-bo 00-AAA-bp 00-AAA-bq 00-AAA-br Guinea 4 5 (Loffa; Cape Mount) th page 40 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition kanika ⊕Kani Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 3 nigbi ⊕Faraba Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 3 sagaka, saghaka, sahaka, sarhaka ⊕Sarhala Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 3 koro Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 4 yere ⊕Tiéningboué (Séguéla) yama ⊕Marandalla (Séguéla) koyaga, koyagha, koyaka, fwoyaa ⊕Mankono Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 4 siaka, syaka, sia 2, sya 2 ⊕Kongasso Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 3 00-AAA-bz kanika-kan nigbi-kan sagaka-kan koro-kan yere-kan yama-kan koyaga-kan siaka-kan jula-kan jula, dioula, dyoula, dyula, djula, diula widely used as vehicular language in Côte d'Ivoire and in western Burkina-Faso Côte d'Ivoire; Burkina Faso; Mali 6 00-AAA-bza kpõka-jula in [51] Français: dioula de Kong ⊕Kong Côte d'Ivoire (Ferkéssédougou) 00-AAA-bzb bonduku-jula in [51] Français: dioula de Bondoukou ⊕Bondoukou Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou) 00-AAA-bzc barala-jula 00-AAA-bzd sikaso-jula part of "vehicular" jula, in [51] Français: dioula de Sikasso ⊕Sikasso Mali (Sikasso) 00-AAA-bze julaso-jula part of "vehicular" jula, in [51] Français: dioula de Bobo-Dioulasso ⊕Bobo-dioulasso Burkina Faso (Haut Bassins) 00-AAA-bzf tabusi-kan tabusi, tagbusi, tagbisi, part of "vehicular" jula, 'bush-jula' Côte d'Ivoire-S. 6 00-AAA-c Maraka+ Bolon marka Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins; VoltaNoire); Mali (Ségou; Mopti) Υ 5 00-AAA-ca bolon-kan bolon, boka, boron, bo, boö Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins; VoltaNoire) 4 00-AAA-caa bolon-N. in [51] Français: bolon noir (=«black» bolon) ⊕Kolonzo… Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire); Mali (Ségou; Mopti) adjacent 00-AAA-cab bolon-S. in [51] Français: bolon blanc (=«white» bolon) ⊕Ségédougou… Foulasso Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins) 00-AAA-cb da-fin-kan da-fin, daf_, marka-dafing, in [51] Français: marka bouche noire (=«black mouth» marka) ⊕Nouna… Dédougou... Sourou valley #da-fin(-kan) =«black mouth (language)» Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire); Mali (Mopti) adjacent 00-AAA-cba da-fin-kan-A. da-fin "proper" Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire)… 00-AAA-cbb zabaka 00-AAA-cc maraka-jalan-kan maraka-jalan (=«dry» marka), marka-jalan, in [51] Français: maraka sec #maraka-jalan, maraka sec=«dry» marka Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire) 00-AAA-cd meeka-kan Kuranko meeka, meka Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire) 00-AAA-d kuranko-kan, koranko, kuranke, kouranko, kouranke ⊕around Niger headwaters: Kabala… Kruto… Faranah… Kissidougou Χtransition to [00] Bamanan+ Manenka Sierra Leone (Koinadugu); Guinea (Kankan; Kissidougou) Υ 5 00-AAA-da kuranko-kan kuranko Sierra Leone (Koinadugu); Guinea (Kankan; Kissidougou) 5 00-AAA-daa sengbe "standard" kuranko ⊕Sengbe chiefdom (Koinadugu) 00-AAA-dab diang ⊕Diang chiefdom (Koinadugu) 00-AAA-dac nieni ⊕Nieni chiefdom (Koinadugu) 00-AAA-dad mongo ⊕Mongo chiefdom (Koinadugu) 00-AAA-dae neya ⊕Neya chiefdom (Koinadugu) 00-AAA-daf samaya 00-AAA-dag wasamandu in [51] Français: ouassamandou, wassamandou (Kissidougou) 00-AAA-dah muso manso (Kissidougou*) 00-AAA-dai barrawa 00-AAA-daj mankaliya 00-AAA-dak lele 00-AAA-e Vai+ Kono 00-AAA-ea kono 00-AAA-eaa kono-N. 00-AAA-eab 00-AAA-eac 00-AAA-eb 00-AAA-bt 00-AAA-bu 00-AAA-bv 00-AAA-bw 00-AAA-bwa 00-AAA-bwb 00-AAA-bx 00-AAA-by Côte d'Ivoire Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire)… (Kankan) (Kissidougou*) (Kissidougou*) (Kissidougou) 4 Sierra Leone (Kono; Pujehun; formerly Kenema); Liberia (Grand Cape Mount); also Guinea (Guéckédou Υ 5 kondo, konnoh Sierra Leone (Kono) 5 ⊕Sando... Lei... Toli... chiefdoms (Kono); also Guinea (Guéckédou adjacent) kono-C. ⊕Kamara... Gbense... Faiama... Tankoro chiefdoms (Kono) kono-S. "peripheral" kono ⊕Nimi Yema... Nimi Koro... Gorama... Gbane... Soa... Gbane Mafindo chiefdoms (Kono) dama vai ⊕Dama chiefdom ¶extinct Sierra Leone (formerly Kenema) 0 00-AAA-ec vei, vy, gallinas, gallines, in [51] Français: vaï Vai syllabic script Liberia (Grand Cape Mount); Sierra Leone (Pujehun) 5 00-AAA-eca vai-sulima ⊕Mano right-bank: Sulima coast (Pujehun) 00-AAA-ecb vai-tewo ⊕Mafa right-bank: Tewo chiefdom (Grand Cape Mount) 00-AAA-ecc vai-kone ⊕between Mafa… Lofa …rivers inland: Vai Kone chiefdom (Grand Cape Mount) 00-AAA-ecd vai-C. ⊕between Mafa… Lofa …lower rivers: Robertsport… Pisu lake (Tombe+ Gawula chiefdoms) (Grand Cape Mount) 00-AAA-f Jelkuna jelkuna ⊕Banfora>N. Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins) 2 ble, dyala, dyala-nu Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins) 2 00-AAA-fa kuranko-E. ⊕Kissidougou>W. 4= EURASIA geosector 00-AAB 00-AAB-a LIGBI+ NUMU net Ligbi+ Numu Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory Εbilingual in [96] Akan Ghana; Burkina Faso; Côte d'Ivoire ligbi-kpira ligwi, banda, dzowo, nigwi, tsie Ghana; also Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou) 00-AAB-aaa bungase bungasi ⊕Black Vola right-bank: Bungasi (Brong-Ahafo) 00-AAB-aab gyogo 00-AAB-aac dwera manji-kasa (Brong-Ahafo) 00-AAB-aad atumfuor atumfuor-kasa (Brong-Ahafo) 00-AAB-aae ntoleh 00-AAB-ab hwela-kã numu-kpera 00-AAC-a SOSO+ YALUNKA net Soso+ Yalunka 00-AAC-aa soso 00-AAC-aaa 00-AAC-aab 00-AAC 4 Υ 00-AAB-aa 00-AAB-ac page 41 4 (Brong-Ahafo) (Brong-Ahafo) weela, wela, weila, wiila, vwela Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou) "blacksmith's" ligbi; ligbi "blacksmiths' community", in [51] Français: noumou Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou) Guinea (Boffa; Fria; Dubreka; Kindia; Forécariah; Faranah; Dabola); Sierra Leone (Kambia; Bombali; Koinadugu) Υ 5 sose, susoo, susu, sosu, in [51] Français: soussou dialects to be confirmed Guinea (Boffa; Fria; Dubreka; Kindia; Forécariah); Sierra Leone (Kambia; Bombali) 5 soso-C. ⊕Conakry… (Dubreka; Forécariah) soso-N. ⊕Fatala… Konkouré lower valleys (Boffa; Fria; Dubreka) 00-AAC-aac soso-E. ⊕Kindia (Kindia) 00-AAC-aad soso-S. ⊕Kambia Sierra Leone (Kambia; Bombali) 4 00-AAC-ab yalunka jalonke-S., yalunke, in [51] Français: dialonké, djallonké, dyalonké distinct from [00] Jalonke-N. Sierra Leone (Koinadugu); Guinea (Faranah; Dabola) 5 00-AAC-aba sulima ⊕Sulima (Koinadugu) 00-AAC-abb firia 00-AAC-abc musaia ⊕Musaia (Koinadugu) 00-AAC-abd tagagna ⊕Tagagna Guinea (Faranah; Dabola) 00-AB 00-ABA-aa MENDE+ LOMA chain MANDE-SOUTHWEST MENDE+ LOMA net Mende+ Landogo mende+ loko logo sanda, sanda-loko, loko-N. ⊕Kamalu>E.: Sanda Loko chiefdom 00-ABA-ab landogo loko-S. Εbilingual in [94] Temne and/or [52] Krio Sierra Leone (Northern: Bombali; Port Loko; also Southern: Moyamba) 00-ABA-aba magbiambo ⊕Magbaiamba chiefdom (Northern) 00-ABA-abb gbendembu ⊕Gbendembu (Northern) 00-ABA-abc ngoahu 00-ABA-abd nagbanmba 00-ABA-abe libisegahun libeisaygahun ⊕Libeisaygahun chiefdom (Northern) 00-ABA-abf koya ⊕Koya chiefdom (Northern) 00-ABA-abg ribbi ⊕Ribbi chiefdom (Northern) 00-ABA-abh buya ⊕Buya (Northern) 00-ABA-ac mende mendi, boumpe, hulo, kossa, kosso also Ki-ka-ku syllabic script Sierra Leone (Southern; Eastern); also Liberia 00-ABA-aca kpa-mende kpa, mende-NW. ⊕Mano… (Southern: Moyamba) 00-ABA-acb sewa-mende sewama, mende-C., including banta-mende… sherbro-mende… ⊕Bo… Sherbro island (Southern: Bo; Bonthe…) 00-ABA-acc wanjama-mende waanjama, wanjema, mende-S., including gallines-mende ⊕Pujehun… Zimi (Southern: Pujehun) 00-ABA-acd ko-mende ko, "up-line mende", mende-E. including komboyo-mende ⊕Kenema… Kailahun (Eastern: Kenema; Kailahun) 00-ABA-ace guma-mende ⊕Guma chiefdom (Loffa) 00-ABA-ad bandi bande, gbande, gbandi, gbunde (Loffa); also Sierra Leone (Eastern) 00-ABA-ada bandi-A. bande "proper" (Loffa); also (Eastern) 00-ABA-adb tahamba 00-ABA-b ⊕Loffa upper valley also Loma-Toma syllabic script Liberia; Guinea Υ 5 00-ABA-ba Loma+ Toma loma loghoma, lorma, 'bouze', 'busy', 'buzi' Liberia (Loffa) 5 00-ABA-baa gizima ziema ⊕Gizima-Ziema (Loffa) 00-ABA-bab wubomei wuomei ⊕Wuomei (Loffa) 00-ABA-bac bunde 00-ABA-bad buluyiema bluyema ⊕Bluyema (Loffa) 00-ABA-bb toma toma-SW., toa, toale, toali, tooma Guinea (Macenta) 00-ABA 00-ABA-a (Koinadugu) Sierra Leone; Liberia Υ 6 Sierra Leone (Northern) Εbilingual in [94] Temne 5 (Northern) (Northern) 6 4 (Loffa); also (Eastern) (Loffa) 5 page 42 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition Kpele kpele-A. ⊕Saint Paul valley also Kpelle syllabic script Liberia; Guinea Υ 5 00-ABA-ca kpelle, kpelle-S. Liberia (Montserrado; Loffa; Bong); Guinea (Yomou) 5 00-ABA-caa kakata-kpele ⊕Kakata>N. (Montserrado) 00-ABA-cab bopolu-kpele ⊕Bopolu>NE. (Loffa) 00-ABA-cac totota-kpele "kpelle"-C., "standard kpelle" ⊕Totota (Bong) 00-ABA-cad jokwele ⊕Gbarnga>S. (Bong) 00-ABA-cae zota-kpele zotaa-kpelle ⊕Palala (Bong) 00-ABA-caf kpai-kpele ⊕Belefanai (Bong) 00-ABA-cag panta-kpele ⊕Peneta (Bong); (Yomou) 00-ABA-cah vavala-kpele ⊕Yomou (Yomou); (Bong) 00-ABA-cb kpelese* akpese, gbese, gerse, gerze, kpelesetina, kperese, kpese, kpwessi, pessa, pessy, kpelle-N., in [51] Français: guerzé Guinea (Yomou; Nzérékoré) 5 00-B Arabic script; Latin script 00-BAA-a SONINKE+ SOROGAMA set SONINKE chain SONINKE net Soninke Mauritania; Senegal; Burkina Faso; Côte d'Ivoire; Gambia; GuineaBissau; France Υ 6 00-BAA-aa soninke-A. aswanik, gadyaga, marka, markanka, serahuli, silabe, including diawara, in [51] Français: soninké, sarakolé, sarawulé, toubakaï, wakoré ⊕Sélibaby… Ayoun-el-Atrous… Néma… southwards & eastwards Mauritania (Guidimaka; Hodh Gharbi; Hodh Charki); Senegal (Ferlo; Sénégal-Oriental); Mali (Kayès; Bamako); Burkina Faso; Côte d'Ivoire; Gambia; GuineaBissau; Guinea; migration > France 6 00-BAA-ab azayr ajer, azer, azjer, adjer, aser, masiin, taghdansh ⊕Tichit oasis ¶extinct Χinfluenced by [10] Znaga; now submerged by [12] 'Arabiyya Mauritania (Tagant) 0 00-BAA-ac girganke ⊕Girganke environs Χinfluenced by [10] Znaga; now submerged by [12] 'Arabiyya Mali 0 00-BAA-ad kinbakka xenqenna SOROGAMA+ TIEMA BOZO 00-ABA-c 00-BA 00-BAA 00-BAA-ae 00-BB Mali Mali chain 00-BBA 00-BBA-a 00-BBA-aa 00-BBB 00-BBB-a TIEMA net Tiema tiema-ciewe SOROGAMA net Sorogama ⊕Debo lake: Niger exit Mali 3 tie-ma, in [51] Français: tié 2, tié-bozo Εplurilingual in [00] Bamanan, [01] Songhay and/or [90] Fula Mali (Mopti) 3 sorogo-bozo, sorogama-bozo, coroga-ma ⊕Mopti… Diaka valley… Debo lake Εplurilingual in [00] Bamanan, [01] Songhay and/or [90] Fula Mali 5 kotya Mali (Mopti) jana-ma, jena-ma Mali (Mopti) 00-BBB-ab kotya-xo pondori 00-BBB-aba pondori-N. 00-BBB-abb pondori-S. 00-BBB-ac korondugu in [51] Français: koondougou, korondougou ⊕Korondougou… Mali (Mopti) 00-BBB-aca korondugu-N. ⊕Korondougou>N. (Mopti) 00-BBB-acb korondugu-S. ⊕Korondougou>S. (Mopti) 00-BBB-ad débo ⊕Debo lake Mali (Mopti) 00-BBC-a debo TIEYA net Tieya ⊕Niger valley… Diaka valley: Koa… Miérou… Diafarabé… Sendédaga; also migrants down Niger and other rivers Εbilingual in [00] Bamanan / Jula Mali; Burkina Faso Υ 3 00-BBC-aa tieya-xo tiel, tieye, tige-maxo, tyeya-xo, tieyaxo-bozo, in [51] Français: tié, tiémaxo, tié-yakho, tégué, tigué-makho Mali (Mopti…); also Burkina Faso 3 00-BBD HAINYA net Hainya hainya-xo ⊕Niger valley: Miérou… Jamani Εbilingual in [00] Bamanan / Jula Mali; Burkina Faso Υ 3 kelinga, hainyaxo-bozo; hain community, xan person Mali (Ségou…); also Burkina Faso 3 Εbilingual in [00] Jula 00-BBB-aa 00-BBC 00-BBD-a 00-BBD-aa (Mopti) (Mopti) samo, samogo, samogho, sembla+ jung Latin script Burkina Faso (Comoé) 4 00-CAA-aa JUNG+ SENKU set JUNG+ SENKU chain SENKU net Senku senku sembla, sambla, samogho-senku, samogo-senku, semogo-senku, samo-senku, samogo-N., samo-N. (Comoé) 4 00-CAA-aaa buende ⊕Bouende… Torosso (Comoé) 00-CAA-aab karankasso ⊕Karankasso (Comoé) 00-CAA-aac banzo ⊕Banzo… Tiara… Bama (Comoé) 00-C 00-CA 00-CAA 00-CAA-a SAMOGHO-SEMBLA, sembla, sambla-samogho, sembla-somogho 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 43 JUNG+ JOWULU net Jung+ Jowulu SAMOGHO-JUNG samogo-jung, samoro-jung Εbilingual in [00] Jula Burkina Faso (Kénédougou); Mali (Kadiolo) Υ kpango jungo* samogho-gban, samogo-gouan ⊕Orodara environs: Samorogouan... Burkina Faso (Kénédougou) 00-CAB-ab dzungo, dzun, dyun, jung "proper", samogho-hiri, samogo-iri ⊕Orodara environs Burkina Faso (Kénédougou) 00-CAB-ac jung-oma* Burkina Faso (Kénédougou) 00-CAB-aca dungu-woluma (Kénédougou) 00-CAB-acb samogo-siew 00-CAB-ad bakari-dugu 00-CAB-ada samogo-bakaridugu 00-CAB-adb samogo-mahon 00-CAB-ae jo-wulu jo, jotoni ⊕Loulouni arrondissement 00-D DAN+ SYA set MANWI chain MANWI net Man-wi MANDE-EAST Latin script 00-DAA-ab 00-CAB 00-CAB-a 00-CAB-aa 4 (Kénédougou) ⊕Bakaridougou Burkina Faso (Kénédougou) (Kénédougou) (Kénédougou) Mali (Kadiolo) 3 mã, maa, mah, mawe, mano, manon ⊕St.John upper valley… Nimba mountains Guinea (Yomou; Nzérékoré); Liberia (Nimba) Υ 5 man-N.* sanikweli-ma ⊕Diéké… N'Zérékoré… Lola clan-dialects to be identified Guinea (Yomou; Nzérékoré) 5 sanniquellie-mah Liberia (Nimba) 00-DAA-aba yaamein yarmein ⊕Gbleeyi>S. (Nimba) 00-DAA-abb sei sehyi ⊕Seingbein (Nimba) 00-DAA-abc gbein ⊕Taye>S. (Nimba) 00-DAA-abd gaa gar ⊕Zuluyii (Nimba) 00-DAA-abe bein bain ⊕Gaapa (Nimba) 00-DAA-ac saklepea-ma saclepea-mah Liberia (Nimba) 00-DAA-aca gbana gbana ⊕Flumpa (Nimba) 00-DAA-acb lao ⊕Kpein, Kpain (Nimba) 00-DAA-acc lisono lissono ⊕Karnwee, Gunwee (Nimba) 00-DAA-acd wei ⊕Saclepea, Sagleipie (Nimba) 00-DAA-ace zaan zahn ⊕Zahnboi>N. & E. (Nimba) 00-DAA-acf gbei ⊕Duayee, Dueyi (Nimba) 00-DAA-ad yaawein-ma yarwein-mah, yarwein+ mehnsonoh (Nimba) 00-DAA-ada mesona mesono ⊕Mehnla… Ganwee (Nimba) 00-DAA-adb zenla ⊕Zikepa>S. (Nimba) 00-DAA-adc yaawein ya, yawin, yaawein "proper" ⊕Kwinde (Nimba) 00-DB 00-DBA DAN+ WEEN chain DAN+ WEEN net 00-DBA-a Ween Tura ⊕Toura mountains... Bafing+ Sassandra valleys Côte d'Ivoire (Biankouma; Touba adjacent)Υ 4 00-DBA-aa ween wℜℜ, tura, toura; wen-mebo community, in [00] Dan: gbea-me community list of clan-dialects to be confirmed Côte d'Ivoire (Biankouma; Touba adjacent) 4 00-DBA-aaa linge-du lingué-dougou, including ira-mazéré (Biankouma; Touba adjacent) 00-DBA-aab guse goussé (Biankouma) 00-DBA-aac nao zoua-gnon* (Biankouma) 00-DBA-aad né-bou boo, bou (Biankouma) 00-DBA-aae yilige-le irigué-lé (Biankouma) 00-DBA-aaf gweo guéou-lé (Biankouma) 00-DBA-aag waa-du probably including di-goua-lé ⊕Digoualé (Biankouma) 00-DBA-b Dan+ Gio including (in Côte d'Ivoire) dã; dan-mpo-me, yakouba, yacouba, yakuba, yafoba community… (in Liberia) gio, gyo, ge, geh, sa, ngèrè; ge-ma, ge-mè community #dan-mpo-me =«dan-speaking people»; yafoba <ya-po-ba=«I say that…» ⊕Nimba+ Dang mountains… Cess valley ¶fragmented 'clans', disrupted in Liberia by civil-war in 1990's Côte d'Ivoire (Touba; Biankouma; Danané; Man); Liberia (Nimba); Guinea adjacent Υ 6 00-DBA-ba dan-NW.* Côte d'Ivoire (Touba); Guinea (Beyla; Nzérékoré) 4 00-DBA-baa santa-N. ⊕Santa>N. Côte d'Ivoire (Touba) 00-DBA-bab guaraso ⊕Guarasso Guinea (Beyla; Nzérékoré) 00-DBA-bb dan-N. dan "proper", dan-ménou list of clan-dialects to be confirmed Côte d'Ivoire (Touba; Biankouma; Danané; Man) 00-DBA-bba saabelo+ gataso ⊕Touba>S.: Saabélo… Gataso (enclave) (Touba) 00-DBA-bbb biassé (Touba) 00-DBA-bbc sipi-lou (Touba) 00-DBA-bbd ple-pleu 00-DBA-bbe santa-S. 00-DBA-bbf gamassé 00-DBA-bbg san-dugu 00-DA 00-DAA 00-DAA-a 00-DAA-aa (Touba) ⊕Santa>S. (Touba) (Touba) san-dougou, sanan-dougou ⊕Sanandougou (Touba) 5 page 44 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 00-DBA-bbh bié (Touba) 00-DBA-bbi go (Touba) 00-DBA-bbj niou-leu 00-DBA-bbk gan including gan-le ⊕Biankouma (Biankouma) 00-DBA-bbl té ⊕Biankouma>S. (Biankouma) 00-DBA-bbm ka ⊕Man>N. (Man) 00-DBA-bbn souin ⊕Man>E. (Man) 00-DBA-bbo sré-neu ⊕Man>W. (Man) 00-DBA-bbp blo-mé (Man) 00-DBA-bbq goua-né (Man) 00-DBA-bbr gouroussé (Danané) 00-DBA-bbs oua 00-DBA-bc dan-SE. part of boutyou-leu-ménou, dan-S. Côte d'Ivoire (Man) 00-DBA-bca blémi ⊕Man>S. (Man) 00-DBA-bcb yati 00-DBA-bcc yaten 00-DBA-bcd yesé* yézé ⊕Man>SW. (Man; Danané) 00-DBA-bd dan-SW. part of boutyou-leu-ménou, dan-S. list of clan-dialects to be confirmed Côte d'Ivoire (Danané; Man) 00-DBA-bda noué 00-DBA-bdb kéigo-leu 00-DBA-bdc gbéi-leu ⊕Gbépleu (Danané) 00-DBA-bdd yo-leu ⊕Yoleu (Danané) 00-DBA-bde katigui 00-DBA-bdf gban-leu 00-DBA-bdg gongui-né 00-DBA-bdh saha-pleu ⊕Danané (Danané) 00-DBA-bdi you-pleu ⊕Yaopleu (Danané) 00-DBA-bdj zio-leu ⊕Zoleu (Danané) 00-DBA-bdk déako-pleu 00-DBA-bdl doua-leu 00-DBA-bdm blon-leu 00-DBA-bdn koa-leu 00-DBA-bdo kéa-pleu 00-DBA-bdp zagui-neu 00-DBA-bdq yoro-leu 00-DBA-bdr bio-leu 00-DBA-bds sa-leu 00-DBA-bdt vanhoué 00-DBA-bdu izia-lé 00-DBA-bdv gouégou-leu… 00-DBA-bdw blou-no 00-DBA-bdx den-leu 00-DBA-be gbele-ge gbelé, gbehlay-geh, "upper gio" ⊕Gbelay-Geh chiefdom Liberia (Nimba) 00-DBA-bea zo zor ⊕Gowii (Nimba) 00-DBA-beb kpea-ple ⊕Kpiarplay>N. (Nimba) 00-DBA-bec gbe-lei gbelei, gbelé, gbelé-ge "proper" ⊕Kaaple, Kahnple (Nimba) 00-DBA-bed so-lei solay ⊕Gaple (Nimba) 00-DBA-bee sla-lei slalay ⊕Ganagle (Nimba) 00-DBA-bf zoo-ge zoe-geh, part of "lower gio"* ⊕Zoe-Geh chiefdom Liberia (Nimba) 00-DBA-bfa gbao ⊕Zontuo (Nimba) 00-DBA-bfb zoo zoe-geh "proper" ⊕Baan (Nimba) 00-DBA-bfc gboo gbor ⊕Peyii (Nimba) 00-DBA-bfd ya-lei yarlay ⊕Gblola (Nimba) 00-DBA-bfe butulu butula ⊕Butulu>W. (Nimba) 00-DBA-bg boo+ kelei boe+ quella, part of "lower gio"* ⊕Boe-Quella chiefdom Liberia (Nimba) 00-DBA-bga boo boe ⊕Towei (Nimba) 00-DBA-bgb ke-lei quella ⊕Youpie (Nimba) 00-DBA-bh gio-S. "river cess gio", including "amalgamated" gio… gbi+ doru ⊕Cess valley Liberia (Nimba) 00-DBA-bha doo doe ⊕Grei (Nimba) 00-DBA-bhb gbeaa gbear ⊕Tapiple (Nimba) 00-DBA-bhc gbloo gblor ⊕Diala (Nimba) 00-DBA-bhd gbi part of gbi+ doru (Nimba) 00-DBA-bhe doru part of gbi+ doru (Nimba) (Touba) (Danané) 4* (Man) (Man) 5 (Danané) (Danané) (Danané) including also zoualeu… kpeulé… yoleu… gbapleu ⊕Gbanleu… (Danané) (Danané) (Danané) ⊕Liberian frontier: Douéleu (Danané) (Danané) (Danané) ⊕Kouépleu (Danané) (Danané) ⊕Yoleu* (Danané) (Danané) ⊕Seileu (Danané) (Danané) (Danané) including also douéleu… trouangouleu… zingouleu… zoulougbon… goulélé… guiélou ⊕Gouégoualé… (Man; Danané) (Man) (Man) 4* 4* 4* 5* 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 45 kweni+ yaure 00-DCA-a GOLO+ YOWELE chain GOLO net Golo ⊕Zuénoula... Vavoua... Gouitafla... Bouaflé... Sinfra... Oumé souspréfectures Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaflé, Gagnoa...) 5 00-DCA-aa golo kweni, guro, lo, in [51] Français: gouro, kwéndré up to 50 or more clan-dialects to be classified and listed (Bouaflé, Gagnoa...) 5 00-DCB ⊕Bouaflé... Bandama Rouge+. Bandama Blanc valleys... Koussou lake Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaflé) 4 00-DCB-aa YOWELE net Yowele yowele yaure, kanga-bono, in [51] Français: yauré, yaouré, yohowré, youré Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaflé) 4 00-DCB-aaa bhoo (Bouaflé) 00-DCB-aab klan (Bouaflé) 00-DCB-aac taan (Bouaflé) 00-DCB-aad yaan (Bouaflé) 00-DCB-aae yoo (Bouaflé) 00-DD 00-DDA-aa BENG+ GBà chain GBà net Gbã gbã 00-DDA-aaa bokabo 00-DDA-aab bokwa 00-DDA-aac n'da 00-DDA-aad tuka 00-DDB 00-DEB-aa BENG net Beng beng MWÃ+ Wà chain MWà net Mwã mwã Wà net Wã wã 00-DEB-aaa miamu (Séguéla and/or Bouaflé) 00-DEB-aab kemu (Séguéla and/or Bouaflé) 00-DF 00-DFA-a BISA chain BISA net Bisa 00-DFA-aa 00-DC 00-DCA 00-DCB-a 00-DDA 00-DDA-a 00-DDB-a 00-DDB-aa 00-DE 00-DEA 00-DEA-a 00-DEA-aa 00-DEB 00-DEB-a 00-DFA KWENI ⊕Oumé sous-préfecture Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa) 4 gban, gagu, in [51] Français: gagou Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa) 4 (Gagnoa) (Gagnoa) gban-C. (Gagnoa) (Gagnoa) ⊕M'bhiakro... Prikro… Εbilingual in [00] Jula and/or [96] Baule Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaké…) 4 ben, ngain, ngan, nguin, ngin, ngen, gan Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaké…) 4 ⊕Kongasso... Mankono sous-préfectures Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 4 mona, muana, mwan, muan, in [51] Français: mouan Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla) 4 ⊕Kounahiri... Béoumi sous-préfectures Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla; Bouaflé) 4 wan, nwa, noua, ouan Côte d'Ivoire (Séguéla; Bouaflé) 4 ⊕around White Volta river: Garango... Zabré... Gomboussougou... Tenkodogo... Bitou Burkina Faso (Est); migration> Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Togo 5 bisa bissa Burkina Faso (Est: Boulgou; Zoundweogo) 5 00-DFA-aaa barka baraka, bisa-E. Burkina Faso (Est) 00-DFA-aab lebir bisa-W. Burkina Faso (Est) 00-DG GOE+ BOKO chain GOE+ MAKAA net 00-DGA SAMOGO-SANE, samo-sane, samogho-sane, samogo-N., samo-N., san, gunyan, dyanke goℜ, matya, makya Burkina Faso (Volta Noire: Sourou) 5 goe-CW. ⊕Tougan Burkina Faso (Volta Noire: Sourou) 5 goe-N. ⊕Louta Burkina Faso (Volta Noire: Sourou) goe-E. Burkina Faso (Volta Noire: Sourou) goe-NE., tiembara, kiembara ⊕Kiembara Burkina Faso (Volta Noire: Sourou) 00-DGA-ba Goe tougan louta zoumou maya Makaa makaa 00-DGA-baa makaa-N. 00-DGA-bab makaa-S. 00-DGB SAMOGHO-DUUN 00-DGB-a DUUN net Duun* 00-DGB-aa duun 00-DGB-aaa 00-DGB-aab 00-DGB-aac 00-DGA-a 00-DGA-aa 00-DGA-ab 00-DGA-ac 00-DGA-ad 00-DGA-b toma-E., makia, maya, nyanaa ⊕Toma... Yaba... Gossina... Ye... Kugny... Gassan departments Burkina Faso (Volta Noire: Sourou) 5 Burkina Faso (Volta Noire: Sourou) 5 (Sourou) (Sourou) Mali (Sikasso); Burkina Faso (Kénédougou); Côte d'Ivoire (Boundiali) Υ 4 samogho-duun, samogo-duun, samoro-duun, samogho-don, d__, dugn (Sikasso); (Kénédougou); (Boundiali) 4 sikasso-duun ⊕Sikasso… (Sikasso) kénédougou-duun ⊕Kénédougou… (Kénédougou) boundiali-duun ⊕Boundiali… (Boundiali) page 46 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 00-DGD-a JOWULU net Jowulu jowulu BOKO+ SHANGA net Boko+ Bokobaru 00-DGD-aa boko boo, bokko, bokonya ⊕between Gouroukpa… Ouora valleys (Niger right-bank tributaries) Bénin (Borgou); Nigeria (Kwara) 00-DGD-ab wawa bokobaru wawa-busa, part of busa-gwe Nigeria (Kwara) 00-DGD-ac bokobaru-busa, part of busa-gwe ⊕Kaiama… Moshi middle-valley Nigeria (Kwara) 00-DGD-aca kaiama ⊕Kaiama Nigeria (Kwara) 00-DGD-acb zogbme zongben (Kwara) 00-DGD-acc zugweya 00-DGD-b Εbilingual in [19] Hausa Nigeria (Sokoto) 3 shangawa, shonga, shongawa ⊕Shanga (Sokoto) 3 kyenga, tyanga, kenga ⊕Kyanga Χsubmerged by [19] Hausa (Sokoto) 2 00-DHA-a Shanga+ Tyenga shanga tyenga SYA+ ZARA chain SYA+ ZARA net Sya+ Zara bwa, in [00] Jula: bobo-fing, bobo-da, bobo-fign, bobo-finng, bobo-f_, bobo-madare, bobo-jula, in [51] Français: bobo noir, bobo-dyoula, bobo-dioula #bobo-fing, bobo noir =«black bobo» Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins; VoltaNoire); Mali (Sikasso) Υ 5 00-DHA-aa zara-dan zara, zaradan-jari, sankura ⊕Volta Noire valley>NE. Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins; VoltaNoire); Mali (Sikasso) 3 00-DHA-aaa zara-dan-W. ⊕Boura… Mafoune (Sikasso-NE.) 00-DHA-aab zara-dan-E. (Haut-Bassins; Volta-Noire) 00-DHA-ab Burkina Faso 00-DHA-ae benge sogokiri tinkire sya 00-DHA-af vore 00-DGC 00-DGC-a 00-DGC-aa 00-DGD 00-DGD-ba 00-DGD-bb 00-DH 00-DHA 00-DHA-ac 00-DHA-ad ⊕Loulouni environs Mali (Kadiolo) 3 jo, samogho-jowulu, samogho-jo (Kadiolo) 3 including busa-gwe, bussa-gwe, busa "proper", boussa, bussa, busansé, bisa, in [19] Hausa: busanchi; busawa community Εbilingual in [19] Hausa Bénin (Borgou); Nigeria (Kwara; Sokoto) Υ 5 5 "WIDER"-BUSA (Kwara) BOBO-FING Burkina Faso Burkina Faso sia, bobo-dioulasso, bobo-sya, "literary" bobo-fing ⊕Bobo-Dioulasso, Sya>N. Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins) Burkina Faso (Haut-Bassins) 5 4= EURASIA geosector 01= SONGHAIC phylozone Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 47 covers the Songhay+Sahaq set (part of the "Nilo-Saharan" Burkina Faso; Mali; Niger; Algeria hypothesis; and part of the "Mande+Songhai" hypothesis); comprising 1 set of languages (= 5 outer languages) spoken by communities in West and Northwest Africa, along the Middle Niger valley and on the Saharan fringes: 6 01-A SONGHAY+ SAHAQ "wider" songhai Arabic script Latin script 01-AAA-a SONGHAY+ SAHAQ set SONGHAY+ SAHAQ chain SONGHAY+ ZARMA net Songhay-kine songhay, songhay-ciini, songay, songoi, sonrai, songhai, sonrhai, koroboro, koira-kine, in [51] Français: songhaï, songhoï #kine = «language»; koira-kine =«country language» ⊕former extension th (during empire of the Askias in the 16 century): from upstream of Djenné to the present-day frontier of Nigeria and northward into the Sahara as far as the Taghaza, Terhazza oasis Mali; Niger; Burkina Faso Υ 6 01-AAA-aa songhay-W. "wider" jene-kine ⊕Niger bend: Diaka river… Tombouctou downstream Mali (Mopti; Gao) 5 01-AAA-aaa jene-kine in [51] Français: songhaï de Djenné ⊕Djenné, Jene: Diaka river>N.… Niafounké; no longer an important language at Djenné, but retained as a trade language along the Niger between Djenné and Tombouctou (Mopti) 01-AAA-aab timbuktu in [51] Français: songhaï de Tombouctou ⊕Tombouctou, Timbuktu (Gao) 01-AAA-aac araouane araouan ⊕Araouane (Gao) 01-AAA-aad tombata tombmata (Gao) 01-AAA-ab songhay-C. 01-AAA-aba hombori-kine ⊕Hombori>S. (Mopti) 01-AAA-abb tinie tinyé, tinié ⊕Tinié (Centre-Nord) 01-AAA-abc marense maransé, sonkeno (Centre-Nord) 01-AAA-abd kaado kado, kaadino (Mopti); (Centre-Nord) 01-AAA-ac songhai-E. "wider" gao-kine ⊕Bamba… Gao downstream Mali (Gao); Niger (Niamey) 01-AAA-aca bamba ⊕Bamba (Gao) 01-AAA-acb gao-kine ⊕Gao (Gao) 01-AAA-acc alkaseybaten kel-alkaseybaten (Gao)… 01-AAA-acd gabero (Gao)… 01-AAA-b Dendi+ Zarma Niger; Nigeria; Bénin; Burkina Faso Υ 6 01-AAA-ba dendi in [19] Hausa: dandawa community Niger (Dosso); Nigeria (Sokoto); Bénin (Atakora; Borgou) 4 01-AAA-baa dendi-N. ⊕Niger valley: Falmey… Guéné… Illo (Dosso); (Borgou); (Sokoto) 01-AAA-bab kandi ⊕Kandi ¶spoken by émigré community (Borgou) 01-AAA-bac paraku parakou ⊕Parakou ¶spoken by émigré community (Borgou) 01-AAA-bad jugu djougou ⊕Djougou ¶spoken by émigré community (Atakora) 01-AAA-bb zarma dyerma, dyabarma, dyarma, zabarma, zarbarma, zabirmawa, adzerma, in [51] Français: djerma; including wogo Niger (Niamey; Dosso); Benin (Borgou); also Nigeria (Sokoto…) 01-AAA-bba dosso ⊕Dosso (Dosso) 01-AAA-bbb karimama ⊕Karimama (Borgou); (Dosso frontier) 01-AAA-c 01-AAA-ca Tihisit+ Tagdalt tihisit+ tagdalt 01-AAA-caa tihisit tiheeshit, tiheesit ⊕Tilemsès… Niger (Tahoua) 01-AAA-cab tagdalt ⊕In-Gall>SW. Niger (Agadez; Tahoua) 01-AAA-cac taborog ⊕location to be confirmed perhaps Mali (Gao)* 01-AAB songhay-N. Mali; Niger Υ 4 01-AAB-aa SAHAQ+ KORANJE net Sahaq sahaq dausahaq, daoussak, daoussahaq, dawsahaq, including ingelsi… emgedshie Mali (Gao); Niger (Niamey; Agadez) 4 01-AAB-aaa ta-daksahak sahaq-SW., i-daksahak (Gao); (Niamey) 01-AAB-aab ta-sawaq sahaq-NE. ⊕In-Gall>N.… Agadez (Agadez) 01-AAB-b Koranje koranje ⊕Tabelbala oasis… Algeria 3 belbali community, tabelbala Algeria (Saoura) 3 01-A 01-AA 01-AAA 01-AAB-a 01-AAB-ba 5 Mali (Mopti); Burkina Faso (CentreNord) Niger; Mali* Υ Niger (Agadez; Tahoua)… 5 6 4* 4* page 48 02= The Linguasphere Register SAHARIC phylozone 1999 / 2000 edition covers the "Saharan" or "East-Saharan" grouping (part of the Chad; Niger; Nigeria; Sudan "Nilo-Saharan" hypothesis); comprising 3 sets of languages (= 5 outer languages) spoken by communities in northern Central Africa, on the Saharan fringes and oases from the Chad Basin northeastwards: 02-A KANURI+ KANEMBU 02-C BERI+ BERTI 6 02-B TUDA+ DAZA 02-AAA-a KANURI+ KANEMBU set KANURI+ KANEMBU chain KANURI+ KANEMBU net Kanuri 02-AAA-aa manga 02-AAA-aaa manga-N. ⊕Alkamari… Mir… Nguigmi (Diffa; also Zinder) 02-AAA-aab manga-S. ⊕Machena… Nguru… Mober… Kanembu districts (Bornu; Kano) 02-AAA-ab yerwa bornu, 'beriberi', 'baribari', kole, sirata, aga, in [51] Français: bornou, bornouan ⊕Yerwa... Borno... Nguru... Geidam... Kukawa... Damaturu... Kaga... Maiduguri... Mongumo... Fune... Gujba... Ngala... Bama... Fika... Gwoza... Hadejia... N'djamena-SE.... Lairi... Bokoro-SW.... Ati... Nigeria (Bornu; Kano); Niger (Zinder; Diffa); Cameroon; Chad (Kanem; N'djamena; ChariBaguirmi; Batha); also migration> Sudan 6 02-AAA-aba dagara dogara ⊕Boultoum… Gamou… Shirm-alek… Dagarari (Zinder) 4 02-AAA-abb njesko jetko, dietko ⊕Gouré… Nguigmi cercles (Zinder; Diffa) 02-AAA-abc kabari kuvuri, kubari ⊕Chad, Tchad lake north shore: Nguigmi>E.… (Diffa) 2 02-AAA-abd sugurti tsugurti ⊕Chad, Tchad lake west shore & islands (Diffa) 3 02-AAA-abe lare lere; larewa, lerewa community ⊕Fune… Damaturu districts (Bauchi; Bornu) 02-AAA-abf ngazar ⊕Gujba… Fune districts (Bornu) 02-AAA-abg guvja ⊕Gujba… (Bornu) 02-AAA-abh kagama kaga ⊕Kaga (Bornu) 02-AAA-abi fadawa ⊕Potiskum environs (Bornu) 02-AAA-abj maiduguri ⊕Maiduguri (Bornu) 02-AAA-abk mao ⊕Mao (Kanem) 02-AAA-ac kwayyamo mavar kwayam, koyam, koyyam ⊕Goudoumaria>E. Niger (Diffa); Nigeria (Bornu) mober, movar, mobber, mobör, mabar, mobeur ⊕Mober+ Kanembu districts… Gouré+ Nguigmi cercles Nigeria (Bornu); Niger (Diffa) 4 Kanembu kanembu-kanembu ⊕Chad, Tchad lake>N. & E. Chad; Niger Υ 4 02-AAA-ba kanembu, kanambu, in [51] Français: kanembou Chad (Kanem; Lac; ChariBaguirmi); Niger 4 02-AAA-baa karkawu 02-AAA-bab mando 02-AAA-bac nguri ⊕N'Gouri Chad… 02-AAA-bb haddad ⊕Massakory-W. Chad (Chari-Baguirmi) 02-B TUBU Arabic script Latin script 02-BAA-a TUDA+ DAZA set TUDA+ DAZA chain TUDA+ DAZA net Tuda+ Daza tubu, tebu, tibbu, in [51] Français: toubou, tibou, tebou Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Shuwa) Niger; Chad; Libya Υ 5 02-BAA-aa tuda-ga tudu, teda, toda, todaga, todga, tubu-N., tubu "proper" ⊕Fezzan plain… Djado+ Tchiga plateaux… Tibesti massif… Bodélé basin… Ennedi massif Libya (Fezzan); Niger (Agadez; Diffa); Chad (Kanem; Tibesti; Borkou; Ennedi) 5 02-BAA-aaa gunda gounda ⊕Fezzan plain… Tchiga plateau… Tcheni Tchadi plain (Fezzan); (Agadez; Diffa) 02-BAA-aab brawia ⊕Djado plateau (Agadez) 02-BAA-aac chigaa ⊕Séguédine… Bilma… Fachi (Agadez) 02-BAA-aad tomagra tomagera, temageri or perhaps a dialect of [02] Yerwa ⊕Niger-Chad frontier… Ennedi massif: Toro environs (Kanem; Borkou; Ennedi); also (Diffa) 02-BAA-ab daza-ga daza, dasa, dazza, aza, daza-gada, tubu-S. ⊕Nguigmi cercle… Chitati country... Bahr-el-Ghazal+ Bodélé basins… Faya-Largeau... Fada Niger (Diffa); Chad (Lac; Kanem; Borkou; Batha; Ennedi; also ChariBaguirmi-N.) 02-BAA-aba kasherda kecherda, daza-kecherda, including sakerda, sakarda… kasherdaW.… kasherda-E. ⊕scattered from Chad, Tchad lake>NW. (kasherdaW.+ sakerda) to Fitri lake>N. (kasherda-E.) (Diffa); (Kanem; Borkou; Ennedi; Batha) 02-BAA-abb wannala wandala, wandalla ⊕Chitati country: Rig Rig… migration (by early 20 cent.)>Nguigmi cercle 02-BAA-abc gaduwa gaaduwa, gadiwa, gadua, qadawa ⊕Chad lake>N. 02-BAA-abd chitati 02-A 02-AA 02-AAA 02-AAA-ad 02-AAA-b 02-BA 02-BAA Arabic script Latin script "WIDER"-BORNU, in [51] Français: kanouri, kanoury Nigeria; Niger; Chad; Cameroon; also Sudan Υ 6 Nigeria (Bornu; Kano); Niger (Diffa; probably Zinder) 4 Chad… Chad… th (Lac; Kanem); (Diffa) (Kanem); (Diffa) (Kanem) 5 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 49 02-BAA-ac kreda karda, karra ⊕Bahr-el-Ghazal basin: Massakori+ Koal… Mortcha, Mortcho Chad (Kanem; also ChariBaguirmi-N.; Batha) 02-BAA-aca yorda ngalamiya (Kanem…) 02-BAA-acb karda kreda "proper" (Kanem) 02-BAA-acc norea ⊕Mondo… Mao>N. (Kanem) 02-BAA-acd iria 02-C ZAGHAWA Arabic script Latin script 02-CAA-a BERI+ BERTI set BERI+ BERTI chain BERI+ BELI net Beri+ Beli zaghawa, zagawa, zeghawa, zauge, zorhaua, soghaua, in [12] 'Arabiyya: kebadi, in [51] Français: zaghaoua, zeggaoua, zagaoua ⊕Fada... Guéréda... Shigaib... Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Baggari); now largely or entirely Arabic-speaking in Sudan (and Libya) Sudan (Darfur); Chad (Biltine); also Niger; Libya-S. Υ 5 02-CAA-aa beri-aa beri, berri, beria, zaghawa "proper", merida, kebadi, kuyuk Sudan (Darfur); Chad (Biltine; Ennedi) 5 02-CAA-aaa tuer-gala dor* (Darfur); perhaps also Chad 02-CAA-aab dirong-guruf 02-CAA-aac kobe-kapka kobe ⊕Kapka massif (Biltine) 02-CAA-ab beli bideyat Chad (Ennedi) 02-CAA-aba baele 02-CAA-abb anna 02-CAA-abc awe (Ennedi) 02-CAA-abd terawia (Ennedi) 02-CAB 02-CAB-a BERTI net Berti ¶extinct formerly Sudan (Dar-Fur; Kordofan) 0 02-CAB-aa berti ⊕Berti, Tagabo mountains… (Dar-Fur; Kordofan) 0 02-CA 02-CAA (Kanem) (Darfur); perhaps also Chad 3 (Ennedi) anka* (Ennedi) ι page 50 03= The Linguasphere Register SUDANIC phylozone covers the "Central Sudanic" grouping (part of the "Nilo- Cameroon; Central African Rep.; Saharan" hypothesis); comprising 2 sets of languages (= 37 Chad; Congo-Zaire; Sudan; outer languages) spoken by communities in northern Central Uganda Africa, from Lake Chad to the Upper Nile: 03-A NGAMBAI+ BAKA bongo+ bagirmi Latin script 03-AAA-aa NGAMBAI+ BAKA set NGAMBAI+ YULU chain NGAMBAI+ BARMA net Barma+ Beraku tar-barma 03-AAA-aaa 03-AAA-aab 03-A 03-AA 03-AAA 1999 / 2000 edition 6 03-B MANGBETU+ MORU "Wider"-Bagirmi Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Shuwa) Chad; Cameroon; Nigeria Υ 4 tar-bagrimma, bagrimma, bagirmi, baghirmi, lis, tar-lisi, lisi, in [51] Français: baguirmi, baguirmien, baguirmé further idioms to be added Chad (Chari-Baguirmi); Cameroon (Extrême-Nord); Nigeria (Borno) 4 masenya ⊕Massénya (Chari-Baguirmi) buso ⊕Bousso (Chari-Baguirmi) 03-AAA-aac barma-W. ⊕Maiduguri>E. (Borno); (Extrême-Nord) 03-AAA-ab beraku berakou, babalia community, bubalia community Chad (Chari-Baguirmi) 03-AAA-aba gulfey ⊕Goulfey-E. (Chari-Baguirmi) 03-AAA-abb lairi ⊕Lairi valley (Chari-Baguirmi) 03-AAA-b Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Shuwa) Chad (Chari-Baguirmi; Batha) 4 03-AAA-ba Kuka+ Kodoi kuka kouka, tar-lisi 2, lisi 2 ⊕Bokoro... Ati sous-préfectures Chad (Chari-Baguirmi; Batha) 4 03-AAA-baa masakori ⊕Massakori>E. (Chari-Baguirmi) 03-AAA-bab batha ⊕Batha valley (Batha) 03-AAA-bac ras-el-fil ⊕Ras-el-fil>S. Chad 03-AAA-bb bilala kodoi Kenga boulala, bulala, mage, ma Chad (Chari-Baguirmi; Batha) mudogo, medogo, midogo, modogo, mud ⊕Ati-SW. Chad (Batha) Hadjeray ⊕Bitkine environs Εmales bilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Shuwa) #hadjeray in [12] 'Arabiyya =«mountain-folk» Chad (Guéra) tar-cenge tar-binama tar-bolongo tar-murba tar-jaie Disa disa Ngambai+ Majingai cenge, tar-cene, cenga, kenge, kenga, kenya, bokiyo Chad (Guéra) binama Chad (Guéra) bolongo Chad (Guéra) murba Chad (Guéra) jaie, jaye, djaya ⊕Djaya Chad (Guéra) 03-AAA-a 03-AAA-bc 03-AAA-c 03-AAA-ca 03-AAA-cb 03-AAA-cc 03-AAA-cd 03-AAA-ce 03-AAA-d 03-AAA-da Chad (Moyen-Chari) ⊕Iro-NW.lake (Moyen-Chari) majingai+ ngam; part of sara Chad; Cameroon; Central African Rep. Υ murum ngambai sara-murum, mouroum Chad (Tandjilé) ngambay, gambai, sara, sara-ngambai, gamba, gambaye, gamblai, sara-gambai Chad (Tandjilé; Logone Occidental; Logone Oriental); Cameroon adjacent dagba-goré mbai-doba daba ⊕Goré>NE. Chad (Logone Oriental) 03-AAA-ed mbay-doba ⊕Doba Chad (Logone Oriental; Tandjilé) 03-AAA-eda mango ⊕Mango (Logone Oriental; Tandjilé) 03-AAA-edb mbai-koro koro ⊕Koro (Logone Oriental) 03-AAA-ee mbai-gor Chad (Moyen-Chari) 03-AAA-ef gor laka lak, lag, kabba-laka Chad (Logone Oriental); Cameroon (Nord); Central African Rep. (Ouham-Pendé) 03-AAA-efa laka-baïbokoum ⊕Baïbokoum>W. (Logone Oriental) 03-AAA-efb laka-W. 03-AAA-efc laka-SE. 03-AAA-eg mbai mbay, moissala-mbai, mbay-moissala, sara-mbai, bai ⊕Moissala environs Chad (Moyen-Chari); Cameroon; Central African Rep. 03-AAA-eh mbai-kan dagba-batangafo majingai kan, mbai-ka Chad (Moyen-Chari) daba 2 ⊕Batangafo Central African Rep. (Ouham) majingay, madja-ngai, moggingain, madjingaye, sara-madjingay, saramajingai, sara, ta-sar, sar ⊕Sarh... Chad (Moyen-Chari); Central African Rep. 03-AAA-e 03-AAA-ea 03-AAA-eb 03-AAA-ec 03-AAA-ei 03-AAA-ej 03-AAA-ek 03-AAA-el 03-AAA-em 03-AAA-en nar no peni bejondo 1 4 4 3* 5 5 4 (Nord) (Ouham-Pendé) 5 Chad (Moyen-Chari) sara-no Chad (Moyen-Chari) pen ⊕Peni Chad (Moyen-Chari) mbai-bejondo, mbay-bediondo, mbay-bejondo Chad (Moyen-Chari; Logone Oriental) 4 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory 03-AAA-eo gulai gulei, gulay, sara-gulay, in [51] Français: goulei, goulay, goulaye Chad (Tandjilé; Moyen-Chari) 03-AAA-eoa lai ⊕Lai (Tandjilé; Moyen-Chari) 03-AAA-eob koumra ⊕Koumra (Tandjilé; Moyen-Chari) 03-AAA-eoc sahr ⊕Sahr (Tandjilé; Moyen-Chari) 03-AAA-ep gula-W. ngam sara-gula, sara-goula ⊕Iro-NW.lake distinct from [03] Gula-E. Chad (Moyen-Chari) ngama, sara-ngama, sar-ngam ⊕Ngam Chad (Moyen-Chari); Central African Rep. 03-AAA-eq page 51 4 4 sara-kaba; part of sara Chad; Central African Rep. Υ 4 03-AAA-fa gama Kaba tar-kaba kaba-W., kabba Chad (Logone Oriental); also Central African Rep. (Ouham); 4 03-AAA-faa kaba-pawa kabba-paoua ⊕Paoua (Logone Oriental) 03-AAA-fab kaba-baïbokum kabba-baïbokoum ⊕Baïbokoum>W. (Logone Oriental) 03-AAA-fb dunjo kaba-dunjo, sara-dunjo Central African Rep. (Ouham) 03-AAA-fba kuki kouki ⊕Kouki (Ouham) 03-AAA-fbb markunda markounda, marcounda ⊕Marcounda… Chad frontier (Ouham) 03-AAA-fc deme, ndemi, ndim, kaba-demi, kaba-dem, kaba-'dem ⊕Demi Chad (Moyen Chari) siime, kaba-sime Chad (Moyen Chari) ⊕Mara Chad (Moyen Chari) 03-AAA-g demi sime mara kuruwer bumayga boho jaha ndoko kulfa male kurumi soko na dana banga tye jinge joko hor Vale 03-AAA-ga ruto rito, luto, routo, louto Chad (Moyen-Chari); Central African Rep. (Ouham) 03-AAA-gb vale "proper" Central African Rep. (Ouham) daba 3 ⊕Dagba Central African Rep. (Ouham) ndouka Central African Rep. (Ouham) tane Central African Rep. (Ouham) 03-AAB-a vale-A. vale-dagba nduka tana tele YULU+ BINGA net Yulu+ Binga 03-AAB-aa gula-E. yamegi-NW., goula-E., in [51] Français: goula de Mamoun ⊕Mamoun distinct from [03] Gula-W. Central African Rep. (Vakaga) 03-AAB-ab kara yamegi-SE. ⊕Kafia-Kingi Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 03-AAB-aba nguru kuro (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 03-AAB-abb bubu koyo (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 03-AAB-ac yulu youlou Sudan (Dar-Fur; Bahr-el-Ghazal); Central African Rep. (Haute-Kotto; Vakaga) 3 03-AAB-aca yulu-W. ⊕Voulou… (Haute-Kotto; Vakaga) 3 03-AAB-acb yulu-E. ⊕between Sa'id Bundas… Raga (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 03-AAB-ad binga 03-AAB-ada binga-N. 03-AAB-adb binga-S. 03-AAB-ae furu 03-AAA-er 03-AAA-f 03-AAA-fd 03-AAA-fe 03-AAA-ff 03-AAA-fg 03-AAA-fh 03-AAA-fi 03-AAA-fj 03-AAA-fk 03-AAA-fl 03-AAA-fm 03-AAA-fn 03-AAA-fo 03-AAA-fp 03-AAA-fq 03-AAA-fr 03-AAA-fs 03-AAA-ft 03-AAA-fu 03-AAA-gc 03-AAA-gd 03-AAA-ge 03-AAA-gf 03-AAB Chad (Tandjilé) 4 4 Chad (Moyen Chari) kaba-bumayga Chad (Moyen Chari) kaba-boho Chad (Moyen Chari) kaba-jaha Chad (Moyen Chari) kaba-ndoko Chad (Moyen Chari) Chad (Moyen Chari) ⊕Male Chad (Moyen Chari) kaba-kurumi, so, kaba-so Chad (Moyen-Chari) suka, souka, kaba-souka ⊕Iro-S. lake Chad (Moyen-Chari) kaba-na, kaba-nar, kaba-naa ⊕Kyabé>N. Chad (Moyen-Chari) kaba-dana ⊕Kyabé>N. Chad (Moyen-Chari) mbanga, kaba-mbanga Chad (Moyen-Chari; also Salamat) tié, kaba-tié, tiyé Chad (Moyen-Chari) dendje, dindje, dunje, kaba-dunje, dinje, denje Chad (Moyen-Chari) ndioko, kaba-joko ⊕Njoko Central African Rep. horo Central African Rep. Chad (Moyen-Chari); Central African Rep. (Ouham) Υ 4 3 4 Central African Rep. (Ouham) yamegi+ binga Central African Rep.; Sudan; Congo/Zaire (Equateur) Υ 4 Sudan (Darfur; Bahr-el-Ghazal); Central African Rep. (Vakaga) 3 ⊕Habbaniya district (Darfur); Vakaga) 3 ⊕Raga>W. (Bahr-el-Ghazal) ⊕Bosobolo>E. Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4 page 52 03-AAC The Linguasphere Register SHAMYAN+ GELE net Shamyan taar-shamyan Gele gele 1999 / 2000 edition Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Darfur) Υ 3 shamyan, shemya, shamya, zimirra, symiar-ta, sinyar, sinya (Ouaddaï); (Darfur) 3 ⊕Dar Fongoro highlands: Mongororo>S. Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Darfur) Υ 1* fongoro, kole, formona ¶spoken by community of hunter-gatherers, perhaps extinct Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Darfur) 1 03-ABA-a BAKA+ BONGO chain BAKA net Baka ⊕Baka... Bagbele Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) Υ 4 03-ABA-aa tara-baaka baka, m-baka Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 4 03-ABB bungu, dor ¶spoken by scattered communities of hunters Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; Equatoria) 3 03-ABB-aa BONGO net Bongo bongo-A. Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; also Equatoria) 3 03-ABB-aaa busere-bongo ⊕Wau>S.: Busseri water-course (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 03-ABB-aab tonj-bongo ⊕Tonj>S.: Ibba, Tonj valley (Bahr-el-Ghazal; also Equatoria) 03-ABB-ab 03-ACA-a bungo MODO+ MOROKODO chain MODO+ MOLO net Modo 03-ACA-aa 03-ACA-aaa 03-AAC-a 03-AAC-aa 03-AAC-b 03-AAC-ba 03-AB 03-ABA 03-ABB-a 03-AC 03-ACA Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) Sudan (Equatoria; also Bahr-elGhazal) 4 jur-modo Sudan (Equatoria) 4 modo-lali (Equatoria) 03-ACA-aab modo-kirim (Equatoria) 03-ACA-ab lori wira mittu Nyamusa+ Molo nyamusa molo MO'DA net Mo'da mo'da MOROKODO net Morokodo morokodo-A. biti mädu BELI chain BELI net Jur-Beli wulu bahri-girinti sopi KPARA+ ORLO chain KPARA+ ORLO net Kpara Sudan (Equatoria) 03-ACA-ac 03-ACA-ad 03-ACA-b 03-ACA-ba 03-ACA-bb 03-ACB 03-ACB-a 03-ACB-aa 03-ACC 03-ACC-a 03-ACC-aa 03-ACC-ab 03-ACC-ac 03-AD 03-ADA 03-ADA-a 03-ADA-aa 03-ADA-ab 03-ADA-ac 03-AE 03-AEA 03-AEA-a 03-AEA-aa 03-AEA-ab 03-AEA-ac 03-AEA-ad 03-AEA-ae 03-AEA-af 03-AEA-ag 03-AEA-b 03-AEA-ba dongo naka gbaya-ngbongbo gbaya-ndogo gbaya-gboko gbaya-dara aja Orlo orlo ⊕Mvolo... Era, Na'am+ Olo valleys Sudan (Equatoria) wetu ¶probably extinct nyamura Sudan (Equatoria) 0* Sudan (Equatoria) 3 Sudan (Equatoria) 3 Sudan (Equatoria) gberi ⊕Mvolo>NW. Sudan (Equatoria; Bahr-el-Ghazal) 2 moda, muda, gberi, gweri, gbara, beri, veri Sudan (Equatoria; Bahr-el-Ghazal) 2 ⊕between Amadi... Maridi Sudan (Equatoria) 3 ma'di, kodo Sudan (Equatoria) 3 Sudan (Equatoria) 2 mä'du Sudan (Equatoria) beli, beili, behli, 'beli Sudan (Equatoria; Bahr-el-Ghazal) ⊕Wulu... Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) ⊕Bahri-Girinti... Nyiropo lake Sudan (Equatoria; Bahr-el-Ghazal) supi Sudan 3 KRESH kresh "proper", kpala, kparla, kapala, kresh, kreish, kreich, kredj ⊕Kuru... Deim Zubeir... Raga... Angbanga... Kata... Menangba... Boro... Kafia Kingi... Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; Dar-Fur); also Central African Rep. (HauteKotto) Υ ⊕Hobbinya district Sudan (Dar-Fur) kresh-boro Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) ngbongbo, 'hofra', 'kresh-hofra', 'kpala-hofra' Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) ndogo, kresh-ndogo, kresh-dogo Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 4 Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) kresh-S. Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 woro, oro, ori Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 53 Latin script 03-BAA-aa MANGBETU+ MORU set MANGBETU+ MORU chain MORU+ URULEBA net Moru+ Andri kala-moru 03-BAA-aaa miza moru-miza (Equatoria) 03-BAA-aab kala-kädiro-si kädiro, kediro, kediru, kadiru, kedero ⊕Amadi>E. (Equatoria) 03-BAA-aac kadiro-E. 'maku'ba' ⊕Tapari valley: Tindalu>S. (Equatoria) 03-BAA-aad laka-madi laka-ma'di (Equatoria) 03-BAA-ab ändri, moro-ändri Sudan (Equatoria) 'bäli'bä, boliba, balimba Sudan (Equatoria) ägi Sudan (Equatoria) 3 wa'di-ti, wa'di, moru-wa'di, moru-wadi ⊕Maridi>N. Sudan (Equatoria) 2 03-BAA-b andri bälibä kala-ägi wadi-ti Avokaya+ Odzila "wider" avukaya Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) Υ 4 03-BAA-ba avokaya avukaya "proper", "pure" avukaya, abukeia Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 4 03-BAA-bb odzila-ti odzila-wa, odzili, odzili-wa, ojila ⊕Era, Na'am+ Olo valleys Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 3 03-BAA-bc ajiga-ti äjigä-ti, äjigä, ädzigä-ti, ojigä, ajigu, ajugu, aga-moru ⊕between Yei... Maridi Sudan (Equatoria) 3 03-BAA-c Logo+ Bäri Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre); formerly Sudan (Equatoria) former Υ 5 03-BAA-ca logo-ti logo-kuli ⊕Faradje environs Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre); formerly Sudan (Equatoria) 5 03-BAA-caa oga-muru ogambi-N., logo-N. (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-cab lolya logo-C. (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-cac tabulaga ⊕Obi valley (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-cad tabuloba ⊕Obi valley (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-cae obi-lebha obe-lebha, obi-leba (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-caf bhagira 03-BAA-cag doka 03-BAA-cah ogambi ogambi-N. (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-cb bari-logo, bari-W. ⊕Watsa>N. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 1 Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire Υ 4 03-BAA-da bäri-ti Kaliko+ Dida dida+ dogo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 3 03-BAA-daa didi 03-BAA-dab dogo 03-BAA-db kaliko 03-BAA-dba kaliko-W. 03-BAA-dbb kaliko-E. 03-BAA-e Aringa-Lugbara, 'low' lugbara ⊕Albert lake>N. Uganda (West Nile) kulu-'ba community ⊕Aringa-N. county classification to be confirmed Uganda (West Nile) 03-BAA-eb Andreleba+ Kulu kulu-ti andre-leba-ti andre, leba, part of lugbara-ti, logbara, logbware, lugware Uganda (West Nile) 03-BAA-eba andre-leba-N. ⊕Aringa-S. county… Terego-N. county… Madi-S. sub-district (West Nile) 03-BAA-ebb andre-leba-S. ⊕Terego-S. county… (part) Vura+ Madi counties… Aivu county: Riki (West Nile) 03-BAA-f Uruleba Arua-Lugbara, 'high' lugbara, uru-leba-ti, uru-le-ti, uru, terego-lugbara, part of lugbara-ti, logbara, logbware, lugware ⊕Arua... Aru... Uganda (West Nile); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) Υ 5 03-BAA-fa vura+ aluru Uganda (West Nile); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 5 03-BAA-faa vura+ opia ⊕Vura… Opia, Opika… Logiri counties (West Nile) 03-BAA-fab otsho otso ⊕Otso (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-fac aluru alur 2 ⊕Aluru distinct from neighbouring [04] Aluur (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-fb ⊕Aivu county: Pajulu+ Oluku+ Yaule+ Aroi… Maraca county: Kijomeru Uganda (West Nile) 03-BAA-fc padzulu nyo nio, nyio ⊕Aivu county: Nyio+ Mbaraka+ Adumi… Nio+ Lu Uganda (West Nile); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-fd zaki+ maratsa 03-BAA-fda maratsa maraca ⊕Maraca county (West Nile) 03-BAA-fdb zaki lui, lu ⊕Aholo-Zaki (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAA-fdc abedju+ azaki 03-BAA-fe oka Okollo okollo 03-B 03-BA 03-BAA 03-BAA-a 03-BAA-ac 03-BAA-ad 03-BAA-ae 03-BAA-d 03-BAA-ea 03-BAA-g 03-BAA-ga ⊕Mundri district Sudan (Equatoria) 4 Sudan (Equatoria) 4 3 (Haut-Zaïre) (Haut-Zaïre) kaliko-ma'di, keliko-madi, madi-NW., part of ma'di-ti, ma'di, madi-ti, madi ⊕Aru environs (Haut-Zaïre) (Haut-Zaïre) käliko, kaliko ⊕Yei>S. Congo/Zaire (Equatoria) 3 (Equatoria) (Equatoria) 5 5 Uganda (West Nile); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) (Haut-Zaïre) (Haut-Zaïre) part of ma'di-ti, ma'di, madi-ti, madi Uganda (West Nile) madi-okollo (West Nile) 4* page 54 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition part of ma'di-ti, ma'di, madi-ti, madi Uganda (West Nile) madi-ogoko (West Nile) part of ma'di-ti, ma'di, madi-ti, madi Uganda (West Nile) madi-moyo (West Nile) part of ma'di-ti, ma'di, madi-ti, madi Uganda (West Nile) madi-oyuwi (West Nile) madi-NE.; part of ma'di-ti, ma'di, madi-ti, madi Sudan (Equatoria) madi-lokai ⊕Opari district (Equatoria) madi-pandikeri ⊕Opari district (Equatoria) madi-'burulo, 'burulo, ⊕Nimule environs (Equatoria) part of ma'di-ti, ma'di, madi-ti, madi ⊕Opari district: Luluba hills Sudan (Equatoria); Uganda Υ madi-olubo, olobo, luluba, olu'bo, ondoe, lolubo, olubo-go community (Equatoria); Uganda adjacent 03-BAB-ab Madi-Ogoko ogoko Moyo moyo Oyuwi oyuwi Lokai+ Pandikeri lokai pandikeri burulo Olubo olubo-ti MANGBETU+ NGBELE net Mangbetu+ Ngbele na-mangbetu-ti na-meje-ti 03-BAB-aba 03-BAB-abb 03-BAA-h 03-BAA-ha 03-BAA-i 03-BAA-ia 03-BAA-j 03-BAA-ja 03-BAA-k 03-BAA-ka 03-BAA-kb 03-BAA-kc 03-BAA-l 03-BAA-la 03-BAB 03-BAB-a 03-BAB-aa Congo/Zaire; Uganda Υ 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 5 mangbetu-ti, mangbettu, mambetto, ki-ngbetu; a-mangbetu community Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) meje, meje-ti, meeje, medye, medje, megye; ne-meeje, e-meeje community ⊕Paulis territoire Uganda (West Nile) rungu ⊕Rungu valley (West Nile) nala ⊕Nala valley (West Nile) 03-BAB-abc tely ⊕Tely valley (West Nile) 03-BAB-abd nepoko ⊕Nepoko valley (West Nile) 03-BAB-ac makere; a-makere community Uganda (West Nile) ⊕Uélé valley: Amadi Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) a-ma-popoi community Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) aberu, abulu, aburu, babeyru Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) mabisanga; a-mabisanga community ⊕Niangara territoire Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAB-ah na-makere-ti ba-kango na-ma-popoi-ti na-aberu-ti na-mabisanga ma-ngbele distinct from [93] ma-Logo (ma-Ngbele) & [99] li-Ngbee (ma-Ngbele) Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAB-aha watsa ⊕Watsa territoire (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAB-ahb gombari ⊕Gombari (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAB-ai na-majuu odya-lombi-to majuu, madzuu, maidjuwu; a-majuu community ⊕Paulis territoire Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) lombi, lumbi, rombi, rumbi; odya-lombi, ba-lumbi, ba-rombi, ba-rumbi, rumli community ⊕Opienge territoire Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) asua, aka; part of ituri "pygmies" ¶scattered community (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-a asua-ti MAMVU+ MANGBUTU net Mamvu+ Efe 03-BAC-aa amengi ⊕between Tonga mines… Wanga 03-BAC-aaa muledre 03-BAC-aab maijiru moodu (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-ab tengo mamvu, mämvu, momvu, momfu, modo ⊕Watsa>SW. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-aba karuka+ lendu ⊕Karuka… Lendu chiefdoms (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-abb mamvu-kebo (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-abc mari+ minza (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-abd andobi (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-abe bari (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-abf mamvu-karo 03-BAC-abg ande-gofa mämvu-SW. ⊕Bomokandi+ Ituri headwaters (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-ac lese lesse, lesa, lissi, mbuti; wa-lese, wa-lisi, ba-lese community ⊕Watsa... Djugu... Irumu... Mambasa districts Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-aca lese-otsodu "forest" lese (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-acb n-dese dese, lese-dese (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-acc andali 03-BAC-acd lese-karo "mountain" lese (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-ace obi vonkutu, vukutu (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-acf arumbi "upstream" lese (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-acg fare 03-BAC-ad mvu'ba-a 03-BAC-ada oicha 03-BAC-adb obi-ye buamba Uganda 03-BAC-ae efe, part of ituri "pygmies" ⊕Watsa... Djugu... Irumu... Mambasa districts Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 4 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 4 03-BAC-ba efe-e Mangbutu+ Andinai mangbutu-li mangbutu, mombuttu, wambutu, mangu-ngutu ⊕Kibali... Moto valleys Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 4 03-BAC-baa mongbutu ⊕Aribi (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-bab mangbutu-karo "upstream" mangbutu ⊕Kibali upstream (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAB-ad 03-BAB-ae 03-BAB-af 03-BAB-ag 03-BAB-aj 03-BAB-ak 03-BAC 03-BAC-b Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre; Kivu); also Uganda Υ 5 5 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) (Haut-Zaïre) 4 (Haut-Zaïre) 4 (Haut-Zaïre) (Haut-Zaïre) mvu'ba, mbuba, mvuba; ba-mvuba, ba-mbuba community ⊕Oicha… Congo/Zaire (Kivu); also Uganda 3 (Kivu) 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory 03-BAC-bac mangbutu-lobo "downstream" mangbutu ⊕Kibali downstream (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-bb awimeri angwe makutana andinai bamodo Ndo ke'bu-tu a'imeri, "forest" mangbutu Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) andali clan Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) makutano ⊕Makutano Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAC-bc 03-BAC-bd 03-BAC-be 03-BAC-bf 03-BAC-c 03-BAC-ca 03-BAC-cb 03-BAC-cc 03-BAD 03-BAD-a Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) page 55 3 ⊕Bamodo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) ⊕Mahagi... Djalasiga-NW. Congo/Zaire; also Uganda Υ 5 ke'bu, o-ke'bu, o-kebu, ndo-o-ke'bu, kebu, "blacksmith's" ndo ¶spoken by blacksmiths' community Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 5 avari-tu membi JO+ NDRU net Jo+ Bale jo-dha bale-dha go-dha avari, ndo-avari, avare, aviri-tu, avere Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) LENDU, ki-lendu, ba-le-ndru, ba-le, ba-lega, wa-lega 5 lendu-N., ki-lendu-N. ⊕Albert lake>W.+NW. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) jo, ji, dja, ji-dha, dja-dha, hema-N., ki-hema-N.; ba-hema community (Haut-Zaïre) bale, 'bale, bbale, bba, baa, ba, bbale-dha, bba-dha, ba-dha, bale-tha (Haut-Zaïre) go, ma-mbisa; ba-mbisa, "lendu-speaking" alur community Χformer [04] Alur speech community (Haut-Zaïre) ta (Haut-Zaïre) pi (Haut-Zaïre) ke, o-kebu 2, "blacksmith's" lendu ¶spoken by blacksmiths' community (Haut-Zaïre) ddra (Haut-Zaïre) njaw (Haut-Zaïre) "wider" lendu-S. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 5 03-BAD-ba ta-dha pi-dha ke-dha ddra-lo njaw-lo Ndru+ Bendi n-dru-na dru, n-dru, dru-na, lendu-S. ⊕Bunia>S. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 5 03-BAD-baa zadu ¶spoken by Chief Zadu's community (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAD-bab monobi ¶spoken by Chief Monobi's community (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAD-bac kabona ¶spoken by Chief Kabona's community (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAD-bad ngiti ngeti, ki-ngiti, ki-ngeti (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAD-bb ma-bendi bendi, ma-beni, bindi Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) 03-BAD-aa 03-BAD-ab 03-BAD-ac 03-BAD-ad 03-BAD-ae 03-BAD-af 03-BAD-ag 03-BAD-ah 03-BAD-b page 56 04= The Linguasphere Register NILOTIC phylozone 1999 / 2000 edition covers the "Nilotic" grouping (part of the "East-Sudanic" Congo-Zaire; Kenya; Sudan; hypothesis within the "Nilo-Saharan" hypothesis); comprising Tanzania; Uganda 3 sets of languages (= 45 outer languages) spoken by communities in Northeast and East Africa, along or near the Nile and Rift valleys: 04-A LUO+ NAATH 04-C NANDI+ BARABA 7 04-B TESO+ MAASAI LUO+ NAATH set NAATH+ PADANG chain PADANG+ BOR net NILOTIC-WEST Latin script Padang+ Ngok padang jiang-NE., jieng-NE., dinka-NE. Sudan (Upper Nile) 5 04-AAA-aa padan; jaang; "white-nile" dinka ⊕White Nile right-bank: Renk, Ar-Rank downstream Sudan (Upper Nile) 5 04-AAA-aaa abialang abialan, dinka-ibrahim, including akoon… bawom, bowom… giel ⊕Renk, Ar-Rank environs (Upper Nile) 3 04-AAA-aab paloc poloic, including ageer, ager, ageir… abuya… beer… niel, nyel ⊕Melut… Khor Adar (Upper Nile) 5* 04-AAA-aac dongjol "standard" dinka-N., "lower" padang; donjol ⊕Kodok opposite bank (Upper Nile) 4 04-AAA-ab ngok-sobat, nok, ngork ⊕Sobat valley Sudan (Upper Nile) 4 04-AAA-ac ngok thoi+ luac ⊕Filus valley Sudan (Upper Nile) 3 04-AAA-aca thoi ⊕White Nile+ Filus confluence (Upper Nile) 2 04-AAA-acb luac luaic ⊕Filus lower valley (Upper Nile) 3 04-AAA-ad ⊕Bahr-el-Zaraf valley Sudan (Upper Nile) 3 jiang-NW., jieng-NW., dinka-NW. Sudan (Upper Nile; also Kordofan) 4 04-AAA-ba rut Ruweng ruweng rueng, ruwen ⊕White Nile+ Bahr-el-Ghazal+ Bahr-el-'Arab left-bank Sudan (Upper Nile; also Kordofan) 4 04-AAA-baa pawang paweng ⊕White Nile left-bank: Atar… No lake (Upper Nile) 04-AAA-bab kwil ⊕Bahr-el-Ghazal left-bank: No lake>N.& W. (Upper Nile) 04-AAA-bac awet ⊕Bahr-el-Ghazal left-bank: No… Abiad lakes (Upper Nile) 04-AAA-bad alor ⊕Bahr-el-Ghazal left-bank: Wang Kai>N. (Upper Nile) 04-AAA-bae jok ngok 2, ngok-kordofan ⊕Bahr-el-'Arab left-bank (Upper Nile; Kordofan) 04-AAA-baf pan-aru* 04-AAA-c jiang-SW., jieng-SW., dinka-SW. Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 5 04-AAA-ca Malual+ Rek malual+ tuic ⊕Bahr-el-Arab… Lol valleys Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 04-AAA-caa malual malwal, including atoktou, atokto… duliit-N., dulit-N., duluit-N.… korok… akem… peth… makem (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 04-AAA-cab abiem abiem community, including duliit-S., dulit-S., duluit-S.… ajong-dit, ajong-thi… akany-jok, akern-jok… apuoth, apwoth, anei… lou (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 04-AAA-cac tuic twic, twich, twij (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 04-AAA-cb palioupiny palioping, palyoupiny ⊕Kuru valley Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 04-AAA-cba gomjuer gomjier (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-cbb cimel cemel, chemiel (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-cbc ajuet ajwet (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-cbd akuang-ayat akwak-ayat (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-cc rek raik, dinka-W. ⊕Jur valley Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-cca rek-C. rek "proper" (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-ccb paliet rek-NW., baliet (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-ccc luac-W. luaic-W. (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-ccd aguok agwok (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-cce apuk 04-AAA-ccf awan 04-AAA-ccg lau-SW. lau (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-cch rek-V. "vehicular" rek (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-d Gok+ Aliap jiang-S., jieng-S., dinka-S. Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; Upper Nile; also Equatoria) 04-AAA-da gok agar+ ciec cok, gauk ⊕Tonj valley Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-db dinka-SW. ⊕Sudd marshes Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; also Upper Nile) 04-AAA-dba agar "standard" dinka-S.; gar ⊕Sudd-SW. marshes (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAA-dbb ciec ciek, cic, chich, kwac, ajak, including ador ⊕Sudd-S. marshes (Bahr-el-Ghazal; also Upper Nile) 04-A 04-AA 04-AAA 04-AAA-a 04-AAA-b "Nuer"+ "Dinka" DINKA, jiang, jieng, thong-jieng, thong-de-jieng, thong-jiang, thong-dejiang ¶disrupted by war and famine in late 20th century (Upper Nile…) 5* 4 (Bahr-el-Ghazal) (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 5 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 57 04-AAA-dc aliap aliab ⊕Gel, Tapari valley upstream to Tali Post Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; Upper Nile; Equatoria adjacent) 04-AAA-dca aker ⊕Gel, Tapari valley upstream to Tali Post (Bahr-el-Ghazal; Equatoria adjacent) 04-AAA-dcb thany ⊕Nile right-bank: Matek environs (UpperNile; Equatoria adjacent) 04-AAA-e jiang-SE., jieng-SE., dinka-SE. Sudan (Upper Nile) 5 04-AAA-ea Bor+ Nyarueng bor+ twi ⊕White Nile right-bank distinct from [04] Belanda (Bor) Sudan (Upper Nile) 5 04-AAA-eaa bor-gok bor (Upper Nile) 4 04-AAA-eab athoc bor-athoi, bor-athoic, atoc (Upper Nile) 4 04-AAA-eac twi (Upper Nile) 4 04-AAA-eb nyarueng+ ghol ⊕Bahr-el-Zaral right-bank Sudan (Upper Nile) 4 04-AAA-eba nyarueng nyarreweng, nyarweng, narreweng (Upper Nile) 3 04-AAA-ebb ghol (Upper Nile) 4 04-AAB NAATH+ ATUOT net Naath "WIDER"-NUER Nuer, thog-naath, naadh, nuer "proper", abigar, abbigar ¶communities th disrupted by war and famine in late 20 century Sudan (Upper Nile); also Ethiopia (Ilubabor) Υ 6* "standard" nuer; thyan, thiäng, tyäng ⊕Zeraf-C. island Sudan (Upper Nile) 4 gaweir, gawäär Sudan (Upper Nile) 3* 04-AAB-ac thiang gawaar door+ nyuong door+ nyuong ⊕Bahr-el-Jebel left-bank Sudan (Upper Nile) 3 04-AAB-aca door dor (Upper Nile) 04-AAB-acb nyuong nyuon (Upper Nile) 04-AAB-ad dar-cieng cieng, cien #cieng=«in the centre» ⊕Bahr-el-Jebel left-bank Sudan (Upper Nile) 04-AAB-ada aak 04-AAB-adb dok 04-AAB-ae jagai ⊕Jur right-bank 04-AAB-af jagei leek+ laak 04-AAB-afa leek leegh, leex, leik ⊕Bahr-el-Ghazal+ Bahr-el-Jebel inter-riverine (Upper Nile) 04-AAB-afb laak lak ⊕Bahr-el-Jebel+ Bahr-el-Zeraf inter-riverine (Upper Nile) 04-AAB-ag bul jikany-W. lou jikany-E. ⊕Bahr-el-Ghazal left-bank: Yoynyang… Dalbur… Sudan (Upper Nile) 3* jikäny, jikain, jekaing ⊕Zeraf-N. island Sudan (Upper Nile) 4* nuer-E; lau 2 Sudan (Upper Nile) 4 jikäny-E., jekaing-E., jikain-E. Sudan (Upper Nile); Ethiopia (Ilubabor) 5 Cieng thok-cieng Atuot ⊕Lau right-bank: Yirol>S. Εbilingual in [04] Jiang-S. Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 04-AAB-ba atuot, atwot; reel community Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 04-AAB-baa apak afak, apak community (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AAB-bab aril aril community (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 04-AB COLO+ THURI chain COLO+ ANYWAA net Colo dho-colo-W. dho-colo-E. Anywaa 04-AAB-a 04-AAB-aa 04-AAB-ab 04-AAB-ah 04-AAB-ai 04-AAB-aj 04-AAB-b 04-ABA 04-ABA-a 04-ABA-aa 04-ABA-ab 04-ABA-b 04-ABA-ba 04-ABA-bb 04-ABA-bc 04-ABA-bd 04-ABA-c 04-ABA-ca 04-ABB 04-ABB-a 04-ABB-aa 04-ABB-ab 04-ABB-ac 04-ABB-b 04-ABB-ba 04-ABB-c 04-ABB-ca adongo lul openo ciro Pari lumi-pari THURI+ LWO net Thuri dhe-thuri dhe-bodho dhe-colo-S. Manangeer manangeer Lwo dhe-lwo 3 (Upper Nile) (Upper Nile) Sudan (Upper Nile) 3 Sudan (Upper Nile) 4 shilluk+ anywaa Shilluk, dho-colo, chulla, shulla; nywoli-colo community Sudan (Upper Nile) ⊕White-Nile left-bank Sudan (Upper Nile) colo-sobat ⊕Sobat valley Sudan (Upper Nile) dho-anywaa, anuak, anyuaa, anywa, yambo, jambo, yembo, anywak, anyuak, nuro, bar, burjin, miroy, moojanga, anyuae, anywae ⊕Pibor... Akobo... Baro… Gilo, Gila valleys Ethiopia (Ilubabor; Kefa); also Sudan (Upper Nile) Υ adono, adoyo Ethiopia (Ilubabor…) 5 4 Ethiopia (Ilubabor…) Ethiopia (Ilubabor…) ⊕Ciro Ethiopia (Kefa) ⊕Lafon mountain Sudan (Upper Nile) 3 lum-päri, fari, berri, madi-opari, o-pari, lokoro, lokooro, lopol, pari, päri Sudan (Upper Nile) 3 Εbilingual in [04] Jiang-SW. Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4* thuri, shatt-S., jo-thuri, wada-thuri ⊕between Kuru... Kpango rivers Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) bodho, boodho, dembo, demen, dombo ⊕Kpango left-bank Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) jur-shol, jo-colo ⊕Kpango right-bank Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) ⊕between Jur... Lol rivers Εbilingual in [04] Jiang-SW. Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) mananeer, jur-manangeer Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) ⊕Bisellia... Wau... Tonj Εbilingual in [04] Jiang-SW. Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 3* 3* 4 lwo-N., luo-N., dhe-luo, dhe-luwo, jur-lwo, jur-luo, jur, giur, luwo; jo-lwo community Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 4 page 58 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition DHEBOR net Dhebor* BELANDA dhe-bor, belanda, belanda-bor, rodi, de-bor, bor Χinter-marital relationship with speakers of [93] Viri (Belanda-Viri) distinct from [04] Bor+ Twi Εbilingual in [93] Viri Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; Equatoria) 4* ⊕Raffili Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; Equatoria) 4 ⊕Tambura>NW. Sudan (Equatoria) 4 ⊕Bandala>E. Sudan (Equatoria) 4 04-ACA dhe-bor-N. dhe-bor-W. dhe-bor-E. LUO+ ACHOLI chain ALUR net 04-ACA-a Aluur ⊕Albert lake>N. distinct from neighbouring [03] Aluru Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre); Uganda (West Nile) Υ 5 04-ACA-aa dho-aluur aluur, alur, alulu, lur, aluru, aloro, alua, luri, dho-alur Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre); Uganda (West Nile) 5 04-ACA-aaa aluur-A. jo-aluur, jo-alur community (Haut-Zaïre); (West Nile) 5* 04-ACA-aab nam jo-nam community ⊕White Nile valley: Pakwach… Alur escarpment (Haut-Zaïre); (West Nile) 5 04-ACA-aac ma-mbisa ba-mbisa community ¶extinct; former community now speaks [03] Lendu-N.(Go-dha) ⊕Kilo environs (Haut-Zaïre) 0 04-ACA-aad kot ju-kot, part of "alur-speaking" wa-hema community ¶spoken by community formerly speaking [99] Nyanza-C.(o-ro-Hima) (Haut-Zaïre) 4 04-ACA-aae nyoro wa-nyoro, part of "alur-speaking" wa-hema community ¶spoken by community formerly speaking [99] Nyanza-C.(o-ro-Hima) (Haut-Zaïre) 4 04-ACB 04-ACB-a ACHOLI+ KUMAM net Acholi+ Lango acoli+ lango distinct from neighbouring [04] Logiri+ Langgo 5 04-ACB-aa acholi+ lango-F. Sudan (Equatoria); Uganda (Acholi; Lango; Karamoja) Υ "standard" acholi+ lango, "standard" acoli+ lango former compromise standard, now abandoned Sudan (Equatoria); Uganda (Acholi) 04-ACB-ab acholi-A. acoli, acooli, akoli, atscholi, shuli, jo-gang, lo-gang, gang Sudan (Equatoria); Uganda (Acholi) 5 04-ACB-aba dok-acholi dok-acoli (Equatoria) 4 04-ACB-abb log-acholi log-acoli, acholi-C. (Acholi) 5 04-ACB-ac log-me-labwor labwor, log-me-labuor, abuor, tobur ⊕Labwor mountains Uganda (Acholi; Karamoja adjacent) 04-ACB-ad dho-pa-lwo nyakwai leb-lango Kumam kumam lwo-C., luo-C., dhopaluo, chopi, jafalu, shepalu, shifalu Uganda (Acholi) ngi-nyakwai community ⊕Labwor hills>S. Uganda (Karamoja; Lango) lango, leb-lano, omiru, lango-miro, lango-uganda Uganda (Lango; Acholi) 04-ABC 04-ABC-a 04-ABC-aa 04-ABC-ab 04-ABC-ac 04-AC 04-ACB-ae 04-ACB-af Uganda (Teso) 5 i-kumam-a, kumum, kuman, a-kum, a-kokolemu, lango-i-kokolemu community ⊕Kwania lake>S. Uganda (Teso) 5 ⊕Victoria lake>N.& NE. Uganda (Bukedi); Kenya (Northern; Nyanza); Tanzania (Mara) Υ 6 dho-p-adhola dho-luo p-adhola; budama, ludama, jo-p-adhola community ⊕Tororo environs Uganda (Bukedi) 5 luo-S., lwo-S., nyife, nife, jo-luo, gaya, "nilotic" kavirondo ⊕Kavirondo gulf... Mori river Kenya (Northern; Nyanza); Tanzania (Mara) 6 MUGHAJA+ MABAAN chain MUGHAJA+ MABAAN net Ragreig ragreig Mughaja+ Tarak maiak mughaja bogon tarak mufwa Mabaan+ Wadega BARUN, borun #barun, borun =cover-name used in [12] 'Arabiyya Sudan (Blue Nile) 3 Sudan (Blue Nile) 3 barun-N., borun-N., burun-N., "hill" burun, including lange, cai Sudan (Blue Nile); Ethiopia Υ 4 mayah ⊕Jebel Mayah, Jabel Mayyah mountain Sudan (Blue Nile) mu-mughadja community, mugaja, mughadja ⊕Jebel Mughaja mountain Sudan (Blue Nile) abuldugu, mugo-mborkoina ⊕Jebel Abulduga, Abuldugu mountain Sudan (Blue Nile) tarat, boit, mekormuk, kurmuk ⊕Jebel Kurmuk mountain Sudan (Blue Nile); Ethiopia frontier mopo ⊕Mufwa Sudan (Blue Nile) barun-S., borun-S., burun-S. Χtransition from [04] Barun ⊕Yabus+ Tombak valleys… Khor Daga Sudan (Blue Nile; Upper Nile); also Ethiopia (Welega) Υ ⊕Jebel Gerawi mountain Sudan (Blue Nile) mun-ulu, ulu ⊕Jebel Ulu mountain Sudan (Blue Nile) 04-ADA-cc gerawi begu jumjum berin, olga ⊕Khor Jumjum valley Sudan (Blue Nile) 04-ADA-cca tunya ⊕Jebel Tunga, Tunya mountain (Blue Nile) 04-ADA-ccb terta ⊕Jebel Terta mountain (Blue Nile) 04-ADA-cd wadega mabaan ⊕Jebel Wadega mountain Sudan (Blue Nile) maaban, meban, maban, gura, tungan, barga, tonko ⊕Yabus valley>S. Sudan (Blue Nile; Upper Nile) ); also Ethiopia (Welega adjacent) 04-ACB-b 04-ACB-ba 04-ACC 04-ACC-a 04-ACC-aa 04-ACC-ab 04-AD 04-ADA 04-ADA-a 04-ADA-aa 04-ADA-b 04-ADA-ba 04-ADA-bb 04-ADA-bc 04-ADA-bd 04-ADA-be 04-ADA-c 04-ADA-ca 04-ADA-cb 04-ADA-ce LUO net Luo+ Padhola ⊕Jebel Kashangaro mountains 4 4 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 59 04-B TESO+ MAASAI set NILOTIC-EAST, part of "paranilotic", "nilo-hamitic" grouping Latin script 04-BA BARI+ KAKWA chain BARI+ KAKWA net Mundari kutuk-na-mundari Bari+ Pöjulu BARIC 04-BAA-bb kutuk-na-bari nyangbara 04-BAA-bba nyangbara-NW. (Equatoria) 04-BAA-bbb nyangbara-NE. (Equatoria) 04-BAA-bbc nyangbara-S. 04-BAA-bc pöjulu 04-BAA-bca pöjulu-N. 04-BAA-bcb pöjulu-C. 04-BAA-bcc pöjulu-S. ⊕Loka>NW. (Equatoria) 04-BAA-bcd pöjulu-SW. ⊕Aba>N. (Equatoria)+ (Haut-Zaïre) frontier 04-BAA-bce pöjulu-SE. "pseudo" madi #spoken by so-called Madi community, distinct from speakers of [03] Madi languages ⊕Opari environs (Equatoria) 04-BAA-bd nyepu kutuk-na-kuku nyefu, ngyepu, nyepo, nypho ⊕Kajo-Kaji>NW. (Equatoria); 3 ⊕Kajo-Kaji plateau… Moyo environs Sudan (Equatoria); Uganda (West Nile) 4 ligo Kakwa liggo, liggi (Equatoria) 04-BAA-c 04-BAA-ca kakwa kwakwak, bari-kakwa, kakua Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre); Uganda (West Nile) 5 04-BAA-caa yei kakwa-yei ⊕Yei (Equatoria) 4 04-BAA-cab aba kakwa-aba ⊕Aba+ Mahagi (Haut-Zaïre) 4 04-BAA-cac yumbe kakwa-yumbe ⊕Yumbe (West Nile) 4 04-BB lokoya Sudan (Equatoria) 4 04-BBA-aa LOTUHO+ LOGIRI chain KHORIUK+ GHORIUK net Khoriuk o-ghutuk-no-khoriuk ghoriuk-N., khoriuk, koriuk, koriok, xoriuk, lo-koya, lo-koiya, lo-koja, loquia, o-xoriok, koyo; lo-ghoriuk community Sudan (Equatoria) 4 04-BBA-aaa o-woi lo-woi community ⊕Lueh mountain (Equatoria) 04-BBA-aab o-irya ellyria, lo-irya community ⊕Lyria mountain (Equatoria) 04-BBA-aac o-bolong o-bolong-acholi community (Equatoria) 04-BBA-b Ghoriuk netuk-on-o-ghoriuk 04-BAA 04-BAA-a 04-BAA-aa 04-BAA-b 04-BAA-ba 04-BAA-be 04-BAA-bf 4* ⊕Tali... Tindalu>E. Sudan (Equatoria) mundari, mondari, mandari, shir, chir, kir Sudan (Equatoria) beri; including lui 'freemen' community… dupi 'serf' community… tomonok fishing/smithing community… kulu'ba community ⊕both sides White Nile upper valley Sudan (Equatoria); also Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) frontier; Uganda (West Nile) Υ 5 bari "proper" ⊕White Nile valley: Terakeka... Kajo Kaji escarpment Sudan (Equatoria) 5 nyangwara, nyanggwara, nyambara ¶spoken by 3 enclaved communities ⊕Gworo-lorongo hills>N. Sudan (Equatoria) 3 (Equatoria) pujulu, pojulu, fadjulu, fajulu, fajelu, pajulu, madi ¶spoken by 5 enclaved communities Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre) frontier 4 (Equatoria) (Equatoria) Sudan (Equatoria); Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre); Uganda (West Nile) 5 Υ 04-BBA 04-BBA-a 04-BBA-ba Sudan (Equatoria) Sudan (Equatoria) ⊕Torit>N.+E.: Torit plains Lotuho-S. ("Karimojongised" Lotuho) is classified under [04]Teso+ Turkana Sudan (Equatoria) 5 5 04-BBB-a LOTUHO net Lotuho 04-BBB-aa o-tuho tuho, o-tuxo, tuxo, lo-tuko, lo-tuho, la-tuka, lattuka, lo-tuxo, lo-tuka, latuko, la-tooka; o-tuxo' community, o-lo-torit community Sudan (Equatoria) 04-BBB-ab lowudo logotok LOPIT+ LOMYA net Lopit+ Lomya rori-ne-lopit loudo, lauda ⊕Lowudo Sudan (Equatoria) 04-BBB 04-BBB-ac 04-BBC 04-BBC-a Sudan (Equatoria) lafit ⊕Lafit, Lopit mountains Sudan (Equatoria) lopit, loppit, lopi, loprit, lopid, lofit, lafite, lafit, lafiit; lo-lopit community ¶spoken by blacksmith's community Sudan (Equatoria) lomia, lomya community Sudan (Equatoria) 04-BBD-ab lomya DONGOTONO+ LORWAMA net Dongotono+ Lorwama ibalit-na-dongotono lorwama 04-BBD-ac lokathan 04-BBC-aa 04-BBC-ab 04-BBD 04-BBD-a 04-BBD-aa 3* khoriuk-S., ghoriuk, netuk-on-o-xoriuk, koriok-S., ghoriuk-S., "mountain" lotuho Sudan (Equatoria) dongotono "proper", dongotolo ⊕Dongotono mountains Sudan (Equatoria) lowama ⊕Madial environs ¶including community formerly speaking [04] Lotuho-S. (Ketebo)* Sudan (Equatoria) bira, ketebo Sudan (Equatoria) 3* 3* page 60 04-BBE 04-BBE-a The Linguasphere Register LOGIRI+ LANGGO net Logiri+ Langgo 1999 / 2000 edition Sudan (Equatoria); Uganda frontier 4 Υ 04-BBE-aa langgo lango-sudan, lango-N. Sudan (Equatoria) 04-BBE-aaa imatong ⊕Imatong mountains (Equatoria) 04-BBE-aab langgo-dongotono ⊕Dongotono-S.mountains (Equatoria) 04-BBE-ab logiri+ lolibai acholi-N., acholi-torit, torit Sudan (Equatoria) 04-BBE-aba logiri-dongotono ⊕Dongotono mountains (Equatoria) 04-BBE-abb lolibai ⊕Lolibai mountains (Equatoria); Uganda frontier 04-BBE-ac logiri-imatong ⊕Imatong hills Sudan (Equatoria) 04-BCA-a logir MAASAI+ NGASA chain MAASAI+ SAMPUR net Maasai ¶spoken by largely semi-nomadic pastoralist communities ⊕locations of communities are listed below as recorded at beginning of 20th century Kenya (Rift Valley; Central); Tanzania (Arusha; Morogoro) Υ 5 04-BCA-aa enkutuk-oo-l-maasai maasai, masai, maa, il-maasai, il-maasae community, ol-maa linguistic community Kenya (Rift Valley; Central); Tanzania (Arusha; Morogoro) 5 04-BCA-aaa sirya siria, i-sirya community (Rift Valley) 04-BCA-aab wuasinkishu il-wwäsin-kishu, l-uasin-gishu, including il-moitanik community ⊕GwasNgishu plateau (Rift Valley) 04-BCA-aac maasai-C. maasai-purko, including il-purko, purko… il-damat, damat… il-keekonyokie, keek-onyokie, il-käk-oonyokyo, naiposha… il-kinoopo, kinoopo; il-kinangop, kinangop, kinokop communities ⊕Naivasha lake environs… Kinangopmountain (Central; Rift Valley); (Arusha) 04-BCA-aad oytai l-oitai, il-oytai, oitai, l-oita community ⊕Natron lake>E. (Rift Valley); (Arusha) 04-BCA-aae ooddo-kila-ni il-oodo-kila-ni community ⊕Magadi lake>W. (Rift Valley) 04-BCA-aaf kankere laitokitok, il-dalalekutuk, dalalekutuk community (Rift Valley) 04-BCA-aag kore 04-BCA-aah kaputiei il-kaputyey, kaputyey community (Central; Roft Valley); Arusha) 04-BCA-aai matapato il-matapato, matapo community (Rift Valley); Arusha) 04-BCA-aaj kisongo il-kisonko, kisonko community (Arusha); also (Rift Valley) 04-BCA-aak arusha l-arusa, il-arusa, arusa community ⊕Arusha environs (Arusha) 04-BCA-aal baraguyu 04-BCA-aam sikirari i-sikirari, sighirari community ⊕Kilimanjaro mountain>W. (Arusha); also Rift Valley…) 04-BCA-aan kwavi wa-kwavi, wa-kwafi community, "peripheral" maasai community ⊕Handeni… Kilosa districts (Morogoro) 04-BCA-aao oigob el-oikob, l-oikop, l-okop, e-l-okop community, il-lumbwa, "agricultural" maasai community (Arusha); also (Rift Valley) 04-BCA-b Sampur+ Chamus sampur ¶spoken by nomadic pastioralists Kenya (Rift Valley) 4 04-BCA-ba sambur, samburu, il-ooibor-kineji, i-sampur community, 'il-ooibor-kineji', 'burkeneji' (= «community of the white goats»), nkutuk ⊕Nginyang... Maralal Kenya (Rift Valley) 4 04-BCA-bb chamus i-camus, tyamus, tiamus, njemps, nyamusi, il-chamus community ⊕Baringo lake Kenya (Rift Valley) 3 04-BCB ONGAMO ⊕Kilimanjaro east slope Tanzania (Kilimanjaro) 2 ongamo, shaka ¶nearly extinct Εbilingual in [99] Chaga (Kilimanjaro) 2 Sudan (Equatoria); Ethiopia (Kefa) 5 04-BDA-ab NGASA net Ngasa ngasa TESO+ TURKANA chain TESO+ TURKANA net Toposa+ Nyangatom jiye-N. akero-a-toposa 04-BDA-aba toposa-W. 04-BDA-abb toposa-E. 04-BDA-ac aku-tuk-anginyangatom puma 04-BC 04-BCA 04-BCB-a 04-BCB-aa 04-BD 04-BDA 04-BDA-a 04-BDA-aa 04-BDA-ad maasai+ ongamo maa (Rift Valley) (Arusha) Υ jie distinct from [04] Jiye-S. Sudan (Equatoria) toposa, topotha, dabosa, tabosa, taposa, akeroa, akara, kare, khumi, huma, kum, kumi, abo ⊕Zingietta... Lokalyen valleys Sudan (Equatoria) 4 (Equatoria) (Equatoria) nyangatom, ngiangom; part of dongiro, i-dongiro, donyiro, i-donyiro community ⊕Kibish valley Sudan (Equatoria); Ethiopia (Kefa) buma, bume, bumi; part of dongiro, i-dongiro, donyiro, i-donyiro community Ethiopia (Kefa) 3 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 61 04-BDA-b Turkana ⊕Turkana, Rudolf lake>W. Kenya (Rift Valley); also Sudan (Equatoria) Υ 5 04-BDA-ba nga-turkana turkana, turkwana, nga-turkwana, ngi-turkwana, na-turkana, ngiturkana community Kenya (Rift Valley); Ethiopia (Equatoria adjacent) 5 04-BDA-baa turkana-N. (Rift Valley); (Equatoria) 04-BDA-bab turkana-S. (Rift Valley) 04-BDA-c Ketebo+ Pore* lotuho-S., "karimojongised" lotuho influenced by [04] Karimojong Uganda (Karamoja); Sudan (Equatoria) Υ 04-BDA-ca ketebo lokathan, bira, biri, including mening ⊕Madial environs… Langia mountains Χapparently submerged by [04] Dongotono (Lorwama)* Sudan (Equatoria); Uganda (Karamoja) 04-BDA-cb o-rom na-pore rom Sudan (Equatoria) poren, porei; nga-pore, ni-pori, nyangia-N., nyangeya-N., ngangea-N., ngi-angeya-N. community ⊕Nyangea-N. hills distinct from neighbouring [07] Nyang'i /Pore-S. Uganda (Karamoja) 2* Karimojong+ Dodotho i-dodotho 'lango-dyang' #lango-dyang =«cattle people» Uganda (Karamoja) 5 dodotho, dudutho, dotho, i-dudutho, nga-dotho, dodos, dodoth, dodosi, ngi-dudutho community Uganda (Karamoja) 5 jiye-S. a-karimojong ni-jiye, jie-S., ngi-jiye community distinct from [04] Jiye-N. Uganda (Karamoja) 4 karimojong, karamojong, nga-karimojong, a-karamojong, karamojon, karimojon, nga-karimonjong, nga-karimojone, ngi-karamojong, ngikarimojong community ⊕Moroto environs Uganda (Karamoja) 5 04-BDA-cc 04-BDA-d 04-BDA-da 04-BDA-db 04-BDA-dc 3* Teso+ Tesyo a-teso Uganda (Teso; Bukedi); Kenya Υ 6 04-BDA-ea teso; i-kumama, ba-kedi, ba-kidi, i-teso community Uganda (Teso) 6 04-BDA-eaa ngora "standard" teso ⊕Ngora (Teso) 5 04-BDA-eab pallisa ⊕Pallisa (Teso) 5 04-BDA-eb tesyo i-tesio, e-tossio, i-tesyo community, elgumi, wamia Kenya (Northern); Uganda (Bukedi) 5 04-BDA-eba tororo ⊕Tororo (Bukedi) 5* 04-BDA-ebb busia ⊕Busia (Northern) 5 04-C NILOTIC-SOUTH, part of "paranilotic", "nilo-hamitic" grouping Latin script 04-CAA-a NANDI+ BARABA set NANDI+ BARABA chain NANDI+ POKOT net Pokot kalenjin-N. Uganda (Busigu; Teso; Sebei; Karamoja); Kenya (Rift Valley) Υ 5 04-CAA-aa ngal-ap-pökoot pokot, pökot, pakot, päkot, pokoot, pukoot, pookwut, pokwot; suk, sukku, ki-mukun ¶spoken by semi-nomadic pastoralists Uganda (Busigu); Kenya (Rift Valley) 5 04-CAA-aaa suk-W. ⊕Kusabiny environs (Busigu) 04-CAA-aab suk-E. ⊕Baringo… Pokot districts (Rift Valley) 04-CAA-ab kadam, kadama community ⊕Kadama ¶perhaps extinct Uganda (Teso; Bugisu) 1* kalenjin-CN., endo+ marakwet ⊕Keris valley Kenya (Rift Valley) 4 04-CAA-ba ngi-kadama Endo+ Marakwet markwet marakwet, marakweta, marakuet, markweta, markwet community Kenya (Rift Valley) 4 04-CAA-baa markwet-N. 04-CAA-bab markwet-S. 04-CAA-bb to, cepleng, chepleng community 04-CAA-c endo sambirir talai tugen-N. Sabiny+ Pok 04-CAA-ca 04-CAA-cb 04-BDA-e 04-CA 04-CAA 04-CAA-b 04-CAA-bc 04-CAA-bd 04-CAA-be 04-CAA-cc 04-CAA-cd 04-CAA-ce 04-CAA-cf "WIDER"-KALENJIN (Rift Valley) (Rift Valley) Kenya (Rift Valley) 4 Kenya (Rift Valley) ⊕Talai Kenya (Rift Valley) tuxen-N., tuken-N., kamasia-N., kamasya-N.; tughen-ek-N. community Kenya (Rift Valley) sabaot, sabaut, kalenjin-W., elgon maasai ⊕Elgon mountain Uganda (Bukedi); Kenya (Northern) Υ 5 ku-p-sabiny sabiny, kutet-ap-sabiny, sapiny, saviny, sebei, sapei, savei, kamecak community Uganda (Bukedi); Kenya (Northern) 4 mbai ki-p-sorai pok nga-lek-ap-l-kony ngoma sabiny-mbai Uganda (Bukedi) sorai, sor, sore, ki-p-sorai-k community Uganda (Bukedi) bok, lako, lago, ba-gwet, ba-gwe-k community ⊕South Elgon location Kenya (Northern) 4 kony, elgon maasai, konj-ek community Kenya (Northern) 4 ng'oma, o-ng'om, bo-ng'om-ek, po-ng'om Kenya (Northern) 2 page 62 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 6 Nandi+ Kipsigis 'union'-kalenjin Kalenjin-"Proper" ⊕Eldoret>W.... Kericho>S. Kenya (Rift Valley) 04-CAA-da "standard" kalenjin, "union" nandi+ kipsigis, kalenjin-C. former compromise standard Kenya (Rift Valley) 04-CAA-db kalenjin-tugen tugen-S., tuxen-S., tuken-S., kamasia-S., kamasya-S.; tughen-ek-S. community Kenya (Rift Valley) 04-CAA-dc keyyo ngalek-ap-naandi keiyo, keyo, keyu, el-keyo, el-geyo, keyyek community Kenya (Rift Valley) 5 04-CAA-dd naandi, nandi, chemual, cemual, cemuel, cemwal, chemng'al; nandi-ek community Kenya (Rift Valley) 5 04-CAA-dda nandi-A. ⊕Nandi escarpment (Rift Valley) 04-CAA-ddb kapsabet ⊕Kapsabet (Rift Valley) 04-CAA-de nyang'ori, nyangnori, terig, terigh-ek community Kenya (Rift Valley) 3 kipsigis, kipsighis, kipsiki, kipsikis, kipsikiis, 'lumbwa' Kenya (Rift Valley) 5 ⊕Cherangany hills Kenya (Rift Valley) 04-CAA-e terik ngalek-ap-kipsigiis cherangany Aramanik+ Sogoo Okiek, kalenjin-E.; dorobo-kalenjin, part of 'dorobo', 'n-dorobo', aghi, aki, oki, akiek, oki-ek people ⊕Mau-E. escarpment ¶nearly extinct, spoken by individuals within small communities of hunter-gatherers Εbilingual in [04] Maasai or [04] Nandi Kenya (Rift Valley); Tanzania (Arusha) Υ 04-CAA-ea sogoo kipchorng'onik ⊕Mau-S. forest: between Amala, Mara... Guaso-Ng'iro rivers Kenya (Rift Valley) 04-CAA-eb suiei* mosiro l-aramanik kisankasa mediak OMOTIK net Omotik omotik BARABA+ DARAGWA net Baraba+ Daragwa 04-CAA-d 04-CAA-df 04-CAA-dg 04-CAA-ec 04-CAA-ed 04-CAA-ee 04-CAA-ef 04-CAB 2* Kenya (Rift Valley) ⊕Mosiro Kenya (Rift Valley) aramanik Tanzania (Arusha) Tanzania (Arusha) Tanzania (Arusha) sawaska ⊕Narok district: Lolgorien... Lemek... Entasekera Kenya (Rift Valley) 1 laamoot, l'amoot, part of 'dorobo', 'n-dorobo' ¶nearly extinct Kenya (Rift Valley) 1 datog, datooga, tatog, tatoga, daturu, 'ole-mangati', 'mangati', in [99] Sukuma: taturu #in [04] Maasai: (ole-)mangati =«enemies» ⊕Singida… Mbulu… Tanzania (Singida; Arusha; Mwanza) 5 kangara buraa-diiga rooti-gaanga ⊕Ukerewe island Tanzania (Mwanza) bura-dik, bura-diga, part of datog-W. Tanzania (Singida) roti-genk, rooti-geenk, roti-genga, ruta-geink, rota-geink, part of datogW. Tanzania (Singida) 2 bianjit, utatu; part of datog-W. Tanzania (Singida) 3 darora-jek, dora-jek Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) bajuta, bayuta, bayuda, part of datog-E. Tanzania (Arusha) gisam-jank, gisama-jenk, kisama-jeng, gisam-jang, part of datog-E. Tanzania (Arusha) 3 04-CAC-ah bian-jida darora-jega bajut gisam-janga baraba-yiiga barba, barabaig, barbaig, barabaiga, barba-ik; part of datog-E. ⊕Hanang highlands Tanzania (Arusha) 4 04-CAC-ai tsima-jeega isimi-jeega, isim-jeg, isim-jega, iseima-jek, simi-tyek, sima-jek, simdjedga, wanon-ega Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) 2 04-CAC-aj daragwa-jega reimo-jik manga-tiga ghumbi-ega bisi-yeda gidang'o-diga salawa-jega daragwa-jek, part of "bantuised" datog influenced by [99] Bantu Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) reimo, part of "bantuised" datog influenced by [99] Bantu Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) manga-t'k, part of "bantuised" datog influenced by [99] Bantu Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) ghumbi-ek, part of "bantuised" datog influenced by [99] Bantu Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) bisi-yed Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) gidango Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) salawa Tanzania (Singida and/or Arusha) 04-CAB-a 04-CAB-aa 04-CAC 04-CAC-a 04-CAC-aa 04-CAC-ab 04-CAC-ac 04-CAC-ad 04-CAC-ae 04-CAC-af 04-CAC-ag 04-CAC-ak 04-CAC-al 04-CAC-am 04-CAC-an 04-CAC-ao 04-CAC-ap DATOG 4= EURASIA geosector 05= EAST-SAHEL geozone Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 63 covers the "East-Sahel" reference area (part of the "Nilo- Central African Republic; Chad; Saharan" hypothesis); comprising 16 sets of languages (= 57 Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Sudan outer languages) spoken by communities in northern Central & Northeast Africa, near the Saharan fringes: 05-A MABA+ MIGE 05-C FOR+ ANDANG 05-E SAARONG+ LIGURI 05-G AMA+ AFITTI 05-I KUFO+ AIGANG 05-K BARKA+ ILIT 05-M AKA+ GAAM 05-O KWAMA+ ANEJ 6 05-B MIMI 05-D TAMA+ MARARIT 05-F NOBIIN+ TIDNAAL 05-H RONGE+ JIRRU 05-J HIGIR+ MOGAREB 05-L BAXA* 05-N BERTHU+ GOBATO 05-P SURI+ MAJANG 'maban' Latin script 05-AAA-aa MABA+ MIGE set MABA+ MIGE* chain MABA+ RUNGA net Maba+ Keshmere bura-maba-ng maba, mabangi, maban, mabak, bura-mabang, bora-mabang, kanamabang, bourgu, borgu, borgotke; maba-a community, wadai, in [51] Français: ouaddaïen, waddayen ⊕Abéché… Am-Dam Chad (Ouaddaï); also Sudan (DarFur) 05-AAA-aaa ndaba ma-ndaba, ma-daba community (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-aab ndala ma-ndala, ma-dala community (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-aac langa ma-langa community (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-aad kajangan kajanga (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-aae nyabadan 05-AAA-aaf kelingan 05-AAA-aag abkar ⊕Abakar (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-ab kodoi uled-jemaa kujinga kondongo keshmere in [51] Français: kodoï Chad (Ouaddaï) uled-jemma, aulad-djema, uled-djemaa, awlad-djema community Chad (Ouaddaï) kujinga community ⊕Oum-Hadjer Chad (Ouaddaï) ⊕Abéché>NE. Chad (Ouaddaï) kaschemere, kashmere community, in [51] Français: kachmere, kechmere Chad (Ouaddaï) abu-sharin community, in [51] Français: abu-charin Chad (Ouaddaï) Chad (Ouaddaï) 5 05-AAA-ba ab-sharin Marfa marfa marba, marfa community Chad (Ouaddaï) 5 05-AAA-baa marfa-A. marfa "proper" (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-bab surbakhal masalit-E., masalit-surbakhal, surbakal ⊕Surbakal (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-c ⊕Am-Dam>N. Chad (Ouaddaï) karanga "proper"; karanga, kurunga community (Ouaddaï) moyo, mooyo community (Ouaddaï) fala, bakka 2, faala community (Ouaddaï) baxa, bakhat, bakka community (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-d Karanga+ Bakha karanga-A. mooyo faala bakha konyare Masala 05-AAA-da kaana-masala 05-AAA-daa 05-AAA-dab 05-A 05-AA 05-AAA 05-AAA-a 05-AAA-ac 05-AAA-ad 05-AAA-ae 05-AAA-af 05-AAA-ag 05-AAA-b 05-AAA-ca 05-AAA-cb 05-AAA-cc 05-AAA-cd 05-AAA-ce Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan Υ 5 (Ouaddaï) (Ouaddaï) 4 (Ouaddaï) Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Dar-Fur; Kassala) Υ 5 masalit, massaalit, massaalit-ali, masaraa, massalit, massalat community, including jwisinge, jwisince Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Dar-Fur; migration> Kassala) 5 masala-N. ⊕Dar-Masalit. (Dar-Fur) masala-W. ⊕Gereda>NE. (Ouaddaï) 05-AAA-dac masala-S. ⊕Nyala (Dar-Fur) 05-AAA-e Runga+ Aykin ⊕Dar-Rounga region Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Dar-Fur); Central African Rep. (BaminguiBangoran; Vakaga; Haute-Kotto) Υ 05-AAA-ea runga-A. runga "proper"; rounga, roungo, runga community ⊕Dar-Rounga region Chad (Ouaddaï); (Dar-Fur); (Vakaga; Bamingui-Bangoran; Haute-Kotto) 05-AAA-eb aykin-dang runga-ndele aiki, ayki Chad (Ouaddaï) ⊕Ndélé Central African Rep. (BaminguiBangoran) Kibeet muro dagel kaben-tang ⊕Goz-Beïda>W. Chad (Salamat; Ouaddaï) 4 murru, mourro Chad 3 daggal, dogel Chad 3 kaben, kibeet "proper", kibet, kibeit Chad 4 05-AAA-ec 05-AAA-f 05-AAA-fa 05-AAA-fb 05-AAA-fc 4 page 64 05-AAB 05-AAB-a 05-AAB-aa The Linguasphere Register MIGE* net Mige mige ⊕Oum Hadjer district Chad (Batha) 4 miki, maku, manyang, 'rataning' #rataning, from [12] 'Arabiyya =«those who speak strange language» Chad (Batha) 4 MIMI* set MIMI chain MIMI net Mimi mimi mimi Latin script "WIDER"-FUR Arabic script; Latin script 05-CAA-a FOR+ ANDANG set FOR+ ANDANG chain FOR net For 05-CAA-aa bele-for 05-CAB 05-CAB-a ANDANG* net Andang 05-CAB-aa 05-B 05-BA 05-BAA 1999 / 2000 edition ι ι ι formerly Chad (Ouaddaï) 0 Chad (Ouaddaï) 0 fur Sudan (Dar Fur, also Kassala); Chad (Ouaddaï) Υ 5 for, fur, four, forta, forok, konjara, kondjara, kungara, yerge, onage, korra, kadirgi, kurka, dala, lali; for-a, fur-akang community, for-dunga, for-dungo person; in [12] 'Arabiyya: furawi ⊕Dar-Fur country Sudan (Dar-Fur; migration> Kassala); Chad (Ouaddaï) 5 ⊕Biltine>N. Chad (Ouaddaï); also Sudan (DarFur) Υ 4 simi-andang-ti andang, andang-ti, amdang, mime, mimi 2, "Jungraithmayr's" mimi, biltine, in [51] Français: mimi de Biltine ⊕Biltine… Abéché-S. districts #andang = «people» Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Dar-Fur) 4 05-CAB-aaa mimi-goz "plains" mimi (Ouaddaï)… 05-CAB-aab mimi-bel "hill" mimi (Ouaddaï)… 05-D TAMO+ MARARIT set TAMO+ MARARIT chain TAMO+ SONGOR net Tamo+ Songor part of east-sudanic hypothesis Latin script 05-BAA-a 05-BAA-aa 05-C 05-CA 05-CAA 05-DA 05-DAA 05-DAA-a "lost" mimi, "Gaudefroy-Demboyne's" mimi ¶extinct; former community now speaks [12] 'Arabiyya (Baggari) Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Dar-Fur) Υ 4 tamo-ngo'bo jabaal tama, tamo-k community; tamo-t person ⊕Dar-Tama-N. region Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Dar-Fur) 4 05-DAA-ab jebel, missirii, milri, bororit, mun, mul; mileere community ⊕Geneina>N.: Jebel Mun mountain ⊕Abéché>N. Sudan (Dar-Fur); Chad (Ouaddaï) 3 05-DAA-ac haura orra, gimr, qimr ⊕Maku ¶presumed extinct Χsubmerged by [12] 'Arabiyya (Baggari) Sudan (Dar-Fur) 0* 05-DAA-ad shale a-songor-i shaale ⊕Dar-Tama-N.region Chad (Ouaddaï) 05-DAA-ae songor, soungor, sungor, madungore; a-song, a-sungorung, a-zangori, assagori, assangori, a-songori, a-sungore community ⊕Dar-Tama… Dar Masalit-N. region Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya Chad (Ouaddaï); Sudan (Dar-Fur) 05-DAA-aea songor-A. songor "proper" (Ouaddaï); and/or (Dar-Fur) 05-DAA-aeb girga (Ouaddaï); and/or (Dar-Fur) 05-DAA-aec wallad-dulla (Ouaddaï); and/or (Dar-Fur) 05-DAA-af bognak erenga MARARIT net Mararit 05-DAA-aa 05-DAA-ag 4 Sudan (Ouaddaï); and/or (Dar-Fur) including shaale ⊕Geneina>N.& E. Sudan (Dar-Fur) 3 merarit, mareret ⊕Goz-Beida>NE. Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Baggari) Chad (Ouaddaï) 4 abiyi abu-sharib abiri, ebiri, mararit "proper" Chad (Ouaddaï) 4 abu-charib, in [51] Français: abou-charib Chad (Ouaddaï) 4 "WIDER"-DAJU, part of east-sudanic hypothesis Latin script ⊕Dar Daju, Dadjo region Chad (Ouaddaï) 4 sarong, daju-oum-hadjer (Ouaddaï) 4 05-EAA-b SAARONG+ LIGURI set SAARONG+ BEKE chain SAARONG+ BEKE net Saarong saarong-ge Bokoruge mongo+ sila Chad (Ouaddaï; Salamat); migration> Sudan (Dar-Fur) Υ 4 05-EAA-ba bokor-u-ge bokorge, bokorike (Ouaddaï; Salamat); (Dar-Fur adjacent) 4 05-EAA-baa daju-sila silla, sula ⊕Dar Silla, Sila region Chad… 05-EAA-bab daju-mongo mongo-N. Chad… 05-DAB 05-DAB-a 05-DAB-aa 05-DAB-ab 05-E 05-EA 05-EAA 05-EAA-a 05-EAA-aa DAJU-WEST, daju "proper", dajo, dadjo, dadju, dajou 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 65 4 05-EAA-c Fini+ Baygo 05-EAA-ca zalingei fini kas+ zalingei+ geneina ⊕Dar Masalit region Sudan (Dar-Fur) 05-EAA-cb nyala, daju-ferne, dagu; fini-ce person; fini-nga community ⊕Daju mountains Sudan (Dar-Fur) 4 05-EAA-cc baygo bego, beko, baigo, beigo, beygo, beke ⊕Jebel Beygo mountain ¶extinct formerly Sudan (Dar-Fur) 0 05-EAA-cd lagowa nyool ⊕Lagowa Sudan (Kordofan) 4 05-EAA-ce nyol, njalgulgule, njangulgule, nyala; nyool-ni-ce person; nyool-ge community Sudan (Equatoria; Kordofan) 2 05-EAA-cea nyool-sopo ⊕Sopo upper valley (Equatoria) 05-EAA-ceb nyool-nyukri ⊕Jebel Nyukri mountain (Kordofan) 05-EB DAJU-EAST 05-EBB-aa LIGURI+ IKIJANING chain LIGURI net Liguri liguri-A. saburi tallau IKIJANING net Ikijaning ikijaning 05-EBB-aaa daman-shatt (Kordofan) 05-EBB-aab safia-shatt (Kordofan) 05-EBB-aac tebeldia-shatt (Kordofan) 05-F NUBIAN, part of east-sudanic hypothesis Arabic script; Latin script 05-FAA-a NOBIIN+ TIDNAAL set NOBIIN+ TIDNAAL chain Nobiin nobin, part of "nile nubian", mahas-fiadidja, mahas-fedicca, fiadidjamahas, mahas-fiyadikkya ⊕Nile valley: Korosko upstream Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sa'idi) Egypt (Upper Egypt); Sudan (Northern) Υ 05-FAA-aa fiadidja fedicca, fadicha, fiyadikkya, fadicca, fadija ⊕Nile valley: Wadi Halfa downstream Egypt (Upper Egypt); Sudan (Northern) 05-FAA-ab mahas mahass, mahasi ⊕Wadi Halfa upstream: Batn-el-Hajar+ Dar Sukkot+ Dar Mahas country Sudan (Northern) 05-FAB KENUZ+ DONGOLA net Kenuz+ Dongola part of "nile nubian", metoki ⊕Nile valley: Aswân upstream Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sa'idi) Egypt (Upper Egypt); Sudan (Northern) Υ kenzi, kunuzi, kenuzi ⊕Nasser lake... Egypt (Upper Egypt) "dongolese", in [12] 'Arabiyya: dongolawi ⊕Kerma... Dongola... Korti Sudan (Northern) 05-FAC-ad kenuz dongola KITHONIRI+WUNCI net Kithoniri+ Wunci hagarat kodin-ni-ai thaminyi-ni-be wunci-m-be 05-FAC-ada 05-EBA 05-EBA-a 05-EBA-aa 05-EBA-ab 05-EBA-ac 05-EBB 05-EBB-a 05-FA 05-FAB-a 05-FAB-aa 05-FAB-ab 05-FAC Sudan (Dar-Fur; Equatoria; Kordofan) 3 Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) liguri "proper" ⊕Jebel Liguri mountain Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Saburi Sudan (Kordofan) talau, talo ⊕Tallau Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Shatt mountains Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 shatt #shatt in [12] 'Arabiyya = «scattered» Sudan (Kordofan) 4 5 5 HILL-NUBIAN, "nubian"-S. Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 el-hugeirat ⊕El Hugeirat mountains Sudan (Kordofan) 3 kodhin, kadaru-E., kaduru-E. Sudan (Kordofan) 3 dair, daier ⊕Jebel Daier mountains Sudan (Kordofan) 3 ghulfan, gulfan Sudan (Kordofan) 4 kurgul ⊕Ghulfan-Kurgul mountains (Kordofan) 05-FAC-adb morung ⊕Ghulfan-Morung massif (Kordofan) 05-FAC-ae debri kadero kithoniri-she waliri-she ginuk tabaq warki-m-be TIDNAAL net wei Sudan (Kordofan) 2 kadaru-W., kaduru-W. Sudan (Kordofan) 3 karko, garko Sudan (Kordofan) 4 wali, walari ⊕Wali mountains Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-FAC-a 05-FAC-aa 05-FAC-ab 05-FAC-ac 05-FAC-af 05-FAC-ag 05-FAC-ah 05-FAC-ai 05-FAC-aj 05-FAC-ak 05-FAD 05-FAD-a Sudan (Kordofan) Sudan (Kordofan) dilling, delen ⊕Dilling town+ mountains Sudan (Kordofan) 3 Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan; migration> Omdurman; Gezira) 4 4 MIDOB 05-FAD-aa tid-n-aal tid-da, midob, meidob, midobi ⊕Jebel Midob mountains Sudan (Kordofan) 05-FAD-aaa urrti uurti (Kordofan) 05-FAD-aab torti 05-FAD-aac shalkota (Kordofan) shelkota (Kordofan) page 66 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition MURGI net Murgi BIRGID 05-FAE-a ⊕formerly El Obeid>S.; Jebel Marra>E.; Nyala>N.; also in Ouaddaï country ¶extinct formerly Sudan (Kordofan, Darfur); Chad (Ouaddaï) Υ 0 05-FAE-aa murgi birgid, birked, birqed, birguid, birkit, kajjara ¶now extinct, former community now speaks [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) distinct from neighbouring [17] Birgit (Birgid) formerly Sudan (Kordofan, Darfur); Chad (Ouaddaï) 0 05-FAF HARAZA* net Haraza haraza 05-FAE 05-FAF-a 05-FAF-aa ι ι formerly Sudan (Kordofan) 0 Sudan (Kordofan) 0 Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) ¶now extinct, former Haraza speech community now speaks [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) part of east-sudanic hypothesis Latin script Sudan (Kordofan) 4 05-GAA-aa AMA+ AFITTI set AMA+ AFITTI chain AMA net Ama ama #ama =«people» Sudan (Kordofan) 4 05-GAA-aaa i-nyimang nyimang "proper", nyima, nyamang, nyiman ⊕Jebel Nyimang mountains (Kordofan) 05-GAA-aab mandal ⊕Mandal mountains (Kordofan) 05-GAB AFITTI+ DITTI net Afitti+ Ditti ⊕Jebel Dair-E. mountains: Sidra environs Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 afitti ditti unietti dinik affitti (Kordofan) 3 ⊕Umm-Diti (Kordofan) part of east-sudanic hypothesis Latin script 05-HAB-ac RONGE+ JIRRU set RONGE+ JIRRU chain RONGE net Ronge longot-na-ronge JIRRU+ TESEI net Jirru+ Tesei keiga-jirru tesei umm-danab 05-I KUFO+ AIGANG set formerly classified with languages of the "Kordofanian" grouping (06=Kodofanic) Latin script 05-IA KUFO+ KADHOMODI chain KUFO+ THULISHI net Dhalla+ Miri "WIDER"-KADUGLI, "kadugli+ krongo" 'kadugli' "proper"+ miri #thoma = «language» Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 thoma-ma-miri thoma-ma-dhalla miri, muri, ka-miri; kado-ma-miri community ⊕Miri villages & mountains Sudan (Kordofan) 4 05-IAA-ab dhalla, talla, dakalla, morta, toma-ma-dalla, ka-dhalla community; in [12] 'Arabiyya: kadugli "proper", kudugli ⊕Kadugli Sudan (Kordofan) 4 05-IAA-ac thoma-ma-dholubi dholubi, tolubi, dlubi, tuna, katcha, kaca; ka-dholubi community #thoma-ma-dholubi = «language of the hearth» ⊕Katcha Sudan (Kordofan) 4 05-IAA-b Kufo+ Tumma kufo Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-IAA-ba kanga Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-IAA-baa kanga ⊕Kanga (Kordofan) 05-IAA-bab abu-sinun ⊕Abu-sinun mountain (Kordofan) 05-IAA-bac chiroro+ kursi ⊕Chiroro… Kursi (Kordofan) 05-IAA-bad kufa+ lima ⊕Kufa… Lima (Kordofan) 05-IAA-bb tumma+ sangali 05-IAA-bba tumma ⊕Tumma (Kordofan) 05-IAA-bbb sangali ⊕Sangali (Kordofan) 05-IAA-bbc belanya ⊕Belanya (Kordofan) 05-IAA-bbd krongo-abdallah krongo-abdullah ⊕Krongo-Abdullah (Kordofan) 05-G 05-GA 05-GAA 05-GAA-a 05-GAB-a 05-GAB-aa 05-GAB-ab 05-GAB-ac 05-GAB-ad 05-H 05-HA 05-HAA 05-HAA-a 05-HAA-aa 05-HAB 05-HAB-a 05-HAB-aa 05-HAB-ab 05-IAA 05-IAA-a 05-IAA-aa NYIMANG (Kordofan) (Kordofan) temain ⊕Temein mountains Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 rone, ronge; ne-kina-ronge community; rong-intet person Sudan (Kordofan) 4 Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 girru ⊕Keiga-girru, Keiga-jirru Sudan (Kordofan) teis, tese ⊕Tesei Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Umm-danab Sudan (Kordofan) 3 'kadugli'-C. Sudan (Kordofan) 3 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 67 Thulishi+ Turuj thulishi Mudo Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 05-IAA-ca tulesh; ka-thulishi community; tha-thulishi person ⊕Jebel Tulishi mountain Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-IAA-cb kamdang kadho-ma-nya (=«community of the mountains») ⊕Jebel Kamdang mountain Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-IAA-cc turuj dar-el-kabira ⊕Dar-el-Kabira region Sudan (Kordofan) 05-IAA-cca turuj-A. truj 05-IAA-ccb logoke 05-IAA-ccc minjimmina 05-IAB 'kadugli'-E. 05-IAB-a KADHOMODI+ TUMTUM net Kadhomodi Krongo, korongo, kurungu ⊕Krongo mountains Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-IAB-aa kadho-mo-di kadu-mo-di # =«community of the hearth» Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-IAB-aaa tabanya ⊕Tabanya (Kordofan) 05-IAB-aab dimodongo ⊕Dimodongo (Kordofan) 05-IAB-aac fama ⊕Fama… Teis… Kua (Kordofan) 05-IAB-b ⊕Jebel-Talodi+ Eliri mountains Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 ⊕Tumtum Sudan (Kordofan) 3 talassa ⊕Talassa Sudan (Kordofan) kurondi, korindi ⊕Karondi Sudan (Kordofan) 3 Keiga, y-ega Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-IBA-aa Tumtum+ Talasa tumtum talasa karondi AIGANG+ ROFIK chain AIGANG+ ROFIK net Aigang+ Rofik sani-m-aigang aigang, y-ega, k-eiga, k-aigang, k-ayi; kadho-m-aigang community ⊕Keiga mountains Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-IBA-aaa keiga-el-kheil ⊕Keiga-el-Kheil (Kordofan) 05-IBA-aab kalda ⊕Kalda (Kordofan) 05-IBA-aac lubun luban ⊕Keiga-Lubun (Kordofan) 05-IBA-aad tummero ⊕Keiga-Timero (Kordofan) 05-IBA-ab sani-mo-rofik demik; kadho-mo-rofik community ⊕Demik village + mountain Sudan (Kordofan) 3 05-J HIGIR+ MOGAREB set HIGIR+ MOGAREB chain HIGIR+ MOGAREB net Higir+ Mogareb NARA, barea, part of east-sudanic hypothesis Ethiopic; Latin scripts Eritrea 4 05-IAA-c 05-IAB-ba 05-IAB-bb 05-IAB-bc 05-IB 05-IBA 05-IBA-a 05-JA 05-JAA 05-JAA-a 05-JAA-aa 05-JAA-ab 05-JAA-ac 05-JAA-ad 05-K 05-KA 05-KAA 05-KAA-a 05-KAA-aa 05-KAA-ab 05-KAA-ac 05-KAA-ad 05-KAA-ae 05-KAA-af 05-KAA-ag 05-KAA-b 05-KAA-ba 05-KAA-c 05-KAA-ca higir mogareb koyta santora 'kadugli'-W. nara, nera, 'barea', 'barya', 'baarya', marda-N. ⊕Amideb... Mogareb... Mareb... Baraka valleys including considerable dialect variation within each of the four inner languages Εbilingual in [12] Tigre Eritrea ⊕Mogareb valley Eritrea Eritrea Eritrea BARKA+ ILIT set BARKA+ ILIT chain BARKA+ ILIT net Barka+ Marda Ethiopic script; Latin script Kunama, kunaama, cunama, baza, baaza, baada, baazen, bazen, baazayn, baden, baaden, bada, diila ⊕Braia... Setit… Takazze valleys Εplurilingual in [12] Tigre, Tigray, 'Arabiyya and/or [13] Bedauye Eritrea-W.; Ethiopia (Tigray); also formerly Sudan (Kassala) Υ marda aimara sokodasa barka bitaama setiit tiika Bitaama bitaama Ilit ilit marda-kunama, marda-S., kunama-NE. ⊕Barentu>N. & E. Eritrea aaimasa, aymasa, odasa ⊕Barentu>W. Eritrea sogodas, sogadas Eritrea berka, kunama-E. ⊕Mareb valley: Barentu>S. Eritrea bitama, beet-haama Eritrea setit, takazze-setit ⊕Setit valley Eritrea; Ethiopia (Tigray) tika, lakatakura-tika, kunama-S. ⊕Laki-Tukura>S. Eritrea; Ethiopia (Tigray)* Eritrea 4 3* bitama, beet-haama Eritrea ⊕Alkota mountains Eritrea 3 iiliit, iliit, iilit Eritrea 3 page 68 05-L 05-LA 05-LAA 05-LAA-a The Linguasphere Register BAXA* set BAXA chain BAXA net Baxa 05-LAA-aa dakunza 05-LAA-ab sai sese disoha dekoka dewiya kukwaya gombo jemhwa modea welqita 05-LAA-ac 05-LAA-ad 05-LAA-ae 05-LAA-af 05-LAA-ag 05-LAA-ah 05-LAA-ai 05-LAA-aj 05-LAA-ak GUMUZ Ethiopic script; Latin script ingishi-baxa, baga-tse, bega, gumuz, gumis, komuz, 'shanqilla'-N., 'shankillinya', mendeya, debatsa, deguba, dehenda ⊕Gandoa valley... Blue Nile+ Didessa valleys Εplurilingual in [12] Amarinya and/or [14] Oromo (Tulema / Mecha) #ingishi-baxa =«language of (the) people» Ethiopia (Gondar; Gojjam; also Welega; Shoa); Sudan (Blue Nile) dukuna, dugunza, dukunza, dugunz, gunza, "pseudo" ganza, ganzo, degoja distinct from [16] Ganza Ethiopia; Sudan (Blue Nile) Ethiopia; Sudan (Blue Nile) saysay Ethiopia; Sudan (Blue Nile) desua Ethiopia; Sudan (Blue Nile) Sudan (Blue Nile) Sudan (Blue Nile) Sudan (Blue Nile) gombo ⊕Gombo Ethiopia (Welega); Sudan (Blue Nile) Sudan (Blue Nile) Sudan (Blue Nile) ⊕Welqita environs Ethiopia (migration> Shoa) 05-MBA-aa 05-MBA-aaa agadi (Blue Nile) 05-MBA-aab bagis (Blue Nile) 05-MBA-aac beek (Blue Nile) 05-MBA-aad bulmut (Blue Nile) 05-MBA-aae kilgu 05-MBA-aaf kukuli 05-MBA-aag mugum (Blue Nile) 05-MBA-aah sidak (Blue Nile) 05-N BERTHU+ GOBATO* Latin script set BERTHU+ GOBATO chain BERTHU+ GOBATO net Berthu+ Gamila ⊕Blue Nile... Yabus valleys Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) 05-MA 05-MAA 05-MAA-a 05-MAA-aa 05-MAA-b 05-MAA-ba 05-MAA-c 05-MAA-ca 05-MAA-cb 05-MAA-cc 05-MB 05-MBA 05-MBA-a 05-NA 05-NAA 05-NAA-a 4 Υ AKA+ GAAM set AKA+ MOLO chain AKA+ MOLO net Aka aka Molo molo Keelo+ Tornasi keelo beni-sheko tornasi GAAM chain GAAM net Gaam kor-e-gaam 05-M 1999 / 2000 edition part of east-sudanic hypothesis Ethiopic script; Latin script Εplurilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) and [05] Berta Sillok ⊕Jebel Sillok, Silak mountain Sudan (Upper Nile) 2 sillok, nas-sillok, silak; fa-c-aka (= «people of Aka»), fecaka community Sudan (Upper Nile) 2 ⊕Jebel Malkan, Yakan mountains Sudan (Blue Nile) 2 feca-malga, malga, malkan, yakan; tvra-ka-molo community Sudan (Blue Nile) 2 keelo ¶extinct formerly Sudan (Blue Nile) 0 ndu-faa-kelo ⊕Keeli, Kele, Kelle mountain & village Sudan (Blue Nile) kelo-beni-sheko ⊕Jebel Beni Sheko mountains Sudan (Blue Nile) ⊕Jebel Tornasi mountains Sudan (Blue Nile) TABI, ingassana ⊕Jebel Tabi mountains Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Blue Nile…) 4 jog-gaam, gam, tabi, me-tabi, mun-tabi, ingessana, ingassana, mamedja, mamidza, kamanidi Sudan (Blue Nile…) 4 (Blue Nile) ⊕Kukur* in a transnational area of complex nomenclature and ethno-linguistic identity, to be further clarified (Blue Nile) Sudan (Blue Nile; Upper Nile); Ethiopia (Welega; perhaps also Ilubabor) Υ 4 Sudan (Blue Nile; Upper Nile); Ethiopia (Welega) 4 05-NAA-aa ndu-berthu 05-NAA-aaa shuru Sudan and/or Ethiopia 05-NAA-aab bake Sudan and/or Ethiopia 05-NAA-aac undu 05-NAA-aad mayu in [12] 'Arabiyya: bani-ummaya, including wetawit (Welega) 05-NAA-aae fadashi wa-'dashi ⊕Fadasi (Welega) 05-NAA-aaf dabuso ⊕Blue Nile valley: Dabuso (Welega) 05-NAA-ab gamila gameli, qameli, qamamyl* ⊕Blue Nile+ Dabus confluence Εprobably bilingual in [14] Oromo (Mecha) Ethiopia (Welega; Gojjam) 3* 05-NAA-b Gobato gobato ⊕Didessa valley Εprobably bilingual in [14] Oromo (Mecha) Ethiopia (Welega) 3 gebeto Ethiopia (Welega) 3 05-NAA-ba bertha, berta, burta, ndu-thayu, xojalee, hojale, shogale, 'beni-shangul', jebelawi, gebelawin #ndu-thayu =«home language», literally «mouth+ home»; jebelawi, gebelawin in [12] 'Arabiyya =«hill-community» Sudan and/or Ethiopia 4= EURASIA geosector 05-O 05-OA 05-OAA 05-OAA-a 05-OAA-aa KWAMA+ ANEJ set ANEJ chain ANEJ net Anej anej Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory KOMAN Ethiopic script; Latin script ι ι ⊕Jebel Gule mountains ¶extinct formerly Sudan (Blue Nile) 0 gule; fungi, funj, fecakomodiyo, 'hameg', 'hamej' #hamej in [12] 'Arabiyya =«serfs» formerly Sudan (Blue Nile) 0 uduk ⊕Belila... Yabus valley Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Upper Nile; Blue Nile) 4 kwanim-pas (=«community of the village»), uduk, korora, kebeirka, othan, korara, kumus Sudan (Upper Nile; Blue Nile) 4 05-OBA-aa KWAMA+ TWAMPA chain TWAMPA net Twam-Pa twam-pa 05-OBA-aaa twam-pa-C. (Blue Nile) 05-OBA-aab twam-pa-S. (Upper Nile) 05-OBB 05-OBB-a KWAMA+ KOMO net Kwama+ Komo 05-OBB-aa 05-OB 05-OBA 05-OBA-a page 69 UDUK komo distinct from [16] Ganza ("pseudo" Koma) Εbilingual in [14] Oromo (Mecha) and/or [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Ethiopia (Welega; Ilubabor); Sudan (Upper Nile) Υ 4 twa-kwama kwama, gwama, go-gwama, ta-kwama, goma, noka-noka, afan-mao, amam, koma-N., asosa-koma ⊕Asosa Ethiopia (Welega) 4 05-OBB-ab ta-komo komo, t'a-komo, go-kwom, coma, como, haya-haya, madiin, daga, daga-komo, koma-C. ⊕Daga valley Sudan (Upper Nile); (Welega) 4 05-OBB-aba beilla 05-OBB-abb chali 05-OBB-ac medin, modin, marin, koma-S. ⊕Begi... Baro valley Ethiopia (Ilubabor) 05-OCA-a madiin OPUUO chain OPUUO net Opuuo opuo, opo Sudan (Upper Nile); Ethiopia (Ilubabor) Υ 3 05-OCA-aa opo-shiita shita, cita, ciita, an-sita, kina, kwina, in [04] Anywaaa: 'langa' Sudan (Upper Nile); Ethiopia (Ilubabor) 3 05-OCA-ab buldiit kusgilo buldit Sudan (Upper Nile) 05-OCA-ac ⊕Kigille Sudan (Upper Nile) 05-P SURI+ MAJANG set SURMAN, part of east-sudanic hypothesis Ethiopic script; Latin script 05-PA 05-PAA-aa DIDINGA+ ZILMAMU chain DIDINGA+ MURLE net Didinga+ Larimo doth-ki-larimo 05-PAA-ab doth-ki-didinga 05-PAA-aba lowudo 05-PAA-abb chukudom 05-PAA-b Murle+Olam 05-PAA-ba dod-murle 05-PAA-baa 05-PAA-bab 05-OC 05-OCA 05-PAA 05-PAA-a Sudan Sudan Sudan (Equatoria) 4 larimo, narim; longarim, larim community; larim-init person ⊕Boya mountains Sudan (Equatoria) 3 didinga, 'di'dinga, xaroxa, toi, lango-didinga ⊕Didinga mountains Sudan (Equatoria) 4 (Equatoria) nagichot (Equatoria) Sudan (Upper Nile); Ethiopia (Kefa; Gemu-Gofa) Υ 4 murulei, merule, mourle, murule, beir, ajibba, agiba, adkibba, dhuak-W. ¶spoken by semi-nomadic pastoralists Sudan (Upper Nile); Ethiopia (Kefa; Gemu-Gofa) 4 ol-ci-lotilla pibor-murle ⊕Pibor+ Kengen valleys (Upper Nile) ol-ci-bom boma-murle ⊕Boma plateau (Upper Nile) 05-PAA-bac olam ng-alam ⊕Ukwaa-SE.: Bang-Alam #bang Alam= «land of Olam» (Kefa) 3 05-PAA-bad murle-omo ⊕Omo valley (Kefa; Gemu-Gofa) 2 05-PAA-c Tenet tenet ⊕Lafit mountains Sudan (Equatoria) 3 tenat, tennet, irenge, "blacksmith's" murle ¶spoken by blacksmiths' community Sudan (Equatoria) 3 ZILMAMU+ BALE net Zilmamu+ Bale kacipo+ balesi Ethiopia (Kefa); also Sudan (Equatoria; Upper Nile) Υ 3 zilmamu bale-si kacipo zilmamo, zulmamu, tsilmano, silmamo ⊕Zilmamo, Tsilmamo… Ethiopia (Kefa) 3 bale, bale-tha, bale-thi, mashi Ethiopia (Kefa) 3 kachepo, suri-W. Ethiopia (Kefa); Sudan (Upper Nile…) 05-PAA-ca 05-PAB 05-PAB-a 05-PAB-aa 05-PAB-ab 05-PAB-ac page 70 The Linguasphere Register 05-PBA-aa SURI+ ME'EN chain SURI+ ME'EN net Me'en tuk-te-me'en-en 05-PBA-aaa 05-PBA-aab 05-PB 05-PBA 1999 / 2000 edition Ethiopia (Kefa) 4 me'en, mekan, mie'en, mieken, meqan, men, shuro, daim, sogore, surbm # tuk-te-me'en-en =«mouth of the community» Ethiopia (Kefa) 4 bodi dime, podi, "plains" me'en ¶spoken by nomadic pastoralists (Kefa) tishena teshina, teshenna, "hill" me'en ¶spoken by pastoralists (Kefa) 05-PBA-b Suri+ Mursi Surma, including dama, tama ⊕Boma plateau… Koma environs Ethiopia (Kefa); Sudan (Upper Nile) Υ 4 05-PBA-ba mursi mursu, murdi, murzi, murzu, merdu, meritu; mun community ⊕Jinka>SW. Ethiopia (Kefa); Sudan (Upper Nile) 3 05-PBA-bb tirma tirma-ga, tirma-gi, triima, terema, terna, dirma, cirma, caci, cai, chai, chachai, tid Ethiopia (Kefa); Sudan (Upper Nile) 4 05-PBA-bc tug-a-suri suri-E., shuri, churi, dhuri, surma "proper", dhuak-E. #tug-a-suri =«mouth of suri» Ethiopia (Kefa) 4 05-PC "WIDER"-KWEGU 05-PCA-a KWEGOI+ MUGUJI chain KWEGOI+ MUGUJI net Kwegoi+ Muguji ¶nearly extinct, spoken by scattered communities of hunter-gatherers Εplurilingual in [05] Mekan (Bodi) and/or [05] Surma (Mursi) ⊕Omo valley Ethiopia (Kefa; Gemu-Gofa) 2 05-PCA-aa toko-kwegoi kwegoi, kwegu "proper, kwegi, koegu, bacha, menja; yidinich, yidinit, nyidi, yidi community #toko-kwegoi=«mouth of kwegu» Ethiopia (Kefa; Gemu-Gofa) 05-PCA-ab muguji-apo muguji #muguji-apo =«mouth of muguji» ⊕near Omo+ Mako confluence Ethiopia (Kefa; Gemu-Gofa) 05-PD MAJANG chain MAJANG net Majang ato-majang ⊕Dembidolo environs... Erbu valley Ethiopia (Welega; Kefa) 4 majang, u-jang, mesengo, masongo, masango, majanj-iro, ojanjur, ajo, ato-majang-er-onk; majang- ir community #ato-majang =«mouth of majang» Ethiopia (Welega; Kefa) 4 ⊕Godere... Mashi Εplurilingual in [05] Majang and/or [16] Gonga-S. (Mocha) Ethiopia (Ilubabor) 2 shako, 'mekeyer', 'mikeyir', 'mikair' Ethiopia (Ilubabor) 2 05-PBA-a 05-PCA 05-PDA 05-PDA-a 05-PDA-aa 05-PEA-a SHABO* chain SHABO net Shabo 05-PEA-aa shabo 05-PE 05-PEA 4= EURASIA geosector 06= KORDOFANIC phylozone Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory covers the "Kordofanian" grouping (part of the "Congo- Sudan Kordofanian", "new Niger-Congo" hypothesis); comprising 4 sets of languages (= 18 outer languages) spoken by communities in Northeast Africa, in and around the Nuba Hills: 06-A KALAK+ OMURIKI 06-C NGILE+ TALODI page 71 5 06-B TORO+ WARNANG 06-D TEGALI+ TAGOI excluding [05] Kufo+ Aigang or "Kadugli+ Keiga" (which had formerly been classified as "Kordofanian") katla+ tima Latin script 06-AAA-aa KALAK+ OMURIKI set KALAK+ OMURIKI chain KALAK net Kalak betel-gali-a-kalak 06-AAA-aaa 06-A 06-AA 06-AAA katla ⊕Nuba massif Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 kalak; a-kalak people / community; kaalak person Sudan (Kordofan) 4 bombori+ kiddu ⊕Bombori… Kateik… Kiddu (Kordofan) 06-AAA-aab kirkpong+ karoka ⊕Kirkpong… Karoka (Kordofan) 06-AAA-aac koldrong ⊕Koldrong (Kordofan) 06-AAA-aad julud gulud ⊕Gulud (Kordofan) 06-AAB OMURIKI net Omuriki tamanik-l-omuriki tima ⊕Jebel Tima mountians Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 omuriki, tima, yibwa; yibwa l-omuriki community #tamanik =«language» (Kordofan) 3 ⊕Moro hills Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) 06-AAA-a 06-AAB-a 06-AAB-aa "WIDER"-HEIBAN, koalib-moro Latin script Sudan (Kordofan) 4 06-BAA-aa TORO+ WARNANG set TORO+ MORONG chain MORONG+ TIRO net Morong dhi-morong morong, moro Sudan (Kordofan) 4 06-BAA-aaa logorban umm-dorein ⊕Umm-Dorein (Kordofan) 06-BAA-aab morong-A. moro, abu-leila ⊕Abu-Leila (Kordofan) 06-BAA-aac umm-gabralla ⊕Umm-Gabralla (Kordofan) 06-BAA-aad acheron ⊕Acheron apparently distinct from neighbouring [06] Tacho+ Torona (Acheron-2) (Kordofan) 06-BAA-aae lebu dorong ⊕Lebu hill (Kordofan) 06-BAA-b tira ⊕Tira Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 06-BAA-ba Tiro ngarta-nga-tiro tiro, li-thiro, ngarta-nga-thiro, thiro, tira; li-tiro community Sudan (Kordofan) 4 06-BAA-baa tira-el-akhdar tira-dagig (Kordofan) 06-BAA-bab tira-mandi 06-BAA-bac kinderma kanderma (Kordofan) 06-BAA-bad tira-lumun luman (Kordofan) 06-BAB SHIRUMBA+ SHEIBUN net Shirumba+ Sheibun nguron-ngadi-ngishirumba ngurun-nga-lu-dumör sheibun ndano TORO+ QWURANG net Toro+ Gurila dhi-toro Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) shirumba "proper", dhi-shirumba, li-shirumba, cerumba, cherumba Sudan (Kordofan) lu-dumör, shwai, shuway ⊕Shwai mountains Sudan (Kordofan) shabun Sudan (Kordofan) 06-B 06-BA 06-BAA 06-BAA-a 06-BAB-a 06-BAB-aa 06-BAB-ab 06-BAB-ac 06-BAB-ad 06-BAC 06-BAC-a 06-BAC-aa 06-BAC-ab 06-BAC-ac 06-BAC-ad 06-BAC-ae 06-BAC-af 06-BAC-ag 06-BAC-ah dhi-jama dhu-gwujur dhu-kwara dhu-gurila dho-rombe dha-garro dhö-görindi (Kordofan) 3 Sudan (Kordofan) HEIBAN-CENTRAL ⊕Otoro massif Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) toro, dhu-toro, otoro "proper", utoro, kawama, kawarma; li-toro community Sudan (Kordofan) jama, di-jama; li-gyama, li-jama community Sudan (Kordofan) gwujur, du-gwujur; lu-kujur, lu-gwujur community Sudan (Kordofan) kwara, do-kwara; lö-kwara community Sudan (Kordofan) gurila, du-gurila; lu-gurila community Sudan (Kordofan) rombe, do-rombe, dho-robe, lo-rombe community Sudan (Kordofan) garro, da-garro, li-garro community Sudan (Kordofan) görindi, do-gorindi; lö-görindi community Sudan (Kordofan) 4 page 72 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition Eebang+ Laaru dhu-nguna-dhaeebang dhu-gun-dha-dhi-labla-a yi-l-laaru Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 eebang, ebang; d he-bang, heiban; lebang community Sudan (Kordofan) 3 l-abla-a, abla-a, dhabla, dha-abel-a, abel, abul ⊕Obul Sudan (Kordofan) l-laaru, yi-l-laro, laro, alleira, aaleira, laaru; ngu-l-laaru, ngwu-l-laro community ⊕Laro mountains Sudan (Kordofan) igwormany Logol tha-logol-i Qwurang+ Nyukwur ⊕Lormany Sudan (Kordofan) Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 logol, longan, 'lukha' Sudan (Kordofan) 3 koalib, kawalib, kowalib, 'nuba'; lgalige ⊕Koalib country & massif Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 qwurang, ngu-gwurang; lu-qwurang community Sudan (Kordofan) reere, li-reere, ni-rere, rere, abri ⊕Abri>S.+SW. Sudan (Kordofan) nduna; lu-nduna community ⊕Abri Sudan (Kordofan) 06-BAC-dd ngu-qwurang ngi-reere ngu-nduna ngi-nyukwur nyukwur Sudan (Kordofan) 06-BAC-dda nyukwur-A. ⊕Nyukwur (Kordofan) 06-BAC-ddb hadra ⊕Hadra, Umm-Heitan (Kordofan) 06-BB WARNANG+ FUNGOR chain WARNANG net Warnang guro-ra-warnang FUNGOR+ NYARO net Fungor+ Nyaro kraw-ka-iro nyaro fungor Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 warnang, ciring-ca-warnang, werni, werna ⊕Werni Sudan (Kordofan) 3 Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 ko, kau, kao ⊕Kau Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Nyaro Sudan (Kordofan) fungur Sudan (Kordofan) 06-BAC-b 06-BAC-ba 06-BAC-bb 06-BAC-bc 06-BAC-bd 06-BAC-c 06-BAC-ca 06-BAC-d 06-BAC-da 06-BAC-db 06-BAC-dc 06-BBA 06-BBA-a 06-BBA-aa 06-BBB 06-BBB-a 06-BBB-aa 06-BBB-ab 06-BBB-ac Latin script 06-CAA-aa NGILE+ LAFOFA set NGILE+ TALODI chain NGILE+ TALODI net Ngile+ Dengebu ngile 06-CAA-aaa 06-C 06-CA 06-CAA 3 Masakin, mesakin Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 masakin "proper", darra ⊕Mesekin hills… Sudan (Kordofan) 4 masakin-qusar qusar, masakin-gusar, mesakin-qusar, including masakin-buram… masakin-dagig ⊕Qusar (Kordofan) 06-CAA-aab masakin-buram ⊕Buram (Kordofan) 06-CAA-aac masakin-dagig dagik ⊕Dagig (Kordofan) 06-CAA-aad masakin-tuwal tuwal, towal, tiwal ⊕Towal (Kordofan) 06-CAA-aae aheima el-akheimar ⊕Aheima (Kordofan) 06-CAA-aaf daloka taloka ⊕Taloka (Kordofan) 06-CAA-ab dengebu Tacho+ Torona* acheron-2 reikha Sudan (Kordofan) 4 ⊕Moro hills Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 ⊕Acheron apparently distinct from neighbouring [06] Morong (Acheron) Sudan (Kordofan) kuku-lumun ⊕Lumun Sudan (Kordofan) toicho ⊕Tacho Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Torona Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Talodi mountain Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Talodi Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Tasomi Sudan (Kordofan) jomang; a-jomang community, ta-jomang ⊕Tata Sudan (Kordofan) ⊕Eliri massif Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 eliri Sudan (Kordofan) 3 Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 06-CBA-aa lumun tacho torona Talodi+ Jomang talodi tasomi ga-jomang Nding nding LAFOFA+ TEGEM chain LAFOFA+ TEGEM net Lafofa+ Tegem kidie-lafofa lafofa; amee-lafofa community ⊕Lafofa environs Sudan (Kordofan) 06-CBA-aaa lafofa-C. ⊕Eliri hills… (Kordofan) 06-CBA-aab umm-shatta ⊕Umm-Shatta (Kordofan) 06-CBA-ab amira tegem ⊕Jebel-el-Amira mountain Sudan (Kordofan) tekeim ⊕Jebel-Tekeim Sudan (Kordofan) 06-CAA-a 06-CAA-b 06-CAA-ba 06-CAA-bb 06-CAA-bc 06-CAA-bd 06-CAA-c 06-CAA-ca 06-CAA-cb 06-CAA-cc 06-CAA-d 06-CAA-da 06-CB 06-CBA 06-CBA-a 06-CBA-ac 3 4= EURASIA geosector 06-D 06-DA 06-DAA 06-DAA-a 06-DAA-aa 06-DAA-ab 06-DAA-ac 06-DAA-ad 06-DAA-ae 06-DAA-af 06-DAA-b 06-DAA-ba 06-DAA-bb 06-DAA-bc Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 73 TEGALI+ TAGOI set TEGALI+ TAGOI chain TEGALI+ TAGOI net Tagoi+ Tumale RASHAD Latin script language with noun-classes: contrast [06] Tegali+ Kom Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) ngon-nga-ta-goi orig tu-male goi, goy, tagoy, kombo-ka-tagoi community, tagoi ⊕Tagoi Sudan (Kordofan) turjuk, turjok ⊕Turjok village Sudan (Kordofan) male, su-male community, hu-male community, yu-male community, tumali, tumale, tumeli ⊕Tumale, Tumele mountain Sudan (Kordofan) moreb ta-gogen wadelka Tegali+ Kom moreib ⊕Moreb village Sudan (Kordofan) tegele, tagale, togole, tekele ⊕Tegali massif without noun-classes: contrast [06] Tagoi+ Tumale Εbilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya (Sudani) Sudan (Kordofan) 4 te-gali nge-kom tingal ⊕Rashad hills Sudan (Kordofan) 4 kom, nga-kom, kome, rashad ⊕Rashad town Sudan (Kordofan) kajakja, kajaja ⊕Tegali massif Sudan (Kordofan) 4 Sudan (Kordofan) Sudan (Kordofan) 3 page 74 07= The Linguasphere Register RIFT-VALLEY geozone 1999 / 2000 edition covers the "Rift-Valley" reference area (composed of sets not Ethiopia; Tanzania; Uganda covered by any phylozone); comprising 4 sets of languages (= 7 outer languages) spoken by hunter-gatherer or former hunter-gatherer communities in Northeast Africa, along the Rift Valley: 07-A ONGOTA 07-C HADZA 4 07-B ICIE+ SO 07-D SANDAWE Set 07-A has a hypothetical link to languages in the 1=AfroAsian phylosector. Set 07-B forms part of the "East Sudanic" hypothesis (with languages in zones 04= and 05=). Sets 07C and 07-D are parts of the "wider Khoisan" hypothesis (with languages in zones 08= and 09=). 07-A ONGOTA set 07-AA 07-AAA-aa ONGOTA chain ONGOTA net Ongota ifa-'ongota 07-B ICIE+ SO set 07-BA ICIE chain ICIE net Icie icie-tod-ak 07-AAA 07-AAA-a 07-BAA 07-BAA-a 07-BAA-aa 07-BB 07-BBA 07-BBA-a 07-BBA-aa 07-BBB 07-BBB-a 07-BBB-aa 07-BBC 07-BBC-a 07-BBC-aa SO+ NYANG'I chain NYANG'I net Nyang'i nyang'i SO net So so 'DOROBO-NORTH' net 'Dorobo-North' 'dorobo-N.' BIRALE a distant link to languages in the 1=Afro-Asian phylozone has been suggested ⊕Weyt'o valley Ethiopia (Gemu-Gofa) 1 ongota, birale, birelle, 'shanqilla'-S. ¶nearly extinct, spoken by a community of elderly former hunter-gatherers Εplurilingual in [14] Tsamakula & [14] Karatti Ethiopia (Gemu-Gofa) 1 ⊕Karamoja-Turkana escarpment: Timir forest Uganda (Karamoja) 3 ice-tod-ak, icie-tot, teuso, teuth, ngulak; ik-a, ice community #tod(-ak) =«language» Εbilingual in [04] Karimojong ¶nearly extinct, spoken by community of hunter-gatherers Uganda (Karamoja) 3 ⊕Nyangea-S. massif distinct from neighbouring [04] Pore /Nyangia-N. Uganda (Karamoja; Acholi) 2 nyangi, nyangia-S., nyangeya-S., ngangea-S., na-pore-S., ni-pori-S., poren-S., pore-S., pori-S., porei-S.; nga-pore-S. community, ngiangeya community, u-pale community Εbilingual in [04] Karimojong ¶nearly extinct, spoken by community of hunter-gatherers Uganda (Karamoja; Acholi) 2 ⊕Moroto mountain Uganda (Karamoja) 3 soo, tepeth, tepes Εbilingual in [04] Karimojong ¶nearly extinct Uganda (Karamoja) KULIAK, part of east-sudanic hypothesis (together with languages in zones 04= and 05=, within Nilo-Saharan hypothesis) 3 ι ⊕Karamoja-Turkana escarpment formerly Uganda (Karamoja) 0* 'dorobo-karamoja', "Wayland's" 'dorobo', "lost" 'dorobo', part of 'dorobo', 'n-dorobo' ¶presumed extinct, formerly spoken by community of hunter-gatherers Uganda (Karamoja) 0 part of "wider khoisan" hypothesis 07-CAA-a HADZA set HADZA chain HADZA net Hadza ⊕Eyasi lake>SE. Tanzania (Singida; Arusha; Shinyanga; Dodoma) 2 07-CAA-aa hadza hatsa, hadzapi, wa-kindiga, wa-tindiga, kindiga, tindiga, kangenju ¶spoken by community of hunter-gatherers Tanzania (Singida; Arusha; Shinyanga; Dodoma) 2 07-CAA-aaa kondoa ⊕Kondoa district (Dodoma) 07-CAA-aab merilu 07-CAA-aac bali 07-D SANDAWE set SANDAWE chain SANDAWE net Sandawe sandawe 07-C 07-CA 07-CAA 07-DA 07-DAA 07-DAA-a 07-DAA-aa Tanzania Tanzania part of "wider khoisan" hypothesis ⊕between Bubu… Mponde valleys Tanzania (Dodoma) 4 wa-sandaui, sandaui, sandwe, sandawi ¶spoken by community of hunter-gatherers, now also agriculturalists and pastoralists Tanzania (Dodoma) 4 4= EURASIA geosector 08= KHOISANIC phylozone Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 75 covers the "Central Khoisan" grouping (part of the "wider Angola; Botswan; Namibia; South Khoisan" hypothesis); comprising 2 sets of languages (= 14 Africa; Zambia outer languages) spoken by herding or hunter-gatherer communities in Southwestern Africa, in and around the Kalahari desert: 08-A NAMA+ HAINL'UM 5 08-B KWADI The symbols used conventionally to transcribe consonantal clicks in many language-names within zones 08= and 09= are recorded in column 3, but these symbols have been converted to Latin alphabetic characters for the spelling and indexing of reference-names (all names in column 2, and bold names in column 3) as follows: p'=bilabial click Θ t'= dento-alveolar click ≠ l'=lateral click //. c'=dental click / q'=retroflex click ! #suffixes -khoi, -khwe, -khoe, -kxoe, -kxo, -kwe, -q'oa etc. = «people, community» 08-AAA-a NAMA+ HAINL'UM set NAMA+ TSHWA chain NAMA+ T'AU net Nama khwe-kovab, kxhwe-kovab, 'hottentot', naman; nama-kwa, nama-khwe, nama-qua, khoi-govab community Namibia; also Botswana; South Africa (Northern Cape) Υ 08-AAA-aa nama-F. "standardised" nama, "literary" nama Namibia 08-AAA-ab "generalised" nama, "vehicular" nama Namibia 08-AAA-ac nama-G. damara-E. dama-E., in [52] Afrikaans: 'klippkaffer'-E., 'klipkaffer'-E., part of dama, damara, daama, damaqua, tama, tamma, tamakwa, bergdama, bergdamara community ⊕Damaraland country Namibia (Karibib; Okahandja) 08-AAA-ad l'xau-c'gõa //gxau-/gõan; in [52] Afrikaans: 'swart-booi' community ⊕Windhoek; migration> Fransfontein, Franzfontein Namibia (formerly Windhoek; now Outjo) 08-AAA-ae t'ao-ni ≠'ao-nin; in [52] Afrikaans: part of topnaar community ⊕Sesfontein, Namibia (Kaokoveld; Outjo) 08-AAA-af mun-l'i m_-//_n; in [52] Afrikaans: part of topnaar community ⊕east of Walvis Bay Namibia (Walvis Bay; Karibib; Swakopmund) 08-AAA-ag q'xara-kai-kxoe q'xara, !gxara-kai-kxoen; in [52] Afrikaans: Simon Kopper 'hottentot' community ⊕Rietfontein Namibia (Gobabis); Botswana (Ghanzi) frontier 08-AAA-ah q'ami-nt'u q'ami, !gami-n≠un; in [52] Afrikaans: 'bondel-swart' community ⊕Kalkfontein Namibia (Gobabis); Botswana (Ghanzi) frontier 08-AAA-ai kai-l'xau kai-//xau, kai-//xaun; in [52] Afrikaans: rooi-nasie, rooi-natie community ⊕Hoachanas Namibia (Rehoboth; Gibeon) 08-AAA-aj l'o-kai //'o-kain; in [52] Afrikaans: 'groot-dode' community ⊕Gibeon… Berseba>W. Namibia (Gibeon; Keetmanshoop) 08-AAA-ak //ghapopen; in [52] Afrikaans: 'veldskoendraer' community ⊕Koes Namibia (Keetmanshoop) kxaro, kxaro-!oan; tsaib-'hottentot' community ⊕Keetmanshoop Namibia (Keetmanshoop) 08-AAA-am l'ghapope kxaro-q'oa l'aixa-l'ae //aixa-//aen; "Chief Afrikaner's" 'hottentot', 'afrikaner-hottentot', part of orlam, oorlam community formerly South Africa (Northern Cape); exodus> Namibia (Windhoek; Okahandja) 08-AAA-an kai-l'xaua kai-//xaua, kai-/xaua, kai-//xauan, kakuya; amraal, part of orlam, oorlam, in [52] Afrikaans: kakuya-'bushman'-nasie community formerly South Africa (Northern Cape); exodus> Namibia (Rehoboth; Gobabis) 08-AAA-ao c'xope-si /xope-si; g/xopesin; "Chief Wit-booi's" 'hottentot', 'wit-booi', part of orlam, oorlam community ⊕Gibeon formerly South Africa (Northern Cape); exodus> Namibia (Gibeon) 08-AAA-ap t'ama !'aman; bethanie-'hottentot', part of orlam, oorlam community ⊕Bethanie, Bethanien formerly South Africa (Northern Cape); exodus> Namibia (Bethanien) 08-AAA-aq c'hai-c'xaua c'hai, /hai-/xaua; g/hai-g/xauan; berseba-'hottentot', in [52] Afrikaans: bersabaer, part of orlam, oorlam community ⊕Fish valley: Berseba formerly South Africa (Northern Cape); exodus> Namibia (Keetmanshoop) 08-AAA-b T'au t'au-kxoe, ≠'au-kxoen; damara-W. community, part of dama, damara, daama, damaqua, tama, tamma, tamakwa, bergdama, bergdamara community, in [52] Afrikaans: 'klippkaffer'-W., 'klipkaffer'-W. #t'au-kxoe =«community of the peak» Namibia (Outjo; Swakopmund; Omaruru; Karibib) 08-AAA-ba ao-kupu tãuna-tama 'ao-kupu, au-kupun community ⊕Namib-N. desert Namibia (Outjo) 08-AAA-bb tãuna-taman community, brandberg-dama ⊕Brandberg massif Namibia (Outjo; Swakopmund; Omaruru) 08-AAA-bc q'oe-t'gã !'oe-≠gãã, !'oe-g≠ãn community, erongo-dama ⊕Erongo massif Namibia (Omaruru) 08-A 08-AA 08-AAA 08-AAA-al KHOI-KHOI, kxwe-kxwe, khwe-khwe 5 Zesfontein 4* page 76 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 3* 08-AAA-c Ãi 'ãi-//'ae, in [52] Afrikaans: rivier-volk community South Africa (Northern Cape); also Namibia (Warmbad) Υ 08-AAA-ca /'oo-xoo, in [52] Afrikaans: 'smaal-wange' community South Africa (Northern Cape) ≠nam-//'ae, in [52] Afrikaans: 'kaross-heber' community South Africa (Northern Cape) !ao, in [52] Afrikaans: 'Snyer's volk' community South Africa (Northern Cape) /hõã, in [52] Afrikaans: katte community South Africa (Northern Cape) 08-AAA-d c'oo-xoo t'nam-l'ae q'ao c'hõa Q'kabe !kabe ¶previously believed extinct; few surviving speakers reunited in 1990's ⊕Kalahari Gemsbok national park; expelled to Rietfontein & environs in 19[28] 1937 formerly South Africa (Northern Cape) 1 08-AAA-da q'kabe !kabe, gemsbok-nama, gimsbok-nama, gemsbok-'bushman' community South Africa (Northern Cape) 1 08-AAA-e Q'xiri ¶extinct ⊕Griqualand East country… Great Karoo country formerly South Africa (Eastern Cape; Kwazulu-Natal-S.) 0 08-AAA-ea q'xiri !xiri, griqua, gry, grikwa, !xrikwa, xirikwa, 'cape-hottentot' community South Africa (Eastern Cape; Kwazulu-Natal-S.) 0 08-AAA-f Q'ora !ora, !kora, kora, koraqua, korana, koranna, gorachouqua ⊕Oranje+ Vaal basin ¶presumed extinct formerly South Africa (Northern Cape; Orange Free State) 0* 08-AAA-fa t'nuu-l'ae t'nuu, ≠nuu-//'ae, in [52] Afrikaans: 'swartse' community ⊕Griqualand West country South Africa (Northern Cape) 08-AAA-fb kai-q'ora kx'am-l'õa !ora, kai-!ora, in [52] Afrikaans: taaibosch community South Africa (Northern Cape) kx'am, kx'am-//'õa, in [52] Afrikaans: regshande community ⊕Kraalshoek… South Africa (Orange Free State; Northern Cape adjacent) l'are, //'are-mãa-//'ae, in [52] Afrikaans: links community South Africa (Orange Free State) c'hoa, /hõa-//'ae, in [52] Afrikaans: katse community South Africa (Orange Free State) 08-AAB-a l'are-mãa-l'ae c'hoa-l'ae TSHWA+ TS'AURU net Ts'auru+ C'am Nharo-n, naro, nhauru, nhauru-n ⊕Okavango valley… Kalahari-C. desert Botswana (North West; Ghanzi); also Namibia (Grootfontein); Angola (Huila) Υ 08-AAB-aa q'ko-khoe* q'ko, !ko-khoe, g!o-kwe ⊕Okavango swamp>W.... Okavango downstream Botswana (North West); Namibia (Grootfontein); Angola (Huila) 08-AAB-ab q'ave-khoe l'ai-khoe q'ave, qabe-khoe, kaba-kwe, kabba-kwe, !kabba-kwe Botswana (Ghanzi; North West) l'ai, //ai-khoe, //aikwe, //ai//e_, //ai//en, //aisan, /aikwe, nharo "proper" ⊕Ghanzi>SW. Botswana (Ghanzi) c'am-kwe ts'auru-khoe q'gin-khoe Ts'ao+ Nc'hai ts'ao-khoe nc'hai nc'hai-tse C'wi+ K'ere c'am, /amkwe, /anekwe Botswana ts'auru, tsoro-kwe Botswana q'gin, g!inkwe, !gingkwe Botswana ⊕Ghansiveld plain... Tsau Botswana (North West; Ghanzi) ts'ao, tsau-khwe, tsau, tsau-kwe, ts'ixa, ts'exa ⊕Tsau environs Botswana (North West) n/hai ⊕Ghansiveld plain Botswana (Ghanzi; North West) n/hai-tse, n/hain-ts'e, /nhai-tse Botswana (Ghanzi; North West) L'gana-khoe, //gana-khoe Botswana (North West; Central; Ghanzi) nyive-kxo t'heva-khoe k'ere-khoe nyive, nyibe-kx'o Botswana (North West) ≠heba-khoe, ≠kheba-khoe, 'khessa' Botswana (North West) k'ere, k'ere-khwe, tsh'ere-khwe, tcere-khoe, tsere-kwe ⊕Makalamabedi environs Botswana (North West; Central) dom-khoe du-kwe l'gaa-khoe l'gana-khoe c'wi-khoe dom, dum-khwe Botswana (Central) du, de-kwe Botswana (Central)* //gaa-khoe, g//aa, g//aakhwe Botswana (Ghanzi) g//ana, g//ana-khwe, //gana-khoe, //kana-khoe, tanne-kwe Botswana (Ghanzi) c'wi, g/wi, g/wi-khoe, g/wi-khwe, g!in-kwe, ma-gwi-kwe, /gui-khoe, gwi'bushman' community Botswana (Ghanzi) mo-lepolole Tshwa+ Kovee 'lepolole' Botswana (Ghanzi) Tshu-C., tshu-kwe-C., tshwe, tshase, "wider" hiechware Botswana (North West; Ghanzi; Central); also Zimbabwe (Matabeleland) Υ l'goro-khwe l'gulu l'golo ganadi //goro-khwe Botswana (North West…) //gulu Botswana (Ghanzi…) //golo Botswana (Ghanzi…) ganade ⊕Gerufa environs Botswana (Central); Zimbabwe (Matabeleland) kwe-e-tsho-ri tshwa kwe, kwee, kwe-tshori Botswana (Central) tywa, tyhwa, tyhua, tyua Botswana (Central) 08-AAA-cb 08-AAA-cc 08-AAA-cd 08-AAA-fc 08-AAA-fd 08-AAA-fe 08-AAB 08-AAB-ac 08-AAB-ad 08-AAB-ae 08-AAB-af 08-AAB-b 08-AAB-ba 08-AAB-bb 08-AAB-bc 08-AAB-c 08-AAB-ca 08-AAB-cb 08-AAB-cc 08-AAB-cd 08-AAB-ce 08-AAB-cf 08-AAB-cg 08-AAB-ch 08-AAB-ci 08-AAB-d 08-AAB-da 08-AAB-db 08-AAB-dc 08-AAB-dd 08-AAB-de 08-AAB-df TSHU-KWE 3 3 3* 4 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 77 08-AAB-dg c'hai-tsho-ri /hai-tshori, /hai-tshuwau, /hai-tshuari, hie-tshwari, hiechware, hietshware, hiotshuare, haitshuari, haitshuwau, hiotshuwau, hietsho, chware, sarwa, se-sarwa, tshuwau, ma-sarwa-tati, tati, 'tati-bushman' ⊕Nata>N. Botswana (Central); Zimbabwe (Matabeleland) Υ 08-AAB-dh l'gabake-tsho-ri mohisa kovee-n-tsho-ri Shua+ Tchaiti g//abake-ntshori, //gabake-ntshori, g//abake-tshori Botswana (Central) mohissa Botswana (Central) kovee, kobee, kobee-ntshori, kobee-tshori, 'kossee' Botswana (Central) nl'oo-khoe ts'ixa-khoe bore-khoe danisa nl'oo, n//oo, n//oo-khwe, n//oo-khoe, //noo-khwe Botswana (North West)* ts'ixa Botswana (North West) bore Botswana (North West) danisi, danisin, danisan, denisa, ma-denasse, ma-denassa, madinnisane ⊕Kanyu>S. Botswana (North West; Central) shua-khoe l'aiye tshuma-khoe l'oree-khoe c'haise tcaiti-khoe shua, shua-kwe, shua-khwe, ma-shua-kwe, tshu-ma-kwe ⊕Nata Botswana (Central) //'aiye, //aaye, //'aye Botswana (Central) tshuma, tshuma-kwe ⊕Makgadikgadi salt-pans>N. Botswana (Central) l'oree, //oree-khwe, //koree-khoe Botswana (Central) /xaise, /haise, /hais, /ais, //aise Botswana (Central) tcaiti, tshidi-khwe, tshidi, tsh'iti, tçaiti, sili, shete, tsere Botswana (Central); Zimbabwe (Matabeleland) Υ hura deti-khoe X_+ Handa ma-hura, se-hura Botswana (Central) deti, teti-khwe, ma-tete, tete, teti, tletle, kwaa-khoe Botswana (Central) Tshu-N., tshu-kwe-N. Botswana (North West); Angola (Huila); also Zambia (Northern); Namibia (Caprivi Strip) Υ handa, handa-khwe, ts'exa, ts'ixa, handa-dam, handa-kwe-dam Botswana (North West) gali Botswana (North West) goe Botswana (North West) gari Botswana (North West) l'kani, g//ani-khwe, //kani-kxoe, kani-khoe, tanne-kwe Botswana (North West) boga, buka, buka-khwe, 'water-bushman' Botswana (North West) 08-AAB-fh handa-khoe gali-kwe goe-kwe gari-kwe l'kani-kxoe boga-kxoe buma-kxoe x_-kxoe x_, kxoe, x_-khwe, hu-kwe, 'black-bushman' community Botswana (North West); Angola (Huila); also Zambia (Northern); Namibia (Caprivi Strip) Υ 08-AAB-fha q'hu-kwe !hu-kwe ⊕Makalamabedi (North West) 08-AAB-fhb zama va-zama community (Huila) 08-AAB-fhc kwengo mbara-kwengo, va-kwengo, mbara-kwena (Huila); also (Northern) 08-AAB-fhd glanda-khwe glanda (Huila) 08-AAB-fhe schekere 08-AB 08-ABA-a HAINL'UM+ KEDI chain HAINL'UM+ KEDI net Hainl'um+ Kedi 08-ABA-aa hai-nl'um Heikom, hai//'om, heiom, heikum, haikum, hai//'um, hai-//um, hain//um, heikom-'bushman' community Namibia (Gobabis; Grootfontein) 08-ABA-ab kedi kedde, keddi Namibia (Ovamboland; Grootfontein); Angola (Huila) 08-ABA-ac cwaga chwagga Namibia (Ovamboland; Grootfontein) 08-ABA-ad 'strandläufer' ⊕Kaoko-Veld-W. plain in [52] Deutsch: Strandläufer =«beachrunners» Namibia (Kaokoveld) 08-B 08-BAA-a KWADI set KWADI chain KWADI net Kwadi cuepe, cuanhoca, curoca, ma-koroko, mu-coroka, mucoroca; bakoroka community ⊕Curoca lower valley Angola (Moçamedes) 08-BAA-aa kwise kwisso, mo-quisse; ba-kise, ba-cuisso, ba-kuise, ba-kwisso, va-kuise community Angola (Moçamedes) 08-BAA-ab zorotua va-sorantu community Angola (Moçamedes) 08-AAB-di 08-AAB-dj 08-AAB-e 08-AAB-ea 08-AAB-eb 08-AAB-ec 08-AAB-ed 08-AAB-ee 08-AAB-ef 08-AAB-eg 08-AAB-eh 08-AAB-ei 08-AAB-ej 08-AAB-ek 08-AAB-el 08-AAB-f 08-AAB-fa 08-AAB-fb 08-AAB-fc 08-AAB-fd 08-AAB-fe 08-AAB-ff 08-AAB-fg 08-ABA 08-BA 08-BAA Botswana (North West; Central); also Zimbabwe (Matabeleland) Υ 3 3 2 4* Botswana (North West) (Huila) Namibia (Ovamboland; Grootfontein; Gobabis; Kaokoveld); Angola (Huila) Υ 4 4 page 78 09= The Linguasphere Register KALAHARI geozone 1999 / 2000 edition covers the Kalahari reference area (within the "wider Khoisan" Angola; Botswana; Lesotho; hypothesis), composed of the "North-Khoisan" set 09-A plus Namibia; South Africa the remaining sets within the "South-Khoisan" hypothesis; comprising 5 sets of languages (= 14 outer languages) spoken by hunter-gatherer communities in Southwestern Africa, in and around the Kalahari desert and Orange basin: 09-A XUNG+ Q'O-Q'XUNG 09-C NC'HU+ L'KUL'E 09-E C'XAM+ 'KATKOP'* 4 09-B C'WI+ NC'USAN 09-D L'XEGWI+ L'XOGWI Certain languages (indicated by a star *) and the final set of languages (09-E C'xam+ 'Katkop'*) are classified notionally, in the absence of adequate or consistent information The symbols used conventionally to transcribe consonantal clicks in many language-names within zones 08= and 09= are recorded in column 3, but these symbols have been converted to Latin alphabetic characters for the spelling and indexing of reference-names (all names in column 2, and bold names in column 3) as follows: p'=bilabial click Θ t'= dento-alveolar click ≠ l'=lateral click //. 09-A 09-AA 09-AAA 09-AAA-a c'=dental click / q'=retroflex click ! XUNG+ Q'O-Q'XUNG KHOISAN-NORTH, kung set Q'O-Q'XUNG chain Q'O-Q'XUNG net Q'o-Q'xung Kung-N., !'o-!khung, !'o-!kung, !o!kung, !'o-!'khung, o-khung, o-kung, Angola (Huila) oung, n-!khung, !kung, !khung, !xü 3 09-ABA-a maligo q'o-q'xung-C. q'o-q'xung-S. XUNG+ ZHU chain XUNG net Xung* 09-ABA-aa xung-ukuambi Namibia (Ovamboland) 09-ABA-aaa uukualuthi (Ovamboland) 09-ABA-aab ukuambi (Ovamboland) 09-ABA-ab xung-heikum Angola (Huila); Namibia (Ovamboland; Tsumeb) 09-ABA-aba heil'um 09-ABA-abb heikum (Tsumeb…) 09-ABA-ac xung-chu Namibia (Ovamboland); Angola (Huila)* 09-ABA-ad xung-t'kung-N. xung-t'k_ xung-t'ung-S. NOGAU+ AUKWE net Nogau+ Aukwe l'khau-l'en !kung-N. comprising 2 dialects Namibia (Grootfontein) !k_ comprising 2 dialects Namibia (Grootfontein)* !kung-S. comprising 2 dialects Namibia (Gobabis) Kung-Gobabis, kaukau, koko Namibia; Angola; Botswana Υ 3 //kh'au-//'e, //k'au-//en, //kh'au-//en, //au-//e_, //au-//en, x'au-//esi, ≠au//e_ Namibia (Ovamboland); Angola; Botswana 3 au-kwe* au-san* no-gau //aukwe, /aukwe comprising 3 dialects Namibia; Botswana 2* Namibia 1* Namibia 0* 09-AAA-aa 09-AAA-ab 09-AAA-ac 09-AB 09-ABA q'o-q'xung-N. Angola (Huila) Angola (Huila) Angola (Huila) KUNG-WEST !x_, !k_, !h_, qx_, !kung, !khung, kung-ekoka, ekoka-!xü Angola (Huila); Namibia (Ovamboland; Grootfontein; Tsumeb); Botswana (North West) 3 Υ 09-ABA-ae 09-ABA-af 09-ABB 09-ABB-a 09-ABB-aa 09-ABB-ab 09-ABB-ac 09-ABB-ad hei//um a-gau ¶presumed extinct (Huila); (Ovamboland; Tsumeb) 4= EURASIA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 79 09-ABC-a ZHU+ HOà net Zhu kung-tsumkwe, x_, xun, tshumkwe Namibia (Grootfontein); Angola (Huila); Botswana (Ghansi; Kweneng) Υ 09-ABC-aa zhu-hoa zhu-/hoa, dzhu-/'oa Namibia (Grootfontein); Angola (Huila) 09-ABC-ab zhu-oase zhu-/oase, ju'oasi, zhu'oasi, dzu'oasi, zu-hoasi, zu-/'hoasi, dzhu-/'oasi, ssu-ghassi, zhu'oase comprising 2 dialects Namibia (Grootfontein) 09-ABC-b Hoã hoã 09-ABC 09-ABC-ba Botswana (Ghansi; Kweneng) hüa, hua-E. 3 2* Botswana (Ghansi; Kweneng) C'QWI+ NC'USAN set C'QWI+ NC'USAN chain C'QWI+ NC'USAN net C'qwi+ C'ngamani* XONG, ta'a, part of "khoisan"-S. hypothesis Xong-E. Botswana (Ghanzi; Kgalagadi; Ngwakets); Namibia (Gobabis; Gibeon); SouthAfrica (Northern Cape) Υ c'gwi q'xony-E. /gwi Botswana (Ghanzi) !xony-a-ã, !xõ-E., !xon, !xong, !kõ, !ku, !khong, koon, gxon, ma-gong, ma-gon, //nõ, ge, !khonya Botswana (Ghanzi; Kgalagadi) _kha Botswana (Kgalagadi; Ghanzi) hua, /h_a, /h_, /hua-_wani, hua-W. Botswana (Kgalagadi) 09-BAA-af p'kha c'hua-p'wani tyoro l'nah //nah Botswana (Ghanzi; Kgalagadi); Namibia (Gobabis; Gibeon) frontier 09-BAA-ag p'ha _ha, _a Botswana (Ghanzi; Kgalagadi); Namibia (Gobabis; Gibeon) frontier 09-BAA-ah c'ngamani /ngamani, ng/amani, /ngamasa, /namani, n/amani Namibia (Gibeon); Botswana (Kgalagadi); frontier 09-BAA-ai tsha, tsase, tshase Botswana (Kweneng…) Xong-W. Namibia; Botswana Υ !xony-a-ã-W., aminuis !xõ, !xõ-W., kongowa !xõ Namibia (Gobabis) !gao-kx'a, !gao-kx'ate Namibia (Gibeon) !kõ, naosanabis kong Namibia 09-BAA-bd tsha-si Nc'u-san+ Q'kong* q'xony-W. q'gao-kx'a q'kong nc'u-l'en ng/u//en, /nu//'en, n/u//ℜin, n/hu//e_, //u//en, nu//en, /u//ℜin, ng/u/ei, koon 2 Namibia (Gobabis; Gibeon) 09-BAA-be nc'u-san ngu-san, nu-san, nuusan, n/husi, noosan, ng/usan Botswana (Ghanzi); Namibia (Gobabis) frontier 09-BAA-bf nc'u-mde n'/ngumde, n'/umde Botswana (Kgalagadi); also Namibia (Gibeon) 09-BAA-bg nl'ahnsa 09-BAA-bga tuu-nl'ahnsa 09-BAA-bgb lala 09-BAA-bgc owa 09-BAA-bgd l'naheh //'naheh (Kgalagadi) and/or (Gobabis) 09-BAA-bh l'gui q'ama q'ohju //gui Botswana and/or Namibia ãma, !ama Botswana !ohdzhu, !ohju Botswana (Ghanzi; Kgalagadi); Namibia (Gobabis; Gibeon) frontier ükate, üka, 'üka-te Botswana and/or Namibia 09-BAA-bm unka-te l'oal'ei kic'hazi+ kakia 09-BAA-bma kic'hazi ki/hazi Namibia 09-BAA-bmb kakia khakea, khakhea, 'masarwa' (=[99] Tswana: «bushmen») Botswana (Kgalagadi; Ngwakets; Kweneng) 2 09-BAA-bn t'atia ≠atia, khatia, kattea, katia, xatia, /kusi, ≠ei-kusi, vaalpens, ≠kℜ≠kℜ formerly Namibia 0 09-B 09-BA 09-BAA 09-BAA-a 09-BAA-aa 09-BAA-ab 09-BAA-ac 09-BAA-ad 09-BAA-ae 09-BAA-b 09-BAA-ba 09-BAA-bb 09-BAA-bc 09-BAA-bi 09-BAA-bj 09-BAA-bk 09-BAA-bl 3 3 Botswana (Kgalagadi; Ngwakets) 3* Botswana (Kgalagadi); Namibia (Gobabis) nl'ahnsa "proper", tuu-ngahnsa, tuu-'ongahnsa, l'ngahmsa, nbahmsa (Kgalagadi); (Gobabis) (Kgalagadi); (Gobabis) frontier (Kgalagadi) and/or (Gobabis) //oa//ℜ_ Namibia; Botswana (Kgalagadi; Ngwakets; Kweneng) ¶extinct 2 page 80 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition NC'HU+ L'KUL'E set NC'HU+ 'VASEKELA' chain NC'HU+ C'AUNI net Nc'hu+ C'auni Q'WI, !wi; part of "khoisan"-S. hypothesis ¶presumed extinct formerly South Africa (Northern Cape); Botswana (Kgalagadi); Namibia (Gibeon) Υ nc'hu-ki-A. t'khomani ng/huki "proper", nhuki, nghuki, /nguhci, n/huci, ng'huki South Africa ≠khomani South Africa (Northern Cape); Botswana (Kgalagadi) l'khau nl'-t'ke c'auni //kxau, //khau South Africa //ng-!ke, ng//-/e, //ng, //ng-/ke, ng//-≠e South Africa /'auni, /'auo, /auni, /auo Botswana (Kgalagadi); Namibia (Gibeon); SouthAfrica (Northern Cape) frontier kic'hasi t'kaurure-nl'ai nc'usa 'VASEKELA' net 'Vasekela'* 'vasekela' L'KUL'E+ Q'ÃNQ'E* chain L'KUL'E+ Q'ÃNQ'E net L'kul'e+ Q'ãnq'e* ki/hazi, ki/hasi Namibia ≠kaurure-//nai Namibia /nusa, nusan, ng/usan, nu-san, noosan Namibia ¶extinct Namibia vasekela-'bushman' Namibia ¶extinct formerly Lesotho; South Africa (Orange Free State; KwazuluNatal) Υ 0 l'kul'e 'boshof' 'qacha's-neck' q'ãnq'e //k_-//'e, //ku//e South Africa (Orange Free State) 0 ⊕Boshof South Africa (Orange Free State) 0 ⊕Qacha's Neck Lesotho 0 !gã!nge, !gã!ne, lesotho-'bushman' Lesotho; South Africa (KwazuluNatal) 0 BUSHMAN-EAST, 'ama-busman', ba-twa, aba-thwa, ba-roa, part of "khoisan-S." hypothesis 09-DAA-aa L'XEGWI+ L'XOGWI set L'XEGWI+ L'XOGWI chain L'XEGWI+ L'XOGWI net L'xegwi+ L'xogwi l'xegwi-A. 09-DAA-ab 09-E 09-C 09-CA 09-CAA 09-CAA-a 09-CAA-aa 09-CAA-ab 09-CAA-ac 09-CAA-ad 09-CAA-ae 09-CAA-af 09-CAA-ag 09-CAA-ah 09-CAB 09-CAB-a 09-CAB-aa 09-CB 09-CBA 09-CBA-a 09-CBA-aa 09-CBA-ab 09-CBA-ac 09-CBA-ad 09-D 09-DA 09-DAA ι ι ng/huki ι 0* ι 0* 0 ι SEROA ι ι ι ¶presumed extinct (few dozen speakers in 1950's) ⊕Vaal upper valley South Africa (Eastern Transvaal) 0* //xegwi, //xegwe, //xekwi, //kxigwi, ki-//kxigwi, //kxegwi, //khegwi, gi//kxigwi, kxigwi, klegwi, khegwi, n-kqeshe, u-kqashe, kl'egwi, amankgqwigqwi South Africa (Eastern Transvaal) 0 l'xogwi //xogwi, kloukle, kxloukxle, tloue, tloutle, lxloukxle South Africa (Eastern Transvaal) part of "khoisan"-S. hypothesis 09-EAA-a C'XAM+ 'KATKOP'* notional set C'XAM+ 'KATKOP' chain C'XAM+ 'KATKOP' net C'xam* ¶extinct formerly South Africa (Northern Cape) 0 09-EAA-aa c'xam-t'ke /xam, /kham, /kham-ka-!k'e, /kam-ka!e-!ka, /xam-ka!-ka, /xam-ka-!k'e, /kam-ka-!ka South Africa (Northern Cape) 0 09-EAA-b 'Katkop' ¶extinct formerly South Africa (Northern Cape) 0 09-EAA-ba 'katkop' 'Strontbergen' ⊕Katkop hills South Africa (Northern Cape) 0 09-EAA-c ¶extinct formerly South Africa (Northern Cape) 0 09-EAA-ca 'strontbergen' South Africa (Northern Cape) 0 09-DAA-a 09-EA 09-EAA 0 ι ι ι