SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 UNITS QUANTITY Plane angle Electric Charge, Quantity of electricity NAME Radian (a) Coulomb Electric Resistance Magnetic flux Inductance Celsius temperature Catalytic activity luminous flux Electric Conductance Absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma Magnetic flux Density Dose equivalent (d) Activity (Of a Radionuclide) Illuminance Power, radiant flux Frequency Capacitance Pressure, stress Electric potential Difference, Electromotive Force Energy, Work, Quantity of heat Solid angle Force Permittivity Ohm Radiance Watt per square meter steradian Watt per meter Kelvin Thermal conductivity Weber Henry Degree Celsius Katal Lumen Siemens SYMBOL EQUIVALENT rad - C Wb H °C BASE EQUIVALENT m·m-1 = 1 (b) s⋅A V/A m2·kg·s-3·A-2 V·s Wb/A K m2·kg·s-2·A-1 m2·kg·s-2·A-2 kat lm S cd·sr A/V s-1·mol m2·m-2·cd = cd m-2·kg-1·s3·A2 Gy J/kg m2·s-2 Tesla T Wb/m2 kg·s-2·A-1 Sievert Becquerel Sv J/kg m2·s-2 Lux Watt lx W Hertz Farad Pascal Volt Hz F Pa V C/V N/m2 W/A s-1 m-2·kg-1·s4·A2 m-1·kg·s-2 m2·kg·s-3·A-1 J N⋅m m2·kg·s-2 Gray Joule steradian (a) Newton Farad per meter s-1 Bq sr (c) N F/m lm/m2 J/s m2·m-4·cd = m-2·cd m2·kg·s-3 m2·m-2 = 1 (b) m·kg·s-2 W/(m2·sr) W/(m⋅K) CONT’D SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 UNITS QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL Electric field Strength volt per meter V/m Molar entropy, molar heat capacity joule per mole kelvin J/(mol·K) Molar energy Joule per mole J/mol Permeability absorbed dose rate heat capacity, entropy Electric flux Density catalytic (activity) concentration Surface tension Specific Energy Electric charge Density Exposure (x and rays) Radiant Intensity Energy Density Angular acceleration specific heat capacity, specific entropy Mass Density Henry per meter gray per second joule per kelvin coulomb per square meter katal per cubic meter Newton per Meter Joule per kilogram coulomb per cubic meter coulomb per kilogram watt per steradian Joule per cubic meter Radian per second squared Joule per kilogram kelvin kilogram per cubic metre EQUIVALENT BASE EQUIVALENT H/m Gy/s J/K C/m2 kat/m3 N/m J/kg C/m3 C/kg W/sr J/m3 rad/s2 J/(kg·K) kg/m3 CONT’D SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 UNITS QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL Heat flux Density, Irradiance watt per square meter W/m2 Newton Meter radian per Angular Velocity second Pascal Dynamic viscosity second square metre Area metsssssre speed, velocity per second kilogram Area density per square metre cubic metre specific volume per kilogram Molarity, (amount mole per cubic metre of substance concentration) Cubic metre Molar volume per mole Molar heat Joule per Capacity, molar kelvin mole entropy Joule per Heat kelvin capacity, entropy Moment of force Molar energy surface tension, stiffness Joule per mole newton per metre EQUIVALENT BASE EQUIVALENT N⋅m rad/s Pa·s m2 m/s m2 m⋅s−1 kg/m2 m3⋅kg−1 mol/m3 m3/mol JK-1⋅mol-1 J/K J/mol kg⋅s−2 N/m = J/m2 CONT’D SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 UNITS QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL - Heat flux watt per Density, Irradiance square metre W/m Thermal conductivity Wm-1⋅K-1 kinematic viscosity Dynamic Viscosity Absorbed Dose Rate watt per metre kelvin square metre per second pascal second gray per second ohm metre Resistivity Molality Mass Flow Rate kilogram per second Electric charge density Thermal Resistance Compressibility Electric field Moment of Inertia kg⋅s−3 2 - m2/s Pa⋅s =N⋅s/m2 m2⋅s−3 Gy/s Ω⋅m kilogram per metre coulomb per cubic metre mole per kilogram linear mass density EQUIVALENT BASE EQUIVALENT kelvin per watt Reciprocal pascal Volt per metre kilogram square metre kg/m C/m3 mol/kg kg/s K/W Pa−1 N/m N/C kg⋅m2 CONT’D SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 UNITS QUANTITY NAME Radiance watt per steradian square metre Length Mass Time Electric Current Thermodynamic Temperature Amount of substance Luminous Intensity wave number, optical power Specific Volume Current Density Mass Fraction Area Volume Magnetic dipole Moment Molar Mass exposure linear charge density Electrical impedance Reactance Meter kilogram Second Ampere Kelvin Mole Candela Reciprocal meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter kilogram per kilogram, Squared metre cubic meter Joule per Tesla kilogram per mole coulomb per kilogram coulomb per metre Ohm Ohm SYMBOL EQUIVALENT BASE EQUIVALENT - Wsr-1⋅m-2 M - Kg S A K mol Cd m-1 m3/kg A/m2 kg/kg = 1 m2 m3 m2⋅A J/T kg/mol C/kg C/m V/A V/A SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Prefix symbol value English name yotta Y 1024 U.S. septillion; U.K. quadrillion zetta Z 1021 U.S. sextillion exa E 1018 U.S. quintillion; U.K. trillion peta P 1015 U.S. quadrillion tera T 1012 U.S. trillion; U.K. billion giga G 109 U.S. billion mega M 106 million kilo k 103 thousand hecto h 102 hundred deca da 101 ten deci d 10-1 tenth centi c 10-2 hundredth milli m 10-3 thousandth micro u 10-6 millionth nano n 10-9 U.S. billionth pico p 10-12 U.S. trillionth; U.K. billionth femto f 10-15 U.S. quadrillionth atto a 10-18 U.S. quintillionth; U.K. trillionth zepto z 10-21 U.S. sextillionth yocto y 10-24 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 CGS Units Physical quantity Unit name Unit symbol Expression in SI units Energy, work erg erg 10-7 J force dyne dyn 10-5 N `dynamic viscosity poise P dyne s cm-2 = 0.1 Pa s kinematic viscosity stokes St cm2 s-1 = 10-4 m2 s-1 magnetic induction gauss G 10-4 T magnetic field strength oersted Oe (1000/4π) A m-1 magnetic flux Maxwell Mx 10-8 Wb luminance stilb sb cd cm-2 = 104 cd m-2 illumination phot ph 104 lx acceleration (due to gravity) Galileo/ (Gal) Gal 1 cm s-2 = 10-2 m s-2 pressure barye ba 0.1 pascal (Pa) electric current biot Bi 10 amperes (A) heat energy calorie cal 4.1868 joule (J) permeability darcy 0.98692 x 10-12 square meter (m2) debye 3.33564 x 10-30 coulomb meter (C·m) electric dipole moment D SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Physical quantity Unit name magnetic dipole moment emu Unit symbol Expression in SI units 0.001 ampere square meter (A·m2) 3.3356 x 10-10 coulomb (C) electric charge franklin Fr magnetic flux density gauss G magnetomotive force gilbert Gi 10-4 tesla (T) 0.795 775 ampere-turns (A) kayser wave number K 100 per meter (m-1) Lb 3183.099 candelas per square meter (cd·m-2) luminance lambert heat transmission Langley magnetic flux line Li magnetic flux Maxwell Mx magnetic field strength oersted Oe 41.84 kilojoules per square meter (kJ·m-2) 10-8 weber (Wb) 10-8 weber (Wb) 79.577 472 ampere-turns per meter (A·m-1) SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Noble Prize Physics List of winners Year Laureate Country Rationale "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany 1902 Hendrik Lorentz "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their Netherlands researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" 1902 Pieter Zeeman "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their Netherlands researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1903 Pierre Curie France "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" 1903 Maria SkłodowskaCurie Poland France "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" 1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[4] 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard AustriaHungary Germany "for his work on cathode rays"[5] 1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[6] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[7] 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[8] 1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[9] 1909 Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[9] 1910 Johannes Diderik Netherlands "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"[10] van der Waals SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"[11] 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden "for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"[12] 1913 Heike KamerlinghOnnes "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low Netherlands temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"[13] 1914 Max von Laue Germany "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[14] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy. 1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[15] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate William Lawrence Bragg 1915 1916 Country Australia United Kingdom Rationale "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[15] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography Not awarded 1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom "For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[16] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy 1918 Max Planck Germany "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[17] 1919 Johannes Stark Germany "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[18] 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland "for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"[19] 1921 Albert Einstein Germany Switzerland "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[20] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" [21] 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" 1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"[23] 1925 James Franck Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[24] 1925 Gustav Hertz Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[24] 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"[25] 1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States "for his discovery of the effect named after him"[26] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1927 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" [26] 1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"[27] 1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie France "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"[28] 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" 1933 Erwin Schrödinger Austria "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"[31] 1931 Not awarded SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale Paul Dirac United Kingdom "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" 1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron"[32] 1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[33] 1936 Carl David Anderson United States "for his discovery of the positron"[33] 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson United States "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[34] 1937 George Paget Thomson United Kingdom "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[34] 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" [35] 1933 1934 Not awarded SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year 1939 Laureate Ernest Lawrence 1940 Not awarded World War II 1941 Not awarded World War II 1942 Not awarded World War II Country Rationale United States "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"[36] 1943 Otto Stern United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[37] 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[38] 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[39] 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"[40] 1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"[41] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physicsand cosmic radiation"[42] 1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"[43] 1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"[44] 1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[45] 1951 Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[45] 1952 Felix Bloch Switzerland United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[46] 1952 Edward Mills Purcell United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[46] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[47] 1954 Max Born Germany United Kingdom "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[48] 1954 Walther Bothe West Germany "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[48] 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[49] 1955 Polykarp Kusch United States "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"[49] 1956 John Bardeen United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"[50] 1956 Walter Houser Brattain United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"[50] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1956 William Bradford Shockley United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"[50] 1957 Tsung-Dao Lee China United States "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"[51] 1957 Chen Ning Yang China United States "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"[51] 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[52] 1958 Ilya Frank Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[52] 1958 Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[52] 1959 Emilio Gino Segrè Italy "for their discovery of the antiproton"[53] 1959 Owen Chamberlain United States "for their discovery of the antiproton"[53] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber"[54] 1961 Robert Hofstadter United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[55] 1961 Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"[55] 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[56] 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[57] 1963 Maria GoeppertMayer United States "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[57] 1963 J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[57] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[58] 1964 Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[58] 1964 Charles Hard Townes United States "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[58] 1965 Richard Phillips Feynman United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[59] 1965 Julian Schwinger United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[59] 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Japan "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[59] 1966 Alfred Kastler France "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"[60] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[61] 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"[62] 1969 Murray GellMann United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[63] 1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden "for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"[64] 1970 Louis Néel France "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"[64] 1971 Dennis Gabor Hungary – United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method"[65] 1972 John Bardeen United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[66] 1972 Leon Neil Cooper United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[66] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1972 John Robert Schrieffer United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[66] 1973 Leo Esaki Japan "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"[67] 1973 Ivar Giaever United States Norway "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"[67] 1973 Brian David Josephson United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[67] Martin Ryle United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[68] Antony Hewish United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[68] Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[69] Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[69] 1974 1974 1975 Aage Bohr 1975 Ben Roy Mottelson SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1975 Leo James Rainwater United States "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[69] 1976 Burton Richter United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[70] 1976 Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[70] 1977 Philip Warren Anderson United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [71] 1977 Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [71] 1977 John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [71] 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of lowtemperature physics"[72] 1978 Arno Allan Penzias United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[72] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1978 Robert Woodrow United States Wilson "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[72] 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[73] 1979 Abdus Salam Pakistan "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[73] 1979 Steven Weinberg United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[73] 1980 James Watson Cronin United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[74] 1980 Val Logsdon Fitch United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[74] 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Netherlands "for their contribution to the development of laser United spectroscopy"[75] States 1981 Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[75] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1981 Kai Manne Börje Sweden Siegbahn "for his contribution to the development of highresolution electron spectroscopy"[75] 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"[76] 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India United States "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"[77] 1983 William Alfred Fowler United States "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"[77] 1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[78] 1984 Simon van der Meer "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to Netherlands the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[78] 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[79] 1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"[80] 1986 Gerd Binnig West Germany "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"[80] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1986 Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"[80] 1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[81] 1987 Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[81] 1988 Leon Max Lederman United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[82] 1988 Melvin Schwartz United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[82] 1988 Jack Steinberger United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[82] 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"[83] 1989 Hans Georg Dehmelt United States "for the development of the ion trap technique"[83] 1989 Wolfgang Pauli West Germany "for the development of the ion trap technique"[83] 1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[84] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale United States "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[84] Canada "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[84] France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"[85] 1990 Henry Way Kendall 1990 Richard E. Taylor 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes 1992 Georges Charpak Poland France "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[86] 1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[87] 1993 Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[87] 1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[88] 1994 Clifford Glenwood Shull United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[88] 1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[89] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1995 Frederick Reines United States "for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[89] 1996 David Morris Lee United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[90] 1996 Douglas D. Osheroff United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[90] 1996 Robert Coleman Richardson United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[90] 1997 Steven Chu United States "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[91] 1997 Claude CohenTannoudji France "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[91] 1997 William Daniel Phillips United States "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[91] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[92] 1998 Horst Ludwig Störmer Germany "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[92] 1998 Daniel Chee Tsui United China States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[92] 1999 Gerard 't Hooft Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"[93] 1999 Martinus J. G. Veltman Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"[93] 2000 Zhores Ivanovich Russia Alferov "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in highspeed- and optoelectronics"[94] 2000 Herbert Kroemer Germany "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in highspeed- and optoelectronics"[94] 2000 Jack St. Clair Kilby United States "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"[94] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 2001 Eric Allin Cornell United States "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"[95] 2001 Carl Edwin Wieman United States "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"[95] 2001 Wolfgang Ketterle Germany "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"[95] 2002 Raymond Davis, Jr. United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"[96] 2002 Masatoshi Koshiba Japan "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"[96] 2002 Riccardo Giacconi Italy United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"[96] 2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia United States "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" 2003 Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 2003 Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom United States "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[97] 2004 David J. Gross United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[98] 2004 Hugh David Politzer United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[98] 2004 Frank Wilczek United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[98] 2005 Roy J. Glauber United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[99] 2005 John L. Hall United States "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"[99] 2005 Theodor W. Hänsch Germany "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"[99] 2006 John C. Mather United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"[100] 2006 George F. Smoot United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"[100] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 2007 Albert Fert France "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[101] 2007 Peter Grünberg Germany "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[101] 2008 Makoto Kobayashi Japan "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarksin nature"[102] 2008 Toshihide Maskawa Japan "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarksin nature"[102] 2008 Yoichiro Nambu Japan United States "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"[102] 2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong United Kingdom United States "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"[103] 2009 Willard S. Boyle Canada United States "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"[103] 2009 George E. Smith United States "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"[103] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 2010 Andre Geim United "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional Kingdom material graphene"[104] Netherlands 2010 Konstantin Novoselov Russia United Kingdom "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"[104] 2011 Saul Perlmutter United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[105] 2011 Brian P. Schmidt Australia United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[105] 2011 Adam G. Riess United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[105] 2012 Serge Haroche France "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."[106] 2012 David J. Wineland United States "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."[106] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year 2013 Laureate François Englert Country Rationale Belgium "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[107] 2013 Peter Higgs United Kingdom "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[107] 2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"[108] 2014 Hiroshi Amano Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"[108] 2014 Shuji Nakamura Japan United States "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"[108] 2015 Takaaki Kajita Japan "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"[109] 2015 Arthur B. McDonald Canada "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"[109] 2016 David J. Thouless United Kingdom United States "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"[110] 2016 F. Duncan M. Haldane United Kingdom United States "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"[110] SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Laureate Country Rationale 2016 John M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom United States "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"[110] 2017 Rainer Weiss United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."[111] 2017 Barry Barish United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."[111] 2017 Kip Thorne United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."[111] United States "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics" with one half to Arthur Ashkin "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems", the other half jointly to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses."[112] France "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics" with one half to Arthur Ashkin "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems", the other half jointly to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses."[112] Canada "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics" with one half to Arthur Ashkin "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems", the other half jointly to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses."[112] 2018 2018 2018 Arthur Ashkin Gérard Mourou Donna Strickland SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 James Peebles 2019 Canada United States "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" Michel Mayor Switzerland "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" Didier Queloz Roger Penrose United Kingdom "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" 2020 Reinhard Genzel Germany "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" Andrea Ghez United States SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Physical Constants Name Symbol Speed of light c Planck constant h Gravitation constant G Boltzmann constant k Boltzmann constant k Molar gas constant R Avogadro's number NA Charge of electron e Value 6.0221 x 1023 mol-1 Permeability of vacuum Permittivity of vacuum Coulomb constant Faraday constant F Mass of electron Mass of electron Mass of proton Mass of neutron Mass of neutron Atomic mass unit u Atomic mass unit u Avogadro's number Stefan-Boltzmann constant SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Physical Constants Name Symbol Value Rydberg constant Bohr magneton Flux quantum Bohr radius Standard atmosphere acceleration due to gravity atm g 9.81 m s-2 amu, mu or u 1.66 x10-27 kg Avogadro's Number N 6.022 x 1023 mol-1 Bohr radius a0 0.529 x 10-10 m Boltzmann constant k 1.38 x 10-23 J K-1 electron charge to mass ratio -e/me -1.7588 x 1011 C kg-1 electron classical radius re 2.818 x 10-15 m mec2 8.187 x 10-14 J electron rest mass me 9.109 x 10-31 kg Faraday constant F 9.649 x 104 C mol-1 gas constant R 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 gravitational constant G 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2 neutron rest mass mn 1.675 x 10-27 kg neutron-electron mass ratio mn/me 1838.68 neutron-proton mass ratio mn/mp 1.0014 permeability of a vacuum μ0 4π x 10-7 N A-2 permittivity of a vacuum ε0 8.854 x 10-12 F m-1 atomic mass unit electron mass energy (J) SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Physical Constants Name Symbol Value mp/me 1836.15 r∞ 1.0974 x 107 m-1 mp 1.6726 x 10-27 kg constant of gravitation G 6.67384 × 10−11 cubic metre per second squared per kilogram speed of light (in a vacuum) c 2.99792458 × 108 metres per second Planck’s constant h 6.62606957 × 10−34 joule per second Boltzmann constant k 1.3806488 × 10−23 joule per kelvin Faraday constant F 9.64853365 × 104 coulombs per mole electron rest mass me 9.10938291 × 10−31 kilogram proton rest mass mp 1.672621777 × 10−27 kilogram neutron rest mass mn 1.674927351 × 10−27 kilogram charge on electron e 1.602176565 × 10−19 coulomb Rydberg constant R 1.0973731568539 × 108 per metre Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ 5.670373 × 10−8 watt per square metre per kelvin4 Planck constant h 6.626 x 10-34 J s proton-electron mass ratio Rydberg constant proton rest mass SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Weight = mass x gravity 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 Density = mass/volume µ= 𝑚 𝑣 g = 9.81m/sec²/ 10.00 m/sec² Heating a Solid, Liquid or Gas 𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻 (no phase changes!) Q = the heat added c = specific heat. ΔT = temperature change, K Linear Momentum= mass x velocity 𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗 𝛥𝑝 =𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡𝛥𝑡 𝑚1𝑣01+m2𝑣02=𝑚1𝑣𝑓1+𝑚2𝑣𝑓2 momentum is conserved in collisions Rectilinear motion de Broglie formula 𝒉 For uniformly accelerated motion: 𝒉 λ =𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 𝟏 S=ut + at2 𝟐 V2=u2+2as Force = mass x acceleration F=ma (𝒗−𝒖) 𝑭=𝒎 𝒕 ∆𝒗 Impulse = Force X Time 𝑰 = 𝑭𝒕 = ∆P Impulse = Change in Momentum F•Δt = Δ(m•v) ∆𝒑 F= m ∆𝒕 = ∆𝒕 Newton's Second Law Fnet = ΣFExt = m•a Pressure under Water 𝒑 = 𝝆. 𝒈. 𝒉 h = depth of water ρ = density of water Snell's Law n1•sin θ1 = n2•sin θ2 Mechanical Energy PEGrav = P = m•g•h KELinear = K = ½•m •v² Index of Refraction n=c/v c = speed of light = 3 E+8 m/s SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Ideal Gas Law Periodic Waves v = f •λ 𝟏 𝒇= P•V = n•R•T n = # of moles of gas R = gas law constant = 8.31 J / K mole 𝑻 Power = rate of work done 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = = 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 Efficiency = Workout / Energyin Work = Force x distance 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 P = Fv mechanical power Mechanical Advantage 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑶𝒖𝒕 Mech. Adv. = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 Universal Gravitation 𝑴 𝑴 𝑭 = 𝑮 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 G = 6.67 E-11 N m² / kg² 𝑹 W = F. d Buoyant Force – Buoyancy FB = ρ•V•g FB= mDisplaced fluid•g = weightDisplaced fluid ρ = density of the fluid V = volume of fluid displaced Ohm's Law V = I•R V = voltage applied I = current R = resistance Resistor Combinations SERIES Req = R1 + R2+ R3+. PARALLEL 𝟏 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 + 𝟏 𝑹𝟑 ….. 𝟏 𝑹𝒏 Special case of two Resistors in parallel 𝑹= Heat of a Phase Change Q = m•L 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝑹𝟏𝒙𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐 Circular Unbanked Tracks 𝒎 𝒗𝟐 = µ𝒎𝒈 𝒓 L = Latent Heat of phase change SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Hooke's Law F = k•x K= spring constant X = extension Electric Power P = I²•R = V ² / R = I•V Speed of a Wave on a String 𝑻= 𝒎𝒗𝟐 Potential Energy of a spring W = ½•k•x² = Work done on spring Capacitors Q = C•V Q = charge on the capacitor C = capacitance of the capacitor V = voltage applied to the capacitor Centripetal Force 𝑭= 𝑳 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝒓 =mɷ2r T = tension in string m = mass of string L = length of string Period of Simple Harmonic Motion 𝒎 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ 𝑲 First Law of Thermodynamics ΔU = QNet + WNet Banked Circular Tracks v2 = r • g• tanθ Coulomb's Law 𝑭=𝒌 𝒌= Capacitor Combinations PARALLEL Ceq = C1 + C2+ C3 + … SERIES 𝟏 𝑪𝒆𝒒 = 𝟏 𝑪𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑪𝟐 +⋯ Potential Energy of a spring W = ½•k•x² = Work done on spring Work done on a gas or by a gas W = P•ΔV 𝒓𝟐 𝟏 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵. 𝒎𝟐 𝒄−𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝜺 Friction Force FF = μ•FN 𝒅= 𝟏 𝑪𝒏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐µ𝒈 𝒅 = 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 µ= coefficient of friction g= acceleration due to gravity Simple Pendulum 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ 𝒍 𝒈 Energy of a Photon or a Particle E = h•f = m•c2 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Centripetal acceleration 𝒗𝟐 𝒂= = ɷ𝟐 𝒓 𝒓 Diffraction grating equation 𝒅𝒔𝒊𝒏Ɵ = 𝒏𝝀 SINE TABLE Temperature conversion 𝟗 𝑻𝑭 = [𝑻𝒐𝑪 𝑿 ] + 𝟑𝟐 𝟓 𝟓 𝑻𝒐𝑪 = [𝑻𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐] 𝑿 𝟗 X (Deg) -90o -60o -45o -30o 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 𝟓 𝑻𝑲 = [𝑻𝑭 + 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟕]𝑿 𝟗 9 𝑇𝐹 = [𝑇𝐾 𝑋 ] − 459.67 5 𝑻𝒐𝑪 = 𝑻𝑲 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝑻𝑲 = 𝑻𝒐𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 X (Rad) -π/2 -π/3 -π/4 -π/6 π/6 π/4 π/4 π/3 π/2 Cos X -1 -√3/2 -√2/2 -1/2 0 1/2 √2/2 √3/2 1 COSINE TABLE Electric Energy E = Pt = Vit E = VIt = I2Rt = V2t/R X (Deg) 180o 150o 135o 120o 90o 60o 45o 30o 0o X (Rad) π 5π/6 3π/4 2π/3 π/2 π/3 π/4 π/6 0 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Cos X -1 -√3/2 -√2/2 -1/2 0 1/2 √2/2 √3/2 1 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 GREEK ALPHABET Greek Symbol Greek Letter English Equivalent Number Name Upper Case Lower Case Α α Alpha a 1 Β β Beta b 2 Γ γ Gamma g 3 Δ δ Delta d 4 Ε ε Epsilon e 5 Ζ ζ Zeta z 6 Η η Eta h 7 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Θ θ Theta th 8 Ι ι Iota i 9 Κ κ Kappa k 10 Λ λ Lambda l 11 Μ μ Mu m 12 Ν ν Nu n 13 Ξ ξ Xi x 14 Ο ο Omicron o 15 Π π Pi p 16 GREEK ALPHABET Greek Symbol Greek Letter English Equivalent Number Name Upper Case Lower Case Ρ ρ Rho r 17 Σ σ Sigma s 18 Τ τ Tau t 19 Υ υ Upsilon u 20 Φ φ Phi ph 21 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Χ χ Chi ch 22 Ψ ψ Psi ps 23 Ω ω Omega o 24 Famous Physicist and Their Inventions Year Discoveries Scientist Name 1905 Photon Albert Einstein 1897 Electron J.J. Thomson 1919 Proton Ernest Rutherford 1808 Atom John Dalton 1932 Neutron James Chadwick 1687 Law of Motion Isaac Newton 1779 Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 1827 Ohm’s Law Georg Simon Ohm SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019 Year Discoveries Scientist Name 1831 Electromagnetic Induction Michael Faraday 1880 Thermionic Emission Thomas Edison 1896 Radioactivity Henri Becquerel 1898 Radium Marie Sklodowska-Curie 1900 Quantum theory Max Planck 1905 Photoelectric Effect Heinrich Rudolf Hertz 1895 X-Ray Röntgen 1905 Relativity Albert Einstein 1913 Atomic Structure Neils Bohr & Rutherford 1942 Nuclear Reactor Enrico Fermi SCQ-Physics-Starter-Pack prepared by Shawn Henry ® ShenGen-Academics-2019
