Uploaded by as.kazachenko

1-s2.0-S2210784316301954-main

advertisement
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 (2016) 3 – 9
5WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH "$JULFXOWXUH IRU /LIH, /LIH IRU $JULFXOWXUH"
(QYLURQPHQWDO UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI PLQLQJ GXPSV
0LKDLO '80,758D*, 'HOLD &Ă5Ă%,‫܇‬E, /DYLQLD 3Æ59$1D, &DUPHQ 6Æ5%8D
a
National Research-Development Institute for Soil Science, Agro-Chemistry and Environment, 61 Marasti Blvd, District 1, Bucharest, Romania
b
National Company for Lignite Oltenia, Targu Jiu, Romania
$EVWUDFW
0LQLQJ H[SORLWDWLRQV, HVSHFLDOO\ WKH VXUIDFH RQHV, VHYHUHO\ GHJUDGH WKH HQYLURQPHQW E\ UHPRYLQJ ODUJH DUHDV IURP DJULFXOWXUDO
DQG IRUHVWU\ XVH, PLFURPRUSKRORJLFDO FKDQJHV, K\GURJHRORJLFDO DQG K\GURJUDSKLF FKDQJHV, DLU, ZDWHU DQG VRLO SROOXWLRQ, IORUD DQG
IDXQD ORVVHV, PLFURFOLPDWH FKDQJHV, KLVWRULFDO DQG DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLWHV GDPDJHV, GLVSODFHPHQWV RI VHWWOHPHQWV DQG WUDQVSRUW
URXWHV. 5HVXOWV REWDLQHG IROORZLQJ WKH DJURFKHPLFDO H[SHULPHQWV VKRZ WKDW LQFUHDVLQJ WKH GRVHV RI IHUWLOL]HUV KDG SRVLWLYH HIIHFW
RQ \LHOGV RI DOO WKH WHVWHG FURSV.
7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV VHYHUDO H[SHULPHQWDO IHUWLOL]HUV: IRXU OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HUV DVVRFLDWLQJ KXPLF VXEVWDQFHV H[WUDFWHG IURP OLJQLWH
ZLWK D FRPSOH[ PDWUL[ FRQWDLQLQJ PDFURQXWULHQWV (QLWURJHQ, SKRVSKRUXV, DQG SRWDVVLXP) DQG WUDFH HOHPHQWV (FRSSHU, ]LQF, LURQ,
PDQJDQRXV, ERURQ); WZR W\SHV RI RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV ZLWK PDFURQXWULHQWV RQ D OLJQLWH FDUULHU; WZR W\SHV RI RUJDQLF
IHUWLOL]HUV (FRQWDLQLQJ FDWWOH PDQXUH RU FRPSRVW REWDLQHG IURP FDWWOH PDQXUH, OLJQLWH SRZGHU DQG SRWDVVLXP KXPDWHV). 7KHVH
H[SHULPHQWDO IHUWLOL]HUV ZHUH WHVWHG - DORQH RU DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV - RQ PDL]H, VXQIORZHU DQG SHDV FURSV.
,Q DOO WKUHH H[SHULPHQWDO \HDUV, DQG IRU DOO WKUHH FURSV, WKH EHVW \LHOGV ZHUH REWDLQHG IRU WKH YDULDQWV IHUWLOL]HG ZLWK 40 W/KD
FRPSRVW + 1100380.80. 7KXV, D 364% DYHUDJH \LHOG LQFUHDVHV ZHUH UHFRUGHG IRU PDL]H, 310% IRU VXQIORZHU DQG 156% IRU SHDV
FURS, FRPSDUHG WR WKH FRQWURO SORW (XQIHUWLOL]HG). )RU PDL]H FURS, WKH IROORZLQJ \LHOG LQFUHDVHV KDYH EHHQ UHFRUGHG, FRPSDULQJ WR
WKH FRQWURO SORW: 165% IRU PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ (1100380.80); 253% IRU WKH YDULDQW ZLWK 40 W/KD FDWWOH PDQXUH; 277% IRU WKH
YDULDQW ZLWK 40 W/KD FDWWOH PDQXUH + 1100380.80; ZKLOH WKH YDULDQW ZLWK 40 W/KD FRPSRVW OHG WR D 256% \LHOG LQFUHDVH. 5HJDUGLQJ
WKH YDULDQWV ZLWK RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV, \LHOG LQFUHDVHV EHWZHHQ 196% DQG 229% ZHUH REWDLQHG, DV FRPSDUHG WR WKH FRQWURO
SORW. /LTXLG IHUWLOL]HUV ZLWK KXPLF VXEVWDQFHV H[WUDFWHG IURP OLJQLWH KLJKOLJKWHG YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW \LHOG LQFUHDVHV (135-158%).
6LPLODU REVHUYDWLRQV ZHUH UHFRUGHG IRU VXQIORZHU DQG SHDV FURSV.
©
by 3XEOLVKHG
Elsevier B.V.
This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹ 2016
2016 Published
7KH $XWKRUV.
E\ (OVHYLHU
%.9.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHU-UHYLHZ XQGHU UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $JURQRPLF 6FLHQFHV DQG 9HWHULQDU\ 0HGLFLQH RI %XFKDUHVW.
Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest
Keywords: UHFXOWLYDWLRQ; VWHULOH GXPS; PLQHUDO DQG RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]HUV; OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HUV; KXPLF VXEVWDQFHV.
* &RUUHVSRQGLQJ DXWKRU. 7HO.: + 4021-318-4463; ID[: + 4021-318-4348.
E-mail address: P.GXPLWUX#LFSD.UR
2210-7843 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest
doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.09.002
Mihail Dumitru et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 (2016) 3 – 9
4
1. ,QWURGXFWLRQ
,Q WKH PLQLQJ DUHDV LQ 2OWHQLD ('ROM, *RUM, 9DOFHD, 0HKHGLQWL) 18443 KD ZHUH ZLWKGUDZQ IURP HFRQRPLF F\FOH, RI
ZKLFK 13680 KD RI DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG DQG 4763 KHFWDUHV IRUHVW ODQG, DQG E\ WKH HQG RI WKH H[SORLWDWLRQ ZRUNV ZLOO
DIIHFW 26476 KD, RI ZKLFK 15490 KD DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGV DQG 10982 KD IRUHVW ODQG (&ăUăELú, 2013).
7KH PLQLQJ LQGXVWU\ VHULRXVO\ DIIHFWV WKH HQYLURQPHQW WKURXJK: GHJUDGDWLRQ RI ODUJH DUHDV RI IDUPODQG DQG
IRUHVWU\ ODQGV, JHRPRUSKRORJLFDO FKDQJHV, K\GURJHRORJLFDO DQG K\GURJUDSKLFDO FKDQJHV, ZDWHU DQG DLU SROOXWLRQ,
ORVVHV RI IORUD DQG IDXQD, PLFURFOLPDWH FKDQJHV, GLVORFDWLRQV RI KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ URXWHV,
ORVVHV RI KLVWRULFDO DQG DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLWHV; LPSDLUPHQW RI VRFLDO LQKDELWDQWV (0XQWHDQX, 1998; ,DQF, 1999; $NDOD
DQG /DO, 1999; 'XPLWUX HW DO., 1999; 'DQLHOV HW DO., 1999; &RULFL, 2006; 3DVFRYLFL, 2006, 'LQXFă DQG 7kU]LX, 2015).
6HULRXV HQYLURQPHQWDO HIIHFWV KDYH LPSRVHG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI UHVHDUFK WR FRPEDW WKHVH HIIHFWV, IRU WKH
UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI WKH DIIHFWHG DUHDV.
/DUJH DIIHFWHG DUHDV OHG WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WHFKQRORJLHV IRU UH-FXOWLYDWLRQ. 5H-FXOWLYDWLRQ SURFHVV FRPSULVHV
WZR GLVWLQFW SKDVHV:
x
0LQLQJ UHFXOWLYDWLRQ VWDJH, WR EH FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH FRPSDQ\ ZKLFK SURGXFHG GHJUDGDWLRQ. $W WKLV VWDJH WKH
IROORZLQJ DFWLYLWHV DUH GRQH: VHOHFWLRQ RSHUDWLRQ, GXPSV VHOHFWLYH DUUDQJHPHQW, HURVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ PHDVXUHV,
OHYHOPHQW, FUHDWLQJ DFFHVV URDGV, HWF.
x
%LRORJLFDO UHFXOWLYDWLRQ VWDJH, ZKLFK LV GHVLJQHG WR LQFUHDVH IHUWLOLW\ IRU GXPS PDWHULDOV, LQFOXGLQJ
DPHOLRUDWLRQ PHDVXUHV, DV ZHOO DV VSHFLILF FURS WHFKQRORJLHV IRU GXPSV.
5H-FXOWLYDWLRQ KDV LWV RZQ VSHFLILF FKDUDFWHU IRU HDFK DUHD WR EH GUDZQ LQWR WKH HFRQRPLF FLUFXLW. 7KH PRVW
LPSRUWDQW GLUHFWLRQV IRU WKH HQKDQFHPHQW RI GHJUDGHG ODQGV DUH DV IROORZV:
x $JULFXOWXUDO UH-FXOWLYDWLRQ, ZKLFK DLPV WR FXOWLYDWH WKHVH GXPSV ZLWK JUDLQ FURSV, IUXLW WUHHV, YLQH\DUGV,
SDVWXUHV DQG PHDGRZV, HWF.
x
)RUHVWU\ UH-FXOWLYDWLRQ, L.H. WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI IRUHVWV ZLWK FRPPHUFLDO RU SURWHFWLRQ UROH, LQ RUGHU WR UHVWRUH
WKH VRLO, ELRGLYHUVLW\, K\GURORJLFDO UHJLPH, DHVWKHWLF DQG UHFUHDWLRQDO IXQFWLRQ, FOLPDWH, IRU IL[LQJ &2 2, R[\JHQ
SURGXFWLRQ, ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LPSURYHPHQW, UHWDLQLQJ SROOXWDQWV, HWF.;
x 6DQLWDU\-K\JLHQLF UH-FXOWLYDWLRQ SXUSRVHV, L.H. UHFUHDWLRQDO DUHDV, SDUNV, JUDVVLQJ IRU HQYLURQPHQW SURWHFWLRQ,
JROI VSRUW ILHOGV, WRXULVW DUHDV, HWF.
x
%XLOG ODNHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW SXUSRVHV: UHVHUYRLUV, ODNHV ILVKHULHV, ODNHV ZLWK UHJXODWRU\ UROH IRU K\GURORJLFDO
UHJLPH, VSRUW DUHDV, HWF.
x
5H-FXOWLYDWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH KDELWDW IRU ZLOGOLIH, HQKDQFLQJ WKH FRQGLWLRQV IRU KXQWLQJ DQG ILVKLQJ,
UHVWRULQJ ELRGLYHUVLW\, HWF.
x $UUDQJHPHQW RI LQGXVWULDO VLWHV DQG KRXVLQJ, HWF.
&KRRVLQJ WKH FURSV VWUXFWXUH DQG IHUWLOL]DWLRQ V\VWHP LV RI JUHDW LPSRUWDQFH LQ WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI HFRORJLFDO
UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI GHJUDGHG ODQGV E\ RSHQFDVW PLQLQJ, ORRNLQJ IRU WR REWDLQ DJULFXOWXUDO \LHOGV VLPLODU WR WKRVH
DFKLHYHG RQ QHLJKERXULQJ XQ-GHJUDGHG ODQGV LQ VLPLODU FRQGLWLRQV RI HFRQRPLF HIILFLHQF\ ('XPLWUX HW DO., 1999;
%HQGIHOGW HW DO., 1999; 'DQLHOV HW DO., 1995; 7DWRPLU HW DO., 2010; 0RFDQX HW DO., 2007; 'XPLWUX HW DO., 2008; &ăOLQRLX,
2013; %ăEHDQX, 1998; %HFKHULĠLX, 2003; %ODJD, 1981; (JHU HW DO., 1999; %UDLD, 2004; &ăOLQRLX, 1999; &ăWLQDú, 2012,
&ODSD, 2003, &UDLRYHDQX HW DO, 2002; &KLVăOL‫܇‬ă, 2001; &ăOLQ, 2012; 'LQXFă, 2015; ,DQF, 1999; 0XQWHDQX, 1998;
1HJUHD, 2007; 2SUHD, 2010; 3DVFRYLFL, 2006; 3RSD, 2007; 5R‫܇‬FXOHWH, 2005).
7KH PDLQ IHDWXUHV RI PDWHULDOV IURP GXPSV ZKLFK DIIHFWV WKH SURGXFWLRQ DUH DV IROORZLQJ: H[FHVVLYH WH[WXUH (WRR
VDQG\ RU WRR FOD\H\), WKH H[FHVVLYH VNHOHWDO FRQWHQW, ORZ FRQWHQW RI KXPXV, ORZ FRQWHQWV RI QLWURJHQ, SKRVSKRUXV,
SRWDVVLXP, PLFURQXWULHQWV, SRRU DHUR-K\GULF UHJLPH, UHGXFHG ELRORJLFDO DFWLYLW\.
7KH SUHVHQFH RI FRDO UHVLGXHV OHDGV WR EHWWHU FRQGLWLRQV IRU UH-FXOWLYDWLRQ GXPSV. &KDUFRDO IURP GXPSV FRQVLVWV RI
WZR SDUWV: RQH SDUW WKDW FDQ QRW EH PLQHUDOL]HG RU LV YHU\ VORZ PLQHUDOL]HG, UHSUHVHQWHG E\ GHULYDWLYHV RI OLJQLQ DQG
DURPDWLF QXFOHXV ZLWK D KLJK GHJUHH RI SRO\PHUL]DWLRQ DQG IURP D PLQHUDOL]HG SDUW, UHSUHVHQWHG E\ KXPLF
VXEVWDQFHV ZKLFK, E\ PLFURELDO GHFRPSRVLWLRQ, FDQ SURYLGH QLWURJHQ IRU SODQWV DQG VRLO PLFURRUJDQLVPV
(%HFKHUHVFX HW DO., 2008). 7KH YDOXHV RI RUJDQLF FDUERQ FRQWHQW REWDLQHG E\ DQDO\VLV IURP VRLO KXPXV DQG WKDW IURP
FRDO DUH RIWHQ PLVDGGUHVVHG, GHVSLWH WKH\ DUH GLIIHUHQW XVHG E\ SODQWV. 7KHUHIRUH, HYHQ GXPSV KDYH KLJK OHYHOV RI
RUJDQLF FDUERQ, WKH\ RIWHQ KDYH D ORZ SRWHQWLDO IRU FURS SURGXFWLRQ DQG UHTXLUH ODUJH GRVHV RI RUJDQLF, RUJDQRPLQHUDO RU PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV WR DFKLHYH UHDVRQDEOH \LHOGV. 7KH ORZ OHYHO RI QXWULHQWV LQ VROXEOH IRUP LQ WKH VXEVWUDWH
Mihail Dumitru et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 (2016) 3 – 9
OHDGV WR LQFUHDVLQJ \LHOGV ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ IHUWLOL]HU UDWHV DQG WR YHU\ ORZ \LHOGV LQFUHDVHV SHU NLORJUDP RI DFWLYH
DSSOLHG LQJUHGLHQW.
2UJDQLF IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK PDQXUH, FRPSRVW, JUHHQ PDQXUH RU FURS UHVLGXHV PXVW EH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ PLQHUDO
13. IHUWLOL]DWLRQ. 2UJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV ZLWK OLJQLWH KDYLQJ KXPLF DFLGV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK YDULRXV PLQHUDOV
SURYLGH GHILFLWDU\ HOHPHQWV IRU SODQW QXWULWLRQ DQG DOVR LPSURYH VRLO TXDOLW\ IRU VRLOV ZLWK ORZ KXPXV FRQWHQW. 7KH
KXPLF VXEVWDQFHV DUH WKH PDLQ IDFWRU LQ FHPHQWLQJ DQG DJJOXWLQDWLQJ DQG IRUPLQJ PLFUR DQG PDFUR DJJUHJDWHV,
OHDGLQJ WR LQFUHDVHG SRURVLW\ DQG ZDWHU VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\. 6WUXFWXUHG VRLO LV PRUH HDVLO\ SHQHWUDWHG E\ URRWV LQ FRQWDFW
ZLWK VXUIDFHV RI PLFURDJJUHJDWHV, FUHDWLQJ EHWWHU FRQGLWLRQV IRU QXWULWLRQ ('RUQHDQX HW DO., 2008; (\KHUDJXLEHO HW DO.,
2008).
2. 0DWHULDOV DQG 0HWKRGV
2Q WKH %DOWD 8QFKLD‫܇‬XOXL GXPS IURP 5RYLQDUL, XQFRYHUHG ZLWK IHUWLOH VRLO, DQ H[SHULPHQW ZDV SODFHG, LQ IRXU
UHSHWLWLRQV, IRU GLIIHUHQW FURSV: PDL]H (+300 )XQGXOHD K\EULG), VXQIORZHU ()XQGXOHD 206 YDULHW\), DQG SHDV (9HGHD
YDULHW\). 7KH H[SHULPHQW KDG 10 YDULDQWV, FRQVLVWLQJ RI PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV (1100380.80), RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]HUV (40
W/KD PDQXUH IURP FDWWOH DQG 40 W/KD FRPSRVW, REWDLQHG IURP PDQXUH, OLJQLWH DQG KXPLF DFLGV H[WUDFWHG IURP
OLJQLWH, DVVRFLDWHG RU QR ZLWK PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV) DQG RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV RQ OLJQLWH VXSSRUW /200 DQG 6+210 LQ
GRVHV RI 1000 WR 1500 NJ/KD).
7KH FRPSRVW ZDV GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ WKH REVHUYDWLRQ WKDW FDWWOH PDQXUH LQFUHDVHG LQ KRXVHKROG V\VWHP SURYLGHV
YHU\ VPDOO SURGXFWLRQ LQFUHDVHV GXH WR QLWURJHQ GHILFLHQF\, DQG WKH SUHVHQFH RI FRDO UHVLGXHV IURP GXPSV
VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFWV FURS \LHOGV. 7KHUHIRUH, PDQXUH DQG OLJQLWH GXVW ZHUH PL[HG DQG FRPSRVWDWHG, DQG ILQDOO\
SRWDVVLXP KXPDWHV ZHUH DGGHG, REWDLQHG E\ WUHDWLQJ WKH OLJQLWH ZLWK SRWDVVLXP K\GUR[LGH.
7KH RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HU /200 FRQWDLQV RQ DYHUDJH: 44% FRDO, DW OHDVW 21% QLWURJHQ, DW OHDVW 16% KXPLF
DFLGV, 0.255% SRWDVVLXP, 0.012% FDOFLXP, 0.188% PDJQHVLXP 0.930% LURQ, 0.006% PDQJDQHVH, 0.027% ]LQF, DQG
0.017 % FRSSHU. 7KH FDWLRQ H[FKDQJH FDSDFLW\ LV 48 PH/100 J, S+: 6.87, EXON GHQVLW\: 0.738 J/FP3. 7KH RUJDQRPLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HU LV 82% SUHVHQW LQ WKH IRUP RI JUDQXOHV RI 1-5 PP.
7KH RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HU 6+210 FRQWDLQV 40% FRDO, DW OHDVW 17% KXPLF DFLGV, 20.55% WRWDO QLWURJHQ, 9.75%
SKRVSKRUXV, 0.226% SRWDVVLXP, 0.011% FDOFLXP, 0.160% PDJQHVLXP, 0.7955 LURQ, 0.005% PDQJDQHVH, 0.023%
]LQF, DQG 0.015% FRSSHU. &DWLRQ H[FKDQJH FDSDFLW\ ZDV RI 41 PH/100 J, S+ RI 6.30, EXON GHQVLW\ RI 0.720 J/FP3. ,W
LV 80% SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH IRUP RI JUDQXOHV RI 1-5 PP.
7KH VSHFLDO YDOXH RI WKH VRLOV IHUWLOH KRUL]RQ, FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH SUHVHQFH RI LWV VWUXFWXUH, D KLJKHU FRQWHQW RI
KXPXV DQG QXWULHQWV, KLJK ELRORJLFDO DQG HQ]\PDWLF DFWLYLWLHV SURGXFHG E\ D YDULHW\ RI VSHFLHV RI PLFURRUJDQLVPV,
LPSRVHG UHJXODUO\ UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ IRU H[SORLWDWLRQ, FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG VHOHFWLYH ILOLQJ RI WKLV KRUL]RQ. 7KH HVVHQWLDO
FRQGLWLRQ IRU HQKDQFLQJ WKLV KRUL]RQ FRQVLVWV LQ FRPSO\LQJ WKH VRLO UHPRYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV, QRW VWLUULQJ LW ZLWK RWKHU
KRUL]RQV, VWRULQJ LQ VSHFLDO GXPSV IRU DV VKRUW D SHULRG RI WLPH DQG XQLIRUP WDLOLQJV GLVSRVDO, DYRLGLQJ FRPSDFWLRQ.
7KH WLFNQHVVHV RI VRLO FRYHU RI DW OHDVW 30-40 FP DUH DUH GRQH LQ %DOWD 8QFKLD‫܇‬XOXL GXPS IURP 5RYLQDUL. 3UHYLRXV
UHVHDUFK KDV VKRZQ WKDW HYHQ FRYHULQJ ZLWK IHUWLOH VRLO, WKH LQWHQVH PLQHUDO DQG RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]DWLRQ LV FUXFLDO IRU
\LHOGV FORVHG WR WKRVH IURP WKH ]RQDO VRLOV EHIRUH GHJUDGDWLRQ.
,Q WKH H[SHULPHQW RUJDQL]HG LQ %DOWD 8QFKLD‫܇‬XOXL GXPS, FRYHUHG ZLWK WRSVRLO, IRXU IHUWLOL]HUV ZHUH WHVWHG IRU
PDL]H FURS, EDVHG RQ OLTXLG KXPDWHV H[WUDFWHG IURP OLJQLWH LQ GRVHV RI 100 DQG 150 O/KD. 7KH H[SHULPHQW LQFOXGHG
QLQH YDULDQWV ZLWK IRXU UHSOLFDWLRQV. 7KH SURFHVV IRU WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ RI WHVWHG OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HU ZDV WKH QHXWUDOL]DWLRQ
RI SKRVSKRULF DFLG 85% ZLWK SRWDVVLXP FDUERQDWH 98%, OHDGLQJ WR D VROXWLRQ FRQWDLQLQJ PRQRSRWDVVLXP DQG
GLSRWDVVLXP SKRVSKDWH, WKH UHDFWLRQ WDNLQJ SODFH XQGHU FRQWLQXRXV DJLWDWLRQ DQG DW D WHPSHUDWXUH FRQVWDQW RI 2530‹&. 'XULQJ VWLUULQJ WKH DPLGH QLWURJHQ VRXUFH, QLWUDWH DQG DPPRQLD, LV VORZ DGGHG, NHHSLQJ FRQVWDQW WKH
WHPSHUDWXUH RI UHDFWLRQ, UHVXOWLQJ LQ D FRPSOH[ PL[WXUH RI PDFUR-HOHPHQWV. ,Q WKH FRPSOH[ VROXWLRQ RI PDFURHOHPHQWV D VROXWLRQ RI WUDFH HOHPHQWV ()H, &X, =Q, 0J, 0Q, %) ZDV DGGHG, FKHODWHG ZLWK ('7$ GLVRGLXP VDOW, DQG
WKHQ D VROXWLRQ RI SRWDVVLXP KXPDWH, REWDLQHG E\ H[WUDFWLRQ RI WKH PDVV RI FRDO (OLJQLWH), ZLWK D VROXWLRQ RI
SRWDVVLXP FDUERQDWH. 7KH OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HU LV DSSO\LHG ZLWK 400-500 OLWHUV RI ZDWHU.
7KH FRPSRVLWLRQV RI $+ DQG .+ IHUWLOL]HUV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DEOH 1.
5
Mihail Dumitru et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 (2016) 3 – 9
6
7DEOH 1. &RPSRVLWLRQV RI $+ DQG .+ IHUWLOL]HUV.
&RPSRVLWLRQ
$+ - ,
+XPLF DFLGV
7RWDO QLWURJHQ (1)
3KRVSKRURXV (3225)
3RWDVVLXP (.22)
%RU
&REDOW
&XSUX
,URQ
0DJQH]LX
0DQJDQ
0ROLEGHQ
623
=LQF
('7$
7RWDO
20.5
90
35
35
0.2
0.005
0.1
0.25
0.1
0.15
0.005
0.5
0.1
2.8
184.71
"$+" )(57,/,=$176
$+ - 8
$+ - 1
(J/O)
20.5
15.5
55
165
50
30
50
30
0.15
0.18
0.005
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.15
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.005
0.5
15
0.15
0.2
2.8
8.5
179.91
265.78
.+
9.35
0.77
1.73
7.72
0.252
0.2
0.2
0.263
0.15
3.58
0.192
24.407
3. 5HVXOWV DQG 'LVFXVVLRQV
'DWD REWDLQHG LQ WKH WKUHH \HDUV RI H[SHULPHQW KLJKOLJKWHG WKDW WKH WKUHH FURSV (PDL]H, VXQIORZHU DQG SHDV) XVHG
LQ %DOWD 8QFKLD‫܇‬XOXL GXPS XQFRYHUHG ZLWK IHUWLOH VRLO HQVXUHG YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVHV RI \LHOGV DIWHU IHUWLOL]DWLRQ
(7DEOH 2). 7KHUHIRUH, WKH \LHOGV REWDLQHG RQ GXPS DUH FORVHG WR WKRVH REWDLQHG RQ WKH QHLJKERXULQJ DJULFXOWXUDO
ODQGV, XQDIIHFWHG E\ PLQLQJ.
7KH LQIOXHQFHV RI WKH IHUWLOL]DWLRQ RQ WKH PDL]H \LHOGV, DV DYHUDJHV RI WKUHH H[SHULPHQWDO \HDUV, DUH DV IROORZLQJ:
- 0LQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 1100380.80 HQVXUHG D \LHOG LQFUHDVH RI 64% FRPSDUHG WR XQIHUWLOL]HG YDULDQW.
- 2UJDQLF IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 40 W/KD PDQXUH HQVXUHG D \LHOG LQFUHDVH RI 152%, DQG DQ LQFUHDVH RI 156% FRPSDUHG
WR XQIHUWLOL]HG;
- 2UJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 1000 NJ/KD /200 KDV OHG WR D \LHOG LQFUHDVH RI 129%, ZKLOH WKDW ZLWK 6+210 LQ
DQ LQFUHDVH RI 96% FRPSDUHG WR WKH XQIHUWLOL]HG;
- 2UJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 1500 NJ/KD /200 KDV OHG WR DQ LQFUHDVH LQ SURGXFWLRQ RI 117%, ZKLOH WKDW
ZLWK 6+210 WR DQ LQFUHDVH RI 106%;
- 7KH KLJKHVW \LHOG (3650 NJ/KD) ZDV REWDLQHG DIWHU IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 40 W/KD FRPSRVW SOXV 1100380.80 RIIHULQJ D
\LHOG LQFUHDVH RI 264% FRPSDUHG WR XQIHUWLOL]HG YDULDQW, DQ LQFUHDVH RI 121% FRPSDUHG WR PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ
ZLWK 1100380.80, D LQFUHDVH RI 44% FRPSDUHG WR RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 40 W/KD PDQXUH, DQ LQFUHDVH RI 42%
FRPSDUHG WR PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 40 W/KD FRPSRVW, DQ LQFUHDVH RI 58% FRPSDUHG WR IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 1000
NJ/KD /200, DQ LQFUHDVH RI 67% FRPSDUHG WR IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 1500 NJ/KD WR /200, DQ LQFUHDVH RI 85%
FRPSDUHG WR IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 1000 NJ/KD 6+210, DQG DQ LQFUHDVH RI 77% FRPSDUHG WR IHUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK 1500
NJ/KD 6+210.
- 7KH EHVW UHVXOWV DUH REWDLQHG E\ DSSO\LQJ ERWK RUJDQLF DQG PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV. 7KHUHIRUH, DSSO\LQJ PDQXUH DQG
PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV OHDG WR D \LHOG LQFUHDVH RI 177% FRPSDUHG WR XQIHUWLOL]HG YDULDQW, DQG 69% FRPSDUHG WR
PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ. :KLOH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI FRPSRVW ZLWK PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV RIIHUHG DQ LQFUHDVH RI 42%
FRPSDUHG WR WKH FRPSRVW IHUWLOL]DWLRQ.
- $PRQJ WKH DGYDQWDJHV RI XVLQJ RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV, WKH IROORZLQJV DUH KLJKOLJKWHG:
- ,QFUHDVLQJ WKH DSSDUHQW XVH RI QXWULHQWV IURP RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV FRPSDULQJ ZLWK WKRVH IURP PLQHUDO
IHUWLOL]HUV PDLQO\ GXH WR KLJKHU \LHOG LQFUHDVHV;
- 5HGXFLQJ QLWURJHQ OHDFKLQJ E\ 25-36% FRPSDUHG WR PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV;
- ,PSURYLQJ WKH VRLO KXPXV FRQWHQW, GXH WR WKH SHUVLVWHQFH RI KXPLF DFLGV IURP FRDO ('RUQHDQX HW DO., 2008;
3UHGD HW DO., 2008).
6LPLODU HIIHFWV RI IHUWLOLVHUV ZHUH UHFRUGHG IRU VXQIORZHU DQG SHDV FURSV (7DEOH 2).
7KH \LHOGV OHYHOV DFKLHYHG XVLQJ IHUWLOL]HUV WHVWHG VR IDU DUH VWLOO ORZ FRPSDUHG WR WKH FDSDFLWLHV RI ]RQDO VRLOV.
7KLV IDFW IRUFHG WKH XVH DQG WHVW RI OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HUV EDVHG RQ KXPDWHV H[WUDFWHG IURP OLJQLWH. 7KHVH IOXLG IHUWLOL]HUV
RIIHU VRPH DGYDQWDJHV RYHU WKH VROLG RQHV:
Mihail Dumitru et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 (2016) 3 – 9
-
7
/RZHU FRVWV GXH WR WKH HOLPLQDWLRQ RI HYDSRUDWLRQ DQG JUDQXODWLRQ VWDJHV DQG FKHDSHU SURGXFWLRQ HTXLSPHQW;
/RZHU LQYHVWPHQW FRPSDUHG ZLWK IDFLOLWLHV IRU VROLG IHUWLOL]HUV;
&KHDSHU UDZ PDWHULDOV, ORZHU TXDOLW\;
)DVW, FRQWUROOHG DQG XQLIRUP LQFRUSRUDWLRQ LQ VRLO DQG KLJK IOH[LELOLW\ RI WKH GLIIHUHQW HOHPHQWV EDODQFHV;
6XSHULRU SK\VLFDO TXDOLWLHV: QRW GXVWHG, QRW FURZGHG;
&RPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK IXQJLFLGHV, LQVHFWLFLGHV DQG WUDFH HOHPHQWV. 7KHLU VLPXOWDQHRXV DSSOLFDWLRQ OHDGV WR EHWWHU
DJULFXOWXUDO UHVXOWV WKDQ WKH VROLG IHUWLOL]HUV;
3RVVLELOLW\ WR XVH WRJHWKHU ZLWK LUULJDWLRQ ZDWHU;
$FKLHYLQJ D GHVLUHG UDWLR EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW VSHFLHV RI LRQV DQG QXWULHQWV UHODWHG WR WKH FURS DQG JURZWK VWDJH,
DJURIRQG, SUHYLRXVO\ IHUWLOL]DWLRQ, ZLWK WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FRUUHFW H[LVWLQJ
&DWDO\]H VRLO UHDFWLRQV, DFFHOHUDWLQJ FKHPLFDO DQG PLFURELDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV DW WKH URRW OHYHO, HQFRXUDJLQJ
H[SRUW LQFUHDVH RI DVVLPLODWHG QXWULHQWV IURP WKH VRLO UHVHUYHV;
0RELOL]H QLWURJHQ, SKRVSKRUXV DQG SRWDVVLXP IURP WKH VRLO UHVHUYHV;
6LPRXOWDQHRXV LQWURGXFWLRQ RI VHYHUDO QXWULHQWV GHSHQGLQJ WR WKH QHHGV RI WHFKQRORJ\, FURS DQG VRLO;
/DUJH HIIHFWLYHQHVV IRU GLIIHUHQW FURSV, HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH HDUO\ VWDJHV RI SODQW JURZWK;
7KH\ DUH QRW WR[LF, FRUURVLYH RU SROOXWDQW, WKH\ DUH KDQGOHG, GRVHG DQG DSSOLHG LQ D VLPSOH, IDVW DQG HIILFLHQW
ZD\ E\ WHUUHVWULDO RU DHULDQ PHWKRGV RU E\ LUULJDWLRQ V\VWHPV;
'HFUHDVHV ZLWK 25-30% RI WKH FODVVLF FKHPLFDO IHUWLOL]HUV QHFHVVDU\;
7KH\ KDYH D KLJK GHJUHH RI UHFRYHU\ RI QXWULHQWV ('RUQHDQX, 2006; 6LUEX HW DO., 2012; &LRURLDQX HW DO., 2009).
7DEOH 2. ,QIOXHQFH RI PLQHUDO, RUJDQLF DQG RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV RQ PDL]H, VXQIORZHU DQG SHDV \LHOGV LQ %DOWD 8QFKLD‫܇‬XOXL GXPS, 5RYLQDUL.
9DULDQW
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
910
'/ 5%
'/ 1%
'/0.1%
8QIHUWLOL]HG
1100380.80
40 W/KD 0DQXUH
40 W/KD 0DQXUH + 1100380.80
40 W/KD &RPSRVW
40 W/KD &RPSRVW + 1100380.80
/200 (1000 NJ/KD)
/200 (1500 NJ/KD)
6+210 (1000 NJ/KD)
6+210 (1500 NJ/KD)
NJ/KD
1003
1650
2533
2783
2567
3650
2300
2183
1968
2063
144
167
199
0DL]H
%
100
165
253
277
256
364
229
218
196
206
'LI.
647
1530
1780
1564
2647
1297
1180
965
1060
NJ/KD
607
767
933
1300
1350
1883
993
1087
977
1090
154
177
201
6XQIORZHU
%
100
126
154
214
222
310
164
179
161
180
'LI.
160
326
693
743
1276
386
480
370
483
NJ/KD
620
765
875
910
950
970
915
950
1065
980
50
73
108
3HDV
%
100
123
141
147
153
156
148
153
172
158
'LI.
145
255
290
330
350
295
330
445
360
5HVHDUFKHV RQ %DOWD 8QFKLD‫܇‬XOXL GXPS FRYHUHG ZLWK 30-40 FP IHUWLOH VRLO, IRU PDL]H FURS (7DEOH 3) UHYHDOHG WKH
IROORZLQJ:
x
$SSOLFDWLRQ RI 150 O/KD .+ OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HU OHG WR WKH KLJKHVW PDL]H \LHOG, WKH YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVH EHLQJ RI
183% FRPSDUHG WR XQIHUWLOL]HG YDULDQW. 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI 100 O/KD .+ OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HU HQVXUHG D YHU\
VLJQLILFDQW \LHOG LQFUHDVH (157%) FRPSDULQJ WR WKH XQIHUWLOL]HG YDULDQW;
x )HUWLOL]DWLRQ ZLWK $+-, DVVXUHG YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW \LHOG LQFUHDVHV RI 130 DQG 149%;
x $V UHJDUGLQJ $+-8 OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HU, RQO\ WKH GRVH RI 100 O/KD OHG WR YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVHV LQ PDL]H \LHOGV
FRPSDUHG WR XQIHUWLOL]HG YDULDQW; WKH 150 O/KD GRVH GLG QRW UHVXOW LQ VWDWLVWLFDOO\ LQFUHDVHV RI \LHOGV;
x )HUWLOL]LQJ ZLWK $+-1 OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HU DVVXUHG YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVHV RI PDL]H \LHOGV;
x 7KH KLJK \LHOG OHYHO VKRZV WKDW WKH GXPS KDYH FUHDWHG FRQGLWLRQV IRU DJULFXOWXUDO XVH RI WKLV ODQG;
x 7KH VWDON RI PDL]H KDV WR EH FKRSSHG DQG LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKH VRLO ZLWK 10-15 NJ QLWURJHQ SHU WRQ RI YHJHWDO
UHVLGXHV.
7KH YHU\ IDYRXUDEOH HIIHFW RI OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HUV EDVHG RQ KXPDWHV GHULYHG IURP OLJQLWH LV PDLQO\ GXH WR WKH
SUHVHQFH RI QLWURJHQ LQ VHYHUDO IRUPV: QLWUDWH, DPPRQLD, DPLGH DQG WR WKH VSOLW DQG ORFDOL]HG DSSOLFDWLRQ RI IHUWLOL]HU,
KLJKO\ UHGXFLQJ ORVVHV E\ OHDFKLQJ, DQG NHHSLQJ D KLJK FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VROXEOH QLWURJHQ LQ VRLO.
Mihail Dumitru et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 (2016) 3 – 9
8
7DEOH 3. ,QIOXHQFH RI OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HUV EDVHG RQ KXPDWHV RQ PDL]H \LHOGV.
)HUWLOL]DWLRQ V\VWHP
8QIHUWLOL]HG
$+-, ± 100 O/KD
$+-, ± 150 O/KD
$+-8 ± 100 O/KD
$+-8 ± 150 O/KD
$+-1 ± 100 O/KD
$+-1 ± 150 O/KD
.+ ± 100 O/KD
.+ ± 150 O/KD
'/ 5%
'/ 1%
'/ 0.1%
0DL]H \LHOG
'LIIHUHQFH
NJ/KD
NJ/KD
5480
7110
1630
8160
2680
7263
1783
5797
317
9210
3730
7700
2220
8630
3150
10030
4550
606
824
1103
%
100
130
149
133
106
168
141
157
183
6HPQLILFDWLRQ
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
4. &RQFOXVLRQV
7R LQFUHDVH WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]HUV, YHU\ QHFHVVDU\ RQ GXPSV, D FRPSRVW ZDV GHYHORSHG IURP
PDQXUH, SRZGHUHG OLJQLWH DQG SRWDVVLXP KXPDWHV REWDLQHG E\ WUHDWLQJ OLJQLWH ZLWK SRWDVVLXP K\GUR[LGH.
7R ILQG D QHZ IRUP RI OLJQLWH H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG VXSSO\ WKH GHILFLW RI RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]HUV WZR IHUWLOL]HUV RUJDQRPLQHUDO ZHUH SURGXFHG: /200 DQG 6+210, DV ZHOO DV IRXU W\SHV RI OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HUV EDVHG RQ KXPDWHV H[WUDFWHG IURP
OLJQLWH ZLWK FRH[LVWLQJ QLWURJHQ DV QLWULF, DPPRQLD DQG DPLGH DQG DOO WKH HVVHQWLDO WUDFH HOHPHQWV.
5HVHDUFK RQ %DOWD 8QFKLD‫܇‬XOXL GXPS XQFRYHUHG ZLWK IHUWLOH VRLO, IRFXVLQJ WKH LQIOXHQFH RI PLQHUDO, RUJDQLF DQG
RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ RQ WKH PDL]H, VXQIORZHU DQG SHDV \LHOGV OHG WR WKH IROORZLQJ FRQFOXVLRQV:
1. 7KH \LHOGV KDG ODUJH \HDUO\ GLIIHUHQFHV GXH WR FOLPDWLF FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH ODQG XQHYHQQHVV;
2. 9HU\ ORZ \LHOGV ZHUH REWDLQHG LQ XQIHUWLOL]HG YDULDQWV;
3. $OO DSSOLHG IHUWLOL]HUV HQVXUHG YHU\ VLJQLILFDQW \LHOG LQFUHDVHV;
4. )RU PDL]H FURS, FRPSDUHG WR XQIHUWLOL]HG YDULDQW, WKH GLIIHUHQW IHUWLOL]HUV HQVXUHG GLIIHUHQW \LHOG LQFUHDVHV DV
IROORZLQJ: 1100380.80 PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV - 64%, WKH 40 W/KD PDQXUH IHUWLOL]HUV - 153%, WKH 40 W/KD FRPSRVW 156%, WKH RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]DWLRQ (GRVHV RI 1000 O/KD) ZLWK /200 - 129% DQG ZLWK 6+210 - 96%; ZKLOH
WKH LQFUHDVLQJ GRVHV RI RUJDQR-PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HU IURP 1000 WR 1500 O/KD OHG WR ORZ \LHOG LQFUHDVHV;
5. $SSOLFDWLRQ RI ERWK PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV DQG PDQXUH HQVXUHG D \LHOG LQFUHDVH RI 21%, ZKLOH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI
PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV DQG FRPSRVW OHDG WR DQ LQFUHDVH RI 108%;
6. $SSOLFDWLRQ RI FRPSRVW ZLWK PLQHUDO IHUWLOL]HUV KDV HQVXUHG WKH KLJKHVW \LHOG LQFUHDVH, WKH \LHOG OHYHO EHLQJ
VLPLODU WR WKDW REWDLQHG RQ QHLJKERXULQJ DUHDV XQGLVWXUEHG E\ PLQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV;
,Q WKH H[SHULPHQW RQ GXPS FRYHUHG ZLWK 30-40 FP IHUWLOH VRLO, DOO IRXU WHVWHG OLTXLG IHUWLOL]HUV HQVXUHG YHU\
VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVHV LQ PDL]H \LHOGV, WKH \LHOG OHYHO EHLQJ VLPLODU WR WKDW REWDLQHG RQ QRQGHJUDGHG ODQG DUHDV.
5HIHUHQFHV
$NDOD, 9.$., /DO, 5., 1999. 0LQHODQG UHFODPDWLRQ DQG VRLO RUJDQLF FDUERQ VHTXHVWUDWLRQ LQ 2KLR. $6605 3URFHHGLQJV 16WK $QQXDO 1DWLRQDO
0HHWLQJ ´0LQLQJ DQG UHFODPDWLRQ IRU WKH QH[W PLOOHQQLXPÄ $XJXVW 13-19 6FRWWVGDOH, $UL]RQD.
%ăEHDQX, ,.&., 1998. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG SURSULHWă‫܇‬LOH DJURFKLPLFH DOH KDOGHORU GH VWHULO DOH SULQFLSDOHORU H[SORDWăUL FDUERQLIHUH OD ]L GLQ 2OWHQLD.
7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW, 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ &UDLRYD.
%HQGIHOGW, (.6., %XUJHU, -.$., 'DQLHOV, :./., )HOGKDNH, &.0., 1999. '\QDPLFV DQG FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI VRLO RUJDQLF PDWWHU LQ PLQH VRLOV VL[WHHQ
\HDUV DIWHU DPHQGPHQW ZLWK QDWLYH VRLO, VDZGXVW DQG VOXGJH. $6605 3URFHHGLQJV 16WK $QQXDO 1DWLRQDO 0HHWLQJ ´0LQLQJ DQG UHFODPDWLRQ
IRU WKH QH[W PLOOHQQLXPÄ $XJXVW 13-19 6FRWWVGDOH, $UL]RQD.
%HFKHUHVFX, &., 6XVLQVNL, 0., 'REUH, 0., 'DVFăOX, '., 'RGRFLRLX, $.0., 2008. $VSHFWH SULYLQG FRQĠLQXWXO UHDO GH KXPXV DO KDOGHORU GH VWHULO
UH]XOWDWH vQ XUPD H[WUDFĠLHL FăUEXQHOXL OD VXSUDIDĠă. 6LPSR]LRQXO ,QWHUQDĠLRQDO ´5HFRQVWUXFĠLD HFRORJLFă úL QHFHVDUXO GH vQJUăúăPLQWH vQ ]RQD
*RUMXOXL´. 4-5 RFW. 2007, 7kUJX -LX, (GLWXUD 1(: $*5,6 - 5HYLVWH $JULFROH, %XFXUHúWL.
%HFKHUL‫܇‬LX, 0., 2003. 3RVLELOLWă‫܇‬L GH FXOWLYDUH D YL‫܇‬HL GH YLH SH KDOGHOH GH VWHULO, FX SULYLUH VSHFLDOă DVXSUD SURGXF‫܇‬LHL ‫܇‬L FDOLWă‫܇‬LL. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW, 86$09
%XFXUH‫܇‬WL.
Mihail Dumitru et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 (2016) 3 – 9
%ODJD, *K., 1981. &HUFHWăUL SHQWUX UHGDUHD vQ IRORVLQ‫܇‬ă DJULFROă D WHUHQXULORU GHJUDGDWH SULQ H[SORDWăUL PLQLHUH vQ ]RQD &ăSX‫ ܇‬- $JKLUH‫܇‬. 7H]ă GH
GRFWRUDW, ,QVWLWXWXO $JURQRPLF 7LPL‫܇‬RDUD.
%UDLD, 0., 2004. &HUFHWăUL VRFLR-HFRQRPLFH SULYLQG YDORULILFDUHD vQ SRPLFXOWXUă D KDOGHORU GH VWHULO GH OD 5RYLQDUL-*RUM. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW,
86$09 %XFXUHúWL.
&ăOLQRLX, 0., 1999. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG UHFXOWLYDUHD WHUHQXULORU GHJUDGDWH GDWRULWă H[SORDWăULORU PLQLHUH OD ]L. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW, $6$6 %XFXUHúWL.
&ăUăEL‫܇‬, $.'., 2013. 5HFRQVWUXF‫܇‬LD HFRORJLFă D KDOGHORU GH VWHULO´. 7H]ă GH 'RFWRUDW, 86$09 %XFXUH‫܇‬WL.
&ăWLQD‫܇‬, ,.&., 2012. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG UăVSkQGLUHD, JHQH]D ‫܇‬L HYROX‫܇‬LD HQWLDQWURVROXULORU (SURWRVROXULORU DQWURSLFH) SURYHQLWH GH OD H[SORDWăULOHPLQLHUH GH
VXSUDID‫܇‬ă GLQ 1RUG 9HVWXO 7UDQVLOYDQLHL. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW, 86$09 &OXM-1DSRFD.
&LRURLDQX, 7U.0., 6kUEX, &., 'XPLWUX, 0., 'RUQHDQX, $., ùWHIăQHVFX, '., 2009. ÌQJUăúăPLQWH QHFRQYHQĠLRQDOH - IHUWLOL]DQĠL OLFKL]L. (G. (VWIDOLD,
%XFXUHúWL.
&ODSD, '., 2003. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG SURWRVROXULOH DQWURSLFH GLQ 7UDQVLOYDQLD. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW, 86$09 &OXM.
&UDLRYHDQX, *K., 3RSHVFX, '., &DULJRLX, 9., 6kUEX, /., 2002. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG FDOLWDWHD GHSR]LWHORU JHRORJLFH DGXVH OD ]L SULQ DFWLYLWă‫܇‬L
HFRQRPLFH vQ ED]LQXO PLQLHU 2OWHQLD, SUHWDELOLWDWHD ORU SHQWUX DFWLYLWă‫܇‬L SURGXFWLYH. &RPXQLFăUL ‫܇‬WLLQ‫܇‬LILFH DOH VLPSR]LRQXOXL LQWHUQD‫܇‬LRQDO
Ä5HDELOLWDUHD WHUHQXULORU RFXSDWH ‫܇‬L DIHFWDWH GH DFWLYLWDWHD GH H[WUDF‫܇‬LH D OLJQLWXOXL GLQ ED]LQHOH PLQLHUH DOH 2OWHQLHLÄ 7-8 LXQLH, 7kUJX -LX.
&KLVăOL‫܇‬ă, ,., 2001. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG VWDELOL]DUHD KDOGHORU GH VWHULO GH OD 0ROGRYD 1RX FX DMXWRUXOXL YHJHWD‫܇‬LHL IRUHVWLHUH VL LQIOXHQWD DFHVWHLD
DVXSUD PHGLXOXL. 7H]D GH GRFWRUDW. 8QLYHUVLWDWHD 7UDQVLOYDQLD, %UD‫܇‬RY.
&ăOLQ, 0.&., 2012. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG UHFRQVWUXF‫܇‬LD WHUHQXULORU GHJUDGDWH GLQ 3RGL‫܇‬XO 7UDQVLOYDQLHL SULQ VWDELOLUHD XQRU WHKQRORJLL GH vPSăGXULUH vQ
FRQWH[WXO JRVSRGăULULL GXUDELOH. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW, 86$09 &OXM 1DSRFD.
'DQLHOV, /.:., 6WHZDUW %., 'RYH '., 1995. 5HFODPDWLRQ RI &RDO 5HIXVH 'LVSRVDO $UHDV. 9LUJLQLD &RRSHUDWLYH ([WHQVLRQ, 3XE., 460-131. 'DQLHOV,
/.:., 6FKURHGHU, 3.'., 1DJOH, 6.0., =HOD]Q\, /.:., $OOH\, 0.0., 1999. 5HFODPDWLRQ RI SULPH IDUPODQG IROOHZLQJ PLQHUDO VDQGV PLQLQJ
LQ 9LUJLQLD. $6605 3URFHHGLQJV 16WK $QQXDO 1DWLRQDO 0HHWLQJ´0LQLQJ DQG UHFODPDWLRQ IRU WKH QH[W PLOOHQQLXPÄ $XJXVW 13-19 6FRWWVGDOH,
$UL]RQD.
'LQXFă, &.1., 2015. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG IXQGDPHQWDUHD ‫܇‬WLLQ‫܇‬LILFă D UHFRQVWUXF‫܇‬LHL HFRORJLFH D KDOGHORU GH VWHULO UH]XOWDWH GLQ H[SORDWăUL PLQLHUH GH
VXSUDID‫܇‬ă GLQ ED]LQXO PLMORFLX DO -LO‫܇‬XOXL ‫܇‬L 0RWUXOXL. 7H]ă GH 'RFWRUDW, 8QLYHUVLWDWHD 7UDQVLOYDQLD GLQ %UD‫܇‬RY.
'LQXFă, 1.&., 7kU]LX, '.5., 2015. )RUHVW UH-FXOWLYDWLRQ RI VWHULOH GXPSV DV D UHVXOW RI OLJQLWH H[SORDWDWLRQ RQ GD]. -.(.3.(., 16, 1R. 4, 1458-1467.
'RUQHDQX, $., 'RUQHDQX, (., 6kUEX, &., &LRURLDQX, 7U.0., ,OLH, $., 2006. 8WLOL]DUHD vQJUăúăPLQWHORU OLFKLGH vQ FRQWH[WXO XQHL DJULFXOWXUL PRGHUQH.
6LPSR]LRQXO ,QWHUQDĠLRQDO ´0DQDJHPHQWXO QXWULHQĠLORU SHQWUX vPEXQăWăĠLUHD FDOLWăĠLL FXOWXULORU úL FRQVHUYDUHD PHGLXOXL´. 13-14 LXOLH 2005,
&UDLRYD, (GLWXUD $*5,6.
'RUQHDQX, $., 3UHGD, &., 'XPLWUX, 0., +XLGX, (., 'RUQHDQX, (., %LFDQ, 6]., &LRURLDQX, 7.0., ùWHIăQHVFX, '., $QWRQ, ,., *KHRUJKH, '., 3URGDQ, 7.,
2008. ÌQJUăúăPLQWH RUJDQRPLQHUDOH SH VXSRUW GH OLJQLW, PLMORF LPSRUWDQW GH IHUWLOL]DUH HFKLOLEUDWă D FXOWXULORU SH VROXULOH FX FRQĠLQXW UHGXV GH
KXPXV. 5HDOL]DUHD LQVWDODĠLHL GH SURGXFHUH OD 6.1./.2 7kUJX -LX. 6LPSR]LRQXO ,QWHUQDĠLRQDO ´5HFRQVWUXFĠLD HFRORJLFă úL QHFHVDUXO GH
vQJUăúăPLQWH vQ ]RQD *RUMXOXL´. 4-5 RFW. 2007, 7kUJX -LX, (GLWXUD 1(: $*5,6 - 5HYLVWH $JULFROH, %XFXUHúWL.
(JHU, 3., 0HOFKHUW, *., 'HZDU, 6W., 1999. :DVWH IRU ZDVWHODQGV UHFODLPLQJ WDFRPLWH WDLOLQJV EDVLQV ZLWK RUJDQLF DPHQGPHQWV. $6605
3URFHHGLQJV 16WK $QQXDO 1DWLRQDO 0HHWLQJ ´0LQLQJ DQG UHFODPDWLRQ IRU WKH QH[W PLOOHQQLXPÄ $XJXVW 13-19 6FRWWVGDOH, $UL]RQD.
(\KHUDJXLEHO, %., 6LOYHVWUH, -., 0RUDUG, 3., 2008. (IIHFWV RI KXPLF VXEVWDQFHV GHULYHG IURP RUJDQLF ZDVWH HQKDQFHPHQW RQ WKH JURZWK DQG PLQHUDO
QXWULWLRQ RI PDL]H. %LRUHVRXUFH 7HFKQRORJ\, 9RO. 99, ,VVXH 10, -XO\ 2008, 4206-4212.
,DQF, ,., 1999. (YROXĠLD VROXOXL GLQ ED]LQXO FDUERQLIHU 5RYLQDUL vQ XUPD GHFRSHUWăULL, UHDPHQDMăULL úL UHFXOWLYăULL FX SRPL úL YLĠă GH YLH. 7H]ă GH
GRFWRUDW, $6$6, %XFXUHúWL.
0XQWHDQX, 1., 1998. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG FXOWLYDUHD FX YLĠă GH YLH D WHUHQXULORU GHJUDGDWH SULQ H[SORDWăUL PLQLHUH OD ]L GLQ ]RQD 5RYLQDUL - *RUM. 7H]ă
GH GRFWRUDW, 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ &UDLRYD, )DFXOWDWHD GH $JULFXOWXUă.
1HJUHD, &., 2007. &RQWULEXĠLL OD vPEXQăWăĠLUHD VLVWHPXOXL URPkQ GH ERQLWDUH D KDOGHORU GH VWHULO GLQ ED]LQXO FDUERQLIHU 2OWHQLD. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW,
8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ &UDLRYD, )DFXOWDWHD GH $JULFXOWXUă.
2SUHD, 9., 2010. 5HFRQVWUXF‫܇‬LD HFRORJLFă D WHUHQXULORU GHJUDGDWH GLQ ]RQD FROLQDUă D 7UDQVLOYDQLHL SULQ FXOWXUD DUEX‫܇‬WLORU VLOYRDPHOLRUDWRUL. 7H]ă GH
GRFWRUDW, 86$09 &OXM.
3DVFRYLFL, 1.,., 2006. ,PSDFWXO H[SORDWăULORU GH OLJQLW GLQ ED]LQXO +XVQLFLRDUD - 0HKHGLQ‫܇‬L ‫܇‬L SRVLELOLWDWHD GH UHFRQVWUXF‫܇‬LH HFRORJLFă D KDELWDWXOXLQDWXUDO.
7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW, 8QLYHUVLWDWHD 3ROLWHKQLFD GLQ 7LPL‫܇‬RDUD, )DFXOWDWHD GH +LGURWHKQLFă.
3RSD, 5.*., 2007. &HUFHWăUL SULYLQG HIHFWXO IHUWLOL]DQ‫܇‬LORU PLQHUDOL ‫܇‬L RUJDQLFL DVXSUD vQVX‫܇‬LULORU IL]LFH ‫܇‬L FKLPLFH DOH VROXULORU WHKQRJHQH GLQ
ED]LQXO FDUERQLIHU 2OWHQLD. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW, 86$09 %XFXUH‫܇‬WL.
3UHGD, &., 'RUQHDQX, $., 'XPLWUX, 0., $QWRQ, ,., 1LFRODHVFX, ,,, +XLGX, (., %LFDQ, 6]., 2008. 7HKQRORJLL GH IDEULFDUH D IHUWLOL]DQ‫܇‬LORU RUJDQRPLQHUDOL SH ED]ă GH OLJQLW. 6LPSR]LRQXO ,QWHUQDĠLRQDO ´5HFRQVWUXFĠLD HFRORJLFă úL QHFHVDUXO GH vQJUăúăPLQWH vQ ]RQD *RUMXOXL´. 4-5 RFW. 2007,
7kUJX -LX, (GLWXUD 1(: $*5,6 - 5HYLVWH $JULFROH, %XFXUHúWL.
5R‫܇‬FXOHWH, &.$., 2005. )RORVLUHD XQRU IHUWLOL]DQ‫܇‬L RUJDQLFL GH WLSXO FRPSRVWXULORU vQ UHFRQVWUXF‫܇‬LD HFRORJLFă D KDOGHORU GH VWHULO. 7H]ă GH GRFWRUDW,
8QLYHUVLWDWHD GLQ &UDLRYD.
6vUEX, &.(., &LRURLDQX, 7U.0., 'XPLWUX, 0., 2012. )HUWLOL]DQĠL FX VXEVWDQĠH SURWHLFH. (G. 6LWHFK, &UDLRYD.
7DWRPLU, &., 'XPLWUX, 0., 3RSHVFX, ,., 2010. ,PSDFWXO H[SORDWăULL ‫܇‬L XWLOL]ăULL DVXSUD PHGLXOXL. (G. 6LWHFK, &UDLRYD.
9
Download