GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE v. 6.0
6A C6A
9
TERTIARY
7 C7
7A C7A
8 C8
C9
10 C10
11
12
13
18
19
20
C18
C20
45
21
50
C21
22 C22
23
23.03
120
130
140
150
RUPELIAN
33.9
160
PRIABONIAN
37.71
170
41.2
180
BARTONIAN
LUTETIAN
190
47.8
YPRESIAN
C26
60
27
C27
28 C28
65
29
C29
30 C30
PALEOCENE
C25
56.0
THANETIAN
SELANDIAN
59.2
61.6
DANIAN
66.0
220
230
240
250
EARLY
100.5
300
VALANGINIAN
BERRIASIAN
TITHONIAN
M22
LATE
MIDDLE
KIMMERIDGIAN
OXFORDIAN
CALLOVIAN
BATHONIAN
BAJOCIAN
AALENIAN
~125
PLIENSBACHIAN
SINEMURIAN
HETTANGIAN
340
~129.4
~132.6
~139.8
152.1
380
157.3
163.5
166.1
168.3
170.3
174.1
400
199.3
201.3
420
440
460
~208.5
480
LATE
CARNIAN
MIDDLE
EARLY
ANISIAN
OLENEKIAN
INDUAN
*The Pleistocene is divided into four ages, but only two are shown here. What is shown as Calabrian is actually three ages: Calabrian from 1.8 to
0.774 Ma, Chibanian from 0.774 to 0.129 Ma, and Late from 0.129 to 0.0117 Ma. The Holocene is divided into three ages: Greenlandian from 0.0117
to 0.0082 Ma, Northgrippian from 0.0082 to 0.0042 Ma, and Meghalayan from 0.0042 to present. The geologic community broadly recognizes the
Anthropocene as a proposed new time interval of Earth history, partly coincident with the Holocene. Currently, the Anthropocene has an informal
designation, with a proposed age span extending from the present to a beginning point between ca. 15,000 yr B.P. and as recent as 1960 CE.
The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic are the Eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Names of units and age boundaries usually follow the Gradstein et al.
(2012), Cohen et al. (2012), and Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilations. Numerical age estimates and picks of boundaries usually follow the
Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilation. The numbered epochs and ages of the Cambrian are provisional. A “~” before a numerical age estimate
typically indicates an associated error of ± 0.4 to more than 1.6 Ma.
MOSCOVIAN
EARLY
BASHKIRIAN
LATE
SERPUKHOVIAN
MIDDLE
VISEAN
EARLY
TOURNAISIAN
LATE
FRASNIAN
MIDDLE
~237
~242
247.2
251.2
251.90
500
520
540
GIVETIAN
EIFELIAN
EMSIAN
PRIDOLI
LUDLOW
WENLOCK
LLANDOVERY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
FURONGIAN
~227
SAKMARIAN
ASSELIAN
GZHELIAN
KASIMOVIAN
MIAOLINGIAN
Epoch 2
TERRENEUVIAN
PRAGIAN
LOCHKOVIAN
LUDFORDIAN
GORSTIAN
HOMERIAN
SHEINWOODIAN
TELYCHIAN
AERONIAN
RHUDDANIAN
HIRNANTIAN
KATIAN
SANDBIAN
DARRIWILIAN
DAPINGIAN
FLOIAN
TREMADOCIAN
AGE 10
JIANGSHANIAN
PAIBIAN
GUZHANGIAN
DRUMIAN
WULIUAN
AGE 4
AGE 3
AGE 2
FORTUNIAN
EON
ERA
251.90
254.14
259.51
264.28
266.9
273.01
283.5
290.1
293.52
298.9
303.7
307.0
323.2
330.9
346.7
382.7
387.7
393.3
407.6
410.8
419.2
423.0
425.6
427.4
430.5
433.4
438.5
440.8
443.8
445.2
453.0
458.4
467.3
470.0
477.7
485.4
489.5
~494
~497
~500.5
~504.5
~509
~514
NEOPROTEROZOIC
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
358.9
372.2
2000
541.0
CRYOGENIAN
BDY.
AGES
(Ma)
541
635
720
TONIAN
1000
STENIAN
MESOPROTEROZOIC
1200
ECTASIAN
1400
CALYMMIAN
1600
STATHERIAN
1800
PALEOPROTEROZOIC
OROSIRIAN
2050
RHYACIAN
2250
2300
SIDERIAN
2500
2500
NEOARCHEAN
2750
3000
3250
3500
2800
MESOARCHEAN
3200
PALEOARCHEAN
3600
3750
EOARCHEAN
~521
~529
PERIOD
EDIACARAN
315.2
FAMENNIAN
NORIAN
LADINIAN
LATE
ARTINSKIAN
MIDDLE
EARLY
182.7
190.8
Cisuralian
360
~145.0
TOARCIAN
EARLY
320
APTIAN
BARREMIAN
HAUTERIVIAN
PERMIAN
280
93.9
~113
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M29
83.6
86.3
89.8
ALBIAN
200
210
C24
25
CENOMANIAN
RHAETIAN
C23
26
M0r
M1
M3
M5
M25
24
55
HIST
110
TURONIAN
M10
27.82
C17
C19
20.44
CHATTIAN
C13
15 C15
16 C16
17
40
C12
EOCENE
35
C11
PALEOGENE
30
OLIGOCENE
6C C6C
25
34 C34
BURDIGALIAN
AQUITANIAN
6B C6B
15.97
100
SANTONIAN
CONIACIAN
Guadalupian
AGE
(Ma)
4000
4000
HADEAN
©2022 The Geological Society of America | www.geosociety.org
20
5E C5E
6 C6
LANGHIAN
13.82
LATE
260
CHANGHSINGIAN
WUCHIAPINGIAN
CAPITANIAN
WORDIAN
ROADIAN
KUNGURIAN
PICKS
(Ma)
PROTEROZOIC
5C C5C
5D C5D
SERRAVALLIAN
90
11.63
CAMPANIAN
Lopingian
AGE
PRECAMBRIAN
ARCHEAN
5B C5B
TORTONIAN
72.1
PENNSYLVANIAN
C5A
C33
80
7.246
66.0
MISSISSIPPIAN
15
C5
33
AGE
PERIOD EPOCH
(Ma)
CARBONIFEROUS
5A
C4A
MAASTRICHTIAN
32 C32
PICKS
(Ma)
DEVONIAN
5
MIOCENE
4A
C4
5.333
30 C30
31 C31
AGE
ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN
MESSINIAN
70
PERIOD EPOCH
PALEOZOIC
CAMBRIAN
3A C3A
0.012
1.8
2.58
3.600
AGE
(Ma)
CRETACEOUS
ZANCLEAN
NEOGENE
C3
3
4
10
PLIOCENE
CALABRIAN
GELASIAN
PIACENZIAN
PICKS
(Ma)
JURASSIC
HOLOCENE
AGE
CHRON.
*
QUATERNARY PLEISTOCENE*
2A C2A
5
EPOCH
TRIASSIC
C1
C2
PERIOD
MESOZOIC
MAGNETIC
POLARITY
RAPID POLARITY CHANGES
1
2
CENOZOIC
ANOM.
CHRON.
HIST.
ANOM.
AGE
(Ma)
MAGNETIC
POLARITY
Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers, 2022, Geologic Time Scale v. 6.0: Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.CTS006C.
(Walker—University of Kansas; Geissman—University of Texas–Dallas, University of New Mexico.)
REFERENCES CITED
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S., and Gibbard, P.L., 2012, International Chronostratigraphic Chart: International Commission on Stratigraphy, https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2012.pdf (accessed Sept. 2022).
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L., and Fan, J.-X., 2013 (updated), The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart: Episodes, v. 36, p. 199–204,
http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2021-10.pdf (accessed Sept. 2022).
Gradstein, F.M, Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., et al., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale 2012: Boston, USA, Elsevier,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00004-4.