CHAPTER 3: DISSOLUTION AND WINDING
UP
GENERAL RULE (VILLAREAL V. RAMIREZ)
• The partnership can only pay out what it has in its
coffers, which consists of all its assets
• Before the partners can be paid their shares, the
creditors of the partnership must first be
compensated.
• Partners will only be paid whatever is left of the
partnership assets after all creditors have been paid
ARTICLE 1828. The dissolution of a partnership is the
change in the relation of the partners caused by any
partner ceasing to be associated in the carrying on as
distinguished from the winding up of the business.
DISSOLUTION
• The change in the relation of the parties caused by
any partner ceasing to be associated in the carrying
on, as might be distinguished from the winding up of
the business.
• Upon dissolution, partnership continues and its legal
personality is retained until the complete winding up
of its business culminating in its termination
DISSOLUTION VS. WINDING UP VS. PARTITION OR
DISTRIBUTION
The dissolution simply affected a change in the
relationship among the partners. The partnership,
although dissolved continues to exist until its termination,
at which time the winding up of its affairs should have
been completed and the net partnership assets are
partitioned and distributed to the partners
THREE FINAL STAGES OF TERMINATION
1. DISSOLUTION
• The change in the relation of the partners caused by
any partner ceasing to be associated in the carrying
on of the business.
• On dissolution, the partnership is not terminated but
continued until the winding up of partnership affairs is
completed.
•
It is that point of time the partner ceased to carry on
the business together
2. WINDING UP
• The process of settling business affairs after
dissolution.
• The administration of the assets of the partnership for
the purpose of terminating the business and
discharging the obligations of the partnership.
•
Example: Paying previous obligations, collecting of assets
previously demandable, contracting for new business needed
to wind up (contracting with a Demolition company)
3. TERMINATION
• The point in time after all the partnership affairs have
been wound up
UNSOLD
GOODS
AND
UNCOLLECTED
RECEIVABLES
• Some of the best evidence of the existence of a
partnership, which was not yet terminated
• Since the partnership has not been terminated, the
partners remained as Co partners
IS THE AGREEMENT OF THE PARTNERS
AFFECTING LIQUIDATION VALID?
• The liquidation of the assets of the partnership
following its dissolution is governed by various
provisions of the Civil Code
• However an agreement of the partners is binding
among them and normally takes precedence to the
expand applicable over the codes general provisions
MEANING OF RETIREMENT IN DISSOLUTION
• The Dissociation by a partner, inclusive of resignation
or withdrawal, from the partnership that thereby
dissolves it
NOTES FROM PROBLEM P.113
• In case of dissolution the legal personality of the
expiring partnership persists for the limited purpose
of winding up and closing of the affairs of the
partnership
• The retiring partners and the new partnership itself
which continued the business of the old dissolved one
are liable for the deaths of the preceding partnership
• A withdrawing partner remains liable to a third party
creditor of the old partnership
ARTICLE 1829. On dissolution the partnership is not
terminated, but continues until the winding up of
partnership affairs is completed.
• After dissolution, all the transactions of the
partnerships should only pertain to liquidation or
winding up which will happen over a period of time.
• Ex. The partnership will sell its non-cash assets,
collect its receivables, pay the partnership creditors
and thereafter distribute the remainder to the partners
ARTICLE 1830. Dissolution is caused:
1. Without violation of the agreement between the
partners:
a. By the termination of the definite term or
particular undertaking specified in the agreement;
b. By the express will of any partner, who must act
in good faith, when no definite term or particular
undertaking is specified;
c. By the express will of all the partners who have
not assigned their interests or suffered them to be
charged for their separate debts, either before or
after the termination of any specified term or
particular undertaking;
d. By the expulsion of any partner from the business
bona fide in accordance with such a power
conferred by the agreement between the
partners;
2. In contravention of the agreement between the
partners, where the circumstances do not permit a
dissolution under any other provision of this article, by
the express will of any partner at any time;
3. By any event which makes it unlawful for the business
of the partnership to be carried on or for the members
to carry it on in partnership;
4. When a specific thing, which a partner had promised
to contribute to the partnership, perishes before the
delivery; in any case by the loss of the thing, when the
partner who contributed it having reserved the
ownership thereof, has only transferred to the
partnership the use or enjoyment of the same; but the
partnership shall not be dissolved by the loss of the
thing when it occurs after the partnership has
acquired the ownership thereof;
By the death of any partner;
By the insolvency of any partner or of the partnership;
By the civil interdiction of any partner;
By decree of court under the following article. (1700a
and 1701a)
5.
6.
7.
8.
KINDS OF DISSOLUTION
1. Extrajudicial dissolution (# 1 to 7)
2. Judicial dissolution (# 8)
1.
WITHOUT VIOLATION OF THE AGREEMENT
BETWEEN THE PARTNERS
a. By the termination of the definite term or
particular undertaking specified in the
agreement
i. Partnership With A Fixed Term
Where the life or period of existence of the
partnership has been agreed upon by the partners
ii.
Partnership For A Particular Undertaking
It is one where it will exist until the purpose is
accomplished
b. By the express will of any partner, who must
act in good faith when no definite term or
particular undertaking is specified
i. Partnership at will
Birth and life of a partnership at will is predicated
on the mutual desire and consent of the partners
c. By the express will of all the partners who
have not assigned their interests or suffered
them to be charged for their separate debts,
either before or after the termination of any
specified term or particular undertaking
All partners want to discontinue the operation of
the partnership for any reason, then the
partnership is dissolved
d. By the expulsion of any partner from the
business bona fide in accordance with such a
power conferred by the agreement between
the partners
Expulsion must be in good faith
2. In contravention of the agreement between the
partners, where the circumstances do not
permit a dissolution under any other provision
of this article, by the express will of any
partner at any time
• Ex. A partner wants to dissolve the partnership on
the third year of the operation of the business of a
5-year agreement, without any valid reason.
• Even if there is a specified term, one partner can
cause its dissolution by expressly withdrawing
even before the expiration of the period with or
without justifiable cause
• If the cause is not justified or no cause was
given, the withdrawing partner is liable for
damages but in no case can he be compelled to
remain in the firm. With his withdrawal, the
number of members is decreased, hence, the
dissolution.
3. By any event which makes it unlawful for the
business of the partnership to be carried on or
for the members to carry it on in partnership;
• Ex. A Partnership for selling cigarettes is made.
Subsequently it became
business became unlawful
illegal.
The
partnership
4. When a specific thing which a partner had
promised to contribute to the partnership,
perishes before the delivery; in any case by
the loss of the thing, when the partner who
contributed it having reserved the ownership
thereof, has only transferred to the
partnership the use or enjoyment of the same;
but the partnership shall not be dissolved by
the loss of the thing when it occurs after the
partnership has acquired the ownership
thereof;
a. Contributed use and enjoyment
(Partner is Owner)
i. If a partner contributed the use or enjoyment only
of a specific thing and it was lost before the
delivery to the partnership, the partnership is
dissolved.
ii. If a partner contributed the use or enjoyment only
of a specific thing and it was lost after the delivery
to the partnership, the partnership is dissolved.
b. Contributed Ownership of Thing
iii. If a partner contributed the ownership of a
specific thing and it was lost before the
delivery to the partnership, the partnership is
dissolved.
iv. If a partner contributed the ownership of a
specific thing and it was lost after the delivery
to
the partnership, the partnership is not
dissolved.
5. By the death of any partner
6. By the insolvency of any partner or of the
partnership Insolvency
• Liabilities are greater than assets
7. By the civil interdiction of any partner;
i. Civil Interdiction
Deprives the offender during the time of his
sentence of the right to manage his property
and dispose of such property by any act or any
conveyance inter vivos
ARTICLE 1831. On application by or for a partner the
court shall decree a dissolution whenever:
1. A partner has been declared insane in any judicial
proceeding or is shown to be of unsound mind;
2. A partner becomes in any other way incapable
of performing his part of the partnership contract;
3. A partner has been guilty of such conduct as tends to
affect prejudicially the carrying on of the business;
4. A partner willfully or persistently commits a breach of
the partnership agreement, or otherwise so conducts
himself in matters relating to the partnership
business that it is not reasonably practicable to
carry on the business in partnership with him;
5. The business of the partnership can only be carried
on at a loss;
6. Other circumstances render a dissolution equitable.
On the application of the purchaser of a partner’s
interest under Article 1813 or 1814:
1. After the termination of the specified term or
particular undertaking;
2. At any time if the partnership was a partnership
at will when the interest was assigned or when the
charging order was issued. (n)
WHO CAN SUE FOR JUDICIAL DISSOLUTION?
1. A partner or any of #s 1 to 6
2. The purchaser of a partner’s interest in the
partnership under Art. 1813 or 1814 after the
termination of the specified term or particular
undertaking or if the partnership is a t will when the
interest was assigned or when the charging order was
issued
I. ON APPLICATION BY OR FOR A PARTNER
1. A partner has been declared insane in any judicial
proceeding or is shown to be of unsound mind;
• The presumption is in favor of sanity
• Insanity must be duly proved in court
• Insanity will make a person incapacitated to enter
into a contract
2. A partner becomes in any other way incapable
of performing his part of the partnership contract;
3. A partner has been guilty of such conduct as tends to
affect prejudicially the carrying on of the business;
4. A partner wilfully or persistently commits a breach of
the partnership agreement, or otherwise so conducts
himself in matters relating to the partnership
business that it is not reasonably practicable to
carry on the business in partnership with him;
5. The business of the partnership can only be carried
on at a loss;
• The intention and essence of every business
partnership is to divide the profits among themselves
6. Other circumstances render a dissolution equitable.
• This is a catch all provision for other grounds of
judicial dissolution not mentioned above so long as
this can be proven in court
• There can be a judicial dissolution if the continuation
of the partnership has become inequitable
• If excellent relations exists among the partners at the
start of business and all the partners are more
interested in seeing the firm grow rather than get
immediate returns, a deferment of sharing in the
profits is perfectly plausible.
• It would be incorrect to stated that if a partner does
not assert his rights anytime within the agreed period
from the start of the operations, such rights are
irretrievably lost.
• The Court may decree a dissolution of the
partnership.
II. ON THE APPLICATION OF THE PURCHASER OF
A PARTNER’S INTEREST
• If after the period of partnership for a particular
undertaking and the partnership is not yet dissolved,
the court may decree a dissolution
JOINT VENTURE
• Generally understood to mean an organization
formed for some temporary purpose
• Is likened to a particular partnership or one
which has for its object determinate things,
their use or fruits, or a specific undertaking, or
the exercise of a profession or vocation.
• Governed by the law on partnerships which are
based on mutual agency or delectus personae
ARTICLE 1832. Except so far as may be necessary
to wind up partnership affairs or to complete transactions
begun but not then finished, dissolution terminates all
authority of any partner to act for the partnership:
1. With respect to the partners:
(a) When the dissolution is not by the act, insolvency
or death of a partner; or
(b) When the dissolution is by such act, insolvency or
death of a partner, in cases where article 1833 so
requires;
2. With respect to persons not partners, as declared in
article 1834.
RULE
• When a partnership is dissolved, any of the partners
cannot bind the partnership.
• Exceptions: Articles 1833 & 1834
ARTICLE 1833. Where the dissolution is caused by the
act, death or insolvency of a partner, each partner
is liable to his co-partners for his share of any liability
created by any partner acting for the partnership as if the
partnership had not been dissolved unless:
1. The dissolution being by act of any partner, the
partner acting for the partnership had knowledge of
the dissolution; or
2. The dissolution being by the death or insolvency
of a partner, the partner acting for the partnership
had knowledge or notice of the death or insolvency.
PARTNER/S ACT W/O KNOWLEDGE
• Any transactions entered into by partners without
their knowledge of the withdrawal of a partner is valid
and binding to the partnership (good faith)
PARTNER/ ACT W/ KNOWLEDGE
• If a partner has knowledge about the withdrawal of a
partner and he transacts with a third person who has
no knowledge about the withdrawal, the transaction
creates a liability which makes it still valid and
binding to the partnership
• The following must apply:
a. The third person must be in good faith
b. After the payment to the third person, the partner
can ask for reimbursement of his share
PARTNER/S’ DEATH OR INSOLVENCY
• If the cause of dissolution is the death or
insolvency of a partner and a partner who has
knowledge of the death of a partner entered into a
contract with a third person who has no knowledge
about the death, the transaction creates a liability
which makes it still valid and binding to the
partnership
• After the payment to the third person, the partner can
ask for reimbursement of his share
ARTICLE 1834. After dissolution, a partner can bind
the partnership, except as provided in the third paragraph
of this article:
1. By any act appropriate for winding up partnership
affairs or completing transactions unfinished at
dissolution;
2. By any transaction which would bind the
partnership if dissolution had not taken place,
provided the other party to the transaction:
(a) Had extended credit to the partnership prior
to dissolution and had no knowledge or notice of
the dissolution; or
(b) Though he had not so extended credit, had
nevertheless known of the partnership prior to
dissolution, and, having no knowledge or notice
of dissolution, the fact of dissolution had not been
advertised in a newspaper of general circulation
in the place (or in each place if more than one) at
which the partnership business was regularly
carried on.
The liability of a partner under the first paragraph, No. 2,
shall be satisfied out of partnership assets alone when
such partner had been prior to dissolution:
1. Unknown as a partner to the person with whom
the contract is made; and
2. So far unknown and inactive in partnership affairs that
the business reputation of the partnership could
not be said to have been in any degree due to his
connection with it.
The partnership is in no case bound by any act of a
partner after dissolution:
1. Where the partnership is dissolved because it is
unlawful to carry on the business, unless the act is
appropriate for winding up partnership affairs; or
2. Where the partner has become insolvent; or
3. Where the partner has no authority to wind up
partnership affairs; except by a transaction with one
who:
(a) Had extended credit to the partnership prior
to dissolution and had no knowledge or notice
of his want of authority; or
(b) Had not extended credit to the partnership
prior to dissolution, and, having no knowledge or
notice of his want of authority, the fact of his
want of authority has not been advertised in
the manner provided for advertising the fact of
dissolution in the first paragraph, No. 2.
Nothing in this article shall affect the liability under
Article 1825 of any person who, after dissolution,
represents himself or consents to another representing
him as a partner in a partnership engaged in carrying
business
I. PARTNERSHIP IS LIABLE
1. Act appropriate for winding up partnership
affairs;
• Ex. after partnership dissolution, sell non cash
assets of the partnership like remaining goods as
well as property and equipment
2. Act for completing transactions unfinished at
dissolution
3. Any transaction which would bind the
partnership if dissolution had not taken place
provided the other party to the transaction:
a. Had extended credit to the partnership prior
to dissolution and had no knowledge or notice
of the dissolution; or
• The third person must be in good faith
• The partnership is liable to the contract of sale
b.
Though he had not so extended credit, had
nevertheless known of the partnership prior
to dissolution, and, having no knowledge or
notice of dissolution, the fact of dissolution
had not been advertised in a newspaper of
general circulation in the place (or in each
place if more than one) at which the
partnership business was regularly carried
on.
• If the fact of dissolution had been advertised in a
newspaper of general circulation, then the
partnership is not liable.
II. PARTNERSHHIP IS NOT LIABLE
1. Where the partnership is dissolved because it
is UNLAWFUL to carry on the business,
unless the act is appropriate for winding up
partnership affairs.
2. Where the partner has become insolvent.
3. Where the partner has no authority to wind up
partnership affairs; except by a transaction
with one who is in good faith.
GENERAL RULE
• Any transaction entered into by a the remaining
partners after he dissolution is not binding to
the partnership;
• Hence, the partnership is not liable
ARTICLE 1835. The dissolution of the partnership does
not of itself discharge the existing liability of any partner.
A partner is discharged from any existing liability upon
dissolution of the partnership by an agreement to that
effect between himself, the partnership creditor and the
person or partnership continuing the business; and such
agreement may be inferred from the course of dealing
between the creditor having knowledge of the
dissolution and the person or partnership continuing the
business.
The individual property of a deceased partner shall be
liable for all obligations of the partnership incurred while
he was a partner, but subject to the prior payment of
his separate debts.
GENERAL RULE
• The dissolution of the partnership does not of itself
discharge the existing liability of any partner
FOR LIABILITY
OF
A
PARTNER
TO
BE
DISCHARGED THE FF. MUST AGREE::
1. The partner
2. The other partners
3. The creditors
ARTICLE 1836. Unless otherwise agreed, the partners
who have not wrongfully dissolved the partnership or the
legal representative of the last surviving partner, not
insolvent, has the right to wind up the partnership affairs,
provided, however, that any partner, his legal
representative or his assignee, upon cause shown, may
obtain winding up by the court.
KINDS OF WINDING – UP OR LIQUIDATION
EXTRAJUDICIAL
JUDICIAL
DEFINITION
Liquidation is done
under the control
Liquidation is done without the
and direction of the
intervention of the court
court, upon proper
cause that is shown
to the court
WHO WILL WIND UP?
1. The liquidating partner or
partners as agreed upon by
all of the partners.
2. The partners who have not 1. The person
wrongfully dissolved the
appointed by
partnership.
the court.
3. The legal representative of
the last surviving partner
who is not insolvent
ARTICLE 1837. When dissolution is caused in any way,
except in contravention of the partnership agreement,
each partner, as against his co-partners and all persons
claiming through them in respect of their interests in the
partnership, unless otherwise agreed, may have the
partnership property applied to discharge its liabilities,
and the surplus applied to pay in cash the net amount
owing to the respective partners. But if dissolution is
caused by expulsion of a partner, bona fide under the
partnership agreement and if the expelled partner is
discharged from all partnership liabilities, either by
payment or agreement under the second paragraph of
article 1835, he shall receive in cash only the net amount
due him from the partnership.
When dissolution is caused in contravention of the
partnership agreement the rights of the partners shall be
as follows:
1. Each partner who has not caused dissolution
wrongfully shall have:
a. All the rights specified in the first paragraph of this
article, and
b. The right, as against each partner who has
caused the dissolution wrongfully, to damages for
breach of the agreement.
2. The partners who have not caused the dissolution
wrongfully, if they all desire to continue the business
in the same name either by themselves or jointly with
others, may do so, during the agreed term for the
partnership and for that purpose may possess the
partnership property, provided they secure the
payment by bond approved by the court, or pay any
partner who has caused the dissolution wrongfully,
the value of his interest in the partnership at the
dissolution, less any damages recoverable under the
second paragraph, No. 1 (b) of this article, and in like
manner indemnify him against all present or future
partnership liabilities.
3. A partner who has caused the dissolution wrongfully
shall have:
a. If the business is not continued under the
provisions of the second paragraph, No. 2, all the
rights of a partner under the first paragraph,
subject to liability for damages in the second
paragraph, No. 1 (b), of this article.
b. If the business is continued under the second
paragraph, No. 2, of this article, the right as
against his co-partners and all claiming through
them in respect of their interests in the
partnership, to have the value of his interest in the
partnership, less any damage caused to his copartners by the dissolution, ascertained and paid
to him in cash, or the payment secured by a bond
approved by the court, and to be released from
all existing liabilities of the partnership; but in
ascertaining the value of the partner’s interest the
value of the good-will of the business shall not be
considered.
RIGHTS OF PARTNERS IN CASE OF LIQUIDATION
CAUSED BY VIOLATION OR NON-VIOLATION OF
THE PARTNERSHIP CONTRACT
I.
WITHOUT CONTRAVENTION OR VIOLATION
OF THE PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
1. To have the partnership property applied to
discharge the liabilities of the partnership;
and
2. To have the surplus, if any, applied to pay in
cash the net amount owing to the respective
partner.
NOTES:
•
During liquidation the non-cash assets of the
partnership must be converted into cash, like
selling the properties of the partnership, to pay the
creditors of the partnership.
•
If there is remaining cash, it will be distributed to
the partner-creditor of the partnership.
•
If dissolution is caused by expulsion of a partner,
bona fide (good faith) under the partnership
agreement and if the expelled partner is
disgorged from all partnership liabilities, either by
payment or between him, the other partners, and
the partnership creditors, he shall receive in cash
only the net amount due him from the partnership
II. IN CONTRAVENTION OR VIOLATION OF THE
PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
1. Rights of a partner who has not caused
dissolution wrongfully
a. To have the partnership property applied to
discharge the liabilities of the partnership
b. To have the surplus, if any, applied to pay in
cash the net amount owing to the respective
partners
c. To be indemnified for damages caused by the
partner who caused the dissolution wrongfully
d. To continue the business in the same name wither
by themselves or jointly with others during the
agreed term of the partnership and for that
purpose may possess the partnership property
2. Rights of a partner who wrongfully caused the
dissolution
a.
If the business is not continued by other
partners.
• To have the partnership property applied to
discharge the liabilities of the partnership
• To receive in cash his share of the surplus less
damages caused by his wrongful dissolution
b. If the business is continued by other partners.
• To have the value of his interest in the
partnership, less any damage caused to his copartners by the dissolution, ascertained and paid
to him in cash, or the payment secured by a
bond approved by the court
• To be released from all existing liabilities of the
partnership
NOTES FROM P.140:
• In ascertaining the value of the partner’s interest
who wrongfully caused the dissolution of the
partnership, the value of the goodwill of the
business shall not be considered.
• All authority of any partner to act for the
partnership is terminated except so far as may
be necessary to wind up the partnership affairs
or to complete transactions begun but not yet
finished.
• Until the partnership accounts are determined, it
cannot be ascertained how much any of the
parties is entitled to, if at all.
ARTICLE 1838. Where a partnership contract is
rescinded on the ground of the fraud or misrepresentation
of one of the parties thereto, the party entitled to rescind
is, without prejudice to any other right, entitled:
1. To a lien on, or right of retention of, the surplus of the
partnership property after satisfying the partnership
liabilities to third persons for any sum of money paid
by him for the purchase of an interest in the
partnership and for any capital or advances
contributed by him;
2. To stand, after all liabilities to third persons have been
satisfied, in the place of the creditors of the
partnership for any payments made by him in respect
of the partnership liabilities; and
3. To be indemnified by the person guilty of the fraud or
making the representation against all debts and
liabilities of the partnership.
THREE RIGHTS OF A PARTNER WHO IS ENTITLED
TO RESCIND A PARTNERSHIP CONTRACT ON
FRAUD OR MISREP. OF ONE OTHER PARTIES
1. Right of lien or right of retention;
2. Right of subrogation; and
3. Right of indemnification.
ARTICLE 1839. In settling accounts between the partners
after dissolution, the following rules shall be observed,
subject to any agreement to the contrary:
1. The assets of the partnership are:
a. The partnership property,
b. The contributions of the partners necessary for the
payment of all the liabilities specified in No. 2.
2. The liabilities of the partnership shall rank in order of
payment, as follows:
a. Those owing to creditors other than partners,
b. Those owing to partners other than for capital and
profits,
c. Those owing to partners in respect of capital,
d. Those owing to partners in respect of profits.
3. The assets shall be applied in the order of their
declaration in No. 1 of this article to the satisfaction of
the liabilities.
4. The partners shall contribute, as provided by article
1797, the amount necessary to satisfy the liabilities.
5. An assignee for the benefit of creditors or any person
appointed by the court shall have the right to enforce
the contributions specified in the preceding number.
6. Any partner or his legal representative shall have the
right to enforce the contributions specified in No. 4, to
the extent of the amount which he has paid in excess
of his share of the liability.
7. The individual property of a deceased partner shall be
liable for the contributions specified in No. 4.
8. When partnership property and the individual
properties of the partners are in possession of a court
for distribution, partnership creditors shall have
priority on partnership property and separate
creditors on individual property, saving the rights of
lien or secured creditors.
9. Where a partner has become insolvent or his estate
is insolvent, the claims against his separate property
shall rank in the following order:
a. Those owing to separate creditors;
b. Those owing to partnership creditors;
c. Those owing to partners by way of contribution.
ASSETS OF THE PARTNERSHIP
a. Partnership property; and
b. Contributions of the partners necessary for the
payment of all liabilities.
LIABILITY OF THE PARTNERSHIP SHALL RANK IN
ORDER OF PAYMENT
a. Those owing to partnership creditors other than the
partners;
b. Those owing to partners;
c. Those owing to partners in respect of capital; and
• An industrial partner is not entitled to participate in
the capital because he did not contribute money or
property or both.
d. Those owing to partners in respect of profits.
• An industrial partner is entitled to participate in the
profits.
NOTES:
• Before partners can be paid their shares, the creditors
of the partnership must first be compensated.
• Generally, in the pursuit of a partnership business, its
capital is either increased by profits earned or
decreased by losses sustained. It does not remain
static and unaffected by the changing fortunes of the
business.
• The law does not relieve parties from the effects
of unwise, foolish or disastrous contracts they
have entered into with all the required formalities and
with full awareness of what they were doing
REQUIRED NEW CONTRIBUTION
• If the partnership assets were exhausted, the
partners shall contribute the amount necessary to
satisfy the liabilities.
WHO CAN ENFORCE?
1. An assignee for the benefit of creditors or any person
appointed by the court shall have the right to
enforce the contributions.
2. Any partner or his legal representative shall have the
right to implement the said enforced contributions, to
the extent of the amount which he has paid in excess
of his share of the liability.
INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY OF A DECEASED PARTNER
• It shall be liable for his share of the partnership liability
incurred while he was a partner
• His separate creditors have preference over these
individual properties
PREFERENCE WITH RESPECT TO PROPERTIES IN
POSSESSION OF THE COURT
• Partnership creditors shall have priority on
partnership property
• Separate creditors shall have priority on individual
property
PREFERENCE OF CLAIMS AGAINST THE SEPARATE
PROPERTY OF AN INSOLVENT PARTNER
• When a partner has become insolvent or his estate is
insolvent, the claims against his separate property
shall rank in the following order:
1. Those owing to separate creditors
2. Those owing to partnership creditors
3. Those owing to partners by way of contribution
• Insolvency means that the assets are less than the
liabilities
ARTICLE 1840. In the following cases creditors of the
dissolved partnership are also creditors of the person or
partnership continuing the business:
1. When any new partner is admitted into an existing
partnership, or when any partner retires and assigns
(or the representative of the deceased partner
assigns) his rights in partnership property to two or
more of the partners, or to one or more of the partners
and one or more third persons, if the business is
continued without liquidation of the partnership
affairs;
2. When all but one partner retire and assign (or the
representative of a deceased partner assigns) their
rights in partnership property to the remaining
partner, who continues the business without
liquidation of partnership affairs, either alone or with
others;
3. When any partner retires or dies and the business of
the dissolved partnership is continued as set forth in
Nos. 1 and 2 of this article, with the consent of the
retired partners or the representative of the deceased
partner, but without any assignment of his right in
partnership property;
4. When all the partners or their representatives assign
their rights in partnership property to one or more third
persons who promise to pay the debts and who
continue the business of the dissolved partnership;
5. When any partner wrongfully causes a dissolution
and the remaining partners continue the business
under the provisions of article 1837, second
paragraph, No. 2, either alone or with others, and
without liquidation of the partnership affairs;
6. When a partner is expelled and the remaining
partners continue the business either alone or with
others without liquidation of the partnership affairs.
The liability of a third person becoming a partner in the
partnership continuing the business, under this article, to
the creditors of the dissolved partnership shall be satisfied
out of the partnership property only, unless there is a
stipulation to the contrary.
When the business of a partnership after dissolution is
continued under any conditions set forth in this article the
creditors of the dissolved partnership, as against the
separate creditors of the retiring or deceased partner or
the representative of the deceased partner, have a prior
right to any claim of the retired partner or the
representative of the deceased partner against the
person or partnership continuing the business, on
account of the retired or deceased partner’s interest in the
dissolved partnership or on account of any consideration
promised for such interest or for his right in partnership
property.
Nothing in this article shall be held to modify any right of
creditors to set aside any assignment on the ground of
fraud.
The use by the person or partnership continuing the
business of the partnership name, or the name of a
deceased partner as part thereof, shall not of itself make
the individual property of the deceased partner liable for
any debts contracted by such person or partnership.
RATIONALE:
• The article primarily deals with the exemption from
liability in cases of a dissolved partnership, of the
individual property of the deceased partner for debts
contracted by the person or partnership which
continues the business using the partnership name
or the name of the deceased partner as part
thereof. What the law contemplates therein is a holdover situation preparatory to formal reorganization.
• Article 1840 treats more of a commercial partnership
with a goodwill to protect rather than a professional
partnership, with no saleable goodwill but whose
reputation depends on the personal qualifications of
its individual members.
GENERAL RULE FOR DISSOLUTION
1. COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIP
• The succeeding partners or parties have the right to
carry on the business under the old name, in the
absence of a stipulation forbidding it, since the name
of a commercial partnership is a partnership asset
inseparable from the goodwill of the firm.
2. PROFESSIONAL PARTNERSHIP
The reputation of which depends on the individual
skill of the members, such as partnership of attorneys
or physicians, has no goodwill to be distributed as a
firm asset on its dissolution, however intrinsically
valuable such skill and reputation may be, especially
where there is no provision in the partnership
agreement relating to good will as an asset.
NOTES:
• The occurrence of events which precipitate the legal
consequences of dissolution of a partnership do not,
however, automatically result in the termination of the
legal personality of the old partnership.
ARTICLE 1841. When any partner retires or dies, and the
business is continued under any of the conditions set forth
in the preceding article, or in article 1837, second
paragraph, No. 2, without any settlement of accounts as
between him or his estate and the person or partnership
continuing the business, unless otherwise agreed, he or
his legal representative as against such person or
partnership may have the value of his interest at the date
of dissolution ascertained, and shall receive as an
ordinary creditor an amount equal to the value of his
interest in the dissolved partnership with interest, or, at
his option or at the option of his legal representative, in
lieu of interest, the profits attributable to the use of his
right in the property of the dissolved partnership; provided
that the creditors of the dissolved partnership as against
the separate creditors, or the representative of the retired
or deceased partner, shall have priority on any claim
arising under this article, as provided by article 1840, third
paragraph.
RIGHTS OF A PARTNER WHO RETIRES OR DIES
AND THE BUSINESS IS CONTINUED WITHOUT ANY
SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNTS
1. To have the value of his interest at the date of
dissolution ascertained; and
2. To receive as an ordinary creditor an amount equal to
the value of his interest in the dissolved partnership
with interest, or, at his option or at the option of his
legal representative, in lieu of interest, the profits
attributable to the use of his right in the property of the
dissolved partnership..
ARTICLE 1842. The right to an account of his interest
shall accrue to any partner, or his legal representative as
against the winding up partners or the surviving partners
or the person or partnership continuing the business, at
the date of dissolution, in the absence of any agreement
to the contrary.
WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO AN ACCOUNT OF HIS
INTEREST?
• Shall accrue to any partner or his legal representative
WHO HAS AN OBLIGATION TO RENDER AN
ACCOUNT?
1. The winding up partners; or
2. Surviving partners; or
3. The person or partnership continuing the business
.
WHEN TO RENDER AN ACCOUNT?
• At the date of dissolution, except of any stipulation
to the contrary
NOTES P.151
• For as long as the partnership exists, any of the
partners may demand an accounting of the
partnership’s business.
• Prescription of the said right starts to run only upon
the dissolution of the partnership when the final
accounting is done.
• In the absence of a final accounting, prescription will
not begin.