Waterproofing Concrete Structures
A Dynamic Systems Approach
George Reedy
National Sales Director
Miracote Division
Crossfield Products Corp.
AIA CES Program #CRP-02
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
1
Crossfield Products Corp. is a registered provider with
the American Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems. Credit(s) earned on completion of
this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA
members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA
members and non-AIA members are available upon
request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include
content that may be deemed or construed to be an
approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling,
using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and
services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
The Common Law of
Business Balance
“It's unwise to pay too much, but it's worse to pay too little.
When you pay too much, you lose a little money - that's all.
When you pay too little, you sometimes lose everything, because the thing you
bought was incapable of doing the thing it was bought to do.
The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a lot it can't be done.
If you deal with the lowest bidder, it is well to add something for the risk you
run, and if you do that you will have enough to pay for something better.”
John Ruskin
1819-1900
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What is Waterproofing
Most Common Problems
Mechanisms that Influence
Integrity & Resiliency
Dynamic Systems Approach
Two Lines of Defense
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1st Learning Objective
Waterproofing versus Dampproofing
As Per ACI 515.1R (1985) - Retired
“A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproofing, Protective, and
Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete”
WATERPROOFING: “THE TREATMENT OF A SURFACE OR STRUCTURE TO RESIST
THE PASSAGE OF WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.”
DAMPPROOFING: “THE TREATMENT OF A SURFACE OR STRUCTURE TO RESIST THE
PASSAGE OF WATER IN THE ABSENCE OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.”
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
Waterproofing versus Dampproofing
As Per ICRI
“Concrete Repair Terminology”
WATERPROOF: “IMPERVIOUS TO WATER EITHER IN A LIQUID OR VAPOR STATE. (SINCE
NOTHING CAN BE COMPLETELY “IMPERVIOUS” TO WATER UNDER INFINITE PRESSURE OVER
INFINITE TIME, THIS TERM SHALL NOT BE USED.)”
DAMPPROOFING: “THE TREATMENT OF CONCRETE OR MORTAR TO RETARD THE PASSAGE OR
ABSORPTION OF WATER, OR WATER VAPOR, EITHER BY APPLICATION OF A SUITABLE COATING
TO EXPOSED SURFACES, OR BY USE OF A SUITABLE ADMIXTURE OR TREATED CEMENT .”
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
Waterproofing versus Dampproofing
ACI 515.1R
Has Been Retired and Replaced by
ACI 515.2R
Neither Terms Dampproofing or Waterproofing Mentioned
Some industry professionals promoting “Watertight” as a replacement
“WATERPROOFING” HAS REMAINED THE PREVALENT AND MORE WIDELY USED TERM REGARDLESS OF THE
ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
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2nd Learning Objective
Most Common Problems #1
Delamination failures on the negative side
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Most Common Problems #2
Water leakage into or out of structure
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Most Common Problems #3
Concrete spalling due to corrosion of steel
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Most Common Problems #4
Waterproofing compromised by others
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Most Common Problems #5
Failure of cementitious flexible membranes
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Most Common Problems #6
Failure of vapor impermeable elastomeric membranes
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Failure of Vapor Impermeable Elastomeric Membranes
Guide to Specification Issues for Architects and Engineers
Concrete International - April 2003
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3rd Learning Objective
Mechanisms that Influence Integrity & Resiliency
Concrete:
Two key hydration
products
Capillary action
Osmosis
Calcium Hydrate
Osmotic pressure
Efflorescence
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Mechanisms that Influence
Integrity & Resiliency
• Cement/Water Combine to Form
Two Main Hydration Products
• Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel - CSH
• Calcium Hydrate - Ca(OH)2
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Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel
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50% by mass of the cement matrix
The backbone of concrete
Contributes strength and integrity
CSH is water insoluble
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
Calcium Hydrate
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25% by mass of the cement matrix
The weakness of concrete
Detracts from strength and integrity
Ca(OH)2 is water soluble
Problematic – causes efflorescence
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
Capillary Action
The ability of a liquid to flow through narrow
spaces without the assistance of, and even in
opposition to, external forces like gravity.
Surface tension + adhesive forces between the
liquid and capillary wall causes lift and migration
for long distances.
Capillary pressures = 300 to 500 psi
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Osmosis
The process of migrating capillary water dissolving
free soluble hydrate and other mineral salt
compounds bringing them in solution to the surface.
Upon evaporation of water, these salt solids are left
behind in the form of efflorescence to accumulate on
the surface or behind membranes, coatings and other
finishes such as plaster and tile.
Osmotic pressures = Can reach up to 3,000 to 5,000 psi when restrained
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
Efflorescence – It’s Everywhere
• Efflorescence requires the presence of water
• Capillary action or evaporation must be present
• Causes extreme internal pressure if restrained
• Chemically aggressive in the wet state
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Osmosis in
Action
Water Line
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“1st Line of
Defense”
Internal (Integral)
Waterproofing
Penetration Based
Colloidal Silicate
Hydrophilic
Hydro Gel
Dynamic Systems Solution
Approach
4th Learning Objective
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What is a Colloidal Silicate
– Colloidal always refers to a liquid material.
– Contains suspended particles of solid silica. Will not settle.
– Nano-size (5 nm) solids in permanent liquid suspension.
– Colloidal Silicates – Not to be Confused with Crystalline Powder Formulations.
– Powder Formulations – Hydrophobic and exhibit Shallow Penetration.
– Colloidal Silicates – Hydrophilic and Migrate Deep into the Concrete.
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PROCESS OF MIGRATION & CHEMICAL REACTION
C R Y S TA L L I N E C O L L O I D A L S I L I C AT E S
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MITIGATING CORROSION OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT U.S.
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION M82
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Substantially reduces corrosion at a 95% C.L.
Purged imbedded chlorides within 24 hrs.
Equivalent to 40#’s per cubic yard.
Significant reductions in chloride ingress.
Corrosion rates significantly lowered.
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
MITIGATING CORROSION OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT U.S.
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION M82
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AMENDS 2017 TILE
HANDBOOK
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PLASTER PUCK TESTING
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24 Plaster pucks treated with colloidal silicate
Beginning average net oven dry weight – 107.3 g
Beginning average saturation weight – 114.3 g
Average weight gain – 7.0 g
After 28 days of cure time plaster pucks re-weighed
Average net oven dry weight – 111.5 g
Average saturation weight – 112.9 g
Average weight gain – 1.4 g
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016
SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Membrane Selection Process
Service
Conditions
Determine
Project Objectives
Types of
Construction
Existing
Condition
Analysis
Owner
Requirements
Identify Waterproofing Membrane
Systems that will Produce
Required Properties
Strategy
Determine Waterproofing
Membrane Properties Needed to
Meet Project Objectives
Select Membrane System
that Optimizes Balance of
Performance, Risk, and Cost
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Thank You!!
2016 ICRI Kick-Off Party | February 1, 2016