1
Introducing biology
生物學入門
6 Introducing
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biology (生物學入門)
1
Think about…
1.1
What is biology?
1.2
How can we study biology?
1.3
Nature of science
Recall Think about…
Concept map
試想想
1.1 生物學是甚麼？
1.2 怎樣研習生物學？
1.3 科學本質
「試想想」解答篇
概念圖
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6 Introducing
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Sophia the robot 機械人索菲亞
•
A robot equipped with artificial intelligence
•
Able to
 recognize faces
 understand what people say
 give a reply
 walk
• 配備人工智能的機械人
• 「她」能
 識別面孔
 與人對答
 走路
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6 Introducing
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Sophia the robot 機械人索菲亞
•
Biologists do not consider her a human or an organism.
生物學家並不視「她」為人類或生物
Human /
Organism
人類或生物
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6 Introducing
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Which characteristics of organisms
does Sophia have?
索菲亞具有生物的哪些特徵？
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Why do biologists not consider
Sophia an organism?
為甚麼生物學家不視索菲亞為生物？
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6 Introducing
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
1.1 What is biology? 生物學是甚麼？
Biology is the scientific
study of organisms.
生物學是一門研究生物的
科學。
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6 Introducing
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
1.1 What is biology? 生物學是甚麼？
Organism’s
structures
生物的結構
Organism’s
life cycles
生物的
生命週期
Organism’s
classification
生物的分類
Examples of areas of study in biology
生物的研究範疇
Organism’s interactions with other organisms
and their environment
生物之間及生物與環境之間的相互關係
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
characteristics of organisms
生物的特徵
Organisms carry out vital functions necessary for
maintaining life.
所有生物都有一些賴以維持生命的重要功能
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
Organism 生物
Non-living things 非生物
Distinguished based on
characteristics of organisms
利用生物的特徵分辨她們
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6 Introducing
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
1
Reproduce and grow 生物會生殖和生長
Reproduction 生殖
•
produce offspring
•
繁衍後代
new rice plants are
reproduced through seeds
水稻產生種子以繁衍後代
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6 Introducing
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biology (生物學入門)
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
1
Reproduce and grow 生物會生殖和生長
The offspring grow in size and often in complexity
後代體形會逐漸增大，
身體結構的複雜性也通
常會增加
offspring will grow
and reproduce
後代也會生長和生殖
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6 Introducing
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biology (生物學入門)
1
1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
2
Obtain food and respire
生物會獲取食物和進行呼吸作用
Organisms obtain food in the process of nutrition.
生物會透過營養的過程來獲取食物。
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6 Introducing
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
2
Obtain food and respire
生物會獲取食物和進行呼吸作用
plants 植物
make their own food by photosynthesis
進行光合作用自製食物
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6 Introducing
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biology (生物學入門)
1
1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
2
Obtain food and respire
生物會獲取食物和進行呼吸作用
animals 動物
obtain food by feeding
靠攝食來獲取食物
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6 Introducing
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biology (生物學入門)
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
2
Obtain food and respire
生物會獲取食物和進行呼吸作用
For growth and repair
用來生長和修補組織
Food
食物
Broken down to release energy through
respiration
經呼吸作用釋出能量
for carrying out vital
functions
來進行重要的功能
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
3
Detect and response to stimuli, and move
生物會探測刺激、作出反應和運動
detect stimuli
探測環境的變化
(e.g. a lion sees its prey)
（例如獅子發現獵物）
Irritability
感應性
make response
(may involve movement)
作出反應（通常涉及運動）
(e.g. it runs after its prey)
（例如獅子追捕獵物）
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
4
Excrete to maintain a relatively constant
internal environment
生物會藉排泄保持身體內在環境穩定
Homeostasis 體內平衡
• the maintenance of a relatively constant
internal environment in an organism
• 保持身體內在環境穩定
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
A Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵
4
Excrete to maintain a relatively constant
internal environment
生物會藉排泄保持身體內在環境穩定
Homeostasis 體內平衡
•
achieved by excretion , i.e.
removal of metabolic wastes
from the body
•
涉及排泄 ，即生物把體內 carbon
dioxide
的代謝廢物排出體外
二氧化碳
urea 尿素
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6 Introducing
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
B Importance of studying biology
研習生物學的重要性
1
Develop appreciation of and respect for all
organisms and the environment
研習生物學有助培養我們對生物和大自然環境的
欣賞和尊重
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6 Introducing
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
B Importance of studying biology
研習生物學的重要性
2
Develop our ability to think and solve problems
scientifically
Is it true?
培養我們以科學思維來解決問題的能力
Special lights in our
refrigerator can help
increase the vitamin C
content in vegetables.
這個雪櫃安裝了
特殊的電燈，能增
加蔬菜的維生素 C
含量。
Has any fair test
been done?
真的嗎？廠商有
沒有進行過公平
測試呢？
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
B Importance of studying biology
研習生物學的重要性
3
Better understand health issues,
environmental issues and social issues.
有助我們深入了解健康、環境和社會議題
Are electronic cigarettes
less harmful than regular
cigarettes?
電子煙對健康造成的傷害較
一般香煙少？
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6 Introducing
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biology (生物學入門)
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1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
B Importance of studying biology
研習生物學的重要性
3
Better understand health issues,
environmental issues and social issues.
有助我們深入了解健康、環境和社會議題
Should our country parks
be developed for residential
purposes to ease our
housing problem?
郊野公園應發展成住宅用地
以解決房屋問題嗎？
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1
1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
Biology is the scientific study of
organisms .
生物學 是一門研究 生物 的
科學。
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2
1.1 What is biology? (生物學是什麼？)
Characteristics of organisms 生物的特徵:
a Reproduce and grow
b Obtain food and respire
c Detect and respond to stimuli, and move
d Excrete to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
a 生物會生殖和生長。
b 生物會獲取食物和進行呼吸作用。
c 生物會探測刺激、作出反應和運動。
d 生物會藉排泄保持身體內在環境穩定。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
1.2 How can we study biology?
怎樣研習生物學？
A Scientific method 科學方法
Scientists study the natural world using the
scientific method.
科學家運用科學方法來探討大自然各種事物
和現象。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
“There is NO single scientific method, but it
usually involves a few basic steps.”
「科學方法沒有固定的模式，但通常涉及
數個基本步驟。」
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
Basic steps 基本步驟:
1 Making
observations
細心觀察
2 Asking a
question
設定問題
3 Proposing
a hypothesis
提出假說
Hypothesis is supported
假說成立
Proposing a revised
or new hypothesis
修訂假說或提出新的假說
Hypothesis is falsified
假說被證偽
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
1 Making observations 細心觀察
•
Bats can fly and avoid
hitting any objects in
the dark.
•
Bats have small eyes
and big ears.
•
蝙蝠能在黑暗中
飛行，迴避障礙物。
•
牠們的眼睛細小，
但耳朵很大。
Lazzaro Spallanzani 斯帕蘭札尼
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
2 Asking a question 設定問題
How can bats avoid
hitting any objects in the
dark?
蝙蝠在黑暗中飛行時怎樣
迴避障礙物？
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
3 Proposing a hypothesis 提出假說
Bats rely on their sense
of hearing to avoid
hitting objects in the
dark.
在黑暗中，蝙蝠依賴聽
覺來迴避障礙物。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
4 Making a prediction 作出預測
If bats lose the sense of
hearing when their ears are
blocked with wax, then the
bats will hit objects when
they fly.
如果用蠟把蝙蝠的耳朵塞住，
使牠們失去聽覺，蝙蝠在黑
暗中飛行時便會撞上障礙物。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
5 Testing the hypothesis 驗證假說
The bats with the
sense of hearing do
not hit the wires.
聽覺正常的蝙蝠不會
撞上鋼線。
Experimental group 實驗組
The bats without the
sense of hearing hit
the wires.
失去聽覺的蝙蝠會撞
上鋼線。
Control group 對照組
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
set-up
5 Control
Testing
the 對照組
hypothesis 驗證假說
identical to experimental set-up except that the factor under
investigation (i.e. the sense of hearing) is absent
與實驗組差不多完全相同，唯一的差別在於對照組欠缺要探
究的因素
The bats without the
The bats with the
sense of hearing hit
sense
of
hearing
do
ensure the result of the experiment is duetheonly
to that factor
wires.
not hit the wires.
失去聽覺的蝙蝠會撞
聽覺正常的蝙蝠不會
確保實驗結果是由探究的因素造成的
上鋼線。
撞上鋼線。
Experimental group 實驗組
Control group 對照組
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
5 Testing the hypothesis 驗證假說
Independent
variable
自變量
Presence of the
sense of hearing
有沒有聽覺
Dependent
variable
因變量
Controlled
variables
控制變量
Factor under
investigation
要探究的因素
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
5 Testing the hypothesis 驗證假說
Independent
variable
自變量
Presence of the
sense of hearing
有沒有聽覺
Dependent
variable
因變量
Controlled
variables
控制變量
Whether the bats hit
the wires and ring the
bells
蝙蝠會否撞上鋼線
而使鈴響起
Factor that is measured
要量度的因素
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Factors that are kept
A Scientific method 科學方法
the same
保持不變的因素
5 Testing the hypothesis
Independent
variable
自變量
Presence of the
sense of hearing
有沒有聽覺
Dependent
variable
因變量
Controlled
variables
控制變量
Whether the bats hit Size of the bats,
the wires and ring the darkness of the
bells
room, number of
蝙蝠會否撞上鋼線
wires, etc.
而使鈴響起
蝙蝠的大小、房
間的暗度、鋼線
的數目等
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
5 Testing the hypothesis 驗證假說
Bats with
the sense of hearing
聽覺正常的蝙蝠
Bats without
the sense of hearing
失去聽覺的蝙蝠
do not hit the wires
蝙蝠不會撞上鋼線
hit the wires and
ring the bells
蝙蝠撞上鋼線而使鈴響起
Experimental group 實驗組
Control group 對照組
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
A Scientific method 科學方法
6 Drawing a conclusion 得出結論
The results support my hypothesis!
I conclude that bats rely on their
sense of hearing to avoid hitting
objects in the dark.
實驗結果支持我的假說！
我可以得出「在黑暗中，蝙蝠依
賴聽覺來迴避障礙物」這個結論。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
B Performing a scientific investigation
進行科學探究
Does the presence
of rice speed up the
ripening of papayas?
米粒能不能使木瓜加
快成熟？
Kelly
嘉希
Kelly’s mother
嘉希媽媽
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Task 作業
Design and carry out an
investigation to find out the
answer to Kelly’s question.
試設計和進行一項探究實
驗，以解答嘉希的問題。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
1 Designing a scientific investigation
設計科學探究
Aim 目的
What is the aim of this investigation?
實驗的目的是甚麼？
To study the importance of rice in
speeding up the ripening of
papayas.
探究米粒對加快木瓜成熟的重要性。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
1 Designing a scientific investigation
設計科學探究
Problem to investigate 探究的問題
What is the problem to be investigated?
探究的問題是甚麼？
Does the presence of rice speed up
the ripening of papayas?
米粒能不能使木瓜加快成熟？
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
1 Designing a scientific investigation
設計科學探究
Hypothesis 假說
Propose a hypothesis to the problem.
對探究的問題提出一個假說。
The presence of rice speeds up the
ripening of papayas.
米粒使木瓜成熟得較快。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Principle behind the design 設計實驗的背後原理
a How can the hypothesis be tested?
怎樣驗證這個假說？
Compare the rates of ripening of two papayas.
比較兩個木瓜的成熟速度。
unripe
papayas
未熟的木瓜
rice
米粒
two identical
containers
兩個相同的容器
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Principle behind the design 設計實驗的背後原理
b Predict the results based on the design of the
investigation.
根據實驗的設計，預測實驗結果。
If a papaya is kept in
a container with rice
如果把木瓜放入盛有米粒的容器內
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Principle behind the design 設計實驗的背後原理
b Predict the results based on the design of the
investigation.
根據實驗的設計，預測實驗結果。
the papaya will ripen more quickly
木瓜便會成熟得較快
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Principle behind the design 設計實驗的背後原理
c
Identify the variables. 分辨實驗中的各個變量。
Independent
Dependent
Controlled
variable
variable
variables
自變量
因變量
控制變量
Presence of rice Rate of ripening Initial degree of
yellowing, size of
容器內有沒有米 of each papaya
木瓜的成熟速度 the papayas, size of
粒
the containers, etc.
木瓜起初的成熟程
度、木瓜的大小、
容器的大小等
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Principle behind the design 設計實驗的背後原理
c
Identify the variables. 分辨實驗中的各個變量。
Independent
variable
自變量
Presence of rice
容器內有沒有米
粒
Dependent
Controlled
variable
variables
How to manipulate
this?Initial degree of
Rate of
怎樣處理它？
ripening of yellowing, size
Put rice into one of
each papaya
of
the
papayas,
the containers
size of the
把米粒放入其中一個
容器containers, etc.
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biology (生物學入門)
1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Principle behind the design 設計實驗的背後原理
c
Identify the variables. 分辨實驗中的各個變量。
Independent
variable
Presence of
rice
Dependent
variable因變量
Controlled
variables
How to measure
Rate of ripening Initial degree
this?
of
of each papaya
怎樣量度它？
yellowing,
size
木瓜的成熟速度
the papayas,
Byof
observing
the degree
of size
yellowing
of each
of the
papaya every day
containers, etc.
每天觀察木瓜的變黃程度
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biology (生物學入門)
1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Principle behind the design 設計實驗的背後原理
d Is it necessary to set up a control? Why?
要設置對照嗎？為甚麼？
Yes.
To ensure that the presence of
rice is the only variable that
affects the rates of
ripening of papayas.
要設置對照。
它可以確保米粒是影響木瓜成熟速
度的唯一變量。
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biology (生物學入門)
1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Principle behind the design 設計實驗的背後原理
e
What assumptions are made in this investigation?
這個探究實驗需要作出甚麼假設？
• The two papayas are identical.
• The difference in the volume of air in
the containers is insignificant to the
ripening of papayas.
• 兩個木瓜完全相同。
• 兩個容器內空氣體積的差別對木瓜的成熟
速度沒有影響。
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1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Procedure 步驟
What is the procedure of this investigation?
探究實驗的步驟是怎樣的？
Is there any precaution to be taken?
要採取預防措施嗎？
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Procedure 步驟
1
rice
米粒
identical transparent
containers
兩個相同的透明容器
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biology (生物學入門)
1
Procedure 步驟
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
cover 蓋
2
unripe papayas
未熟的木瓜
Experimental set-up
Control set-up
實驗裝置
對照裝置
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1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Procedure 步驟
3
Leave for a week 放在室温中一星期……
Experimental set-up
實驗裝置
Control set-up
對照裝置
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1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Procedure 步驟
3
Observe and record the degree of yellowing of
the papayas every day without taking them out
of the containers.
每天觀察及記錄木瓜的變黃程度。觀察時不要把木瓜
從容器取出。
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1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
2 Carrying out a scientific investigation
進行科學探究
Results 結果
Container
容器
with rice
有米粒
without
rice
沒有米粒
Degree of yellowing (arbitrary unit)
木瓜的變黃程度（任意單位）#
Day 1
第1天
Day 2
第2天
Day 3
第3天
Day 4
第4天
Day 5
第5天
Day 6
第6天
Day 7
第7天
0
1
2
2
3
4
4
0
1
2
2
3
5
5
# The greater the number, the higher the degree of yellowing
數值愈大，表示木瓜的變黃程度愈高。
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1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
Conclusion 結論
The presence of rice does
not speed up the ripening
of papayas.
米粒不會使木瓜成熟得較快。
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1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
3 Writing a report of a scientific investigation
撰寫科學探究報告
Writing a report after the investigation allows other
people to:
•
understand what we have found out
•
repeat our investigation
撰寫一份關於探究成果的報告，方便別人：
•
了解有關探究
•
重複有關探究
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Writing a report of a scientific investigation
撰寫科學探究報告
Aim 目的
Results 結果
Introduction 引言
Discussion 討論
Materials and
apparatus
物料和儀器
Conclusion 結論
Procedure 步驟
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Aim 目的
To study the importance of rice in speeding up the
ripening of papayas.
探究米粒對加快木瓜成熟的重要性
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Introduction 引言
1 Problem
2 Hypothesis and prediction
3 Principle
1 問題
2 假說及預測
3 原理
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Introduction 引言
1 Problem
2 Hypothesis and prediction
3 Principle
1 問題
2 假說及預測
3 原理
Does the presence of rice speed up the ripening of
papayas?
米粒能不能使木瓜加快成熟？
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Introduction 引言
1 Problem
2 Hypothesis and prediction
3 Principle
1 問題
2 假說及預測
3 原理
The presence of rice speeds up the ripening of papayas.
米粒使木瓜成熟得較快。
The hypothesis explains the problem.
(It is not needed in certain scientific investigations.)
「假說」是嘗試解釋問題的答案。
（有些科學探究並不需要提出假說。）
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Introduction 引言
1 Problem
2 Hypothesis and prediction
3 Principle
1 問題
2 假說及預測
3 原理
If a papaya is kept in a container with rice, then the
papaya will ripen more quickly.
如果把木瓜放入盛有米粒的容器內，木瓜便會成熟得
較快。
The prediction is based on the design of the experiment.
「預測」是基於實驗的設計而作出的。
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Introduction 引言
1 Problem
2 Hypothesis and prediction
3 Principle
1 問題
2 假說及預測
3 原理
Includes 包括：
a the rationale of the design 實驗的設計理念
b the independent variable and the way of manipulating it
自變量和處理它的方法
c the dependent variable and the way of measuring it
因變量和量度它的方法
d the controlled variable(s) 控制變量
e the critical consumptions made 所作出的主要假設
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a
the rationale of the design 實驗的設計理念
In this investigation, the rates of ripening of two papayas are
compared.
Two identical containers are prepared. One container is halffilled with rice.
One papaya is kept in the container with rice, and the other is
kept in the container without rice.
這個實驗比較兩個木瓜的成熟速度。
準備兩個相同的容器。
其中一個木瓜放在盛有米粒的容器內，另一個則放在空容器內。
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b the independent variable and
the way of manipulating it
自變量和處理它的方法
The independent variable is the presence of rice.
It is manipulated by putting rice into one of the
containers.
實驗中的自變量是存放木瓜的容器內有沒有米粒。
處理方法是把米粒放入其中一個容器，並把另一
個容器空出來。
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c
the dependent variable and the way of measuring it
因變量和量度它的方法
The dependent variable is the rate of ripening of
each papaya.
It is measured by observing the degree of
yellowing of each papaya every day.
實驗中的因變量是木瓜的成熟速度。
量度方法是每天觀察木瓜的變黃程度。
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d the controlled variable(s) 控制變量
The controlled variables are the initial degree of
yellowing and size of the papayas, size of the
containers, etc.
實驗中的控制變量包括木瓜起初的成熟程度、木瓜的
大小、容器的大小等。
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e
the critical assumptions made 所作出的主要假設
It is assumed that the two papayas
are identical.
The difference in the volume of air in the
containers is also assumed to be insignificant to
the ripening of papayas.
實驗中所作出的假設包括兩個木瓜完全相同，
以及兩個容器內空氣體積的差別對木瓜的成熟速度
沒有影響。
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Materials and apparatus 物料和儀器
List all the materials and apparatus,
and state the quantity needed.
列出所需的物料和儀器，以及所需的數量。
transparent container
2
unripe papaya
2
rice
透明容器
2個
未熟的木瓜
2個
米粒
適量
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Procedure 步驟
Write each step in the correct order in past passive
voice.
Also explain all precautions taken.
按正確的次序把實驗步驟逐一寫出。
解釋要採取的預防措施。
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Procedure 步驟
past passive voice過去被動式
1 Two identical transparent containers
were prepared. One of the containers
was half-filled with rice.
2 An unripe papaya was put into each container.
Then the two containers were covered.
1 預備兩個相同的透明容器。把米粒加入其中一個容 器
內，直至半滿。
2 在每個容器內放一個未熟的木瓜，然後把容器蓋上。
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Procedure 步驟
past passive voice過去被動式
3 The two containers were left at room temperature for
a week. The degree of yellowing of the papayas
was observed and recorded every day.
把兩個裝置放在室温中一星期。每天觀察及記錄木瓜
的變黃程度。
Precautions 預防措施
Observations were made without taking the papayas
out of the containers to minimize disturbance to the
papayas.
觀察時不要把木瓜從容器取出，以減少對木瓜的干擾。
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Results 結果
Should be presented in appropriate form(s), e.g.
tables, graphs, labelled diagrams, photographs.
結果應以適當的形式展示，例如表格、圖表、
標註圖或照片。
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Results 結果
Container
容器
Degree of yellowing (arbitrary unit)
木瓜的變黃程度（任意單位）#
Day 3第 Day 4 Day 5
第3天 第4天 第5天
Day 1
第1天
Day 2
第2天
with rice
有米粒
0
1
2
2
without rice
沒有米粒
0
1
2
2
Day 6
第6天
Day 7
第7天
3
4
4
3
5
5
# The greater the number, the higher the degree of
yellowing
數值愈大，表示木瓜的變黃程度愈高。
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Discussion 討論
Includes the following (if applicable):
a Interpretation of the results
b Possible sources of error and how they affect the accuracy
of the results
c Any anomalous data and its significance
包括以下各項（如適用）：
a 對結果的詮釋
b 探究中可能導致誤差的地方，以及它們怎樣影響結果的
準確性
c 任何異常的數據和它們的含意
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Discussion 討論
Includes the following (if applicable):
d Validity of assumptions based on the results
e Limitations of the design of the investigation
f Suggestions for improvement and further investigations
包括以下各項（如適用）：
d 根據結果所作出的假設是否合理
e 探究在設計上的局限
f 改良和作進一步探究的建議
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a
Interpretation of the results
(e.g. trend or pattern in data, relationship between the
independent and dependent variables)
對結果的詮釋（例如數據的趨勢或分佈、自變量和
因變量的關係等）
The papaya in the container without rice (control) ripened
slightly faster. (result)
This showed that the presence of rice did not speed up the
ripening of the papaya. (interpretation)
放在沒有米粒的容器內的木瓜（對照裝置）成熟速度略快。(結果)
這顯示米粒不會使木瓜成熟得較快。 (詮釋)
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b
Possible sources of error and how they affect the accuracy of the
results
探究中可能導致誤差的地方，以及它們怎樣影響結果的
準確性
The degree of yellowing was not consistent in different parts of
the two papayas. (error 1)
The judgment of the degree of yellowing was also subjective.
(error 2)
These lowered the accuracy of the results.
兩個木瓜不同部位的變黃程度並不相同。 (誤差1)
每個人對木瓜變黃程度的判斷也很主觀。 (誤差2)
這都減低了實驗結果的準確性。
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c
Any anomalous data and its significance
任何異常的數據和它們的含意
d Validity of assumptions based on the results
根據結果所作出的假設是否合理
(not applicable in this report)
（不適用於本報告）
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e
Limitations of the design of the investigation
探究在設計上的局限
The container in the experimental set-up was halffilled with rice.
The difference in the volume of air in the
containers might have a significant effect on the
ripening of papayas.
實驗裝置的容器裝有半滿的米粒，因此容器內空氣
的體積較少。
這個空氣體積的差別對木瓜的成熟速度可能有很大
影響。
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f
Suggestions for improvement and
further investigations
改良和作進一步探究的建議
Suggestion 1
To increase the reliability of the results, more
papayas should be used.
Averaged data should also be used for analysis.
建議1
要提高結果的可靠性，可使用多個木瓜。
重複實驗，並以所得數據的平均值進行分析。
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f
Suggestions for improvement and
further investigations
改良和作進一步探究的建議
Suggestion 2
The degree of yellowing of papayas should be
observed by more than one person to minimize
subjectivity.
建議 2
邀請多人觀察木瓜的變黃程度，減少主觀性。
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f
Suggestions for improvement and
further investigations
改良和作進一步探究的建議
Suggestion 3
Cards showing different degree of yellow should also
be used as a reference.
建議 3
利用印有不同深淺程
度的黃色卡紙作為參
考，減少主觀性。
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f
Suggestions for improvement and
further investigations
改良和作進一步探究的建議
Suggestion 4 An equal volume of plastic beads should be put
in the container in the control.
建議 4
可在對照裝置的容器內加入與米粒相同大小的
膠珠。
rice 米粒
plastic beads
膠珠
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f
Suggestions for improvement and
further investigations
改良和作進一步探究的建議
Suggestion 4 This ensures that the volume of air in the two
containers is the same.
建議 4
確保兩組裝置的容器內空氣的體積一致。
rice 米粒
plastic beads
膠珠
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Conclusion 結論
•
Relate the conclusion to the hypothesis.
•
Do not introduce new information nor make
generalizations.
• 作出結論時應把結論和假說聯繫起來。
• 不要提供新資料，也不要以偏概全。
The presence of rice does not speed up the ripening
of papayas.
米粒不會使木瓜成熟得較快。
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biology (生物學入門)
1
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
1.1
Design an investigation of the effect of fresh
pineapple on the setting of jelly
設計實驗以探究新鮮菠蘿對啫喱凝固的影響
Why did the
jelly not set?
為甚麼啫喱
沒有凝固？
Peter
家明
Simulation
1.1
I think fresh pineapple contains
something that prevents the jelly
from setting.
新鮮菠蘿可能含有一些阻止啫喱
凝固的物質。
Mary
靜宜
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1
biology (生物學入門)
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
1.1
Mary’s hypothesis:
The fresh pineapple contained something that had prevented
the jelly from setting.
靜宜的假說：
新鮮菠蘿含有一些阻止啫喱凝固的物質。
jelly solution
啫喱溶液
fresh
pineapple
新鮮菠蘿
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1
biology (生物學入門)
1.2 How can we study biology? (怎樣研習生物學？)
1.1
Task
Design and carry out an investigation to test
Mary’s hypothesis. Write a full report of your
investigation.
作業
試設計和進行一項探究實驗，以驗證靜宜的假說。然
後撰寫一份完整的科學探究報告。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
1.3 Nature of science 科學本質
Nature of science 科學本質
•
about what science is and how science works
•
various aspects of nature of science can be
illustrated in the history of the development of
biological knowledge
•
學習科學是甚麼和科學怎樣運作
•
可以從生物學知識的發展歷史學習得到
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Example 例子
Do organisms arise from non-living things?
生物由非生物而生？
Francesco Redi 雷迪
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
For thousands of years, people believed that organisms
could arise from non-living things by spontaneous
generation.
很久以前，人們相信生物是由非生物產生出來的。
這個觀念稱為自然發生 ，流傳數千年之久。
meat 肉塊
maggots 蛆
Maggots arise from meat. 蛆由腐肉產生。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
For thousands of years, people believed that organisms
could arise from non-living things by spontaneous
generation.
很久以前，人們相信生物是由非生物產生出來的。
這個觀念稱為自然發生 ，流傳數千年之久。
non-living
meat 肉塊 organisms
maggots 蛆
生物
thing
非生物
Organisms arise from non-living things.
生物是由非生物產生的。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
In 1668, Francesco Redi observed that maggots appeared a
few days after flies moved around a piece of meat.
1668 年，雷迪觀察到蒼蠅經常飛到肉塊上，數天後肉
塊上便出現蛆。
flies
蒼蠅
maggots
蛆
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
He hypothesized that maggots were produced by flies.
雷迪提出「蛆由蒼蠅產生」的假說。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Science advances through reasonable skepticism
Redi questioned a long-held belief,
spontaneous generation. This attitude drove him to
investigate and later spontaneous generation was
disproved.
合理的懷疑使科學得以進步
雖然自然發生的觀念已流傳數千年，但雷迪仍質疑
它的真確性。這種懷疑態度促使他進行探究，並於
日後推翻這個觀念。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Based on his hypothesis, Redi predicted
就提出的假說，雷迪預測:
If flies were kept away from meat,
maggots would not appear.
如果把肉塊和蒼蠅隔離，蛆便不會出現。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Redi’s experiment 雷迪的實驗
gauze 紗布
jars 瓶子
meat 肉塊
Experimental set-up
(jar not covered)
實驗裝置：
沒蓋住的瓶子
Control set-up
(jar covered)
對照裝置：
用紗布蓋住的瓶子
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biology (生物學入門)
1
1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Doing science requires creativity and
imagination
Redi kept flies away from the meat using a piece
of gauze.
進行科研需要創意和想像力
雷迪想到用一塊紗布把蒼蠅和肉塊隔離。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
A good scientific experiment must include
carefully designed controls
Redi did a controlled experiment.
一個良好的實驗必須包括一個或多個精心設計的對
照組
除了實驗裝置外，雷迪也設置了對照裝置。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
A few days later 數天後…
maggots
appeared
蛆出現
Experimental set-up
實驗裝置
no maggots
appeared
沒有蛆出現
Control set-up
對照裝置
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
A few days later 數天後…
The result supported
Redi’s hypothesis
maggots
no maggots
結果支持雷迪的假說
appeared
appeared
蛆出現
Experimental set-up
實驗裝置
沒有蛆出現
Control set-up
對照裝置
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
A few days later 數天後…
But the belief about spontaneous generation
continued.
The discovery of microorganisms also
strengthened
the belief of spontaneous
maggots
no maggots
generation.
appeared
appeared
蛆出現
沒有蛆出現
然而，許多人還是繼續相信生物是由非生物產生的。
適逢當時科學家發現了微生物，但又無法解釋這些
微生物的由來，以致不少人對自然發生的觀念仍然
深信不疑。
Control set-up
Experimental set-up
對照裝置
實驗裝置
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
John Needham’s experiment (1745)
內德姆 (John Needham) 的實驗 (1745)
boiling
把肉湯煮沸
stopper the
flask
microorganisms
appeared
在瓶口蓋上塞
微生物出現
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
John Needham’s experiment (1745)
內德姆 (John Needham) 的實驗 (1745)
Needham’s conclusion:
The microorganisms did arise
spontaneously.
內德姆的結論：
microorganisms
stopper the
boiling 微生物是由非生物產生的。
appeared
flask
把肉湯煮沸
在瓶口蓋上塞
微生物出現
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment (1775)
斯帕蘭札尼的實驗 (1775)
Modify Needham’s experiment 把內德姆的實驗改良：
boil for a longer
time
加長煮肉湯的時間
seal the flask by
melting the glass
把瓶口密封
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment (1775)
斯帕蘭札尼的實驗 (1775)
after a few
days 數天後
Experimental
set-up
實驗裝置
boiling for a longer time no sealing of flask
加長煮肉湯的時間
沒有封上瓶口
microorganisms
appeared
微生物出現
after a few
days 數天後
Control
set-up
對照裝置
boiling for a longer time seal the flask
把瓶口密封
加長煮肉湯的時間
no microorganisms
appeared
沒有微生物出現
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment (1775)
斯帕蘭札尼的實驗 (1775)
after a few
days 數天後
Experimental
These results showed that
set-up
microorganisms did not appear in
實驗裝置
microorganisms
boiled
broth
when
the
flask
boiling
for a longer
time no
sealing
of flaskwas appeared
加長煮肉湯的時間
沒有封上瓶口
微生物出現
sealed.
after a few
實驗結果顯示，當瓶口密封時，微
days 數天後
Control
生物不會在已煮沸的肉湯裏出現。
set-up
對照裝置
boiling for a longer time seal the flask
把瓶口密封
加長煮肉湯的時間
no microorganisms
appeared
沒有微生物出現
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment (1775)
斯帕蘭札尼的實驗 (1775)
after a few
days 數天後
However, many people were not convinced.
Experimental
set-up
The belief of spontaneous generation was not
實驗裝置
falsified until almost a century later by Louismicroorganisms
boiling for a longer time no sealing of flask
appeared
Pasteur.
加長煮肉湯的時間
沒有封上瓶口
微生物出現
after a few
可惜這個結果仍未能說服大眾，他們認為自然發生的
days 數天後
過程是需要空氣的。
Control
直至近一個世紀後，科學家巴斯德 (Louis Pasteur)
set-up
no microorganisms
才成功把自然發生的觀念證偽。
對照裝置
boiling for a longer time seal the flask
加長煮肉湯的時間
把瓶口密封
appeared
沒有微生物出現
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Science is a process of ongoing inquiries
After the work of Redi, biologists continued to
investigate whether spontaneous generation
happened.
科學是一個無休止的探究過程
建基於雷迪的工作成果，其他科學家繼續探究自然發
生的真確性。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Scientists have to explore using different
techniques and methods to find out a good
solution to a problem
Spallanzani modified Needham’s experiment.
科學家須發掘和嘗試不同的技術和方法，以找出較
好的研究方案
斯帕蘭扎尼把內德姆的實驗改良，包括加長煮肉湯
的時間，以及熔接瓶口，以把它密封。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
The nature of science is about what science is and
how science works.
科學本質關於科學是甚麼和科學怎樣運作。
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1.3 Nature of science (科學本質)
Some aspects of the nature of science:
a Science advances through reasonable skepticism.
b Doing science requires creativity and imagination.
c A good scientific experiment must include carefully designed
controls.
以下是科學本質的其中一些範疇：
a 合理的懷疑使科學得以進步。
b 進行科研需要創意和想像力。
c 一個良好的實驗必須包括一個或多個精心設計的對照組。
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Some aspects of the nature of science:
d Science is a process of ongoing inquiries.
e Scientists have to explore using different techniques and
methods to find out a good solution to a problem.
f Scientists build on the work of other scientists.
以下是科學本質的其中一些範疇：
d 科學是一個無休止的探究過程。
e 科學家須發掘和嘗試不同的技術和方法，以找出較好的研究
方案。
f 科學家的研究工作奠基於其他科學家的成果。
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Which characteristics of organisms does Sophia have?
索菲亞具有生物的哪些特徵？
Sophia can detect and respond to stimuli, and move.
索菲亞能探測環境的變化（刺激）並作出反應，也
能運動。
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Why do biologists not consider Sophia an organism?
為甚麼生物學家不視索菲亞為生物？
Sophia does not reproduce and grow, obtain food
and respire, etc.
索菲亞不會生殖和生長，也不會獲取食物和進行
呼吸作用。
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Biology 生物學
the scientific
study of
是研究以下項目
的科學
organisms
生物
studied by
用以下方法研究
scientific method
科學方法
part of
是以下概念
的一部分
nature of science
科學本質
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organisms
生物
characteristics 特徵包括
reproduce
and grow
生殖和生長
detect and respond to stimuli,
and move
探測刺激、作出反應和運動
obtain food and respire
獲取食物和進行呼吸作用
excrete to maintain
a relatively constant
internal environment
藉排泄保持身體內在環境穩定
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