1 Redox reduction and oxidation occur Saturated Solution a solution that can dissolve no more solute (1) at a given temperature (1) Addition Reaction (only) one product is formed Electrolyte M1 ionic compound AND either molten or aqueous(or both)(1) M2 conducts electricity / undergoes electrolysis(1) Catalyst M1 (a substance that) speeds up a reaction / increases the rate of a reaction (1) M2 unchanged chemically at the end (1) Equilibrium rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction (1) concentrations of reactants and products are constant (1) Base proton acceptor Condensation water is a product (when polymer is made) the atoms / group of atoms which give (any molecule its) chemical properties Functional group the atoms / group of atoms which give (any molecule its) chemical properties 2 Oxidation gain of oxygen / loss of hydrogen / electron loss / increase in oxidation state (oxidation number) Structural Isomers compounds with the same molecular formula (1) different structural formula (1) Unsaturated not all (C–C) bonds are single Weak Acid donate or lose protons does not fully ionise / partially ionises / forms an equilibrium mixture Element EITHER (substance) made of atoms with the same atomic number / number of protons / proton number OR a substance that cannot be split up / broken down into two or more simple(r) substances by chemical means strong acid exists entirely as ions in solution / fully dissociated 100% dissociated in solution (1) proton donor (1) Proton Number number of protons (1) protons in the nucleus (of an atom) (1) 3 Precipitate a solid (1) which forms when two solutions are mixed / reacted / added (1) Saturated Solution M1 containing the maximum amount of dissolved solute / no more solute can.dissolve (1) M2 at any given temperature (1) Mixture two (or more) substances not chemically combined Oxidation (oxidation is) loss of electrons Hydrocarbon M1 (compound that) contains carbon and hydrogen M2 and no other elements / only Compound a substance made from two (or more) elementschemically combined Saturated (all) the (C–C) bonds are single Substitution Reaction (one) atom or group is replaced by another (atom or group) (ionic) made of, positive and negative ions / anions and cations / oppositely charged ions / unlike charged o i ns/diferent charged ions 4 lattice regular / sequence / pattern / alternating / repeated / framework / ordered / organised / network / uniform Hydrocarbons (they contain) carbon and hydrogen (atoms) only Thermal Decomposition M1 breaking down M2 when heated Electrolysis the breakdown (into elements) of an (ionic) compound by (the passage of) electricity Molecule (two or more) atoms combined / joined / sharing electrons (by a covalent bond) / bonded Element substance that cannot be split up / broken down / decomposed (into anything simpler) OR (substance) made of atoms with the same atomic number / number of protons / proton number Excess Of Oxygen more than enough oxygen to react with all of the hydrocarbon 5 proton number the number of protons nucleon number the total number of protons and neutrons nucleon number in the nucleus / nuclei (of an atom) Amphoteric Oxide an amphoteric oxide will react with acids AND with bases Neutral Oxide a neutral oxide will not react with acids or with bases Ion (particle) containing different numbers of protons and electrons OR atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost an electron / electrons 6 Isotopes atoms of the same element / atoms with the same proton number /atoms with the same atomic number different neutron number / different nucleon number / different mass number saturated only single bonds OR no double / multiple bonds (between carbon atoms) hydrocarbon (compound that) contains carbon and hydrogen and no other elements / only Structural Isomer (molecules with) the same molecular formula different structural formula / different displayed formula Biodegradable (can be) broken down by microbes / bacteria Relative Atomic Mass average mass of (naturally occurring) atom(s) (of an element) (compared to an atom of) 12C Strong Acid exists completely as ions (in solution) / completely dissociates (in solution) / completely ionises (in solution) Condensation M1 (two) molecules / monomers joining M2 with the removal of a (small) molecule Polymerisation M3 (to form) a large molecule / a long chain 7 Atomic Number number of protons in one atom of an element; Nucleon Number M1 number of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element; M2 in one atom of an element; Unsaturated contains a double bond / triple bond / multiple bond; OR not all bonds are single bonds; Respiration the reaction of glucose with oxygen to release (carbon dioxide and water and) energy; or the reaction of glucose in a biological system to release energy; Photochemical Chemical a reaction whose rate is influenced by light / reaction which occurs in presence of light; Ionic Lattice regular / repeated / pattern / framework / ordered / alternating / organised (arrangement of); positive and negative ions / oppositely charged ions / cations and anions / unlike charged ions; Lattice regular / repeated / pattern / framework / periodic / ordered / alternating / organised; (of)particles / atoms / molecules / ions / cations / anions; 8 Respiration living/organism or named example e.g. yeast / cells / plants / animals / part of animal or plant e.g. muscle / humans / micro-organisms; produces / releases or gain or obtain energy / exothermic / heat; from food / named foodstuff / carbohydrate / named carbohydrate / sugar / named sugar / glucose / nutrients; Fossil Fuel (burn to) release energy; take a long time to form (from organic material); Cracking M1 Action of heat or catalyst or thermal decomposition (on an alkane) Ignore steam. Ignore pressure. M2 Long-chained molecules or alkanes form smaller molecules (not smaller fraction) or forms smaller alkenes (or alkanes) Diffusion (particles) spread to fill total available volume / move from high concentration to low concentration / moves down a concentration gradient (1) Non Bio-degradable does not break down or rot or decompose (1) by microbes or fungi or bacteria or by living organisms (1) Fuel substance / material / compound / element / mixture (burnt) to produce / release energy or heat (1) 9 Diatomic two atoms per molecule Fractional Distillation (different) boiling points cond: separate Equilibrium Mixture speed / rate of forward reaction = speed / rate of back reaction OR macroscopic properties do not change / constant (with time) Macromolecule giant covalent; or: polymer made from monomers; Isomer (compounds) same molecular formula; different structural formulae;
