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Microwave System – Ericsson Solution
Technical product
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PDH and SDH
PDH and SDH…
PDH, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
Developed in the 1950s and 1960s when voice was predominant
and digital transmission was only small isolated islands in an analog ocean.
SDH, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Developed in the 1980s. Offers a more efficient transmission technique,
higher capacities and embedded network management data.
Media
Cables
Electrical or Optical
Satellite
Radio link
Where digital transmission started...
Clock/timing
Clock/timing
Digital
64kbit/s
A
D
64kbit/s
Analogue
D
A
Where it all started, the 64kbit/s PCM channel
• Originally used to transport one phone call.
• Developed during the sixties when a technology
change from analogue to digital was necessary
PCM = Pulse Coded Modulation
Where digital transmission started...
When 64kbit/s isn’t enough…
64kbit/s
Clock
“American” standard:
24 x 64kbit/s = 1.544Mbit/s, T1
PCM-frame
64kbit/s
“European” standard:
32 x 64kbit/s = 2.048Mbit/s, E1
E1 frame
(“PCM frame”, “2Mbit frame”, “Primary rate”…)
Structured E1
One 64kbit/s channel = One Time Slot (TS)
Time Slot 0 used for synchronization of the E1 itself
Remaining 31 time slots used to carry payload such as:
• 30 landline telephone calls (1 call/TS, TS16 used for signaling)
• Approx. 100 GSM telephone calls.
• Data traffic at 64kbit/s level.
Multiplexing in general
When higher capacity is needed…
… A3, A2, A1
Bit rate = y kbit/s
… A3, A2, A1
… B3, B2, B1
… B3, B2, B1
…C2, B2, A2, D1, C1, B1, A1...
… C3, C2, C1
… C3, C2, C1
Multiplexer
… D3, D2, D1
Demultiplexer
Bit rate = n times y kbit/s
(+ possible extra stuffing bits)
… D3, D2, D1
Multiplexing in ETSI PDH
is it 2Mbit enough ??
E1
2,048Mbit/s
E2
2,048Mbit/s
8.448Mbit/s
8.448Mbit/s
2,048Mbit/s
8.448Mbit/s
8.448Mbit/s
2,048Mbit/s
E3
34.368Mbit/s
Multiplexing in SDH
PDH
SDH
E1
x 63
STM-1
STM-4
STM-1
STM-4
STM-1
STM-4
STM-1
STM-4
155.52Mbit/s
622.08Mbit/s
STM-16
E1
2.048Mbit/s
2488.32Mbit/s
STM-1 frame structure
64kbit/s
Columns
1
9 10
270
Rows
1
9
Overhead
Payload
Network
supervision
Max effective approx. 150Mbit/s
For example 63 x E1
=155.52
Mbit/s
ETSI “containers”
PDH
E2
8Mbit/s
64kbit/s
x32
E1
2Mbit/s
x4
x63
x4
x3
STM-1
155Mbit/s
E3
34Mbit/s
x4
x1
STM-4
x4
E4
140Mbit/s
STM-16
622Mbit/s
SDH
x4
2.5Gbit/s
www.huawei.com
SDH Principle
SDH Definition
⚫
What is SDH?
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
It defines a standard frame structure, a specific multiplexing method, and so on.
⚫
Why did SDH emerge?

Need for a system to process increasing amounts of information.

New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of different suppliers.
Advantages of SDH
⚫
Interfaces

PDH electrical interfaces
◼
Only 3 regional standards: European (2.048 Mb/s),
Japanese, North American (1.544 Mb/s)

PDH optical interfaces
◼

No standards, manufacturers develop at their will.
SDH electrical interfaces
◼

Universal standards
SDH optical interfaces
◼
Can be connected to different vendors’
optical transmission equipment.
Disadvantages of PDH
⚫
Multiplexing methods: Level by level
140 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
Multiplexers
Demultiplexers
2 Mb/s
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission
Headache for network planners
More equipment to achieve this functionality
More equipment → More floor space
More power → More costs
Advantages of SDH
⚫
Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved
Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH
STM-1A
A
A
(STM-1 →STM-4 →STM-16 → STM-64)
A
…
STM-1B
B
B
B
4:1
One Byte from
STM-1 B
STM-4
STM-1C
C
C
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and
flexible mapping structure
STM-1D
D
D
What about PDH?
--- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in
SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert
capabilities
Advantages of SDH
⚫
OAM function

PDH
◼
In the frame structure of PDH

SDH
◼
signals, there are few overhead
bytes used for OAM.
◼
Abundant overheads bytes for
OAM
◼
Weak OAM function
Remote & Centralized
Management
◼
Fast circuit provisioning from
centralized point
Advantages of SDH
⚫
Compatibility
STM-N
Transmit
Processing
Receive
Processing
SDH Network
Container
Container
Pack
PDH
SDH
STM-N
Unpack
ATM
Ethernet
PDH
Service Signal Flow Model
SDH
ATM
Ethernet
Comparison between SDH and PDH
⚫
Low bandwidth utilization ratio

In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signals.

In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signals.
⚫
Complex mechanism of pointer justification
⚫
Influence of excessive use of software on system security
SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T G.707:
1.
2.
3.
4.
One frame lasts for 125
microseconds (8000 frames/s)
Rectangular block structure 9
rows and 270 columns (Basic
frame: STM-1)
Each unit is one byte (8 bits)
Transmission mode: Byte by
byte, row by row, from left to
right, from top to bottom
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9 rows
270 Columns
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000
SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
⚫ Three parts:

SOH

AU-Pointer

Information
Payload
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
RSOH
AU-PTR
Information
Payload
MSOH
9
270 Columns
9 rows
SDH Multiplexing Features
⚫
SDH Multiplexing includes:
Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 → STM-N)
PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M → STM-N)
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP → STM-N)
⚫
Some terms and definitions:
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing
SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1
AUG-64
STM-64
×4
STM-16
×1
AUG-16
×4
STM-4
×1
AUG-4
×4
STM-1
×1
×1
×1
×1
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
AU-4-4c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
E4 signal
×1
AUG-1
×3
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing
TUG-3
×1
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
E3 signal
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
E1 signal
×7
TUG-2
×3
Page24
Page 25
Agenda
⚫ Introduction to Basic Microwave Knowledge
✓ Characteristics of Microwave Communication
✓ Definition and Development History of Microwave Products
✓ Classification of Microwave Products
⚫ Position and Application of Microwave Products
⚫ Protection Modes of Microwave Products
⚫ Components and Components of Microwave Products
Transmission Methods in Modern
Communication Network
• Transmission can be distributed to three means: Optical cable, microwave communication, and
satellite communication.
Optical fiber
communication
Microwave
communication
Multiplex
equipment
Multiplex
equipment
Satellite
communication
Characteristics of Digital Microwave Communication
In terms of transmission mode, microwave communication has the following
characteristics:
Microwave
Satellite
Optical fiber
Limited bandwidth (maximum
Limited bandwidth (155Mbs)
High bandwidth (Terabyte)
Low cost
Very expensive
In phase one, the cost of optical fibers is high.
Fast provisioning
A license is required.
It is difficult to lay out optical fibers.
Low reliability
High reliability
High reliability
Small network, easy to manage
Easy to manage, stable, and not affected by
Easy to manage, stable, and not affected
climate and geography
by climate and geography
4Gbps)
Microwave communication
D
Satellite
communicatio
n
Optical fiber
communicatio
n
ATM
Large enterprise group
ATM
Ethernet
Smart cell
Definition of Microwave
⚫
Microwave is an electromagnetic wave. The microwave transmission frequency is 300MHz~300GHz, which is a limited
frequency band of all electromagnetic waves.
⚫
According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, it can be regarded as a plane wave.
⚫
In the propagation direction of the plane wave, there is no longitudinal component of the electric field and the magnetic field.
The electric field and the magnetic field component are perpendicular to the propagation direction. Therefore, the horizontal
wave is called a transverse electromagnetic wave (Transverse Electric and Magnetic Field). Generally, the transverse
electromagnetic wave is referred to as an electromagnetic wave.
History of Microwave Communication
Development
SDH and PDH are classified
into composite microwave.
For details, see the
Transmission
Capacity (/ch)
microwave classification
.
155M
34/140M
Number of medium and small
capacity Word microwave
communication system
2/4/6/8M
480 speech
channels
PDH
synchronization
Digital microwave
system
SDH synchronous digital
microwave
The WDM system appears.
Since the late 1990s
Analog microwave
Communication system
1980s
1970s
1950s
Note: In microwave transmission, when the transmission capacity is less than 10 Mbit/s,
the capacity is called small capacity. In the case of 10~100M, the medium capacity
is called medium capacity. When the transmission capacity is greater than 100 Mbit/s,
the capacity is called large capacity.
Microwave Classification -Overall
RAT
By product
structure
Multiplexing Mode
Digital microwave
Analog microwave
PDH
SDH
Full-indoor microwave (Trunk MW)
Structure
Split microwave (Split MW)
Full outdoor microwave
By site type
By
communication
frequency
Terminal station
A station that is located on two terminals of a microwave link. It is used to communicate
only in one direction and generally add/drop voice channels.
Relay station
A site that is located between any two sites of a microwave link. It communicates only in
two directions. It can connect to or drop from the baseband (baseband transfer) or do
not add or drop a speech channel (IF transfer or RF transfer).
Hub station
A site located in the middle of a microwave link. It is used to communicate with more
than three directions. Generally, it is used to add/drop voice channels (baseband
transfer).
High site
The site with a higher receive frequency than the transmit frequency is called a high
station.
Low site
The station with the receive frequency lower than the transmit frequency is called the low
station.
Microwave Site Type
Relay
station
Relay
station
Terminal
station
Terminal
station
Hub
station
Terminal
station
f1
f 1’
P
site/High
site
f 1’
f1
N
sites/low
sites
f 1 > f 1’
P
site/High
site
• In a two-frequency microwave link, a high station and a low station are generally
arranged in an interval.
Main Microwave Applications
Supplement
for optical
network (the
Special
last mile
Backhaul
transmission
access)
transmission
situation (river,
for mobile BTS
lake, island)
Microwave
application
Critical link
backup
VIP customer
access
Emergency
communication
（large activity,
crisis）
Main Microwave Applications
The main application scenarios of microwave are as follows:
⚫
Backhaul transmission of a mobile base station: After receiving radio signals, the mobile base station in the field sends
the signals back to the BSC for transmission. This process is called backhaul transmission of the mobile base station.
⚫
Optical network reconstruction: If optical cables are difficult to be laid between the transmission optical network and the
BSC due to other reasons such as geographical location, microwave transmission is required.
⚫
Important link backup: Microwave transmission is used as a backup of optical transmission between two main
transmission sites to minimize the impact on information transmission when the optical cable is broken.
⚫
Enterprise private network: Due to restrictions of some special industries, for example, the oil transmission pipe or the
relay of TV signals in the field, microwave transmission is required because the optical cables cannot be routed due to
limited conditions.
⚫
VIP customer access: In the headquarters and branches of a large enterprise group, a large number of optical cables cannot
be routed because of cost limitation. In this case, microwave transmission is also required.
Main Microwave Applications (Continued)
⚫
Mobile base station backhaul:
Chain topology of mobile backhaul
Mobile backhaul tree
networking
Mobile backhaul
terminal station
Main Microwave Applications (Continued)
⚫
Supplementary network of the SDH ring network
Microwave link
Main Microwave Applications (Continued)
⚫
Microwave equipment and SDH equipment are combined to form a ring network.
User network
User network
User network
Transmission network
User network
User network
User network
User network
Main Microwave Applications (Continued)
⚫
Pure microwave ring network
User network
User network
User network
Transmission network
User network
User network
User network
User network
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Microwave fundamentals
Agenda
Definitions of frequency and power
Link budget
Basic free space loss
Radio and antenna properties
Frequency planning
Line of Sight
Transmission quality
Radio communication
Radio path
Modulated carrier
Voice
Video
Data
Modulator
Carrier
generator
Power
Amplifier
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pre
Amplifier
Broadcast radio
Television
Mobile phones
Bluetooth
Wireless LAN
Radio links
etc
Demodulator
Local
oscillator
Voice
Video
Data
3
Radio communication
Path properties
Equipment properties
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Information density
Coverage area
Interference
Obstacles
Climate
Atmospheric
properties
Give
Carrier frequency
Bandwidth
Modulation type
Transmitter output power
Receiver sensitivity
Antenna gain/directivity
Antenna mounting position
Diversity
Radio links
Terminal
Hop (or Link)
Radio path
Digital bit stream in each direction
e.g. …100110101…
Capacity in Mbit/s
Terminal
Radio links
Radio
•Transmitter
•Receiver
Antenna
Radio
Antenna •Transmitter
•Receiver
Radio path
Bandwidth/
Capacity
f’
f
Bandwidth/
Capacity
Two different frequencies, f and f’,
used as carriers.
Together forming one duplex channel.
Amplitude
Signal strength, power
[dBm]
Frequency and power
t
Frequency, the number of oscillations per second [Hz]
Frequency and power are chosen to give optimum performances
for the intended radio communication use .
Power
• In radio communication the signal strength is usually
measured in Watt or in the logarithmic unit dBm
• The reference for dBm is 1mW → 0dBm = 1mW
• Negative dBm values → power below 1mW
Positive dBm values → power above 1mW
Power
Examples of different carrier power levels
Radio link typical transmitter power: 20dBm=0.1W
Radio link typical receiver threshold: -80dBm=0.00000000001W
GSM 900 cell phone transmitter power: 2W (33dBm)
GSM 900 radio base station transmitter power: 20W (43dBm)
Broadcast transmitter power: 60 000W (78dBm)
Basic free space loss
d1
d2
• The energy within a certain area will be less as the distance increases.
• Frequency dependency,
“Low” frequency → low loss over distance
“High” frequency → high loss over distance
Basic free space loss, link
budget
Power
Level
[dBm]
Basic free space loss
Input power to
the receiver
Transmitter
output power
Receiver threshold level
0 km
n km Distance [km]
Basic free space loss
“High” frequency
Easier to get license
Short range
Urban use in general
“Low” frequency
Long range
Generally used in rural areas
Generally frequency licenses shall be applied for from national administrations
Channel spacing/band width
International regulations divides the frequency bands into channels with
different bandwidths, defined as channel spacing.
• Wide bandwidth: high traffic capacity
• Narrow bandwidth: more and longer paths
ETSI Channel spacing
3.5 MHz
3.5 MHz
7 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
28 MHz
Frequency plan, 15GHz band
High band
1’A
3’A
2’B
7’A
3’B
1’C
4’B
2’C
3.5 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
1’D
114’A 116’A 118’A 120’A
57’B
58’B
59’B
29’C
60’B
30’C
15’D
28 MHz
15343 MHz
14924 MHz
1’B
5’A
Low band
1A
3A
2B
7A
3B
1C
4B
2C
1D
3.5 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
114A 116A 118A 120A
57B
58B
59B
29C
60B
30C
15D
14925 MHz
14500 MHz
1B
5A
Modulation techniques
C-QPSK (4QAM)
16QAM
128QAM
4 symbols
2 bit/symbol
Phase
16 symbols
4 bit/symbol
Phase and amplitude
128 symbols
7 bit/symbol
Phase and amplitude
Low modulation order: + long hops, fairly uncomplicated technique
High modulation order: + high traffic capacity per bandwidth
Antenna
Parabolic antennas
• gives high directivity
(well focused beam).
• are referred to
by the diameter.
• in diameters from 0.2 to 3.7m
Antenna
A “small” antenna gives:
Less windload, less visibility and
lower cost for antenna
and installation
A “large” antenna gives:
Higher gain, thereby longer hop
and/or higher transmission
quality
Low radio frequency → Large antenna
Long path length → Large antenna
Antenna gain
Power
Level
[dBm]
0.6m antenna
0.3m antenna
Input power to
the receiver
Transmitter
output power
Antenna
Gain
[dBi] 1.2m antenna
Receiver threshold level
0 km
n km Distance [km]
Antenna polarization
V (Default)
H
Different polarization can be used to reduce interference between
neighboring paths when using the same or nearby frequencies
Line of sight
Ground clearance
Radio optical line of sight
Geometrical line of sight
• Heights of masts must be designed to give free line of sight
and a sufficiently large ground clearance.
• Due to atmospheric properties the radio beam is normally
bent slightly downwards
Transmission quality
P
D
Sent
bitstream
…0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0…
Detected
bitstream
…0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0…
Two bits out of
8 corrupted
BER = Ratio of bits not possible to detect correctly
BER 10-3 = One bit out of 1000 bits corrupted
BER 10-6 = One bit out of 1000 000 bits corrupted
BER 10-9 = One bit out of 1000 000 000 bits corrupted
Quality & Availability targets
• All links are designed to meet a certain transmission Quality & Availability.
• Internationally accepted recommendations from:
- ITU-T (media independent)
- ITU-R (radio-link specific)
• Quality = the ratio of errors in the bit stream giving short term cuts.
• Availability = long term cuts
• Limiting factors for radio links
- Distance,
- Rain
- Multipath fading
- Hardware errors
• It is the role of the Planner to design individual
links and network to meet the Q&A targets.
Microwave Network Topology
⚫
Basic Topologies
Star
Ring
Chain
Tree
Mesh
f1
f1
f 1’
f 1’
Low station
f 1 > f 1’
High station
f 1 > f 1’
Low station
f 1> f 1’
Page61
Network Application
Coarse
convergence
layer
Dense
convergence
layer
Access layer
E1/STM-1/
IMA E1/FE/GE
BTS/NodeB/eNodeB
BSC/RNC/aGW
Page62
1+1 protection
Terminal
Transmitter
Terminal
Receiver
Receiver
Switch
Switch
1+1 protection
Terminal
Transmitter
Terminal
Receiver
Receiver
Switch
Switch
1+1 Hot Standby Backup
mute
Active
ODU
Hybrid coupler
Antenna
mute
Standby
ODU
Active
Cross-connection &
IF Board
Packet Switching
Board
Service
board
Standby
IF Board
Page65
Description of 1+1 HSB
⚫
Switch point
Cross-connection & Packet Switching board
⚫
Switch condition
Automatic: IF board hardware fault, ODU hardware fault, microwave frame loss, etc.
Manual: locking, forced, manual, and clearing
⚫
Trigger conditions
Trigger conditions of the automatic 1+1 HSB switching : hardware fault of the IF unit, the hardware fault of
the ODU, POWER_ALM,VOLT_LOS (IF board), RADIO_TSL_HIGH, RADIO_TSL_LOW,
RADIO_RSL_HIGH,IF_INPWR_ABN, CONFIG_NOSUPPORT,R_LOC, MW_LOF,MW_RDI,Fault on the
IF connection cable,R_LOF,R_LOS (IF1)
⚫
Characteristics
The active/standby unit has no restrictions on the paired slots
The switch actions are implemented by the software and hardware
The service will be interrupted in the case of switch (< 500 ms)
1+1 Hitless Switch Mode (HSM)
⚫
1+1 Space Diversity (1+1 SD)
H
Page67
1+1 SD Protection
Active
ODU
Active
IF Board Cross-connection &
Packet Switching
Board
Service
board
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Mute
Standby
ODU
Standby
IF Board
Page68
1+1 Hitless Switch Mode (Cont.)
⚫
1+1 Frequency Diversity (1+1 FD)
f1
f3
Page69
1+1 FD Protection (TDM)
tf1
rf1
Active
ODU
Active Cross-connection &
IF Board Packet Switching
Board
Antenna Hybrid
Standby
ODU
tf3
Service
board
Standby
IF Board
rf3
Page70
1+1 Hitless Switch Mode (Cont.)
⚫
Space Frequency Diversity (1+1 FD+SD)
f1
H
f3
Page71
1+1 SD+FD Protection
rf1
tf1
Active
ODU
Active Cross-connection &
IF Board Packet Switching
Board
Service
board
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Standby
ODU
tf3
Standby
IF board
rf3
Page72
Description of HSM
⚫
Switch point
HSM Switch: IF board
HSB Switch: Cross-connection & Packet Switching board
⚫
Switch condition
Automatic: microwave frame loss, microwave signal loss, microwave bit error ,
etc.
Manual switch:
⚫
locking, forced, manual, and clearing
Characteristics
The Active /standby IF board must be in paired slots
Switch is implemented by hardware
Service has no interruption during switch
Page73
Reverse Switch
⚫
Scenario
System fails to detect the hardware faults in
transmitting direction
⚫
Switch condition
Remote site detected the failure and trigger the HSB
or SD switch in local site by RDI
⚫
Characteristics
It is only configured in the case of HSB or SD
Through the service detection, all the hardware faults
in the transmitting direction can be protected
Page74
Microwave N+1 Protection
⚫
In microwave N+1 protection (1≤ N ≤ M), there is one protection channel and N working channels, the
working service are in the corresponding working channels and protection channel may used for extra
service (M up to 7 channel)
⚫
The working service in some certain channel can be switched to the protection channel when the failure
happened in the corresponding working channel.
ch1
ch2
ch3
ch4
chM
M1
M1
M2
M2
M3
M3
M4
M4
M
M
ch1
ch2
ch3
ch4
chM
controller
Controller
RFSOH
Page75
Ericsson Solution
Te c h n i c a l p r o d u c t
MINI-LINK
Technical overview
Outdoor units:
Radio and antenna
Local craft tool:
MINI-LINK Craft
Indoor units:
Subracks (IDU’s) and
plug-in units
Advanced Integrated Traffic Handling
Technical overview
• PDH
• Traffic cross connect on E1 level
• SDH
• Cross connect on VC4, VC3 and VC12 level
• Ethernet:
•
•
•
•
LAN switch
VLAN switching
Gigabit Ethernet link over multiple radios
LAG
Advanced Integrated Traffic Handling
Technical overview
• ATM
• Capacities:
• 96 E1’s
• 16 ATM interfaces
• Traffic aggregation:
• Policing
• VP/VC cross connect
• Shaping
Hybrid Node Perfect for TDM to packet migration
• Native Ethernet
• Over the air
• Native Ethernet and Native PDH simultaneously
over the hop
• Configurable combination of Native Ethernet and Native PDH
in step of 2 Mbit/s
• Ethernet over PDH
• Ethernet encapsulated in E1’s
• Can be used with any MINI-LINK TN PDH modem
• Ethernet over SDH
• Ethernet encapsulated in VC12, VC3 or VC4
• Using standard GFP, LCAS and VCAT protocols
• Can be used with any MINI-LINK TN SDH modem
Hybrid Node
Perfect for TDM to packet migration
Priority and Best Effort traffic combination:
• Hitless Adaptive Modulation
• Protected 2+0
PDH, SDH, Ethernet and ATM traffic handling
in the same node
Extensive protection for carrier class
equipment
• Highly reliable system architecture
• Separate traffic and control system
• Hot swap
• Minimized need for cabling and
interfaces
• Equipment and line protection
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Redundant plug-in boards
Redundant power
Redundant buses
Microwave 1+1 protection
SDH protection
Graceful degradation
LAG
Extensive protection for carrier class
equipment
• Microwave propagation protection
• Hitless Hot/Working standby (1+1 protection)
• Network protection
• SNCP
• RSTP
High performance Radio Link
Microwave hop capacity
• PDH: Up to 2x 80 E1
• Over one antenna and one frequency channel using XPIC
• SDH: Up to 2 STM-1
• Over one antenna and one frequency channel using XPIC
• Ethernet:
Up to 1 Gbit/s per Ethernet connection
• using 2-4 modems
Up to 850 Mbit/s*
• Over one antenna and one frequency channel using XPIC
* the stated Ethernet capacity figure is based on maximum line interface capacity
MINI-LINK TN
Indoor units – IDUs
Nodes for different needs
From single hops or small end
nodes...
...to large aggregation nodes
AMM20p B
PDH, SDH, Ethernet and ATM applications
AMM6p C
PDH, SDH, Ethernet and ATM applications
Or
AMM1p
PDH
applications
AMM2p B
PDH, SDH and Ethernet
applications
AMM6p D
PDH, SDH, Ethernet and ATM applications
Node architecture
• PDH bus, with traffic cross connect
capabilities
• Separate High speed buses for SDH and
Ethernet.
• Separate control bus
• Separate power capable of redundancy
• Separated PDH, SDH, Ethernet and ATM
traffic
AMM 1p
Compact end node
• 1 slot for stand alone modem MMU2 CS
• No node processor
• Cooling fins - no fan unit needed
• Power supply -48V/+24V
• Install on wall or mount into 19” rack
AMM 2p B
Edge and repeater node
• 2 slots for modem units, 2+0 or 1+1
• 1 half slot for additional plug-in unit
• 1 half slot for Node Processor Unit
• Unused modem slots can be used for other plug-in units
• Mix PDH, SDH and Ethernet
• Power supply protected, -48V/+24V
• Magazine height: 1 U (w. fan)
AMM 6p C and AMM 6p D
Medium sized aggregation node
AMM 6p C - Modem slot optimized
• 5 slots for modem units, 5+0 or 2x(1+1)+1
• 1 half slot for additional plug-in unit
AMM 6p D - Small slot optimized
• 4 slots for modem units, 4+0 or 2x(1+1)
• 3 half slot for additional plug-in units
AMM 6p C
AMM 6p D
AMM 6p C and AMM 6p D
Medium sized aggregation node
AMM 6p - General
• 1 half slot for Node Processor Unit
• Unused modem slots can be used
for other plug-in units
AMM 6p C
• Mix PDH, SDH, Ethernet and ATM
• Power supply protected, -48V/+24V
AMM 6p D
• Magazine height: 3 U (w. fan)
AMM 20p B
Large aggregation node
• 1 slot for Node Processor Unit
• 19 slots for modem units, 19x(1+0) or 9x(1+1) + 1x(1+0)
• 1
• Unused modem slots can be used for other plug-in units
• Mix PDH, SDH, Ethernet and ATM
• Power supply, protected :
• -48 V
• +24 V by external PSU
• Magazine height:
• 7 U magazine only
• 10 U with fan and air inlet
MINI-LINK TN plug-in units
Node Processor Unit (NPU)
Modem Unit (MMU)
SDH Cross connect Unit (SXU)
Line Terminal Unit (LTU)
Ethernet Termination Unit (ETU)
ATM Aggregation Unit (AAU)
Power Unit (PFU)
Service Auxiliary Unit (SAU)
Fan Unit (FAU)
Scalable architecture
• Plug-in units
• User-selectable
• Hot swap
• Redundant
• SFP modules
• User-selectable
• Optical or electrical
• Capacity and modulation agility
• Optional features via Soft Keys
• Invest-as-you-grow
Plug-in unit
optical and electrical SFPs
NPU
NPU1 B
Node Processor Unit
• Mandatory plug-in card
• Centralized node processor:
• OSPF router for DCN network
• SNMP Master Agent
• Configuration data stored in RMM
• USB port for LCT connection
• DCN Connection
NPU1 C
NPU3
• Available NPU’s
•
•
•
•
•
NPU1 B
NPU1 C
NPU3
NPU3 B
NPU 1D
NPU3 B
NPU1 B
Node processor
• Full size plug-in board. Fits in
DCN
connection
4xE1
LCT
connection
4xE1
• AMM 20p B, AMM 20p, AMM 6p and AMM 6p B
• 8xE1 for local add/drop
• 1xE1 can be used as wayside channel for SDH modem
• User I/O
• 3 input
• 3 output
• 10/100BASE-T for DCN traffic
User I/O
NPU1 C
Node processor with Ethernet switching
• Full size plug-in board. Fits in
4xE1
LCT
connection
4xE1
• AMM 20p B, AMM 20p, AMM 6p and AMM 6p B
• 8xE1 for local add/drop
• 1xE1 can be used as wayside channel for SDH modem
• User I/O
• 3 input
• 3 output
User I/O
NPU1 C
Node processor with Ethernet switching
• 2 x 1000BASE-T, Gbit Ethernet ports
1000/100/10
BASE-T
DCN
Connection or
1000/100/10
BASE-T
2x SFP,
Optical or
Electrical
• One dedicated for Ethernet traffic
• One dedicated for DCN traffic but configurable to
Ethernet traffic
• 2 x SFP, Gbit Ethernet port
• Electrical SFP’s as well as Optical multimode, single mode
and CWDM SFP’s available
• Support for Ethernet over high speed bus
• To access e.g.
• MMU2 D or MMU2 H for Native Ethernet
• ETU2 B for more interfaces and Ethernet over PDH
NPU1 C
Node processor with Ethernet switching
• Ethernet Functions
• LAN and VLAN Ethernet switch (D and Q-bridge)
• 4 GE switch port to front plane
• 10 GE switch ports to back plane
• 14 Gbit/s switch capacity
• HW prepared for Provider bridge
(available in later R4 via SW upgrade)
• HW prepared Gbit Ethernet Link over multiple radios
(available in later R4 via SW upgrade)
• LAG, Link Aggregation Group
• Head of line blocking prevention (HOLB)
• White list
• Storm protection
NPU3
Node Processor Unit
• Half-slot plug-in board. Fits in
• AMM 2p B, AMM 6p C and AMM 6p D
4xE1
+ User Out
• 10/100BASE-T for 31 Mbit/s Ethernet traffic
• Enabling Ethernet traffic without adding new HW
• 4xE1 for local add/drop
• 1xE1 can be used as wayside channel for SDH modem
• User I/O
• 2 output
• 10/100BASE-T for DCN traffic
10/100
BASE-T
DCN
connection
USB
NPU3 B
Node processor with Ethernet switching
4xE1
+ User Out
• Half-slot plug-in board. Fits in
• AMM 2p B, AMM 6p C and AMM 6p D
• 4xE1 for local add/drop
• 1xE1 can be used as wayside channel for SDH
modem
• User I/O
• 2 output
LCT
connection
NPU3 B
Node processor with Ethernet switching
• 2 x 1000BASE-T, Gbit Ethernet ports
• One dedicated for Ethernet traffic
• One dedicated for DCN traffic but configurable to
Ethernet traffic
• Support for Ethernet over high speed bus
• To access e.g.
• MMU2 D or MMU2 H for Native Ethernet
• ETU3 and ETU2 B for more interfaces and
Ethernet over PDH
• SXU3 B for Ethernet over SDH
1000/100/10 DCN
BASE-T
Connection or
10/100/1000
BASE-T
NPU3 B
Node processor with Ethernet switching
• Ethernet Functions
• LAN and VLAN Ethernet switch
• 2 GE switch port to front plane
• 7 GE switch ports to back plane
• 9 Gbit/s switch capacity
• HW prepared for Provider bridge
(available in later R4 via SW upgrade)
• Gbit Ethernet Link over multiple radios
• LAG
• Head of line blocking prevention (HOLB)
• White list
• Storm protection
NPU comparison
NPU1 B
NPU1 C
NPU3
NPU3 B
E1 Interfaces
8XE1, for local adddrop
8XE1, for local adddrop
4XE1, for local adddrop
4XE1, for local add-drop
User I/O
3 User Input and 3 User
Output signals
3 User Input and 3 User
Output signals
2 User Output for A and
B alarms
2 User Output for A and B
alarms
DCN
10/100BASE-T for DCN
traffic
10/100BASE-T for DCN
traffic alt.
10/100/1000BASE-T for
Ethernet traffic
10/100BASE-T for DCN
traffic
10/100BASE-T for DCN
traffic alt.
10/100/1000BASE-T for
Ethernet traffic
Fits in
AMM 20 p, AMM 20p B
AMM 6p, AMM 6p B
AMM 20 p, AMM 20p B
AMM 6p, AMM 6p B
AMM 2p B, AMM 6p C
and AMM 6p D
AMM 2p B, AMM 6p C
and
AMM 6p D
NPU comparison
NPU1 B
NPU1 C
NPU3
NPU3 B
Ethernet
interfaces
-
Up to 2 x 10/100/1000BASE-T for
Ethernet traffic
Up to 2 GE interface via SFP, Optical
or Electrical
10/100BASE-T for
30 Mbit/s Ethernet
traffic
Up to 2 x 10/100/1000BASE-T for
Ethernet traffic
Ethernet
functionality
-
D and Q bridge
HW prepared for Provider bridge
HW prepared for Gbit Ethernet Link
over multiple radios
LAG
HOLB
White List
Storm Protection
-
D and Q bridge
HW prepared for Provider bridge
Gbit Ethernet Link over multiple
radios
LAG
HOLB
White List
Storm Protection
4 GE switch ports to front plane
10 GE switch ports to back plane
14 Gbit/s switch capacity
-
2 GE switch ports to front plane
7 GE switch ports to back plane
9 Gbit/s switch capacity
Supported
-
Supported
Switch
capacity
Ethernet over
high speed bus
-
-
Modems
C-QPSK
2x2 - 17x2
Mbit/s
16 QAM
4 QAM
8x2 - 32x2
Mbit/s
10
– 80
Mbit/s
16 QAM
20
– 180
Mbit/s
64 QAM
30
- 290
Mbit/s
128 QAM
35
– 325
Mbit/s
256 QAM
75 - 345
Mbit/s
16/64/128 QAM
155
Mbit/s
PDH modems
Ethernet and PDH modems with XPIC and AM
SDH modems
with XPIC*
*XPIC for SDH available with 128 QAM
• Capacity and modulation agile modems
optimized for Ethernet, PDH & SDH transport
• MINI-LINK TN handles Ethernet over any of these modems
MMU2 B and C
PDH modems
• Capacity agile modems
• MMU2 B:
2xE1 - 17xE1,
4-32 Mbit/s Ethernet
• MMU2 C:
2xE1 - 32xE1,
4-60 Mbit/s Ethernet
• Modulation
• MMU2 B: C-QPSK
• MMU2 C: C-QPSK and 16 QAM
• Fits in all AMMs except AMM 1p
MMU2 B and C
PDH modems
• Built-in 1+1 protection
• Built-in traffic routing through backplane
• MMU2 B and C are hop compatible with
MINI-LINK E (C-QPSK)
C-QPSK
MINI-LINK E
MMU2 B
MMU2 C
MINI-LINK TN
MMU2 CS
Standalone PDH modem
Stand alone modem:
–
–
–
Needs no node processor unit
Needs no separate line interface unit
Works in 1+0
Capacity:
–
4-16xE1
Modulation:
–
C-QPSK and 16 QAM
Line interface - integrated
–
16x E1 on front panel
MMU2 CS
Standalone PDH modem
• Fits in AMM 1p
• MMU2 CS is hop compatible with
• MINI-LINK E (C-QPSK)
• MMU2 B
• MMU2 C
• HW support for future planned additional functionality
•
•
•
•
Fits in any subrack
Ethernet transport, 64 Mbit/s
Increased PDH capacity, 32xE1
1+1 protection
(NPU required)
(NPU required)
(NPU required)
MMU2 D
Ethernet and Super PDH modem
Hybrid Radio Link:
– Native Ethernet : only 0.5% overhead
– Native PDH Optimized with flat multiplexing
– Mix Native Ethernet and Native PDH in steps of 2 Mbit/s
Connect to Ethernet switch via backplane
Add/drop of 1xE1-80xE1 through backplane
Protected 2+0
Optimized for TDM to packet migration
MMU2 D
Ethernet and Super PDH modem
Capacity and modulation agile modem
Bandwidth
Modulation
Capacity
Mbit/s
7 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
40 MHz
56 MHz
4 QAM
10
20
45
65
80
16 QAM
20
45
95
135
180
64 QAM
30
65
140
200
290
128 QAM
-
70
155
225
325
Physical modes available with
MINI-LINK TN 4.1 via SW upgrade
Physical modes available with
MINI-LINK TN 4.1FP via SW upgrade
Physical modes available with
MINI-LINK TN 4.2 via SW upgrade
Physical modes available with
N.A. MINI-LINK TN 4.2FP via SW upgrade
Physical modes planned for later in
R4 via SW upgrade
Mix Native Ethernet and Native PDH in steps of 2 Mbit/s
Capacity figures are based on air interface
–
325 Mbit/s air interface equals 330 – 400 Mbit/s line interface capacity
MMU2 D is HW prepared for all the bandwidths, modulations and
capacities mentioned in the table above
MMU2 D
Ethernet and Super PDH modem
Built-in support for fully redundant traffic routing
Built-in 1+1 protection
Fits in all AMMs except AMM 1p
MMU2 D and MMU2 H are hop compatible
MMU2 H
Ethernet and Super PDH modem
Hybrid Radio Link:
– Native Ethernet : only 0.5% overhead
– Native PDH Optimized with flat multiplexing
– Mix Native Ethernet and Native PDH in steps of 2 Mbit/s
XPIC support
Adaptive modulation
Protected 2+0
Modem optimized for TDM to packet migration
MMU2 H
Ethernet and Super PDH modem
Built-in support for fully redundant traffic routing
Built-in 1+1 protection
Fits in all AMM’s except AMM 1p
MMU2 D and MMU2 H are hop compatible
MMU2 H
Modem optimized for TDM to packet migration
Capacity and modulation agile modem
Bandwidth
Modulation
Capacity
Mbit/s
7 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
40 MHz
56 MHz
4 QAM
10
20
45
65
80
16 QAM
20
45
95
135
180
64 QAM
30
65
140
200
290
128 QAM
35
70
155
225
325
256 QAM
-
75
170
245
345
Physical modes available with
MINI-LINK TN 4.1 FP
Physical modes available with
N.A. MINI-LINK TN 4.2 via SW upgrade
Physical modes available with
MINI-LINK TN 4.2 FP via SW upgrade
Physical modes planned for later in
R4 via SW upgrade
Mix Native Ethernet and Native PDH in steps of 2 Mbit/s
Capacity figures are based on air interface
–
345 Mbit/s air interface equals 350 – 425 Mbit/s line interface capacity
MMU2 H is HW prepared for all the bandwidths, modulations and
capacities mentioned in the table above
MMU2 H
Modem optimized for TDM to packet migration
Capacity and modulation agile modem with XPIC
Bandwidth
Modulation
Capacity
Mbit/s
7 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
40 MHz
56 MHz
4 QAM
10
20
45
65
80
16 QAM
20
45
95
135
180
64 QAM
30
65
140
200
290
128 QAM
35
70
155
225
325
256 QAM
-
75
170
245
345
Physical modes that with
MINI-LINK TN 4.1FP support XPIC
Physical modes that with
N.A. MINI-LINK TN 4.2 support XPIC
via SW upgrade
Physical modes that with
MINI-LINK TN 4.2FP support XPIC
via SW upgrade
Physical modes planned to support
XPIC in later R4 via SW upgrade
Mix Native Ethernet and Native PDH in steps of 2 Mbit/s
Capacity figures are based on air interface
–
345 Mbit/s air interface equals 350 – 425 Mbit/s line interface capacity
MMU2 H is HW prepared for all the bandwidths, modulations and
capacities mentioned in the table above
MMU2 H
Modem optimized for TDM to packet migration
Capacity and modulation agile modem with
Hitless Adaptive Modulation
Bandwidth
Modulation
Capacity
Mbit/s
7 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
40 MHz
56 MHz
4 QAM
10
20
45
65
80
16 QAM
20
45
90
135
180
64 QAM
30
65
135
200
290
128 QAM
35
70
155
225
325
256 QAM
-
75
170
245
345
Hitless adaptive modulation support
available in 4.2FP via software
upgrade
Hitless adaptive modulation
HW support planned for later in R4
via SW upgrade
Mix Native Ethernet and Native PDH in steps of 2 Mbit/s
Capacity figures are based on air interface
–
345 Mbit/s air interface equals 350 – 425 Mbit/s line interface capacity
MMU2 H is HW prepared for all the bandwidths, modulations and
capacities mentioned in the table above
MMU2 D and MMU2 H
Comparison
MMU2 D
MMU2 H
Hybrid Radio Link
Hybrid Radio Link
Bandwidth
7 – 56 MHz
7 – 56 MHz
Modulation
4 – 128 QAM
4 – 256 QAM
Additional functions
Protected 2+0
Protected 2+0
XPIC
Hitless Adaptive Modulation
MMU2 E 155, MMU2 F 155
SDH modems
• Capacity:
• 1x STM-1, 150 Mbit/s Ethernet
• MMU2 F 155 also supports:
• 2 x STM-1, 300 Mbit/s Ethernet per channel,
with XPIC using 128 QAM (2 modems needed)
• Integrated line interface
• STM-1 front feed through a SFP (Small Form-factor
Pluggable) module, one per terminal
• Wayside 1xE1 via backplane
• Traffic feed also trough backplane
• via high speed bus
MMU2 E 155, MMU2 F 155
SDH modems
• Modulation agile
• 16, 64 and 128 QAM
• Fits in all AMM’s except AMM 1p
• SDH Protection
• Integrated switch for 1+1 protection
• ELP supporting MSP 1+1
• EEP
• Supporting ACAP, ACCP, CCDP
• ACAP (adjacent channel alternate polarization)
• ACCP (adjacent channel co-polarization) modes
SXU3 B
SDH cross connect unit
• ADM, Add Drop Multiplexer
• 21xE1 drop capabilities
• Ethernet over SDH
• Up to 4* STM-1 = 600 Mbit/s
• Using standard GFP, VCAT & LCAS protocols
• SDH cross connect capabilities
• On VC12, VC3 and VC4 level
• SNCP
LTU3 12/1, LTU 16/1, LTU 32/1
PDH Line Termination Unit
• Interfaces for 12xE1, 16xE1 and 32xE1
• Using Sofix connectors, each with 4xE1
LTU3 12/1
LTU 16/1
LTU 32/1
Interfaces
12XE1,
120 Ohm
G.703
16XE1,
120 Ohm
G.703
32XE1,
120 Ohm
G.703
Size
Half slot
Full size
Full size
Fits in
AMM 2p
AMM 2p B
AMM 6p C
AMM 6p D
all AMMs except
AMM 1p
all AMMs except
AMM 1p
Power
-48/+24 V
-48/+24 V
-48/+24 V
LTU 155 and LTU B 155
SDH Line Termination Units
• Terminal multiplexer function
• LTU 155:
• LTU B 155:
63xVC12
21xVC12
• Fits in all AMM’s except AMM 1p
• MSP 1+1 and hardware protection
• Electrical or optical traffic interfaces
• -48 V
STM-1 (opt.)
STM-1 (el.)
ETU2, ETU2 B, ETU3
Ethernet Termination Units
• Capacity:
•
•
•
•
Up to 2 Gbit/s maximum throughput for ETU 3 and ETU2 B*
190 Mbit/s maximum throughput for IM groups
Maximum 95 Mbit/s per IM group
Capacity agility, Invest-as-you-grow by use of Soft Keys
• Flow handling with Priority awareness
• Termination of Ethernet over IM groups
• Maximum 6 IM groups
• -48/+24 V
*depending on which slot and subrack ETU 2B is placed in
ETU comparison
ETU2
ETU2 B
ETU3
Ethernet
interfaces
1 x 10/100/1000BASE-T
5 x 10/100BASE-T
2 x GE interface, through
optical or electrical SFP
2 x 10/100/1000BASE-T
2 x GE interface, through
optical or electrical SFP
2 x 10/100/1000BASE-T
Total
Ethernet
Capacity
Up to 190 Mbit/s total
throughput
Up to 2 Gbit/s total throughput
depending on AMM slot
capacity
Up to 2 Gbit/s total throughput
Ethernet
over PDH
Capacity
Up to 190 Mbit/s throughput
for IM groups
Up to 95 Mbit/s per IM group
Up to 6 IM groups
Up to 190 Mbit/s throughput
for IM groups
Up to 95 Mbit/s per IM group
Up to 6 IM groups
Up to 190 Mbit/s throughput for
IM groups
Up to 95 Mbit/s per IM group
Up to 6 IM groups
ETU comparison
ETU2
ETU2 B
ETU3
Quality of
Service
Priority awareness Priority awareness
Priority awareness
Connection to
embedded Ethernet
switch
-
Supported
Supported
Standalone
Ethernet
Supported
-
-
Size
Full size
Full size
Half slot
Fits in
All AMM’s except
AMM 1p
All AMM’s except
AMM 1p and AMM 2p
AMM 2p B,
AMM 6p C and AMM 6p D
PFU
Power Filter Unit
• Power supply to AMM
• PFU Versions:
• PFU1 for AMM 20p (-48V*)
• PFU3 B for AMM 6p C and AMM 6p
D (-48/+24V)
• One PFU required, a second
optional PFU for redundancy
* + 24V DC via external converter
FAU
Fan Unit
• FAU1 for AMM 20p B
•
•
•
•
Installed on top of AMM 20p B
Alarm interface towards PFU1
Three fans for redundancy
Two power interfaces for redundancy
• FAU2 for AMM 6p C and AMM 6p D
• Integrated in AMM
• FAU4 for AMM 2p B
• placed vertically inside AMM
-48 VDC
Alarm
-48 VDC
SFP’s
Optical and Electrical interfaces
Ethernet SFP’s
• Electrical GE SFP
• 10/100/1000BASE-T
• Optical GE SFP
•
•
•
•
1000BASE-LX Singlemode 1310 nm
1000BASE-ZX Singlemode 1550 nm
1000BASE-X CWDM Singlemode 1471-1611 nm
1000BASE-SX Multimode 850 nm
SDH SFP’s
• Electrical
• STM-1 S.1E
• Optical
• STM-1 S.1.1 1310 nm
Optical Module Types
• eSFP
The Enhanced Small Form Factor Pluggable (eSFP)
module is a type of low-speed optical module that
provides the supervisory function. The rate of such
modules is generally less than 5 Gbit/s.
• SFP+/XFP
10 G Small Form Factor Pluggable (XFP) modules are
preferentially used to receive 10G services. Nevertheless,
the size of XFP modules is large. To resolve the density
issue, Enhanced 8.5G and 10G Small Form Factor
Pluggable (SFP+) modules are developed, which can be
used to transmit 8G fiber channel (FC) services and 10G
Ethernet services.
Optical Module Types
• CFP
The Centum Form Factor Pluggable (CFP) module is a
type of 40G/100G pluggable optical module that features
high-rate and multi-wavelength transmission, and large
size. These modules are generally used to interconnect
WDM equipment with Ethernet switches.
• CXP
The 120 Gb/s eXtended-capability Form Factor Pluggable
(CXP) module is a type of 12-channel pluggable optical
module.The modules are mainly used for interconnecting
WDM equipment or interconnecting WDM equipment
with supercomputers.
MINI-LINK TN
MINI-LINK Standard packages
MINI-LINK Standard packages
Pre-assembled Indoor packages
• Easy to order –
configuration already done, e.g.
• PDH node with 16xE1
• SDH node with STM-1, Optical interface and 1+1
• Ethernet node with 700 Mbit/s, GE, 4xE1 and XPIC
• Easy to install –
pre-assembled
•
•
•
•
Delivered as one package
Plug-in units mounted in sub-rack
Pre-tested
No loading of SW licenses needed
PDH node example
with 16xE1
• Sub-rack:
• AMM 2p B
• Plug-in unit
• NPU3
• MMU2 C
• LTU3 12/1
• Pre-assembled and tested
• No loading of SW licenses needed
SDH node example
with STM-1, Optical interface and 1+1
• Sub-rack:
• AMM 2p B
• Plug-in unit
•
•
•
•
NPU3
FAU4
MMU2 E 155 x 2
SFP Optical x 2
• Pre-assembled and tested
• No loading of SW licenses needed
Ethernet node example
with 700 Mbit/s, GE, 4xE1 and XPIC
• Sub-rack:
• AMM 2p B
• Plug-in unit
•
•
•
•
NPU3
B
FAU4
MMU2 H x 2
XPIC cable
• Pre-assembled and tested
• No loading of SW licenses needed
MINI-LINK TN
Technical Specifications
Hybrid Radio Link
MMU2 D and MMU2 H
Over the Air
• Optimized for maximum
– Native Ethernet
throughput
– Native PDH throughput
• Configurable combination of
Native PDH and
Native Ethernet
Native Ethernet
MINI-LINK TN
MINI-LINK TN
MMU2 H
Native PDH
Total Link Capacity = m + n
m Mbit/s PDH
n Mbit/s Ethernet
Native PDH
Native Ethernet
• Perfect for TDM to packet migration
E1 granularity
MMU2 D
Efficient spectrum usage with XPIC
MMU2 H, MMU2 F 155
MMU2 H
MMU2 H
• Double your channel capacity with XPIC, save spectrum
and antenna cost
• XPIC available for PDH and Ethernet for 7*, 14*, 28, 40* and
56 MHz (MMU2 H)
• XPIC available for SDH for 28 MHz (MMU2 F 155)
*available via SW upgrade
Gbit Ethernet link
MINI-LINK TN
1 Gbit/s
NPU3 B
2- 4 radios
1 GE interface
Up to 1 Gbit/s Ethernet traffic over the link
Ethernet over Multiple Radios
– using 2-4 radios
– Perceived as one Ethernet connection
– Graceful degradation
Ready for the all IP over Ethernet network
MINI-LINK TN
NPU3 B
2- 4 radios
1 GE interface
Hitless Adaptive Modulation
Weather Aware Availability
• Benefit from full available
bandwidth under normal
conditions
Normal conditions
• Ensure priority traffic by stepping
down the modulation under
unfavorable conditions
• Perfect for a priority and
best effort traffic combination
Unfavorable conditions
Hitless Adaptive Modulation
Weather Aware Availability
Received signal
256 QAM
128 QAM
64 QAM
16 QAM
4 QAM Receiver
Threshold
Time
Link throughput
170 Mbit /s
155 Mbit /s
135 Mbit /s
90 Mbit /s
45 Mbit /s
99.9% Availability
99.95% Availability
99.99% Availability
99.995% Availability
99.999% Availability
Time
Protected 2+0
Hybrid Node
Ethernet and PDH
Get 3 times additional capacity out of your existing hop
– For a combination of PDH and Ethernet traffic
– With priority traffic still protected
Change a redundant 1+1 into 2+0 using XPIC
– No additional spectrum needed
– With hitless equipment protection
Perfect for a combination of
priority and best effort traffic
Protected 2+0
Hybrid Node
Ethernet
PDH
Add up to 100% best effort traffic
– By utilizing redundant equipment
Add up to 100% priority & 100% best effort traffic
– Change into Integrated Dual Polarized Antenna
– Get Improved system gain of up to 10 dB
– Step up modulation and get higher capacity
with retained availability
Get up to 3 times additional capacity
Transparent sync transport
supported by MINI-LINK today
Transparent Sync over TDM transport
Sync over TDM
TDM
Ethernet
Ethernet
Since
2002
Ethernet
Ethernet
TDM
TDM
Transparent Sync over Packet transport, with
full QoS support
RBS Embedded
Sync over packet
client
Transparent sync transport available today
for both TDM and packet networks
Since
2007
Optical
HRAN
All packet Synchronous network
Supported by Synchronous Microwave
Synchronization distribution nodes
IP
Input from
HRAN
IP
Synchronous
Optical HRAN
network
Sync input:
IP
Synchronous Microwave
2 MHz Sync interface, 2 Mbit/s or STM1 interface
2 MHz Sync output
Sync Loss propagation:
- Synchronous Microwave with Sync Loss Forwarding
- Optional squelch on 2 MHz Sync output
Synchronous Microwave
Supporting all packet Synchronous network
• Intuitive extension to traditional, mature sync
distribution methods
• Sync performance not affected by the packet load
• No need to for complex packet performance planning, as
required for Sync over packet solutions
• No need for dedicated sync QoS configurations, as required
for Sync over packet solutions
• Supporting all packet Synchronous network, without
need to upgrade HW with Synchronous Ethernet
interfaces
Fully supported by already deployed HW
MINI-LINK TN
2G
Multi agile radio
Transport technology agile:
Configurable combination of Ethernet and TDM
Capacity agile:*
- Up to 425 Mbit/s per radio
- Up to 850 Mbit/s per channel, with XPIC
- Up to 1 Gbit/s per hop, with multiple radios
Modulation agile:
C-QPSK, 4-256 QAM, Fixed or adaptive modulation
TDM
TDM and
Ethernet
3G
Ethernet
LTE
Ethernet
Ethernet
TDM
TDM
Hybrid node– perfect for TDM to packet migration
TDM, Ethernet and ATM in the same node
over the same hop
Ethernet: Integrated Ethernet switching
TDM: Integrated Cross connect and ADM
ATM: Integrated ATM aggregation
*the stated capacity figure is based on maximum line interface capacity
MINI-LINK TN
Conclusion
• High performance radio link
• Longer hops and smaller antennas with best in class radio
• Future proof Gbit Ethernet link
• Hybrid node - perfect for TDM to packet migration
• Native Ethernet and Native PDH simultaneously over the hop
• Network cost saver
• Easy capacity upgrades
• Optimize your capacity usage with traffic aggregation
MINI-LINK TN R4
Part of the Mobile Backhaul solution
• New roll-out
• Full support for “all IP RAN” over Ethernet Backhaul
• Integrated solutions for Carrier Ethernet
• Optimized Native Ethernet over Microwave
• Evolution
• Full support for Ethernet introduction in existing networks
• Native Ethernet and Native PDH transported
simultaneously over the link
• Perfect for TDM to packet migration
Full Support for 2G, 3G and LTE Backhaul
MINI-LINK TN R4
Part of the Fixed Broadband Solution
• Full support for all IP networks
• Optimized Native Ethernet over Microwave
• Integrated solutions for
• Carrier Ethernet
• Best Effort Ethernet
MINI-LINK is the leading microwave solution in the world
MINI-LINK 6352
Te c h n i c a l P r e s e n t a t i o n
Co n t e n t
›E-band
› Ericsson RadioSystem
› MINI-LINK6352
›Features
› Usecases
› Designconsiderations
› Sitesolutions
MINI-LINK 6352- Technical Presentation | Commercial in confidence | 1/221 09 - FGC 101 2789 Uen, Rev E | 2016-02
E-band
› E-band has a solid footprint
› Offers wide spectrum and
channels that give very high
capacities
H2O
› Hop lengths – km range - suitable
for dense urban environment
MINI-LINK 6352- Technical Presentation | Commercial in confidence | 1/221 09 - FGC 101 2789 Uen, Rev E | 2016-0
Attenuation [dB/km]
› Light licensing regime and/or low
spectrum fees
O2
O2
H2O
Frequency [GHz]
ERICSSON RADIO System
MINI-LINK 6352- Technical Presentation | Commercial in confidence | 1/221 09 - FGC 101 2789 Uen, Rev E | 2016-02-17 | Page 5
MINI-LINK 6352
70/80
5
10
GHz frequency band
Gbps capacity
GE interfaces
17 | Page 6
MINI-LINK 6352
Datasheet
› Radio link
–
–
–
–
–
250, 500 & 750 MHz channel BW
BPSK to 256 QAM
TX power: +12 to +15 dBm
RX Receiver threshold: -75 to -44 dBm
Multi Layer Header Compression typically
adds 10-20% higher capacity
› Physical dimension
– 4 kg (IP 65)
– 321x259x108 mm (H x W x D)
› Interfaces
–
–
–
–
Traffic: 3 x Optical SFP/SFP+ (1, 2.5 & 10 Gbps)
Traffic: 1 x Electrical PoE (1 Gbps)
O&M port: 10/100 BASE-T IEEE802.3
-48V / PoE (proprietary)
O&M port
17 | Page 7
Traffic
-48V / PoE
MINI-LINK 6352
Datasheet
› State-of-the-art L2 switch
–
–
–
–
–
Customer bridge
Provider bridge / Q-in-Q
Service OAM FM and PM
RSTP
LAG/LACP
› Enable a fair share of bandwidth with
– WFQ
– Policing
– Shaping
› Sync
– Support for SyncE and 1588v2 TC
› O&M via CLI and Embedded WebGUI
› Antennas: 0.2 , 0.3 and 0.6 m
MINI-LINK 6352- Technical Presentation | Commercial in confidence | 1/221 09 - FGC 101 2789 Uen, Rev E | 2016-0
QoS
SYNCH
Features
E r i c s s o n Legacy m o d e l
SW Features
› MINI-LINK 6352 Basic SW
› MINI-LINK 6352 Eth Provider Mode
› MINI-LINK 6352 SOAM FM/PM
› MINI-LINK 6352 Adaptive Modulation
› MINI-LINK 6352 Header Compression
› MINI-LINK 6352 RL Bonding
› MINI-LINK 6352 Node GUI
› MINI-LINK 6352 1588v2 Enhanced Sync
Capacity licenses
› MINI-LINK 6352 TX HP
› MINI-LINK 6352 Enable Eth port
› MINI-LINK 6352 10 Gb per port
› Capacity licenses: 100 Mbps to 5 Gbps
Features
E r i c s s o n SW m o d e l
Base and Value packs
› Base Package
› Advanced Ethernet
› Capacity Booster
› O&M usability
› Phase&Time 1588
Capacity licenses
› TX HP
› Enable Eth port
› 10 Gb per port
› Capacity licenses: 100 Mbps to 5 Gbps
MINI-LINK 6352- Technical Presentation | Commercial in confidence | 1/221 09 - FGC 101 2789 Uen, Rev E |
Use ca s e s
Multi Standard RBS &
TCU
MINI-LINK 6352
› Quick and easy deployment
2G
3G
› Serve as high capacity backhaul to
RBS macro cells, rural or urban
4G
Multiple
RBS
• › Aggregation of multi-standard RBS
MINI-LINK 6352
sites
• › Aggregation of multiple RBS sites
Fiber extension
MINI-LINK 6352
› Complement to fiber
7 | Page 11
MINI-LINK 6352
2 + 0 a n d 1+1
› 10 Gbps using Radio link
bonding (2+0)
› 5 Gbps with high availability (1+1)
1+1 protection
2+0 RLB
› 10 Gbps using RLB (2+0)
MINI-LINK 6352
w i t h MINI-LINK 6691 o r MINI-LINK TN
› Supporting increased
backhaul traffic
– Up to 10 Gbps north
bound link with E-band
MINI-LINK 6352
MINI-LINK 6363
MINI-LINK 6363
› Modular building practice
MINI-LINK 6352
– Split and all outdoor
MINI-LINK 6691
MINI-LINK 6691
or
MINI-LINK TN
MINI-LINK 6351
MINI-LINK 6351
Design
consideratio n s
› Hop lengths for MINI-LINK 6352 as a
function of:
› Availability
› Channel spacing
› Different rain zones
S i te s o l u t i o n s
Power options
DC + opto
Hybrid Solution
(DC + Electrical Ethernet)
PoE
› -48 V + Opto
› -48V + Opto hybrid solution
› PoE
Optical
DC Power
Ethernet
(RJ45)
DC Power
(Open end)
AC/DC
(Indoor)
DC
(PoE)
AC
Ethernet
MINI-LINK TN
Configuration Procedures
Radio Link Configuration
Ch Spacing
Power
Modulation
Frequency
Ethernet Configuration
Step1
Step2
Step3
Step1: Go to Ethernet Switch and press right click
Step2: go to configuration and go to VLAN
Step3: Press VLAN
Ethernet Configuration
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step1 : Click first bottom on right screen
Step 2: Insert Vlan number
Step 3: Write Vlan name
Step 4: Chose right Vlan for right ports
MINI-LINK TN
TROUBLESHOOTING
GUIDE
TROUBLESHOOTING STEPS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Analysis.
Problem identification.
Possible Faults with alarm messages
Action Plan.
Testing.
Documentation.
Follow Up.
C h e c k l i n e O f Sight.
➢ Low RSL and fading sometimes due to the
LOS
➢ For Example
Check a n t e n n a support a n d
waveguide.
➢ W h e n y o u f a c i n g L o w r s l ,c h e c k t h e s u p p o r t a r m ,it s h o u l d b e p e r p e n d i c u l a r
Wr o n g
Wr o n g
r ig h t
Wr o n g
Mini-link
troubleshooting
› RF LOOP
› IF LOOP
R F l o o p Te s t
› Loops can be used to verify that the transmission system is working properly or they can be
used to locate the faulty unit or interface in case of failure.
› types of loops :
1. IF loop
2. RF loop
3. Rx loop
R F L O O P Te s t
› To make RF LOOP
1. Right Click on the desired radio link
2. Select Radio Link Loops
RF LOOP TEST
› For RF Loop , Click on RF box and the arrow color will change to blue
› For IF Loop , Click on IF box and the arrow color will change to blue
RF Loop activated
IF Loop activated
By setting the RF loop you can find out if the radio terminal is ok or not. When you have set a loop and the
terminal is ok it should look like in the right hand example. There should be no alarms on the IF and RF level,
but the HCC alarm on the modem will still be present. The input to the receiver (RX value) should be around
-50 dBm ±10 dBm ( Rx= -60 to -40) . This is ok.
If you get a lower value than the -50 dBm ±10 dBm the radio terminal can still be ok. But if the RF
input level is below the threshold level for that modulation order you will still have a lot of alarms.
This can be when high modulation orders are used. Try to set a lower modulation order to see if the
alarms disappear. See the next slide for an example.
Change to a lower modulation order and see what happens with the alarms. If all
alarms disappear you know that the radio is ok, even if the received level is low.
That is nothing that affects the radio in normal operation!
▪ IF loop test to check the MMU functionality .
Mini-link t ro u b l e s h o o t i n g
RF INTERFERENCE
TEST
R F I n t e r f e r e n c e Te s t
› In order to see if the ES / SES / UAS is a result of multipath fading and/or rain or a combination of
fading and interference, the history of the input level needs to be examined.
› If there has been ES / SES / UAS, but without the input level going below the receiver threshold,
interference can be suspected.
Maximum r f level @
TX off
Channel Spacing
RF inputs
3.5
7
14
28
40
56
-94
-91
-88
-85
-82
-82
Interference test
› Interference Test Procedure :
1. Access the far-end terminal from MINI-LINK Craft and
switch off the far-end transmitter.
2. Access the near-end terminal from MINI-LINK Craft and
switch off the near-end transmitter.
3. For XPIC Links , Turn off both the V & H transmitter on the
near end and far end
› Note:
› In a 1+1 system both transmitters must be switched off.
Spectrum Diagnostics
To o l s
1. Under Radio Links , Right Click on the desired radio link
2. Select Spectrum diagnostics in new window
S p e c t r u m D i a g n o s t i c s To o l s
Select scan type = Channel Scan
Click Start Scan
S p e c t r u m D i a g n o s t i c s To o l s
The scan result graph will show the interference test results .
▪ The left graph indicates no interference in the link since all the results is < -85 dBm for
CS=28Mhz
▪ While the right graph shows high interference on the whole channel
No Interference
High Interference
S p e c t r u m D i a g n o s t i c s To o l s
To get the interfere test report ;
1. Under Scan result , Choose Image , Click export
2. Also, Click CSV, Click Export
M a n u a l Interference test
› Interference Test Procedure :
1. Access the far-end terminal from MINI-LINK Craft and switch off the far-end transmitter.
2. Access the near-end terminal from MINI-LINK Craft and switch off the near-end transmitter.
3. Measure the received RF input level for the operating center frequency. If the level exceeds
the RF input level stated in below tables, consult the design department.
1. Repeat the measurement for all frequencies within the channel spacing in steps of 2 MHz.
2. Record the highest value on the Functional Test record. If any level exceeds the RF input level
stated in the table below, consult the design department.
M a n u a l Interference test f o r
1+0 l i n k
›
Test Interference Example :
› 1+0 link, Tx = 23030 Mhz & channel spacing = 28 Mhz
M a n u a l Interference test
f o r 1+0 l i n k
1. Measure the received RF input level for the operating center frequency ( 23030).
2. Repeat the measurement for all frequencies within the channel spacing in steps of 2 MHz.
3. IF the Rx level < -85 dBm then the link suffer from Interference.
M a n u a l Interference test
FOR XPIC 2+0 LINK
› Test Interference Example 2 :
› XPIC 2+0 link, Tx = 12877 Mhz & channel spacing = 28Mhz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Turn off both the V & H transmitter on the near end and far end
At the radio link configuration page, select the frequency
check on the Rx level for that Freq
Record RSL level on the "Measure RSL" for both V & H and upper & lower channel
Change another freq, and Repeat step 2 to 5 until the whole frequency is measured
IF the Rx level < -85 dBm then the link suffer from Interference.
I n t e r fe r e n c e t e s t FOR
XPIC 2+0
H-Pol Slot 3
V-Pol Slot 2
MHz from center
frequency
Configured frequency
MHz
Measured Interferenece
RSL
Result
MHz from center
frequency
MHz
Measured Interferenece
RSL
Result
12863
-80.2
Fail
12863
-90.3
Pass
12865
-79.8
Fail
12865
-90.5
Pass
12867
-79.4
Fail
12867
-90.5
Pass
12869
-79
Fail
12869
-90.6
Pass
12871
-79
Fail
12871
-90.8
Pass
12873
-78.7
Fail
12873
-91.2
Pass
12875
-79.1
Fail
12875
-91.1
Pass
12877
-79
Fail
12877
-91.8
Pass
12879
-79
Fail
12879
-91.8
Pass
12881
-79
Fail
12881
-91.8
Pass
12883
79
Fail
12883
-91.8
Pass
12885
-79
Fail
12885
-91.8
Pass
12887
79
Fail
12887
-91.8
Pass
12889
-81
Fail
12889
-91.8
Pass
12891
-89.6
Pass
12891
-91.8
Pass
Configured frequency
Agen d a
Mini-link t r o u b l e s h o o t i n g
ALARMS/BEHAVIOUR ACTION PLAN
› FAR END NO CONTACT
› LOW MODULATION
› LAN DOWN
› WAN DOWN
› WAN LOWER LAYER DOWN
› HCC ALARM
› RCC A LA M
Far End No Contact
Checks
Actions
Frequency TX/RX
Correct frequency to be set
Channel spacing
Same channel spacing on both sides
Spectral Efficiency Class
Same class on both sides
Tx power
Set according to design docs
Low modulation troubleshooting
( M M U f a u l t y case)
› Example - Link is planned and configured 229Mbps with 256 QAM but in running
state it is showing 128QAM. Because of Modulation dropped through put is coming
less and link is running with error.
› Troubleshooting Steps :
1. Give RF loopback at both ends.
2. If there is no error in RF loopback than give IF loop back.
3. No error. But at one end, IF loopback running on 128QAM So that means MMU is
faulty
Low modulation troubleshooting
( MMU faulty case)
› IF loopback enabled at NE , The results states that the Modulation is lower than the planned one
Low modulation troubleshooting
( MMU faulty case)
› IF loopback enabled at FE , The results states that the Modulation is the same as the planned one
Low modulation
troubleshooting
f a u l t y case)
(MMU
› So then we replace the MMU at NE Site where IF loopback running 128QAM.
› After the replacing MMU link running at 256 QAM.
LAN Do wn
Checks
Physical connection/cables
Admin Status
Parameters (Auto negotiation, Flow
control, Speed)
Actions
Cable OK, present and connected on
other side
Set it "UP"
Verify its identical in both sides
Check port Role in design (CN-UNI most
of the times)
LAN port belonging to ETU/NPU
Restart board
Warning TRAFFIC AFFECTING
WAN D o w n
Checks
Actions
Check RL-IME is OK
Check Switch port association and switch
port status
Check Port Role (I-NNI for WAN)
Re-do all previous steps also on far end
side
everything seems ok
Reload Ethernet Switch
RL-IME = Radio link inverse multiplex for Ethernet
WAN l o w e r l a y e r d o w n
Checks
Cold Restart
Radio ID / DCN Only
MMU & RAU SW
Check RSL
RF Interference
Frequency
RAU connection and polarisation
NPU/PtP bus/MMU Functionality
Actions
Cold Restart the NE & FE Nodes
Verify the Radio ID in Both Ends is correct and DCN Only
box is unchecked
Check MMU & RAU SW version compatibility with SBL
Check TX power If RSL not Ok , Then fine Tuning is
Required
Perform intereference Test for the whole channel spectrum
( Refer to Interference Test Procesure)
Check the Tx & Rx frequency is matched between NE - FE
Check RAU connection and polarisation (ex: one site is V the
other is H) or the XPIC cable is problematic
1- Change the MMU slot position , if nothing happened then PtP is
clear
2- Warm Restart the node , check if all the other RL-IMEs are up
so the NPU is OK
3- Replace the MMU
HCC A l a r m
Checks
check the hop with the both
loop IF & RF loop
check the SW Release
Check Tx & Rx Frequencty
RF Interference
Actions
1- Make IF loop, if the alarm cleared so the MMU &
IF cable is OK, If not cleared then replace MMU
2- Make RF loop, if RF is not able to clear the alarm
then the RAU is faulty, if after giving RF loop the alarm
cleared then this site is OK now check the far end with
same loop's.
upgrade to Latest SBL
check frequencies and MMM IDs at both sides
check interference at both sides
Warm or Cold restart MMUs
RCC A l a r m
Checks
Check Outdoor Connectors
Actions
The most common cause of RCC alarm is the outdoor
connector loose , check it properly then check the IF cable
RAU Functionality
RF loop (verify if RAU is ok or not)
expected received power ~ -40 and -60 dB
MMU Functionality
IF loop (verify if MMU is ok or not)
All Alarms should be cleared except HCC
Thanks