Q. Outline the concepts covered in module 1 and briefly describe each concept.
Zone of Proximal Development – it is defined as the space between what a learner can do
without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more
capable peers. Example, a student has just mastered basic addition. At this point, basic
subtraction may enter their zone of proximal development, meaning that this student can learn
subtraction and will likely be able to master it with guidance and support (scaffolding).
Assessment – a systematic basis of making inference about the learning and development of
students. It is the of defining, selecting, designing, collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and using
information to increase student’s learning and development. In my line of work as an HR Analytic
Staff, assessment is very helpful to make sound decision that will contribute to the development
of the institution where I worked.
Evaluation - it is an appraisal of something to determine its worth or fitness. For example, before
you start an exercise program, get a medical evaluation, to make sure you're able to handle the
activity. In my line of work, evaluation is really helpful especially when we conduct seminars to
our employees, through evaluating the conducted seminar, we are able to know the importance
of the seminar and its effectiveness.
Classroom Assessment - a systematic approach to formative evaluation, used by instructors to
determine how much and how well students are learning. CATs and other informal assessment
tools provide key information during the semester regarding teaching and learning so that
changes can be made as necessary. For instance, using Muddiest Point, as a technique in
classroom assessment in monitoring in which students are asked to take a few minutes to write
down the most difficult or confusing part of a lesson, lecture, or reading. It is simple to create and
facilitate
Measurement - the quantification of results obtained by using measurement tools. For instance,
a student is given a certain grade for his good performance in school or classroom activities.
Non-Measurement – not a standard measurement but in can used to compliment the result given
to a student. For instance, there is a reason why a student was given this grade for his
performance, maybe because he performs exemplary in all school activities.
Test - something (such as a series of questions or exercises) for measuring the skill, knowledge,
intelligence, capacities, or aptitudes of an individual or group. This stimulus is provided to elicit
desirable behavior that wanted to measure.
Testing - This is the process of administering a particular set of questions to an individual or
group of individuals to obtain a score. The score will be the end-product of testing. In relation to
my filed as an HR Staff, I was able to administer test to applicant for entry level and for promotion.
Test result is essential to determine which applicant is capable for the vacant position.
Assessment in the Context of the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers – In the
context of PPST, assessment falls into 5th Domain that relates to processes associated with a
variety of assessment tools and strategies used by teachers in monitoring, evaluating,
documenting, and reporting learners’ needs, progress, and achievement. This Domain concerns
the use of assessment data in a variety of ways to inform and enhance the teaching and learning
process and programs. It concerns teachers providing learners with the necessary feedback
about learning outcomes. This feedback informs the reporting cycle and enables teachers to
select, organize and use sound assessment processes. In my own perspective, it is important to
have a contextualized assessment tool that will conform to a Filipino norms and standard. Having
such we can say that our assessment tools is reliable and valid.
Assessment vis-à-vis Outcomes-based Education - Outcome’s assessment is a process
which gauges a student's knowledge and skills and provides for continual teaching and learning
improvement. The focus is on providing a meaningful and relevant student learning experience.
The process is generally correlated to an institutional mission.
Learning Domains as Focus of Assessment:
Cognitive – it pertains to mental skills of the students.
Affective – it is associated to the emotional aspect of the students
Psychomotor – touch the manual or physical skills of the students
Types of Assessment:
According to nature – this assessment gives emphasize the nature of the assessment
as to what is intended to measure, for instance, the teacher gives an achievement test to
measure the acquired knowledge of the student after the lesson. This nature of the test or
assessment given to the student is to measure the achievement of the student.
According to form – in his type of assessment is all about the feature of the test to be
given to the students. For instance, the test is multiple choice, true or false, or essay type.
According to its use in classroom instruction – in this type of assessment will
determine on how the student is performing in the classroom. This assessment will
determine if the students is for placement or needs intervention (diagnostic).
According to method of interpreting results – in this type of assessment, it will be
based on the criterion-referenced and norm-referenced. When we say criterion-reference,
there is a given criteria that will guide the assessment while norm-referenced talks about
characteristic of the test taker for example, age, sex, or socio-economic background that
have a factor on their performance.
Assessment OF Learning – in my own understanding, assessment OF learning tends to
measure the acquired knowledge of student in a certain lesson being given to them by the teacher.
Usually, this measure will be done after the lesson if the lesson is being understood by the student
or if the teaching approach is effective.
Assessment FOR Learning - is an approach to teaching and learning that creates feedback
which is then used to improve students' performance. Students become more involved in the
learning process and from this gain confidence in what they are expected to learn and to what
standard. Because of the appraisal being done by teacher, students become more actively
engaged in the learning process. Student would feel they are part or belong in the learning
process.
Assessment AS Learning - occurs when students reflect on and monitor their progress to inform
their future learning goals. In this approach, it is treated that the center of the learning process is
the student in which student monitor their own progress and improvement in the learning process
itself.