Fundamentals Exam Review:
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Florence Nightingale- known for infection prevention/control, went out during Crimean war and provided
care to soldiers and brought in to make-shift hospital.
Isabell Hampton Rob- she established nurses associated alumni 1896 from Canada and US. Went on to
form the ANA in 1911.
Patricia Benner- talked about levels of proficiency in nursing. Starts off as novice. Levels are novice to
proficient to advanced beginner to competent. Review in textbook. Must prepare and train for different
levels/disciplines. Benner is a nurse theorist. Which level is initial transition? Know this.
Primary, secondary, and tertiary levels- study these. Blood glucose would be secondary (diagnosed with
diabetes). Tertiary (getting rehabbed for diabetes amputation and give prosthetic) been diagnosed and
having complications. Primary would be immunizations. CVA patient in rehab is tertiary. End of road is
tertiary.
Roles of nurses- management, educators, direct caregiver, advocate (stands up for someone who needs
help, standing in the gap). Advocacy is profound, not simple. Rallying/lobbying at state house for special
needs kids is an example.
Deductive vs inductive ways of thinking. Logic and theory. Nurse suspects a diagnosis due to vital signs is
inductive (small to large). Deductive reasoning is large to small; backing up a generalized statement with
specific scenarios/facts. Backing up symptoms to confirm diagnosis. Google to figure out.
Clinical nurse specialist, CRNA and other expert nurses. Know what they’re experts in. Expert clinician
would be clinical nurse specialist. CRNA specializes in anesthesia.
Review Maslow and his hierarchy of needs. Food, nutrition, and water are at bottom of pyramid (first
priority). Be able to identify different levels.
Nurses serve on committees. Illness prevention would be immunizations. Know what health promotion is.
Science of human caring- Gene Watson.
Difficult to change patient behaviors, creating compliance is hard. Study slide and learn the four key
words. Preparation, Action, Contemplation and Pre-Contemplation.
Health Belief Models, health promotion, holistic are ways of thinking. Focus on health promotion model
and health belief model. Health belief model is a model of health and wellness and focuses on perception
and susceptibility of an illness. These models are the beginning of theories.
Positive health behaviors, know this. Eating healthy, drinking water, immunizations.
Motivated by desire to avoid illness, focused on health promotion. (see question 12)
Transtheoretical models, pre-contemplation. Not ready to make change, they’re questioning and not
ready. Transtheoretical order of change (know the steps and how to go through them). Ex: interacting
with physician and get mad. Anger to change to activities? Think of situation where you can list the steps.
QSEN; patient centered care is the same as dealing with someone who is diverse. Look at different levels
of practice, specifically patient centered care. Patient centered care is specific to culture
Virginia Henderson- learn her model. 14 basic models?
Nurses have to follow appropriate orders but must also display autonomy. Nurses can act within license
and certifications. Autonomy is the ability to act independently but also within your scope. Never
overstep boundaries.
Specialized education – BSN, Masters, Doctorate. Specialty certifications are also available, not the same
as formal degree. Specialty certification is the wave of the future.
Family processes: what happens when family processes are interrupted by illness. Financial issues can
present. Consider patient and their families,
21. Community assessments- visual assessment of community/surrounding area and neighborhood. Look at
house structures, safety, schools, healthcare support systems, nutrition. Structural example would be
housing. Social systems, do people have connections with others. Population of neighborhoods, is it
appropriate. If you’re assessing social system you may be looking at welfare system impact and other
areas.
22. Evidence based practice- clinical problem focused approach, look at knowledge and what patient knows.
Addresses recent increases in health problems. Ex: patient has asthma that is triggered by something.
You’re going to focus on the problem. Looks at evidence in practice to change patients’ outcomes. Look at
problem focused evidence-based practice. Know steps of EBP!! Cultivate. Implement information?
23. Review of research articles and its sections. Findings and results would be in conclusion section. Purpose
for study would be in purpose section. Intro section is what study is about. Research or clinical based
would be in abstract.
24. Technological aspect of nursing- dynamic, changing; pushing towards electronics. Nurses are involved in
patient care, technology has allowed for better accuracy and accommodation.
25. Nurses improve quality by using set protocols and it can save on cost. Listen to audio 1 hour and about 8
mins in.
26. Community health nurses can visit at environment where children play. Meds can be administered in
areas other than hospital.
27. Hospice is end of life care. Last 6 months of life. Or Palliative care which is close to hospice care but not
quite of end of life, prevents extra ER trips. Step taken before hospice care.
28. Patient centered care- means maintain privacy, give them control, and remain confidential. Providing
emotional support, providing clear directions, treat patient with dignity, respect and sensitivity.
29. CMS – centers for Medicare and Medicaid services. Provides health insurance cover, care for old and aid
the young and poor. Look in book to familiarize.
30. Magnet Status- elite designation. Review in book. Characteristics include transformational leadership,
providing excellence, use of EBP, flexible work schedule.
31. Research studies talk about quality of care, barriers in illness. Qualitative research vs quantitative.
Qualitative is descriptive (interview). Quantitative involves numbers. Experiences is qualitative.
32. Community incidents rate can be a number. Lecture at 1 hour and 24 mins
33. Healthcare disparities are linked to inadequate resources such as money. Review disparities in book to
familiarize.
34. Tertiary is oncology, HIV, pulmonary rehab. Primary, prevention, prenatal care, wellness visits.
35. When you pay for a value incentive program which is given because of the Affordable care act you have
HOSPITAL VALUE- BASED PURCHASING (DRG). Familiarize in book. Chapter 3, page 41. In italics. HVBP and
DRG are linked to hospital performance.
36. In Community based nursing, caregiver is most important.
37. PICO know what is stands for and identify examples of components of those questions.