ACSTAT REVIEWER- MIDTERMS
Excel- is a spreadsheet program that allows you to
store,organize, and analyze information.
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While you may think Excel is only used by
certain people to process complicated data,
anyone can learn how to take advantage of
the program's powerful features.
Excel Workbook- workbook is an Excel file that
contains one or more worksheets’ (sometimes referred
to as spreadsheets).
Navigating Worksheet- Data are entered and
managed in an Excel worksheet. The worksheet
contains several rectangles called cells for entering
numeric and nonnumeric data. Each cellin an Excel
worksheet contains an address, which is defined by a
column letter followed by a row number.
Cell Range- Any two cell locations separated by a
colon are known as a cell range. The first cell is the top
left corner of the range, and the second cell is the lower
right corner of the range.
Deleting and replacing data:
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To delete the data select the cell containing
the data and then press DELETE.
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To replace data just type directly over the top
of the existing cell contents. The new data
will replace the old.
Using UNDO and REDO
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Most times you want to back-back to where
you were before the mistake was made. If this
happens you can click the fabulous “Undo”
button which will undo the last thing you did.
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And if you go one step to far back, you can
click the Redo button to go forward a step
again. These buttons are fabulous and you
use them a lot.
Overlapping Data
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The Ribbon- Excel uses a tabbed Ribbon system
instead of traditional menus. The Ribbon contain
multiple tabs, each with several groups of
commands. You will use these tabs to perform the
most common tasks in Excel.
The file Tab- The File tab is also known as the
Backstage view of the workbook. It contains a variety
of features and commands related to the workbook that
is currently open, new workbooks, or workbooks
stored in other locations on your computer or
network.
If you enter data that will not fit the column
width it will overlap into the next column.
Adjusting the column width
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Move your mouse pointer over the column’s
right edge in the column header area. Your
mouse pointer should change to a doubleheaded arrow.
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Click and drag to the right to expand, or to
the left to shrink the column width to the size
you require.
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You will now be able to see your entire text.
Continue dragging until all columns are the
width you require.
Quick access toolbar- Located just above the Ribbon,
the Quick Access Toolbar lets you access
common commands no matter which tab is selected.
Move the cell pointer to the required cell and
then type the data.
Hash Signs (#####)
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Included in the File tab are the default
settings for the Excel application that can be
accessed and modified by clicking the
Options button.
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If you ever see a cell containing ########
(hash signs) it means the column isn’t wide
enough to display the content. Just extend the
width and the content will become visible.
Excel help- click F1 to go to the Excel help
Auto Complete
ENTERING DATA:
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is the ability for Excel to automatically
complete an entry for you.
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Dates
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To automatically fill the column, just click
the black dot on the right lower side to
continue the dates.
Days of a week
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To automatically fill the column, just click
the black dot on the right lower side to
continue the dates.
If you change the contents of a cell that is
included in a formula, the worksheet will
automatically recalculate it.
Explicit (Literal) Values and Cell References
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Formula with only cell references: =a1*b1
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Formula with only literal values: =100/27
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Formula with both cell references and literal
values: =a1/100
FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS:
Common Errors:
Formula

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An expression that returns a value
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Written using operators that
combine
different values, resulting in a single
displayed value.
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It performs operations such as addition,
multiplication and comparison on worksheet
values.
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Begins with = sign
Order of operation:
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The sequence in which calculations in a
formula are performed is called Order of
Operation
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Moving from left to right in formulas, the
order of operations is as follows: Operations
inside Parenthesis are calculated first.
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If no parenthesis then:
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Exponents
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Multiplication and Division
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Addition and Subtraction
#####- This error is displayed when
the column width in excel is not enough to
show the stored value in the cell.
How to resolve error? Adjust the column to see the
value.

#DIV/0 Error- is received when we work with
a spreadsheet formula, which divides two
values in a formula and the divisor (the
number being divided by) is zero. It stands for
divide by zero error.
How to resolve error?
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The first and foremost solution is to divide
only with cells with a value not equal to zero.
But there are situations when we also have
empty cells in a spreadsheet. In that case, we
can use the IF function as below.

#N/A Error- This error means “no value
available” or “not available.” It indicates
that the formula cannot find the value that we
suppose it may return.
How to resolve error?
Cell References
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Always use cell references in formulas.
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By using cell references in the formula, you
can use the powerful recalculation feature in
Excel
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Sol1: To enter the roll number as Text.
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Sol2: To use the TEXT Function

#NAME? Error- This error is displayed when
we usually misspell the function name.

#NULL! Error- This error is usually
displayed when cell references are not
specified correctly.
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

1.
2.
We get this error when we do not use the
space character appropriately. The space
character is called the “intersect operator,”
which specifies the range that intersects each
other at any cell.

These functions return only a true or false
Lookup Functions and Formulas:
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#REF! Error- This error stands for reference
error. This error usually comes when:
#VALUE! Error- This error comes when we
use the wrong data type for a function or
formula. For example, we can add only
numbers. But if we use any other data type
like text, this error will be displayed.
It tests to see whether a given condition is true
or false.
Logical Functions
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#NUM! Error- This error is usually displayed
when a number for any function argument is
found invalid
We accidentally deleted the cell which we referenced
in the formula.
We cut and paste the referenced cell in different
locations.

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It can help you find specific information in
large data tables such as inventory list of parts
or a large membership contact list.
Functions and other values
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You can combine functions, cell references
and literal values to make complexExcel
formula
Function instead of a Formula
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A function will simplify formulas that you
can type manually, such as average or sum
Circular Reference Error- This type of error
comes when we reference the same cell in
which we are writing the function or formula.
Reference Operators:

Range- Refers to all of the cells between and
including the reference

Union- Includes two or more references
Average function
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Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the
arguments. For example, if the range A1:A20
contains
numbers,
the
formula
=AVERAGE(A1:A20) returns the average of
those numbers.
Sum Function
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The SUM function adds values. You can add
individual values, cell references or ranges or
a mix of all three. For example:
=SUM(A2:A10) Adds the values in cells
A2:10.
Other list of functions:
If Functions
FORMATTING
Data alignment in a cell- Select the cell or range of
cells that contains the data that you want to reposition.
Wrap text automatically- In a worksheet, select the
cells that you want to format and click the wrap text in
the ribbon.
Merge adjacent cells- Select two or more adjacent
cells that you want to merge.
Enter a line break- To start a new line of text at a
specific point in a cell, double-click the cell, click the
location where you want to break the line in the cell,
and then press ALT+ENTER.
Cell’s Number Format- These number formats
include currency, accounting, percentage, date, time,
fraction, and scientific.
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To change a cell’s number format- select the
cell (s) containing the values (s) you want to
format.
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HIGHLIGHT
AREA
>
POSITION
CURSOR AT THE ONE OF THE EDGES
> HOLD CTRL KEY > MOVE/DRAG
Moving
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HIGHLIGHT
AREA
>
POSITION
CURSOR AT THE ONE OF THE EDGES
> MOVE/DRAG
Applying the percentage style- Select the
cell(scontaining the value you want to format then
Click on percent style in number group of home tab.
CHARTS
Formatting Dates-
Elements of Charts:

Enter a date into a cell

From the Home tab, click the Number dialog
box launcher
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Axes, Axis titles, Chart title, Data labels,
Data Table, Error Bars, Gridlines, Legend
and Trendline
Create a Chart in Excel

Click Date in the category list

Select a format for the selected cells

Click OK
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Starting with, choose data from the dataset
and press “Recommended Charts” from the
“Insert” option.
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From the new window select any chart of
your choice and press OK to continue.
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Finally, you will get a chart inside the
worksheet. Three buttons appear at the upperright corner of the chart.
Inserting Columns, cells, row
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CLICK ROW > RIGHT CLICK >CLICK
INSERT
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HIGHLIGHT THE CELLS > RIGHT
CLICK (W/ IN HIGHLIGHTED AREA
NOT THE ROW NUMBER > CLICK
SHIFT CELLS DOWN > CLICK OK
Deleting rows, columns, cells
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CLICK ROW > RIGHT CLICK > CLICK
DELETE
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HIGHLIGHT THE CELLS > RIGHT
CLICK (W/ IN HIGHLIGHTED AREA
NOT THE ROW NUMBER > CLICK
DELETE > CLICK SHIFT CELLS UP >
CLICK OK
Unhide
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HIGHLIGHT THE COLUMNS > RIGHT
CLICK > CLICK UNHIDE OR
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HIGHLIGHT THE COLUMNS > DOUBLE
CLICK THE COLUMN BOUNDARY
Copying
Uses of Chart Elements:
1. Uses of Axes in Chart Elements- Horizontal Axis
is known as the Category Axis Vertical Axis are
known as Value Axes.
2. Apply Different Axis Title- Click the Axis Titles
that appeared on the right side of the chart. Now from
the drop-down list, you will get “Primary Horizontal”
and “Primary Vertical” as we have two axis in this
chart. Hence, choose any name in the axis title
according to your choice.
3. Use chart title option- Here in this chart, the chart
title is “Total Sales“.You can change or remove it
utilizing the “Chart Title” option.
4. Apply data labels with multiple criteria- Use the
“Data Labels” option from the chart element icon and
add the data labels anywhere you want. You can add
at “Center“, Inside End“, “Outside End“, and “Data
Callout” positions.
5. Insert Data table from chart elements- Select the
chart and from the drop-down list choose your desired
data table with “Legend keys” and “No Legend Keys“.
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6. Apply error bars from chart elementsCheckmark the “Error Bars” option from the “Chart
Elements” feature and visualize your data with a
different look.
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7. Use gridline option in excel- After creating a chart
you might need to insert gridlines in your chart.
Without gridlines, your chart will look exactly like the
following.
8. Insert legend option from chart elements- Legend
can be named as the chart title in a chart. From the
legend feature in chart elements, you can change the
location of your main title at any position you want.
Chart Tools
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

Column Chart- A column chart is a method
of displaying data with categories
represented by a rectangle—sometimes
called vertical bar charts. They allow easy
comparisons among a number of items and
trends analysis.
Line Chart- A line chart is a graphical
representation that connects a series of data
points with a continuous line.
Pie Chart- A pie chart is a type of graph that
represents the data in the circular graph. The
slices of pie show the relative size of the data
Select the cells you want to chart, including
the column titles and row labels. These cells
will be the source data for the chart.
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Click the Insert tab.
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Click the Recommended Charts
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Select the desired chart category from the
drop-down menu (for example, Clustered
Column)
Select the chart and from the Design tab,
select the Switch Row/Column command.
To change chart style
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Select the Chart Design Tab to see all the
available Chart Styles
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Select the desired style and the chart will
update to reflect the new style.
To move the chart to different worksheet
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Select the Chart Design Tab and click the
Move Chart command.
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Select the desired location for the chart
(choose an existing worksheet, or select New
Sheet and name it).
Adjusting worksheet views
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Rows and Columns: Freeze and UnfreezeSelect row or column you want to freeze then
go to View Tab and click Freeze Top.
•
To unfreeze row, go to the View Tab and
click Unfreeze Panes.
To create a chart:
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From the Design tab, click the Change
Chart Type command. A drop-down list
appears.
To switch row and column
Types of Charts:

Once you insert a chart, a set of chart tools
arranged into two tabs will appear on the
Ribbon. These are only visible when the
chart is selected. You can use these two
tabs to modify your chart.
To change chart type
- Utilizing the chart elements option you can add a
trendline to your excel chart. Just check mark the
“Trendline” option and choose your desired trendline
from the drop-down list.
The chart will appear in the worksheet
Splitting screens: vertically
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To separate two areas of the spreadsheet
vertically, select the right column where you
wish the split to appear and click the Split
button.
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As the result, the worksheet is divided into
two vertical panes, each having its own
scrollbar.
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Use the keyboard shortcut Alt+H > O > R,
and type the new name.
Inserting worksheets
Splitting screens: horizontally
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To separate your Excel window horizontally,
select the row below the row where you want
the split to occur.
The window gets divided into two panes, one
above the other. And now, you can bring any
part of each pane to focus by using two
vertical scrollbars.
Deleting worksheet
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Right-click the Sheet tab and select
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Or, select the sheet, and then select Home >
Delete > Delete Sheet.
Splitting worksheets into four parts
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To view four different sections of the same
worksheet simultaneously, split your screen
both vertically and horizontally. For this,
select the cell above and to the left of which
the split should appear, and then use the Split
command.
Working with split bars
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By default, the split always occurs above and
to the left of the active cell. If cell A1 is
selected, the worksheet will be divided into
four equal parts.
If a wrong cell was accidentally selected, you
can adjust the panes by dragging the split bar
to the desired position using the mouse.
MULTIPLE
WORKBOOKS
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WORKSHEETS
AND
A workbook is a spreadsheet program file
that you create in Excel. A workbook
contains one or more worksheets.
Rename a worksheet
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By default, Excel names worksheets Sheet1,
Sheet2, Sheet3 and so on, but you can easily
rename them.
Moving Worksheets
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Right-click the sheet tab, click Rename,
and type the new name.
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Double-click the sheet tab to select it. The
text is highlighted by a black box.
Select the worksheet tab, and drag it to where
you want it.
Copying worksheets
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Press CTRL and drag the worksheet tab to the
tab location you want.
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Right click on the worksheet tab and select
Move or Copy.
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Select the Create a copy checkbox.
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Under Before sheet, select where you want
to place the copy and select OK.
Grouping and Ungrouping worksheets
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To group worksheets: Select the first
worksheet you want to include in the
worksheet group.
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Press and hold the Ctrl key on your
keyboard. Select the next worksheet you
want in the group.
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Continue to select worksheets until all of the
worksheets you want to group are selected,
then release the Ctrl key. The worksheets
are now grouped.
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To ungroup: Right-click a worksheet in the
group, then select Ungroup Sheets from the
worksheet menu.
3 ways to rename a worksheet
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Select the new sheet plus icon in the bottom
of the workbook.
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The worksheets will be ungrouped.
Alternatively, you can simply click any
worksheet not included in the group to
ungroup all worksheets.
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A PivotTable is a powerful tool to calculate,
summarize, and analyze data that lets you see
comparisons, patterns, and trends in your
data. PivotTables work a little bit differently
depending on what platform you are using to
run Excel.
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Click any single cell inside the data set. On
the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click
PivotTable.
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This will create a PivotTable based on an
existing table or range.
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The PivotTable Fields pane appears.

To change the type of calculation from Sum
of Amount to other type of calculation, click
any cell inside the sum of amount column
then right click and click on the value field
settings.

Choose the type of calculation you want to
use. For example, click COUNT>
Data Management Features:
Sorting Data- Sorting data is an integral part of data
analysis. You might want to arrange a list of names in
alphabetical order or compile a list of product
inventory levels from highest to lowest. Sorting data
helps you quickly visualize and understand your data
better, organize and find the data that you want, and
ultimately make more effective decisions.
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Click a cell or press CTRL + A to select the
column that you want to sort.
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Go to the Data Tabs and you will see the Sort
& Filter group
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In the Sort & Filter group there will be three
options for sorting
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For the first option, when you select the
quick sort in ascending order the data in the
selected column will be sort from A to Z.
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Next for the second option which is the quick
sort in descending order, the data in the
selected column will be sort from Z to A.
SAVING WORKBOOK
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Last for the third option, select a cell and
click the Custom Sort to set the order in
which the items will be shorted.
Using Filters
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Use AutoFilter or built-in comparison
operators like "greater than" and “top 10” in
Excel to show the data you want and hide the
rest. Once you filter data in a range of cells
or table, you can either reapply a filter to get
up-to-date results, or clear a filter to
redisplay all of the data.
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Select a cell within a range, select Data tab,
select Sort & Filter group then select Filter.
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An arrow will appear on top of each column,
select the arrow then select the specific data
that will appear.
Creating Pivot Tables
Save- You may save your changes when creating or
editing a worksheet by using the Save command. This
command will be used the most of the time. You'll just
need to select a file name and location the first time
you save a file.
Save as- This command will allow you to make a copy
of a workbook while keeping the original. For the
copied version, you must select a new name and/or
location when using Save As.